SLOAD2 & SLOAD2-Map

SLOAD2 is a set of Solidity libraries for writing and reading contract storage paying a fraction of the cost, it uses contract code as storage, writing data takes the form of contract creations and reading data uses EXTCODECOPY.

The library is not audited, it's recommended to perform a full audit of SSTORE2 and CREATE3 before using this code on a production envirovment.

Features

• All SLOAD2 storages are write-once only
• Key Value storage (custom key and auto-gen key)
• Cheaper storage reads (vs SLOAD) after 32 bytes
• Cheaper storage writes (vs SSTORE) after 32 bytes (auto-gen key)
• Cheaper storage writes (vs SSTORE) after 96 bytes (custom key)
• Use strings as keys
• Use bytes32 as keys
• Use address as keys (auto-gen)

Gas savings

Gas costs are overall lower compared with traditional SSTORED and SLOAD operations, SLOAD2 (auto-generated key) and SLOAD2-Map (custom key) have different costs associated with using them.

The root cause is that custom-key SLOAD2 needs to use CREATE3 to deploy the data contract, and CREATE3 needs to deploy an aditional proxy contract for each deployed contract.

SLOAD Cost (data read)

Reading data is a lot cheaper compared to native SLOAD operations (native solidity storage).

After reading 32 bytes SSTORE2.read becomes the cheaper option, and SSTORE2Map.read becomes cheaper when reading 33 bytes or more.

Size (bytes)	SLOAD	SLOAD2	SLOAD2 - Map	Savings	Savings (map)
0	2.679	3.102	5.258	0,86x	0,51x
2	2.852	3.108	5.261	0,92x	0,54x
32	4.914	3.108	5.264	1,58x	0,93x
33	7.067	3.114	5.267	2,27x	1,34x
64	7.067	3.114	5.270	2,27x	1,34x
96	9.220	3.120	5.276	2,96x	1,75x
128	11.373	3.126	5.282	3,64x	2,15x
256	19.985	3.150	5.306	6,34x	3,77x
512	37.209	3.198	5.355	11,64x	6,95x
1024	71.659	3.296	5.454	21,74x	13,14x
24576	1.349.161	7.627	9.805	176,89x	137,60x

SSTORE Cost (data writes)

Writing data is also cheaper than native SSTORE operations (native solidity storage), but gains become apparent after higher data sizes.

After writing 32 bytes SSTORE2.write becomes the cheaper option, and SSTORE2Map.write becomes cheaper only when writing 128 bytes or more.

Size (bytes)	SSTORE	SSTORE2	SSTORE2 - Map	Savings	Savings (map)
0	2.660	35.323	73.565	0,08x	0,04x
2	22.607	35.819	74.061	0,63x	0,31x
32	44.810	41.891	80.218	1,07x	0,56x
33	66.980	42.187	80.514	1,59x	0,83x
64	66.980	48.459	86.870	1,38x	0,77x
96	89.150	55.027	93.523	1,62x	0,95x
128	111.320	61.595	100.175	1,81x	1,11x
256	200.000	87.869	126.786	2,28x	1,58x
512	377.360	140.417	180.010	2,69x	2,10x
1024	732.080	245.522	286.475	2,98x	2,56x
24576	13.878.890	4.148.020	4.244.998	3,35x	3,27x

Notice: gas savings may change in future Ethereum hard-forks.

Notice x2: due to contract code limits 24576 bytes is the maximum amount of data that can be written in a single pointer / key. Attempting to write more will result in failure.

Installation

yarn add https://github.com/0xsequence/sstore2

or

npm install --save https://github.com/0xsequence/sstore2

Usage

SSTORE2 comes in two flavors, SSTORE2 and SSTORE2Map. The main difference is that SSTORE2 auto-generates a key or "pointer" for later data reads, and SSTORE2Map let's you use a custom pointer in the form of a bytes32 key.

SSTORE2 is cheaper because it only needs to use CREATE. SSTORE2Map is a little more expensive (~ +50k gas) because it makes use of CREATE3, which requires using both CREATE2 + CREATE at the same time.

