007 - Time_Series .ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "1f590671-d76d-4303-9603-d115d00ef3e0",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Bismillah"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "id": "8416c9c5-adf6-431b-9d82-57ef24de2868",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "import datetime as dt\n",
    "# from datetime import datetime\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "pd.set_option('precision', 7)\n",
    "from pandas_datareader import data as web"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "id": "f32cb451-7754-4ab2-bb45-100df21ed561",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>High</th>\n",
       "      <th>Low</th>\n",
       "      <th>Open</th>\n",
       "      <th>Close</th>\n",
       "      <th>Volume</th>\n",
       "      <th>Adj Close</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Date</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2012-01-03</th>\n",
       "      <td>26.9599991</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.3899994</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.5499992</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.7700005</td>\n",
       "      <td>64731500.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>21.6231365</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2012-01-04</th>\n",
       "      <td>27.4699993</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.7800007</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.8199997</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.3999996</td>\n",
       "      <td>80516100.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>22.1320095</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2012-01-05</th>\n",
       "      <td>27.7299995</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.2900009</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.3799992</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.6800003</td>\n",
       "      <td>56081400.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>22.3581734</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2012-01-06</th>\n",
       "      <td>28.1900005</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.5300007</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.5300007</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.1100006</td>\n",
       "      <td>99455500.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>22.7055092</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2012-01-09</th>\n",
       "      <td>28.1000004</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.7199993</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.0499992</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.7399998</td>\n",
       "      <td>59706800.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>22.4066391</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2013-12-23</th>\n",
       "      <td>36.8899994</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.5499992</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.8100014</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.6199989</td>\n",
       "      <td>25128700.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.3362293</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2013-12-24</th>\n",
       "      <td>37.1699982</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.6399994</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.7200012</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.0800018</td>\n",
       "      <td>14243000.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.7298622</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2013-12-26</th>\n",
       "      <td>37.4900017</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.1699982</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.2000008</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.4399986</td>\n",
       "      <td>17612800.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>32.0379257</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2013-12-27</th>\n",
       "      <td>37.6199989</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.1699982</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.5800018</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.2900009</td>\n",
       "      <td>14563000.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.9095592</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2013-12-30</th>\n",
       "      <td>37.3800011</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.9000015</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.2200012</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.2900009</td>\n",
       "      <td>16290500.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.9095592</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>501 rows × 6 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                  High         Low        Open       Close      Volume  \\\n",
       "Date                                                                     \n",
       "2012-01-03  26.9599991  26.3899994  26.5499992  26.7700005  64731500.0   \n",
       "2012-01-04  27.4699993  26.7800007  26.8199997  27.3999996  80516100.0   \n",
       "2012-01-05  27.7299995  27.2900009  27.3799992  27.6800003  56081400.0   \n",
       "2012-01-06  28.1900005  27.5300007  27.5300007  28.1100006  99455500.0   \n",
       "2012-01-09  28.1000004  27.7199993  28.0499992  27.7399998  59706800.0   \n",
       "...                ...         ...         ...         ...         ...   \n",
       "2013-12-23  36.8899994  36.5499992  36.8100014  36.6199989  25128700.0   \n",
       "2013-12-24  37.1699982  36.6399994  36.7200012  37.0800018  14243000.0   \n",
       "2013-12-26  37.4900017  37.1699982  37.2000008  37.4399986  17612800.0   \n",
       "2013-12-27  37.6199989  37.1699982  37.5800018  37.2900009  14563000.0   \n",
       "2013-12-30  37.3800011  36.9000015  37.2200012  37.2900009  16290500.0   \n",
       "\n",
       "             Adj Close  \n",
       "Date                    \n",
       "2012-01-03  21.6231365  \n",
       "2012-01-04  22.1320095  \n",
       "2012-01-05  22.3581734  \n",
       "2012-01-06  22.7055092  \n",
       "2012-01-09  22.4066391  \n",
       "...                ...  \n",
       "2013-12-23  31.3362293  \n",
       "2013-12-24  31.7298622  \n",
       "2013-12-26  32.0379257  \n",
       "2013-12-27  31.9095592  \n",
       "2013-12-30  31.9095592  \n",
       "\n",
       "[501 rows x 6 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msft = web.DataReader('MSFT', 'yahoo', '2012-01-01', '2013-12-30')\n",
    "msft\n",
    "\n",
    "# collects the data from yahoo finance for Microsoft for the said period and stores it in data frame, msft."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "bb3c088e-3e1a-493b-a561-df3ab5dc1cfc",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Shifting and lagging time-series data:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "id": "1c0599cb-ea5a-4a34-84c8-325c24ad016f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Date\n",
       "2012-01-03    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-04    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-05    22.3581734\n",
       "2012-01-06    22.7055092\n",
       "2012-01-09    22.4066391\n",
       "                 ...    \n",
       "2013-12-23    31.3362293\n",
       "2013-12-24    31.7298622\n",
       "2013-12-26    32.0379257\n",
       "2013-12-27    31.9095592\n",
       "2013-12-30    31.9095592\n",
       "Name: Adj Close, Length: 501, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msftAC = msft['Adj Close']\n",
    "msftAC\n",
    "\n",
    "# select only 'Adj Close' column from the msft data frame, and store it in a series, msftAC."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "4a109524-e431-433a-86e3-ac2a9efa53b1",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "pandas.core.series.Series"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(msftAC)\n",
    "\n",
    "# msftAC is a series. We can convert it to a data frame by typing: msftAC = msft[['Adj Close']]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "id": "8acb3a08-a412-43e1-9ebf-42a20432da66",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(Date\n",
       " 2012-01-03    21.6231365\n",
       " 2012-01-04    22.1320095\n",
       " 2012-01-05    22.3581734\n",
       " 2012-01-06    22.7055092\n",
       " 2012-01-09    22.4066391\n",
       " Name: Adj Close, dtype: float64,\n",
       " Date\n",
       " 2012-01-03           NaN\n",
       " 2012-01-04    21.6231365\n",
       " 2012-01-05    22.1320095\n",
       " 2012-01-06    22.3581734\n",
       " 2012-01-09    22.7055092\n",
       " Name: Adj Close, dtype: float64)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "shift_forward = msftAC.shift(1)\n",
    "msftAC.head(), shift_forward.head()\n",
    "# This will shift the prices one day forward.\n",
    "# results in one NaN value at the start since there was no value prior to be shifted to 2012-01-03.\n",
    "# the number of NaN values will depend on the number of indices we are shifting forward or backward. For instance, the index is \n",
    "# daily dates, so if we shift one day forward, it means we are forwarding one index resulting into one NaN value. If we would \n",
    "# shift 2 days forward, it means we are forwarding two indices resulting into two NaN values."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "id": "1bc1d65f-a4e8-456d-8307-d1aaabcefd03",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(Date\n",
       " 2013-12-23    31.3362293\n",
