README.md

Sorting Techniques

Implementation of various sorting techniques in Java. The primary objective is to comprehend the functionality and performance characteristics of these algorithms. Through practical implementation and comparison, this exploration aims to facilitate informed decision-making regarding the selection of sorting algorithms for diverse applications.

Sorting Techniques

Three fundamental sorting techniques are implemented:

1. Bubble Sort: A simple and intuitive sorting algorithm with a time complexity of O(n^2). It iteratively compares adjacent elements and swaps them if they are in the wrong order.

   bubbleSort(array)
       n = length(array)
       for i from 0 to n-1
           for j from 0 to n-i-1
               if array[j] > array[j+1]
                   swap(array[j], array[j+1])
   return array

2. Merge Sort: A divide-and-conquer algorithm known for its efficiency with a time complexity of O(n log n). It recursively divides the array into halves, sorts them individually, and then merges them.

   mergeSort(array)
       if length(array) <= 1
           return array
       middle = length(array) / 2
       left = mergeSort(first half of array)
       right = mergeSort(second half of array)
       return merge(left, right)
   
   merge(left, right)
       result = new empty list
       leftIndex = 0
       rightIndex = 0
       while leftIndex < length(left) and rightIndex < length(right)
           if left[leftIndex] <= right[rightIndex]
               append left[leftIndex] to result
               leftIndex = leftIndex + 1
           else
               append right[rightIndex] to result
               rightIndex = rightIndex + 1
       while leftIndex < length(left)
           append left[leftIndex] to result
           leftIndex = leftIndex + 1
       while rightIndex < length(right)
           append right[rightIndex] to result
           rightIndex = rightIndex + 1
       return result

3. Counting Sort: A linear-time sorting algorithm with a time complexity of O(n). It works by counting the number of occurrences of each unique element in the input array and using arithmetic to determine its position in the sorted output.

   countingSort(array)
       max = maximum value in array
       min = minimum value in array
       range = max - min + 1
       count[] = new array of size range
       output[] = new array of the same size
       for i from 0 to length(array)-1
           count[A[i] - min] = count[A[i] - min] + 1
       for i in array
           while count[i - min] > 0
   		        count[i - min] -= 1
               output[count[i - min]] = i
       return output

Comparison between Sorting Algorithms

Sorting Algorithm	Time Complexity (Big O)	Time Complexity (Theta)	Time Complexity (Omega)	Space Complexity
Bubble Sort	$O(n^2)$	$Θ(n^2)$	$Ω(n)$	$O(1)$
Merge Sort	$O(n \log{n})$	$Θ(n\log{n})$	$Ω(n\log{n})$	$O(n)$
Counting Sort $(k = max - min )$	$O(n + k)$	$Θ(n + k)$	$Ω(n + k)$	$O(n + k)$

Command Line Interface

A command-line interface is provided to interact with the implemented sorting algorithms. The interface takes the path of the file containing the list of elements as input and allows users to choose one of the three sorting algorithms to run.

Java Unit Testing

A suite of JUnit tests is included to ensure the correctness and efficiency of the implemented sorting algorithms. These tests cover various scenarios, including worst-case, best-case, and average-case scenarios, providing comprehensive validation of the algorithms' functionality.

Mean time calculation

The MeanTime class facilitates the evaluation of sorting algorithms by generating random arrays of varying sizes and calculating the mean time required to sort them. It offers the following key functionalities:

1. generateRandomArray(int size):
   • Generates a random array of integers with the specified size.
2. calculateMeanSortingTime(String sortingAlgorithm, int[] sizes, int iterations):
   • Computes the mean time taken to sort arrays of different sizes using a specified sorting algorithm.

Mean Sorting Times Analysis

After obtaining the mean sorting times for various array sizes across different sorting algorithms, we utilized a Python script to visualize the output. Below are the visual representations and the table summarizing the data:

Bubble Sort Graph:

Merge Sort Graph:

Counting Sort Graph:

Combined Graph for all Sorting Techniques:

Mean Sorting Times Table:

Array Size	Bubble Sort	Merge Sort	Counting Sort
10	0.012	0.035	0.042
50	0.120	0.040	0.045
100	0.179	0.048	0.046
300	0.360	0.147	0.057
500	0.446	0.245	0.066
700	0.616	0.294	0.097
1000	0.827	0.403	0.148
3000	6.213	0.653	0.238
5000	17.493	1.712	0.390
7000	34.234	2.845	0.436
10000	68.227	5.423	0.480
30000	940.947	8.919	1.490
50000	3926.765	15.176	2.379
70000	8735.011	22.260	4.047
100000	19288.662	35.421	6.843