SSTORE2

Calling SSTORE2.write with some data returns an address pointer; this pointer address can later be feed into SSTORE2.read to retrieve the same data. Every time write is called it generates a new pointer, pointers can't be deleted.

Notice: reading a never an invalid pointer may return an empty bytes array or contract bytecode.

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "@0xsequence/sstore2/contracts/SSTORE2.sol";


contract Demo {
  address private pointer;

  function setText(string calldata _text) external {
    pointer = SSTORE2.write(bytes(_text));
  }

  function getText() external view returns (string memory) {
    return string(SSTORE2.read(pointer));
  }
}

Arbitrary size immutables

Solidity 0.8.9 doesn't support variable size immutable variables; these can be emulated using SSTORE2 and immutable pointers.

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "@0xsequence/sstore2/contracts/SSTORE2.sol";


contract Demo {
  address private immutable dataPointer;

  constructor(bytes memory _data) {
    dataPointer = SSTORE2.write(_data);
  }

  function getData() external view returns (bytes memory) {
    return SSTORE2.read(dataPointer);
  }
}

contract Broken {
  // Fails to build, non-primite types
  // can't be used as immutable variables

  bytes private immutable data;

  constructor(bytes memory _data) {
    data = _data;
  }
}

SSTORE2Map

SSTORE2Map behaves similarly to SSTORE2, but instead of auto-generating a pointer on each SSTORE2Map.write call it takes an arbitrary key in the form of a bytes32 variable; this key must later be provided to SSTORE2Map.read to retrieve the written value.

The map store is also write-once, meaning that calling SSTORE2Map.write TWICE with the same key will fail. There is no mechanism for deleting or removing the value of a given key.

Notice: reading a never written key will always return an empty array of bytes.

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "@0xsequence/sstore2/contracts/SSTORE2Map.sol";


contract Demo {
  bytes32 private constant KEY = 0xd4e56740f876aef8c010b86a40d5f56745a118d0906a34e69aec8c0db1cb8fa3;

  function setHashes(bytes32[] calldata _hashes) external {
    SSTORE2Map.write(KEY, abi.encode(_hashes));
  }

  function getHashes() external view returns (bytes32[] memory) {
    return abi.decode(SSTORE2Map.read(KEY), (bytes32[]));
  }
}

Using multiple keys

SSTORE2Map supports using multiple keys at the same time, but re-using a key will result in failure.

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "@0xsequence/sstore2/contracts/SSTORE2Map.sol";


contract Demo {
  // This works
  function good() external {
    SSTORE2Map.write(string("@key-1"), bytes("hola"));
    SSTORE2Map.write(string("@key-2"), bytes("mundo"));
  }

  // This reverts
  function bad() external {
    SSTORE2Map.write(string("@key-3"), bytes("adios"));
    SSTORE2Map.write(string("@key-3"), bytes("mundo"));
  }
}

Notice: strings can be used as SSTORE2Map; they get internally mapped as keccak256(bytes(<string>).

Reading slices

Both SSTORE2 and SSTORE2Map support reading data slices; their behaviors mirror javascript's .slice(start, end).

The functionality can be used for future-proofing a contract in the case that code merkelization is ever implemented.

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "@0xsequence/sstore2/contracts/SSTORE2.sol";


contract Demo {
  event Sliced(bytes _data);

  function goodSlices() external {
    address pointer = SSTORE2.write(hex"11_22_33_44");

    // 0x223344
    emit Sliced(
      SSTORE2.read(pointer, 1)
    );

    // 0x2233
    emit Sliced(
      SSTORE2.read(pointer, 1, 3)
    );

    // 0x
    emit Sliced(
      SSTORE2.read(pointer, 3, 3)
    );

    // 0x3344
    emit Sliced(
      SSTORE2.read(pointer, 2, 42000)
    );

    // 0x
    emit Sliced(
      SSTORE2.read(pointer, 41000, 42000)
    );
  }

  function badSlies() external {
    address pointer = SSTORE2.write(hex"11_22_33_44");

    // This reverts
    // start must be equal or lower than end
    emit Sliced(
      SSTORE2.read(pointer, 3, 2)
    );
  }
}

License

MIT License

Copyright (c) [2018] [Ismael Ramos Silvan]

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.