       " 2013-12-24    31.7298622\n",
       " 2013-12-26    32.0379257\n",
       " 2013-12-27    31.9095592\n",
       " 2013-12-30    31.9095592\n",
       " Name: Adj Close, dtype: float64,\n",
       " Date\n",
       " 2013-12-23    31.4902668\n",
       " 2013-12-24    31.3362293\n",
       " 2013-12-26    31.7298622\n",
       " 2013-12-27    32.0379257\n",
       " 2013-12-30    31.9095592\n",
       " Name: Adj Close, dtype: float64)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msftAC.tail(), shift_forward.tail()\n",
    "# the last price 31.9755402 on date 2013-12-30 in msftAC has been lost away in shift_forward since there is no index available for\n",
    "# it now after the prices have been shifted one day forward. So, we got one NaN value at the start and one value lost at the end\n",
    "# by shifting one day forward."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "id": "ea6ea3a0-15ab-4f13-80b0-9d100b18f37e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "shift_backward = msftAC.shift(-2)\n",
    "# will shift two days (two indices) backward."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "id": "52660bfa-ee90-421d-b08a-bc136e03daaf",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(Date\n",
       " 2012-01-03    21.6231365\n",
       " 2012-01-04    22.1320095\n",
       " 2012-01-05    22.3581734\n",
       " 2012-01-06    22.7055092\n",
       " 2012-01-09    22.4066391\n",
       "                  ...    \n",
       " 2013-12-23    31.3362293\n",
       " 2013-12-24    31.7298622\n",
       " 2013-12-26    32.0379257\n",
       " 2013-12-27    31.9095592\n",
       " 2013-12-30    31.9095592\n",
       " Name: Adj Close, Length: 501, dtype: float64,\n",
       " Date\n",
       " 2012-01-03    22.3581734\n",
       " 2012-01-04    22.7055092\n",
       " 2012-01-05    22.4066391\n",
       " 2012-01-06    22.4874172\n",
       " 2012-01-09    22.3904800\n",
       "                  ...    \n",
       " 2013-12-23    32.0379257\n",
       " 2013-12-24    31.9095592\n",
       " 2013-12-26    31.9095592\n",
       " 2013-12-27           NaN\n",
       " 2013-12-30           NaN\n",
       " Name: Adj Close, Length: 501, dtype: float64)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msftAC, shift_backward\n",
    "# inserts two NaNs at the end since we have shifted two days (two indices) backward and the first two values lost since there are \n",
    "# no indices available for them."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "id": "a69327ab-0876-4967-8aaf-40caa022afce",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "shift_1sec = msftAC.shift(1, freq = 'S')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "id": "7b6dc144-292b-40b0-8a47-c6f22d672d8a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(Date\n",
       " 2012-01-03    21.6231365\n",
       " 2012-01-04    22.1320095\n",
       " 2012-01-05    22.3581734\n",
       " 2012-01-06    22.7055092\n",
       " 2012-01-09    22.4066391\n",
       "                  ...    \n",
       " 2013-12-23    31.3362293\n",
       " 2013-12-24    31.7298622\n",
       " 2013-12-26    32.0379257\n",
       " 2013-12-27    31.9095592\n",
       " 2013-12-30    31.9095592\n",
       " Name: Adj Close, Length: 501, dtype: float64,\n",
       " Date\n",
       " 2012-01-03 00:00:01    21.6231365\n",
       " 2012-01-04 00:00:01    22.1320095\n",
       " 2012-01-05 00:00:01    22.3581734\n",
       " 2012-01-06 00:00:01    22.7055092\n",
       " 2012-01-09 00:00:01    22.4066391\n",
       "                           ...    \n",
       " 2013-12-23 00:00:01    31.3362293\n",
       " 2013-12-24 00:00:01    31.7298622\n",
       " 2013-12-26 00:00:01    32.0379257\n",
       " 2013-12-27 00:00:01    31.9095592\n",
       " 2013-12-30 00:00:01    31.9095592\n",
       " Name: Adj Close, Length: 501, dtype: float64)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msftAC, shift_1sec\n",
    "# the prices have been shifted just one second forward each day. That means that the prices still exist on the same date. So, no\n",
    "# value is lost and no NaN is inserted.\n",
    "# the frequency could be changed to any desirable level such as hour etc.\n",
    "# Note that the index labels have been adjusted according to the specified frequency resulting into a new dataframe or series in \n",
    "# this case."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "id": "d0d0f8f8-4ffb-4add-b1a6-222806d9ab81",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Date\n",
       "2012-01-03 00:00:01    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-04 00:00:01    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-05 00:00:01    22.3581734\n",
       "2012-01-06 00:00:01    22.7055092\n",
       "Name: Adj Close, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "shift_1sec['2012-01-03':'2012-01-06']\n",
    "# note that the indices now include the time as well in addition to the date."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "46477297-0d4c-474a-9312-3e4e323cf04a",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Practical Example:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "id": "264d1ed1-f07d-4b1a-ad71-b605baea97d4",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(Date\n",
       " 2012-01-03    21.6231365\n",
       " 2012-01-04    22.1320095\n",
       " 2012-01-05    22.3581734\n",
       " 2012-01-06    22.7055092\n",
       " 2012-01-09    22.4066391\n",
       "                  ...    \n",
       " 2013-12-23    31.3362293\n",
       " 2013-12-24    31.7298622\n",
       " 2013-12-26    32.0379257\n",
       " 2013-12-27    31.9095592\n",
       " 2013-12-30    31.9095592\n",
       " Name: Adj Close, Length: 501, dtype: float64,\n",
       " Date\n",
       " 2012-01-03           NaN\n",
       " 2012-01-04    21.6231365\n",
       " 2012-01-05    22.1320095\n",
       " 2012-01-06    22.3581734\n",
       " 2012-01-09    22.7055092\n",
       "                  ...    \n",
       " 2013-12-23    31.4902668\n",
       " 2013-12-24    31.3362293\n",
       " 2013-12-26    31.7298622\n",
       " 2013-12-27    32.0379257\n",
       " 2013-12-30    31.9095592\n",
       " Name: Adj Close, Length: 501, dtype: float64)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msftAC, msftAC.shift(1)\n",
    "# the prices have been shifted one day forward."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "id": "c80c0725-172d-4632-90b8-86c34a1bd4bc",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Date\n",
       "2012-01-03    1.0\n",
       "2012-01-04    1.0\n",
       "2012-01-05    1.0\n",
       "2012-01-06    1.0\n",
       "2012-01-09    1.0\n",
       "             ... \n",
       "2013-12-23    1.0\n",
       "2013-12-24    1.0\n",
       "2013-12-26    1.0\n",
       "2013-12-27    1.0\n",
       "2013-12-30    1.0\n",
       "Name: Adj Close, Length: 501, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msftAC/msftAC"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "id": "bdda981b-285d-45a4-95c6-1cffa939c8ad",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Date\n",
       "2012-01-03          NaN\n",
       "2012-01-04    1.0235337\n",
       "2012-01-05    1.0102189\n",
       "2012-01-06    1.0155351\n",
       "2012-01-09    0.9868371\n",
       "                ...    \n",
       "2013-12-23    0.9951084\n",
       "2013-12-24    1.0125616\n",
       "2013-12-26    1.0097089\n",
       "2013-12-27    0.9959933\n",
       "2013-12-30    1.0000000\n",
       "Name: Adj Close, Length: 501, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msftAC / msftAC.shift(1)\n",
    "# the dividsion is based on the same index labels. That is, the price on 2012-01-04 in msftAC is divided the price on 2012-01-04 in\n",
    "# msftAC.shift(1). This is equal t`o (current price divided by previous price). The previous price is the amount invested.\n",
    "\n",
    "# Interpretation: the $1 invested has grown to $1.0235337. So, the net return is $1.0235337 - 1 = $0.0235337. That is why we need\n",
    "# to subtract 1 as shown below.\n",
    "# the first value is NaN because value is missing in msftAC.shift(1) on 2012-01-03.\n",
    "# the last value is 1.00000 because in both msftAC and msftAC.shift(1) the value on 2013-12-30 is the same.\n",
    "\n",
    "# Very important to note that we CANNOT say that $1 investment at the start (2012-01-03) has grown to (or in this case \n",
    "# has remained same) to $1 at the end of the period (2013-12-30) since we can see that the adj close price at the start\n",
    "# is $21.62 and at the end is $31.90. So, there is definately a gain. But then why we have 1 at the end of the output of\n",
    "# this cell? It is because these returns are computed on daily basis. So, this 1 shows that $1 dollar invested on 2013-12\n",
    "#-27 has remained same $1 and it makes sense since the price has remained unchanged from 2013-12-27 to 2013-12-30. To find\n",
    "# the total return, we need to find the cumulative product."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "id": "964fa8f5-04f1-47f4-b5e5-d864485f2052",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Date\n",
       "2012-01-03          NaN\n",
       "2012-01-04    1.0235337\n",
       "2012-01-05    1.0339931\n",
       "2012-01-06    1.0500562\n",
       "2012-01-09    1.0362345\n",
       "                ...    \n",
       "2013-12-23    1.4491991\n",
       "2013-12-24    1.4674033\n",
       "2013-12-26    1.4816503\n",
       "2013-12-27    1.4757137\n",
       "2013-12-30    1.4757137\n",
       "Name: Adj Close, Length: 501, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.cumprod(msftAC / msftAC.shift(1))\n",
    "\n",
    "# just for the confirmation of the above."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "id": "54b30761-92a1-47fb-b7ef-93a35bb1e9bd",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.4757141177856794"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "31.9095650 / 21.6231346\n",
    "\n",
    "# just for the confirmation above"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "id": "f81eee7e-255a-4a6c-a367-fdd1f6e69a2d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Date\n",
       "2012-01-03          NaN\n",
       "2012-01-04    0.0235337\n",
       "2012-01-05    0.0102189\n",
       "2012-01-06    0.0155351\n",
       "2012-01-09   -0.0131629\n",
       "                ...    \n",
       "2013-12-23   -0.0048916\n",
       "2013-12-24    0.0125616\n",
       "2013-12-26    0.0097089\n",
       "2013-12-27   -0.0040067\n",
       "2013-12-30    0.0000000\n",
       "Name: Adj Close, Length: 501, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "percent_change = msftAC / msftAC.shift(1) - 1\n",
    "percent_change\n",
    "# gives the net daily change or return.\n",
    "# the price has increased by 2.3% from 2012-01-03 to 2012-01-04."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "8b04803d-a6fb-4bda-a436-52ea08eee558",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Frequency Conversion of Time-Series Data:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "id": "42a04e4a-c6c0-40ef-b6eb-15366a9fabe4",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Date\n",
       "2012-01-03    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-04    22.1320095\n",
       "Name: Adj Close, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sample = msftAC[:2]\n",
    "sample\n",
    "# selected first 2 rows and stored them in 'sample'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "id": "865e3fe2-7137-415d-a9d1-23390e1fbad5",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Date\n",
       "2012-01-03 00:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 01:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 02:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 03:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 04:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 05:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 06:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 07:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 08:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 09:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 10:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 11:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 12:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 13:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 14:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 15:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 16:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 17:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 18:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 19:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 20:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 21:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 22:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-03 23:00:00           NaN\n",
       "2012-01-04 00:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "Freq: H, Name: Adj Close, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sample.asfreq('H')\n",
    "# to have hourly data between the two index labels.\n",
    "# a new index with hourly index labels has been created by pandas, but when aligning to the original time series, only two values\n",
    "# were found, thereby leaving the others filled with NaN. This default behaviour can be changed as follows:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "id": "4994e712-ef45-4268-b5af-02a8af9162ff",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Date\n",
       "2012-01-03 00:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 01:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 02:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 03:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 04:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 05:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 06:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 07:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 08:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 09:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 10:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 11:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 12:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 13:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 14:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 15:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 16:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 17:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 18:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 19:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 20:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 21:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 22:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 23:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-04 00:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "Freq: H, Name: Adj Close, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sample.asfreq('H', method = 'ffill')\n",
    "# forward fill will take the earlier known value and fill all the missing values with it."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "id": "02f4d82c-bc33-4539-941e-3afd8d590577",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Date\n",
       "2012-01-03 00:00:00    21.6231365\n",
       "2012-01-03 01:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 02:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 03:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 04:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 05:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 06:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 07:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 08:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 09:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 10:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 11:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 12:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 13:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 14:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 15:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 16:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 17:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 18:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 19:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 20:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 21:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 22:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-03 23:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "2012-01-04 00:00:00    22.1320095\n",
       "Freq: H, Name: Adj Close, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sample.asfreq('H', method = 'bfill')\n",
    "# backward fill will take the next known value and fill the missing values in the backward direction."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "db11eea1-33f1-496d-9cd4-808085197595",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Resampling of time-series:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "id": "3da9c1f9-6303-4404-ade8-73fd651ec0ef",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Date\n",
       "2012-01-03          NaN\n",
       "2012-01-04    1.0235337\n",
       "2012-01-05    1.0102189\n",
       "2012-01-06    1.0155351\n",
       "2012-01-09    0.9868371\n",
       "                ...    \n",
       "2013-12-23    0.9951084\n",
       "2013-12-24    1.0125616\n",
       "2013-12-26    1.0097089\n",
       "2013-12-27    0.9959933\n",
       "2013-12-30    1.0000000\n",
       "Name: Adj Close, Length: 501, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msftAC / msftAC.shift()\n",
    "# I haven't confirmed it but i think the default argument for shift is 1 which means to shift prices forward by one day."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "id": "c97fb5a7-f80b-49f0-981b-3463467527cd",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Date\n",
       "2012-01-03          NaN\n",
       "2012-01-04    1.0235337\n",
       "2012-01-05    1.0102189\n",
       "2012-01-06    1.0155351\n",
       "2012-01-09    0.9868371\n",
       "                ...    \n",
       "2013-12-23    0.9951084\n",
       "2013-12-24    1.0125616\n",
       "2013-12-26    1.0097089\n",
       "2013-12-27    0.9959933\n",
       "2013-12-30    1.0000000\n",
       "Name: Adj Close, Length: 501, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(1 + (msftAC / msftAC.shift() - 1))\n",
    "# this and immediately above seems to produce the same result. Plus1 and minus1 cancels out so the result is the same as immediately above."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "id": "9bd33b7c-f730-4519-8256-281b6b8e4384",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Date\n",
       "2012-01-03          NaN\n",
       "2012-01-04    1.0235337\n",
       "2012-01-05    1.0339931\n",
       "2012-01-06    1.0500562\n",
       "2012-01-09    1.0362345\n",
       "                ...    \n",
       "2013-12-23    1.4491991\n",
       "2013-12-24    1.4674033\n",
       "2013-12-26    1.4816503\n",
       "2013-12-27    1.4757137\n",
       "2013-12-30    1.4757137\n",
       "Name: Adj Close, Length: 501, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msft_cum_ret = (1 + (msftAC / msftAC.shift() - 1)).cumprod()\n",
    "msft_cum_ret\n",
    "# cumprod stands for cummulative product.\n",
    "# it multiplies the value on 2012-01-04 with the value on 2012-01-05 and produces the product in the index label 2012-01-05. This product \n",
    "# can be called cumulative daily return.\n",
    "# $1 dollar invested on 2012-01-03 has grown to $1.475 on 2013-12-30."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "id": "33b36fea-a9fa-4df5-b8d2-1231fe0f471f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Date\n",
       "2012-01-03          NaN\n",
       "2012-01-04    1.0235337\n",
       "2012-01-05    1.0339931\n",
       "2012-01-06    1.0500562\n",
       "2012-01-09    1.0362345\n",
       "2012-01-10    1.0399702\n",
       "2012-01-11    1.0354872\n",
       "2012-01-12    1.0459467\n",
       "2012-01-13    1.0552857\n",
       "2012-01-17    1.0556592\n",
       "2012-01-18    1.0545387\n",
       "2012-01-19    1.0504297\n",
       "2012-01-20    1.1098244\n",
       "2012-01-23    1.1105714\n",
       "2012-01-24    1.0960029\n",
       "2012-01-25    1.1042211\n",
       "2012-01-26    1.1019797\n",
       "2012-01-27    1.0918941\n",
       "2012-01-30    1.1060887\n",
       "2012-01-31    1.1031005\n",
       "Name: Adj Close, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msft_cum_ret['1/1/2012':'1/31/2012']\n",
    "# note that typing the date in this pattern is the same as typing 2012-01-04 and so on.\n",
    "# this gives us daily cumulative returns for all the month as explained above."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "id": "45ef963e-80b7-4b17-bb0b-b24079207f25",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.0686746048084537"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msft_cum_ret['1/1/2012':'1/31/2012'].mean()\n",
    "# mean cumulative return of January 2012. It is a mean of all the daily cumulative returns in January.\n",
    "# to calculate each month mean cumulative return, we have to write this command 24 times for all 24 months."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "id": "cdb851e6-4063-4b60-a284-a61705de1b34",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.0686746048084537"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msft_cum_ret['1/2012'].mean()\n",
    "# an alternative to the above method to compute monthly mean."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "id": "350283dc-a4c1-4d58-bf4d-68c78929c8e0",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.000882953557127"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(msftAC/msftAC.shift()).mean() # mean of daily returns."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "id": "6f7c516b-bf0c-458e-ba2f-b4bc951ff6a9",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Date\n",
       "2012-01-03          NaN\n",
       "2012-01-04    1.0235337\n",
       "2012-01-05    1.0339931\n",
       "2012-01-06    1.0500562\n",
       "2012-01-09    1.0362345\n",
       "                ...    \n",
       "2013-12-23    1.4491991\n",
       "2013-12-24    1.4674033\n",
       "2013-12-26    1.4816503\n",
       "2013-12-27    1.4757137\n",
       "2013-12-30    1.4757137\n",
       "Name: Adj Close, Length: 501, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msft_cum_ret"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "id": "a319e92d-6ab1-4076-936f-761614b7b3d4",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<pandas.core.resample.DatetimeIndexResampler object at 0x000001E34BC91700>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msft_monthly_cum_ret = msft_cum_ret.resample(\"M\")\n",
    "msft_monthly_cum_ret\n",
    "# a better and efficient alternative to the above two methods to compute monthly means.\n",
    "# does not return a dataframe any longer but an object stored at some location in memory. Nevermind, all the aggregation and interpolation\n",
    "# can still be validly performed as shown below."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "id": "544ee698-b84d-4d05-b153-303c44f097e2",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def print_info(groupobject):\n",
    "    for i, k in groupobject:\n",
    "        print (i)\n",
    "        print (k)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "id": "62b6371c-3ee3-40b2-bbc7-e4fdb11883f0",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2012-01-31 00:00:00\n",
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      "2013-08-19    1.2328774\n",
      "2013-08-20    1.2419108\n",
      "2013-08-21    1.2415181\n",
      "2013-08-22    1.2721535\n",
      "2013-08-23    1.3648454\n",
      "2013-08-26    1.3412796\n",
      "2013-08-27    1.3063237\n",
      "2013-08-28    1.2968973\n",
      "2013-08-29    1.3177135\n",
      "2013-08-30    1.3118224\n",
      "Name: Adj Close, dtype: float64\n",
      "2013-09-30 00:00:00\n",
      "Date\n",
      "2013-09-03    1.2521227\n",
      "2013-09-04    1.2254147\n",
      "2013-09-05    1.2265930\n",
      "2013-09-06    1.2234510\n",
      "2013-09-09    1.2434818\n",
      "2013-09-10    1.2721535\n",
      "2013-09-11    1.2859003\n",
      "2013-09-12    1.2839360\n",
      "2013-09-13    1.2972902\n",
      "2013-09-16    1.2882564\n",
      "2013-09-17    1.2933629\n",
      "2013-09-18    1.3086804\n",
      "2013-09-19    1.3212487\n",
      "2013-09-20    1.2878640\n",
      "2013-09-23    1.2859003\n",
      "2013-09-24    1.2745101\n",
      "2013-09-25    1.2768667\n",
      "2013-09-26    1.2870785\n",
      "2013-09-27    1.3067164\n",
      "2013-09-30    1.3071093\n",
      "Name: Adj Close, dtype: float64\n",
      "2013-10-31 00:00:00\n",
      "Date\n",
      "2013-10-01    1.3188918\n",
      "2013-10-02    1.3322455\n",
      "2013-10-03    1.3298890\n",
      "2013-10-04    1.3306751\n",
      "2013-10-07    1.3078947\n",
      "2013-10-08    1.2965047\n",
      "2013-10-09    1.2988610\n",
      "2013-10-10    1.3259614\n",
      "2013-10-11    1.3404939\n",
      "2013-10-14    1.3530624\n",
      "2013-10-15    1.3546333\n",
      "2013-10-16    1.3605249\n",
      "2013-10-17    1.3715215\n",
      "2013-10-18    1.3730930\n",
      "2013-10-21    1.3742713\n",
      "2013-10-22    1.3581686\n",
      "2013-10-23    1.3259614\n",
      "2013-10-24    1.3243908\n",
      "2013-10-25    1.4033358\n",
      "2013-10-28    1.3970515\n",
      "2013-10-29    1.3950880\n",
      "2013-10-30    1.3958737\n",
      "2013-10-31    1.3907670\n",
      "Name: Adj Close, dtype: float64\n",
      "2013-11-30 00:00:00\n",
      "Date\n",
      "2013-11-01    1.3954805\n",
      "2013-11-04    1.4115839\n",
      "2013-11-05    1.4390770\n",
      "2013-11-06    1.4995623\n",
      "2013-11-07    1.4728547\n",
      "2013-11-08    1.4838514\n",
      "2013-11-11    1.4763894\n",
      "2013-11-12    1.4673562\n",
      "2013-11-13    1.4987769\n",
      "2013-11-14    1.4932783\n",
      "2013-11-15    1.4862085\n",
      "2013-11-18    1.4610714\n",
      "2013-11-19    1.4539484\n",
      "2013-11-20    1.4674033\n",
      "2013-11-21    1.4800671\n",
      "2013-11-22    1.4867944\n",
      "2013-11-25    1.4895645\n",
      "2013-11-26    1.4780884\n",
      "2013-11-27    1.4879815\n",
      "2013-11-29    1.5089561\n",
      "Name: Adj Close, dtype: float64\n",
      "2013-12-31 00:00:00\n",
      "Date\n",
      "2013-12-02    1.5216197\n",
      "2013-12-03    1.5160795\n",
      "2013-12-04    1.5410110\n",
      "2013-12-05    1.5038115\n",
      "2013-12-06    1.5180584\n",
      "2013-12-09    1.5319093\n",
      "2013-12-10    1.5081644\n",
      "2013-12-11    1.4883779\n",
      "2013-12-12    1.4729439\n",
      "2013-12-13    1.4519694\n",
      "2013-12-16    1.4598846\n",
      "2013-12-17    1.4452425\n",
      "2013-12-18    1.4476169\n",
      "2013-12-19    1.4345570\n",
      "2013-12-20    1.4563228\n",
      "2013-12-23    1.4491991\n",
      "2013-12-24    1.4674033\n",
      "2013-12-26    1.4816503\n",
      "2013-12-27    1.4757137\n",
      "2013-12-30    1.4757137\n",
      "Name: Adj Close, dtype: float64\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print_info(msft_monthly_cum_ret)\n",
    "# the daily cumulative returns have been grouped by month. In total, we will have 24 groups since we have 24 months."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "id": "180602e8-e5f6-473a-8c73-f15e4fd49817",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "24"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(msft_monthly_cum_ret)\n",
    "# 24 groups confirmed."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "id": "5b2ce612-6d5b-474e-9304-46e87b7a54ac",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Date\n",
       "2012-01-31    20\n",
       "2012-02-29    20\n",
       "2012-03-31    22\n",
       "2012-04-30    20\n",
       "2012-05-31    22\n",
       "2012-06-30    21\n",
       "2012-07-31    21\n",
       "2012-08-31    23\n",
       "2012-09-30    19\n",
       "2012-10-31    21\n",
       "2012-11-30    21\n",
       "2012-12-31    20\n",
       "2013-01-31    21\n",
       "2013-02-28    19\n",
       "2013-03-31    20\n",
       "2013-04-30    22\n",
       "2013-05-31    22\n",
       "2013-06-30    20\n",
       "2013-07-31    22\n",
       "2013-08-31    22\n",
       "2013-09-30    20\n",
       "2013-10-31    23\n",
       "2013-11-30    20\n",
       "2013-12-31    20\n",
       "Freq: M, Name: Adj Close, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msft_monthly_cum_ret.size()\n",
    "# size of each group."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "id": "672743de-05c8-461b-b0f0-9a3f4c3e4e78",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Date\n",
       "2012-01-31    1.0686746\n",
       "2012-02-29    1.1556974\n",
       "2012-03-31    1.2105695\n",
       "2012-04-30    1.1846435\n",
       "2012-05-31    1.1405159\n",
       "2012-06-30    1.1233434\n",
       "2012-07-31    1.1262451\n",
       "2012-08-31    1.1536293\n",
       "2012-09-30    1.1727559\n",
       "2012-10-31    1.1073819\n",
       "2012-11-30    1.0648220\n",
       "2012-12-31    1.0358096\n",
       "2013-01-31    1.0462064\n",
       "2013-02-28    1.0678734\n",
       "2013-03-31    1.0898928\n",
       "2013-04-30    1.1568917\n",
       "2013-05-31    1.3204532\n",
       "2013-06-30    1.3507123\n",
       "2013-07-31    1.3124112\n",
       "2013-08-31    1.2726697\n",
       "2013-09-30    1.2773968\n",
       "2013-10-31    1.3503983\n",
       "2013-11-30    1.4719147\n",
       "2013-12-31    1.4823624\n",
       "Freq: M, Name: Adj Close, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msft_monthly_cum_ret.mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "id": "11d7c32d-61cc-4ebd-8cae-216cd974382e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.1556973907250845"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msft_cum_ret['2/2012'].mean()\n",
    "# to compare and confirm the mean of feb in immediately above series. Confirmed and the same."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "id": "c9a05f6f-25a5-46a9-b2ff-092ebf6e0641",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "## The above work is almost the end of page 94 in the book. After that, for about 3 pages, the discussion in the book cannot be\n",
    "# implemented here since there is change in the newer version of pandas. But what we can do something extra and interesting follows\n",
    "# as:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "id": "c3db80b4-845f-46b5-9381-146804a1e020",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>High</th>\n",
       "      <th>Low</th>\n",
       "      <th>Open</th>\n",
       "      <th>Close</th>\n",
       "      <th>Volume</th>\n",
       "      <th>Adj Close</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Date</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2012-01-03</th>\n",
       "      <td>26.9599991</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.3899994</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.5499992</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.7700005</td>\n",
       "      <td>64731500.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>21.6231365</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2012-01-04</th>\n",
       "      <td>27.4699993</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.7800007</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.8199997</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.3999996</td>\n",
       "      <td>80516100.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>22.1320095</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2012-01-05</th>\n",
       "      <td>27.7299995</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.2900009</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.3799992</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.6800003</td>\n",
       "      <td>56081400.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>22.3581734</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2012-01-06</th>\n",
       "      <td>28.1900005</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.5300007</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.5300007</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.1100006</td>\n",
       "      <td>99455500.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>22.7055092</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2012-01-09</th>\n",
       "      <td>28.1000004</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.7199993</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.0499992</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.7399998</td>\n",
       "      <td>59706800.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>22.4066391</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2013-12-23</th>\n",
       "      <td>36.8899994</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.5499992</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.8100014</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.6199989</td>\n",
       "      <td>25128700.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.3362293</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2013-12-24</th>\n",
       "      <td>37.1699982</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.6399994</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.7200012</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.0800018</td>\n",
       "      <td>14243000.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.7298622</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2013-12-26</th>\n",
       "      <td>37.4900017</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.1699982</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.2000008</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.4399986</td>\n",
       "      <td>17612800.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>32.0379257</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2013-12-27</th>\n",
       "      <td>37.6199989</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.1699982</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.5800018</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.2900009</td>\n",
       "      <td>14563000.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.9095592</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2013-12-30</th>\n",
       "      <td>37.3800011</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.9000015</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.2200012</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.2900009</td>\n",
       "      <td>16290500.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.9095592</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>501 rows × 6 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                  High         Low        Open       Close      Volume  \\\n",
       "Date                                                                     \n",
       "2012-01-03  26.9599991  26.3899994  26.5499992  26.7700005  64731500.0   \n",
       "2012-01-04  27.4699993  26.7800007  26.8199997  27.3999996  80516100.0   \n",
       "2012-01-05  27.7299995  27.2900009  27.3799992  27.6800003  56081400.0   \n",
       "2012-01-06  28.1900005  27.5300007  27.5300007  28.1100006  99455500.0   \n",
       "2012-01-09  28.1000004  27.7199993  28.0499992  27.7399998  59706800.0   \n",
       "...                ...         ...         ...         ...         ...   \n",
       "2013-12-23  36.8899994  36.5499992  36.8100014  36.6199989  25128700.0   \n",
       "2013-12-24  37.1699982  36.6399994  36.7200012  37.0800018  14243000.0   \n",
       "2013-12-26  37.4900017  37.1699982  37.2000008  37.4399986  17612800.0   \n",
       "2013-12-27  37.6199989  37.1699982  37.5800018  37.2900009  14563000.0   \n",
       "2013-12-30  37.3800011  36.9000015  37.2200012  37.2900009  16290500.0   \n",
       "\n",
       "             Adj Close  \n",
       "Date                    \n",
       "2012-01-03  21.6231365  \n",
       "2012-01-04  22.1320095  \n",
       "2012-01-05  22.3581734  \n",
       "2012-01-06  22.7055092  \n",
       "2012-01-09  22.4066391  \n",
       "...                ...  \n",
       "2013-12-23  31.3362293  \n",
       "2013-12-24  31.7298622  \n",
       "2013-12-26  32.0379257  \n",
       "2013-12-27  31.9095592  \n",
       "2013-12-30  31.9095592  \n",
       "\n",
       "[501 rows x 6 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msft"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "id": "b53b89d2-3c5b-4718-9cbb-c2042b34b25b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "msft_resample = msft.resample('M')\n",
    "# the frequency has been changed to Monthly from Daily."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "id": "ce530215-a442-4405-b2d4-2333e6a072ed",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<pandas.core.resample.DatetimeIndexResampler object at 0x000001E34BCB78E0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msft_resample"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "id": "01cded44-8fcb-4241-abc6-94620b4b39c6",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2012-01-31 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close       Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                      \n",
      "2012-01-03  26.9599991  26.3899994  26.5499992  26.7700005   64731500.0   \n",
      "2012-01-04  27.4699993  26.7800007  26.8199997  27.3999996   80516100.0   \n",
      "2012-01-05  27.7299995  27.2900009  27.3799992  27.6800003   56081400.0   \n",
      "2012-01-06  28.1900005  27.5300007  27.5300007  28.1100006   99455500.0   \n",
      "2012-01-09  28.1000004  27.7199993  28.0499992  27.7399998   59706800.0   \n",
      "2012-01-10  28.1499996  27.7500000  27.9300003  27.8400002   60014400.0   \n",
      "2012-01-11  27.9799995  27.3700008  27.4300003  27.7199993   65582400.0   \n",
      "2012-01-12  28.0200005  27.6499996  27.8700008  28.0000000   49370800.0   \n",
      "2012-01-13  28.2500000  27.7900009  27.9300003  28.2500000   60196100.0   \n",
      "2012-01-17  28.6499996  28.1700001  28.3999996  28.2600002   72395300.0   \n",
      "2012-01-18  28.3999996  27.9699993  28.3099995  28.2299995   64860600.0   \n",
      "2012-01-19  28.4400005  28.0300007  28.1599998  28.1200008   74053500.0   \n",
      "2012-01-20  29.7399998  28.7500000  28.8199997  29.7099991  165902900.0   \n",
      "2012-01-23  29.9500008  29.3500004  29.5499992  29.7299995   76078100.0   \n",
      "2012-01-24  29.5699997  29.1800003  29.4699993  29.3400002   51703300.0   \n",
      "2012-01-25  29.6499996  29.0699997  29.0699997  29.5599995   59231700.0   \n",
      "2012-01-26  29.7000008  29.3999996  29.6100006  29.5000000   49102800.0   \n",
      "2012-01-27  29.5300007  29.1700001  29.4500008  29.2299995   44187700.0   \n",
      "2012-01-30  29.6200008  28.8299999  28.9699993  29.6100006   51114800.0   \n",
      "2012-01-31  29.7000008  29.2299995  29.6599998  29.5300007   50572400.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2012-01-03  21.6231365  \n",
      "2012-01-04  22.1320095  \n",
      "2012-01-05  22.3581734  \n",
      "2012-01-06  22.7055092  \n",
      "2012-01-09  22.4066391  \n",
      "2012-01-10  22.4874172  \n",
      "2012-01-11  22.3904800  \n",
      "2012-01-12  22.6166477  \n",
      "2012-01-13  22.8185863  \n",
      "2012-01-17  22.8266621  \n",
      "2012-01-18  22.8024349  \n",
      "2012-01-19  22.7135849  \n",
      "2012-01-20  23.9978848  \n",
      "2012-01-23  24.0140362  \n",
      "2012-01-24  23.6990204  \n",
      "2012-01-25  23.8767242  \n",
      "2012-01-26  23.8282566  \n",
      "2012-01-27  23.6101742  \n",
      "2012-01-30  23.9171066  \n",
      "2012-01-31  23.8524933  \n",
      "2012-02-29 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close      Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                     \n",
      "2012-02-01  30.0499992  29.7600002  29.7900009  29.8899994  67409900.0   \n",
      "2012-02-02  30.1700001  29.7099991  29.8999996  29.9500008  52223300.0   \n",
      "2012-02-03  30.3999996  30.0900002  30.1399994  30.2399998  41838500.0   \n",
      "2012-02-06  30.2199993  29.9699993  30.0400009  30.2000008  28039700.0   \n",
      "2012-02-07  30.4899998  30.0499992  30.1499996  30.3500004  39242400.0   \n",
      "2012-02-08  30.6700001  30.2199993  30.2600002  30.6599998  49659100.0   \n",
      "2012-02-09  30.7999992  30.4799995  30.6800003  30.7700005  50481600.0   \n",
      "2012-02-10  30.7999992  30.3600006  30.6399994  30.5000000  44605300.0   \n",
      "2012-02-13  30.7700005  30.4300003  30.6299992  30.5799999  33319800.0   \n",
      "2012-02-14  30.4599991  29.8500004  30.3299999  30.2500000  59644000.0   \n",
      "2012-02-15  30.3899994  30.0300007  30.3299999  30.0499992  43311300.0   \n",
      "2012-02-16  31.5499992  30.2999992  30.3099995  31.2900009  94705100.0   \n",
      "2012-02-17  31.3199997  30.9500008  31.2000008  31.2500000  70036500.0   \n",
      "2012-02-21  31.6100006  31.1499996  31.1800003  31.4400005  50829900.0   \n",
      "2012-02-22  31.6800003  31.1800003  31.4500008  31.2700005  49253200.0   \n",
      "2012-02-23  31.5900002  31.0000000  31.2000008  31.3700008  35034700.0   \n",
      "2012-02-24  31.5000000  31.2399998  31.4799995  31.4799995  35575400.0   \n",
      "2012-02-27  31.5000000  31.1000004  31.2399998  31.3500004  34568400.0   \n",
      "2012-02-28  31.9300003  31.3799992  31.4099998  31.8700008  45230600.0   \n",
      "2012-02-29  32.0000000  31.6100006  31.8899994  31.7399998  59323600.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2012-02-01  24.1432762  \n",
      "2012-02-02  24.1917381  \n",
      "2012-02-03  24.4259758  \n",
      "2012-02-06  24.3936768  \n",
      "2012-02-07  24.5148354  \n",
      "2012-02-08  24.7652378  \n",
      "2012-02-09  24.8540840  \n",
      "2012-02-10  24.6359959  \n",
      "2012-02-13  24.7006130  \n",
      "2012-02-14  24.5949211  \n",
      "2012-02-15  24.4323063  \n",
      "2012-02-16  25.4404964  \n",
      "2012-02-17  25.4079704  \n",
      "2012-02-21  25.5624523  \n",
      "2012-02-22  25.4242344  \n",
      "2012-02-23  25.5055447  \n",
      "2012-02-24  25.5949783  \n",
      "2012-02-27  25.4892769  \n",
      "2012-02-28  25.9120655  \n",
      "2012-02-29  25.8063698  \n",
      "2012-03-31 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close      Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                     \n",
      "2012-03-01  32.3899994  31.8500004  31.9300003  32.2900009  77344100.0   \n",
      "2012-03-02  32.4399986  32.0000000  32.3100014  32.0800018  47314200.0   \n",
      "2012-03-05  32.0499992  31.6200008  32.0099983  31.7999992  45240000.0   \n",
      "2012-03-06  31.9799995  31.4899998  31.5400009  31.5599995  51932900.0   \n",
      "2012-03-07  31.9200001  31.5300007  31.6700001  31.8400002  34340400.0   \n",
      "2012-03-08  32.2099991  31.8999996  32.0400009  32.0099983  36747400.0   \n",
      "2012-03-09  32.1599998  31.9200001  32.0999985  31.9899998  34628400.0   \n",
      "2012-03-12  32.2000008  31.8199997  31.9699993  32.0400009  34073600.0   \n",
      "2012-03-13  32.6899986  32.1500015  32.2400017  32.6699982  48951700.0   \n",
      "2012-03-14  32.8800011  32.4900017  32.5299988  32.7700005  41986900.0   \n",
      "2012-03-15  32.9399986  32.5800018  32.7900009  32.8499985  49068300.0   \n",
      "2012-03-16  32.9500008  32.5000000  32.9099998  32.5999985  65626400.0   \n",
      "2012-03-19  32.6100006  32.1500015  32.5400009  32.2000008  44789200.0   \n",
      "2012-03-20  32.1500015  31.7399998  32.0999985  31.9899998  41566800.0   \n",
      "2012-03-21  32.1500015  31.8199997  31.9599991  31.9099998  37928600.0   \n",
      "2012-03-22  32.0900002  31.7900009  31.8099995  32.0000000  31749500.0   \n",
      "2012-03-23  32.1100006  31.7199993  32.0999985  32.0099983  35912200.0   \n",
      "2012-03-26  32.6100006  32.1500015  32.1899986  32.5900002  36758300.0   \n",
      "2012-03-27  32.7000008  32.4000015  32.6500015  32.5200005  36274900.0   \n",
      "2012-03-28  32.7000008  32.0400009  32.5200005  32.1899986  41344800.0   \n",
      "2012-03-29  32.1899986  31.8099995  32.0600014  32.1199989  37038500.0   \n",
      "2012-03-30  32.4099998  32.0400009  32.4000015  32.2599983  31749400.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2012-03-01  26.2535515  \n",
      "2012-03-02  26.0828075  \n",
      "2012-03-05  25.8551598  \n",
      "2012-03-06  25.6600208  \n",
      "2012-03-07  25.8876762  \n",
      "2012-03-08  26.0258942  \n",
      "2012-03-09  26.0096359  \n",
      "2012-03-12  26.0502911  \n",
      "2012-03-13  26.5625019  \n",
      "2012-03-14  26.6438141  \n",
      "2012-03-15  26.7088661  \n",
      "2012-03-16  26.5056000  \n",
      "2012-03-19  26.1803780  \n",
      "2012-03-20  26.0096359  \n",
      "2012-03-21  25.9445896  \n",
      "2012-03-22  26.0177631  \n",
      "2012-03-23  26.0258942  \n",
      "2012-03-26  26.4974670  \n",
      "2012-03-27  26.4405460  \n",
      "2012-03-28  26.1722393  \n",
      "2012-03-29  26.1153316  \n",
      "2012-03-30  26.2291603  \n",
      "2012-04-30 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close       Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                      \n",
      "2012-04-02  32.4599991  31.9500008  32.2200012  32.2900009   35853600.0   \n",
      "2012-04-03  32.1899986  31.6599998  32.1599998  31.9400005   42752100.0   \n",
      "2012-04-04  31.6900005  31.0499992  31.6599998  31.2099991   49455900.0   \n",
      "2012-04-05  31.6299992  31.0499992  31.1499996  31.5200005   50368600.0   \n",
      "2012-04-09  31.3999996  30.9699993  31.2199993  31.1000004   31056400.0   \n",
      "2012-04-10  31.1900005  30.2999992  31.0599995  30.4699993   54131300.0   \n",
      "2012-04-11  30.5300007  30.2299995  30.4300003  30.3500004   43014000.0   \n",
      "2012-04-12  31.0400009  30.4200001  30.4799995  30.9799995   38304000.0   \n",
      "2012-04-13  31.1599998  30.7199993  30.8899994  30.8099995   39749200.0   \n",
      "2012-04-16  31.1900005  30.7700005  30.9899998  31.0799999   38124800.0   \n",
      "2012-04-17  31.6100006  31.2000008  31.2700005  31.4400005   34361500.0   \n",
      "2012-04-18  31.3099995  31.0400009  31.2800007  31.1399994   40552900.0   \n",
      "2012-04-19  31.6800003  30.9400005  31.1299992  31.0100002   54781200.0   \n",
      "2012-04-20  32.8899994  32.0499992  32.1500015  32.4199982  106045000.0   \n",
      "2012-04-23  32.5000000  32.0299988  32.3100014  32.1199989   61398200.0   \n",
      "2012-04-24  32.5200005  31.8299999  32.2099991  31.9200001   40871100.0   \n",
      "2012-04-25  32.3199997  31.8700008  31.9200001  32.2000008   62495500.0   \n",
      "2012-04-26  32.2299995  31.9200001  32.1199989  32.1100006   40308100.0   \n",
      "2012-04-27  32.2200012  31.8799992  32.1199989  31.9799995   41419100.0   \n",
      "2012-04-30  32.1100006  31.9200001  31.9799995  32.0200005   35697200.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2012-04-02  26.2535515  \n",
      "2012-04-03  25.9689827  \n",
      "2012-04-04  25.3754520  \n",
      "2012-04-05  25.6274910  \n",
      "2012-04-09  25.2860165  \n",
      "2012-04-10  24.7737846  \n",
      "2012-04-11  24.6762257  \n",
      "2012-04-12  25.1884480  \n",
      "2012-04-13  25.0502300  \n",
      "2012-04-16  25.2697525  \n",
      "2012-04-17  25.5624523  \n",
      "2012-04-18  25.3185349  \n",
      "2012-04-19  25.2128391  \n",
      "2012-04-20  26.3592472  \n",
      "2012-04-23  26.1153316  \n",
      "2012-04-24  25.9527168  \n",
      "2012-04-25  26.1803780  \n",
      "2012-04-26  26.1072063  \n",
      "2012-04-27  26.0014992  \n",
      "2012-04-30  26.0340290  \n",
      "2012-05-31 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close      Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                     \n",
      "2012-05-01  32.3400002  31.9500008  32.0499992  32.0099983  43832300.0   \n",
      "2012-05-02  31.9300003  31.6399994  31.8500004  31.7999992  37385300.0   \n",
      "2012-05-03  31.8999996  31.6100006  31.8799992  31.7600002  31501300.0   \n",
      "2012-05-04  31.5699997  30.9200001  31.4500008  30.9799995  57927200.0   \n",
      "2012-05-07  30.8600006  30.5699997  30.7000008  30.6499996  48641400.0   \n",
      "2012-05-08  30.7800007  30.1700001  30.4799995  30.5000000  46328300.0   \n",
      "2012-05-09  30.8299999  30.1000004  30.1900005  30.7600002  50309300.0   \n",
      "2012-05-10  31.0200005  30.4500008  30.8600006  30.7399998  43839200.0   \n",
      "2012-05-11  31.5400009  30.6900005  30.6900005  31.1599998  43459300.0   \n",
      "2012-05-14  31.0400009  30.6399994  30.8199997  30.6800003  40528900.0   \n",
      "2012-05-15  30.7999992  30.1499996  30.6399994  30.2099991  61822800.0   \n",
      "2012-05-16  30.3199997  29.7399998  30.3099995  29.8999996  60083700.0   \n",
      "2012-05-17  30.2099991  29.7099991  29.9899998  29.7199993  48484000.0   \n",
      "2012-05-18  29.8099995  29.1700001  29.7900009  29.2700005  56205300.0   \n",
      "2012-05-21  29.7900009  29.0599995  29.1000004  29.7500000  38787900.0   \n",
      "2012-05-22  29.8799992  29.5000000  29.6900005  29.7600002  39504900.0   \n",
      "2012-05-23  29.3999996  28.6399994  29.3500004  29.1100006  65171000.0   \n",
      "2012-05-24  29.2999992  28.7600002  29.1599998  29.0699997  52575000.0   \n",
      "2012-05-25  29.3600006  29.0100002  29.2000008  29.0599995  29507200.0   \n",
      "2012-05-29  29.7199993  29.2199993  29.3799992  29.5599995  37758800.0   \n",
      "2012-05-30  29.4799995  29.1200008  29.3500004  29.3400002  41585500.0   \n",
      "2012-05-31  29.4200001  28.9400005  29.2999992  29.1900005  39134000.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2012-05-01  26.0258942  \n",
      "2012-05-02  25.8551598  \n",
      "2012-05-03  25.8226299  \n",
      "2012-05-04  25.1884480  \n",
      "2012-05-07  24.9201431  \n",
      "2012-05-08  24.7981853  \n",
      "2012-05-09  25.0095711  \n",
      "2012-05-10  24.9933167  \n",
      "2012-05-11  25.3347969  \n",
      "2012-05-14  24.9445381  \n",
      "2012-05-15  24.7235699  \n",
      "2012-05-16  24.4698658  \n",
      "2012-05-17  24.3225536  \n",
      "2012-05-18  23.9542847  \n",
      "2012-05-21  24.3471031  \n",
      "2012-05-22  24.3552856  \n",
      "2012-05-23  23.8233337  \n",
      "2012-05-24  23.7906094  \n",
      "2012-05-25  23.7824230  \n",
      "2012-05-29  24.1916142  \n",
      "2012-05-30  24.0115623  \n",
      "2012-05-31  23.8888073  \n",
      "2012-06-30 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close      Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                     \n",
      "2012-06-01  28.9599991  28.4400005  28.7600002  28.4500008  56634300.0   \n",
      "2012-06-04  28.7800007  28.3199997  28.6200008  28.5499992  47926300.0   \n",
      "2012-06-05  28.7500000  28.3899994  28.5100002  28.5100002  45715400.0   \n",
      "2012-06-06  29.3700008  28.8099995  28.8799992  29.3500004  46860500.0   \n",
      "2012-06-07  29.7000008  29.1700001  29.6399994  29.2299995  37792800.0   \n",
      "2012-06-08  29.6800003  29.0499992  29.2099991  29.6499996  42551100.0   \n",
      "2012-06-11  29.8099995  28.8199997  29.7299995  28.8999996  46361900.0   \n",
      "2012-06-12  29.2999992  28.8400002  29.1000004  29.2900009  35337900.0   \n",
      "2012-06-13  29.4400005  29.0499992  29.2199993  29.1299992  32984600.0   \n",
      "2012-06-14  29.4599991  28.8799992  29.3299999  29.3400002  39458900.0   \n",
      "2012-06-15  30.0799999  29.4899998  29.5900002  30.0200005  62314400.0   \n",
      "2012-06-18  30.0300007  29.7099991  29.9899998  29.8400002  58679900.0   \n",
      "2012-06-19  31.1100006  30.0499992  30.1900005  30.7000008  75725800.0   \n",
      "2012-06-20  31.0499992  30.6399994  30.9300003  30.9300003  36257100.0   \n",
      "2012-06-21  31.1399994  30.0599995  30.9599991  30.1399994  48456600.0   \n",
      "2012-06-22  30.7299995  30.0300007  30.2999992  30.7000008  45098100.0   \n",
      "2012-06-25  30.3199997  29.6200008  30.2999992  29.8700008  42217200.0   \n",
      "2012-06-26  30.2700005  29.9400005  30.0000000  30.0200005  38421300.0   \n",
      "2012-06-27  30.5000000  30.0300007  30.1900005  30.1700001  33781700.0   \n",
      "2012-06-28  30.0499992  29.4200001  29.9799995  29.9099998  45328400.0   \n",
      "2012-06-29  30.6900005  30.1399994  30.4500008  30.5900002  55227200.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2012-06-01  23.2831993  \n",
      "2012-06-04  23.3650398  \n",
      "2012-06-05  23.3323059  \n",
      "2012-06-06  24.0197468  \n",
      "2012-06-07  23.9215431  \n",
      "2012-06-08  24.2652626  \n",
      "2012-06-11  23.6514721  \n",
      "2012-06-12  23.9706440  \n",
      "2012-06-13  23.8397121  \n",
      "2012-06-14  24.0115623  \n",
      "2012-06-15  24.5680695  \n",
      "2012-06-18  24.4207573  \n",
      "2012-06-19  25.1245785  \n",
      "2012-06-20  25.3128071  \n",
      "2012-06-21  24.6662807  \n",
      "2012-06-22  25.1245785  \n",
      "2012-06-25  24.4453163  \n",
      "2012-06-26  24.5680695  \n",
      "2012-06-27  24.6908321  \n",
      "2012-06-28  24.4780445  \n",
      "2012-06-29  25.0345573  \n",
      "2012-07-31 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close      Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                     \n",
      "2012-07-02  30.6200008  30.2099991  30.6200008  30.5599995  30589100.0   \n",
      "2012-07-03  30.7600002  30.1700001  30.2299995  30.7600002  20938100.0   \n",
      "2012-07-05  30.7800007  30.3799992  30.5900002  30.7000008  28801900.0   \n",
      "2012-07-06  30.7000008  29.9500008  30.6100006  30.1900005  38294800.0   \n",
      "2012-07-09  30.2299995  29.7800007  30.1200008  30.0000000  30680800.0   \n",
      "2012-07-10  30.2199993  29.5100002  30.0799999  29.7399998  37534100.0   \n",
      "2012-07-11  29.7399998  29.1100006  29.7099991  29.2999992  39184900.0   \n",
      "2012-07-12  29.1800003  28.5400009  29.1499996  28.6299992  63523600.0   \n",
      "2012-07-13  29.4799995  28.7199993  28.7600002  29.3899994  39085000.0   \n",
      "2012-07-16  29.5300007  29.0400009  29.4799995  29.4400005  27900600.0   \n",
      "2012-07-17  29.8600006  29.2000008  29.6399994  29.6599998  33771300.0   \n",
      "2012-07-18  30.4500008  29.4599991  29.6000004  30.4500008  41090400.0   \n",
      "2012-07-19  30.7999992  30.3799992  30.5100002  30.6700001  46663200.0   \n",
      "2012-07-20  31.0499992  30.0499992  31.0000000  30.1200008  64021700.0   \n",
      "2012-07-23  29.5799999  29.0100002  29.5699997  29.2800007  55151900.0   \n",
      "2012-07-24  29.3600006  28.8999996  29.2399998  29.1499996  47723300.0   \n",
      "2012-07-25  29.3299999  28.7800007  29.2399998  28.8299999  45579500.0   \n",
      "2012-07-26  29.5000000  29.0900002  29.2299995  29.1599998  45301400.0   \n",
      "2012-07-27  29.8500004  29.1800003  29.4799995  29.7600002  44242600.0   \n",
      "2012-07-30  29.8199997  29.4599991  29.7500000  29.6399994  28905000.0   \n",
      "2012-07-31  29.7099991  29.3299999  29.4799995  29.4699993  37620900.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2012-07-02  25.0099983  \n",
      "2012-07-03  25.1736774  \n",
      "2012-07-05  25.1245785  \n",
      "2012-07-06  24.7071934  \n",
      "2012-07-09  24.5517025  \n",
      "2012-07-10  24.3389187  \n",
      "2012-07-11  23.9788303  \n",
      "2012-07-12  23.4305134  \n",
      "2012-07-13  24.0524864  \n",
      "2012-07-16  24.0934124  \n",
      "2012-07-17  24.2734547  \n",
      "2012-07-18  24.9199848  \n",
      "2012-07-19  25.1000214  \n",
      "2012-07-20  24.6499062  \n",
      "2012-07-23  23.9624653  \n",
      "2012-07-24  23.8560734  \n",
      "2012-07-25  23.5941887  \n",
      "2012-07-26  23.8642597  \n",
      "2012-07-27  24.3552856  \n",
      "2012-07-30  24.2570820  \n",
      "2012-07-31  24.1179581  \n",
      "2012-08-31 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close      Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                     \n",
      "2012-08-01  29.6499996  29.2099991  29.5900002  29.4099998  31721800.0   \n",
      "2012-08-02  29.5300007  28.9699993  29.2099991  29.1900005  39520500.0   \n",
      "2012-08-03  29.9400005  29.4799995  29.5300007  29.7500000  35859400.0   \n",
      "2012-08-06  30.1100006  29.8099995  30.0000000  29.9500008  27471800.0   \n",
      "2012-08-07  30.3500004  29.8700008  30.0699997  30.2600002  28002900.0   \n",
      "2012-08-08  30.4699993  30.1100006  30.2099991  30.3299999  26257600.0   \n",
      "2012-08-09  30.6499996  30.2999992  30.3899994  30.5000000  24920800.0   \n",
      "2012-08-10  30.6200008  30.2500000  30.5000000  30.4200001  27810300.0   \n",
      "2012-08-13  30.4599991  30.1599998  30.3500004  30.3899994  23049100.0   \n",
      "2012-08-14  30.3899994  30.0100002  30.2999992  30.1299992  34551400.0   \n",
      "2012-08-15  30.2800007  30.0200005  30.1100006  30.2000008  24351000.0   \n",
      "2012-08-16  30.9400005  30.2600002  30.3600006  30.7800007  35787200.0   \n",
      "2012-08-17  30.9200001  30.5900002  30.9200001  30.8999996  32589900.0   \n",
      "2012-08-20  30.8500004  30.5799999  30.8199997  30.7399998  23737700.0   \n",
      "2012-08-21  30.9599991  30.6100006  30.7600002  30.7999992  28822700.0   \n",
      "2012-08-22  30.7600002  30.4699993  30.5900002  30.5400009  33437400.0   \n",
      "2012-08-23  30.3999996  30.0799999  30.3899994  30.2600002  28355600.0   \n",
      "2012-08-24  30.6299992  30.1800003  30.2500000  30.5599995  22943300.0   \n",
      "2012-08-27  30.9599991  30.5900002  30.9300003  30.6900005  34691100.0   \n",
      "2012-08-28  30.7999992  30.5200005  30.7000008  30.6299992  23947900.0   \n",
      "2012-08-29  30.7500000  30.4400005  30.6499996  30.6499996  23346800.0   \n",
      "2012-08-30  30.6100006  30.2199993  30.5300007  30.3199997  23982100.0   \n",
      "2012-08-31  30.9599991  30.3799992  30.6000004  30.8199997  36590100.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2012-08-01  24.0688477  \n",
      "2012-08-02  23.8888073  \n",
      "2012-08-03  24.3471031  \n",
      "2012-08-06  24.5107861  \n",
      "2012-08-07  24.7644863  \n",
      "2012-08-08  24.8217659  \n",
      "2012-08-09  24.9609032  \n",
      "2012-08-10  24.8954277  \n",
      "2012-08-13  24.8708801  \n",
      "2012-08-14  24.8214455  \n",
      "2012-08-15  24.8791161  \n",
      "2012-08-16  25.3569260  \n",
      "2012-08-17  25.4557838  \n",
      "2012-08-20  25.3239746  \n",
      "2012-08-21  25.3734016  \n",
      "2012-08-22  25.1592121  \n",
      "2012-08-23  24.9285450  \n",
      "2012-08-24  25.1756840  \n",
      "2012-08-27  25.2827797  \n",
      "2012-08-28  25.2333527  \n",
      "2012-08-29  25.2498302  \n",
      "2012-08-30  24.9779701  \n",
      "2012-08-31  25.3898792  \n",
      "2012-09-30 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close       Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                      \n",
      "2012-09-04  30.6599998  30.1499996  30.4500008  30.3899994   48556700.0   \n",
      "2012-09-05  30.5300007  30.2099991  30.2199993  30.3899994   33650000.0   \n",
      "2012-09-06  31.3600006  30.4599991  30.5000000  31.3500004   48371700.0   \n",
      "2012-09-07  31.0699997  30.7299995  31.0400009  30.9500008   42649100.0   \n",
      "2012-09-10  30.8999996  30.5100002  30.8299999  30.7199993   40524000.0   \n",
      "2012-09-11  30.9099998  30.6100006  30.6900005  30.7900009   25191800.0   \n",
      "2012-09-12  31.1800003  30.7299995  30.9400005  30.7800007   32775800.0   \n",
      "2012-09-13  31.1800003  30.3999996  30.8899994  30.9400005   45047300.0   \n",
      "2012-09-14  31.2500000  30.8099995  31.0100002  31.2099991   51422800.0   \n",
      "2012-09-17  31.2600002  31.0400009  31.1900005  31.2099991   36488500.0   \n",
      "2012-09-18  31.2099991  31.0300007  31.1000004  31.1800003   34542700.0   \n",
      "2012-09-19  31.1900005  31.0400009  31.0900002  31.0499992   48871900.0   \n",
      "2012-09-20  31.4799995  30.9099998  30.9500008  31.4500008   45543000.0   \n",
      "2012-09-21  31.6100006  31.0900002  31.4300003  31.1900005  102348900.0   \n",
      "2012-09-24  31.0699997  30.6399994  31.0000000  30.7800007   46825900.0   \n",
      "2012-09-25  31.0000000  30.3600006  30.9500008  30.3899994   54266400.0   \n",
      "2012-09-26  30.6000004  30.0400009  30.2800007  30.1700001   54672000.0   \n",
      "2012-09-27  30.3999996  29.8899994  30.1700001  30.1599998   47129900.0   \n",
      "2012-09-28  30.2600002  29.7399998  30.1800003  29.7600002   54229300.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2012-09-04  25.0356445  \n",
      "2012-09-05  25.0356445  \n",
      "2012-09-06  25.8264999  \n",
      "2012-09-07  25.4969730  \n",
      "2012-09-10  25.3075008  \n",
      "2012-09-11  25.3651657  \n",
      "2012-09-12  25.3569260  \n",
      "2012-09-13  25.4887314  \n",
      "2012-09-14  25.7111588  \n",
      "2012-09-17  25.7111588  \n",
      "2012-09-18  25.6864529  \n",
      "2012-09-19  25.5793552  \n",
      "2012-09-20  25.9088802  \n",
      "2012-09-21  25.6946888  \n",
      "2012-09-24  25.3569260  \n",
      "2012-09-25  25.0356445  \n",
      "2012-09-26  24.8544025  \n",
      "2012-09-27  24.8461609  \n",
      "2012-09-28  24.5166302  \n",
      "2012-10-31 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close      Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                     \n",
      "2012-10-01  29.9799995  29.4200001  29.8099995  29.4899998  54042700.0   \n",
      "2012-10-02  29.8899994  29.5000000  29.6800003  29.6599998  43338900.0   \n",
      "2012-10-03  29.9899998  29.6700001  29.7500000  29.8600006  46655900.0   \n",
      "2012-10-04  30.0300007  29.5699997  29.9699993  30.0300007  43634900.0   \n",
      "2012-10-05  30.2500000  29.7399998  30.2299995  29.8500004  41133900.0   \n",
      "2012-10-08  29.9200001  29.5499992  29.6399994  29.7800007  29752000.0   \n",
      "2012-10-09  29.7399998  29.1800003  29.6800003  29.2800007  45121100.0   \n",
      "2012-10-10  29.3099995  28.9500008  29.1499996  28.9799995  47227100.0   \n",
      "2012-10-11  29.2500000  28.8700008  29.2199993  28.9500008  41488500.0   \n",
      "2012-10-12  29.3199997  28.7999992  28.9699993  29.2000008  46464700.0   \n",
      "2012-10-15  29.7199993  29.2500000  29.3700008  29.5100002  42440200.0   \n",
      "2012-10-16  29.7399998  29.3199997  29.4500008  29.4899998  47739400.0   \n",
      "2012-10-17  29.6399994  29.0900002  29.2999992  29.5900002  44206100.0   \n",
      "2012-10-18  29.7299995  29.2600002  29.6499996  29.5000000  59238500.0   \n",
      "2012-10-19  29.0799999  28.5000000  29.0499992  28.6399994  90470800.0   \n",
      "2012-10-22  28.8299999  27.8299999  28.7299995  28.0000000  83374000.0   \n",
      "2012-10-23  28.2000008  27.7600002  27.7700005  28.0499992  64414800.0   \n",
      "2012-10-24  28.2000008  27.8700008  28.1599998  27.8999996  53320400.0   \n",
      "2012-10-25  28.2000008  27.8600006  28.1900005  27.8799992  54084300.0   \n",
      "2012-10-26  28.3400002  27.8400002  27.8600006  28.2099991  57790000.0   \n",
      "2012-10-31  28.8799992  28.5000000  28.5499992  28.5400009  69464100.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2012-10-01  24.2942085  \n",
      "2012-10-02  24.4342575  \n",
      "2012-10-03  24.5990200  \n",
      "2012-10-04  24.7390671  \n",
      "2012-10-05  24.5907803  \n",
      "2012-10-08  24.5331173  \n",
      "2012-10-09  24.1212063  \n",
      "2012-10-10  23.8740597  \n",
      "2012-10-11  23.8493481  \n",
      "2012-10-12  24.0553093  \n",
      "2012-10-15  24.3106823  \n",
      "2012-10-16  24.2942085  \n",
      "2012-10-17  24.3765869  \n",
      "2012-10-18  24.3024445  \n",
      "2012-10-19  23.5939693  \n",
      "2012-10-22  23.0667267  \n",
      "2012-10-23  23.1079235  \n",
      "2012-10-24  22.9843464  \n",
      "2012-10-25  22.9678726  \n",
      "2012-10-26  23.2397289  \n",
      "2012-10-31  23.5115929  \n",
      "2012-11-30 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close       Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                      \n",
      "2012-11-01  29.5599995  28.8199997  28.8400002  29.5200005   72047900.0   \n",
      "2012-11-02  29.7700005  29.3299999  29.5900002  29.5000000   57131600.0   \n",
      "2012-11-05  29.7399998  29.3299999  29.6200008  29.6299992   38070800.0   \n",
      "2012-11-06  30.2000008  29.6100006  29.8199997  29.8600006   43401500.0   \n",
      "2012-11-07  29.8299999  29.0499992  29.5300007  29.0799999   57871800.0   \n",
      "2012-11-08  29.3700008  28.7999992  29.1200008  28.8099995   49841800.0   \n",
      "2012-11-09  29.1900005  28.8099995  28.8799992  28.8299999   43291200.0   \n",
      "2012-11-12  29.0100002  28.2099991  28.9400005  28.2199993   61112300.0   \n",
      "2012-11-13  27.2999992  26.7500000  27.0200005  27.0900002  131689200.0   \n",
      "2012-11-14  27.2900009  26.7999992  27.2399998  26.8400002   76086100.0   \n",
      "2012-11-15  26.9699993  26.6299992  26.8799992  26.6599998   50955600.0   \n",
      "2012-11-16  26.7000008  26.3400002  26.6700001  26.5200005   64083300.0   \n",
      "2012-11-19  26.7999992  26.4699993  26.7999992  26.7299995   57179300.0   \n",
      "2012-11-20  26.7999992  26.4599991  26.7600002  26.7099991   47070400.0   \n",
      "2012-11-21  27.1700001  26.6700001  26.7099991  26.9500008   66360300.0   \n",
      "2012-11-23  27.7700005  27.2000008  27.2299995  27.7000008   57845700.0   \n",
      "2012-11-26  27.5799999  27.1700001  27.5400009  27.3899994   85198700.0   \n",
      "2012-11-27  27.3799992  27.0400009  27.3600006  27.0799999   45018600.0   \n",
      "2012-11-28  27.3899994  26.7700005  27.0100002  27.3600006   53018400.0   \n",
      "2012-11-29  27.3600006  26.8600006  27.1100006  26.9500008   69551400.0   \n",
      "2012-11-30  27.1299992  26.4899998  27.0499992  26.6200008   83690200.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2012-11-01  24.3189220  \n",
      "2012-11-02  24.3024445  \n",
      "2012-11-05  24.4095364  \n",
      "2012-11-06  24.5990200  \n",
      "2012-11-07  23.9564533  \n",
      "2012-11-08  23.7340164  \n",
      "2012-11-09  23.7504921  \n",
      "2012-11-12  23.2479706  \n",
      "2012-11-13  22.5004425  \n",
      "2012-11-14  22.2928028  \n",
      "2012-11-15  22.1432934  \n",
      "2012-11-16  22.0270100  \n",
      "2012-11-19  22.2014332  \n",
      "2012-11-20  22.1848240  \n",
      "2012-11-21  22.3841591  \n",
      "2012-11-23  23.0070953  \n",
      "2012-11-26  22.7496166  \n",
      "2012-11-27  22.4921341  \n",
      "2012-11-28  22.7247047  \n",
      "2012-11-29  22.3841591  \n",
      "2012-11-30  22.1100807  \n",
      "2012-12-31 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close      Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                     \n",
      "2012-12-03  26.8199997  26.3999996  26.7800007  26.4300003  53173800.0   \n",
      "2012-12-04  26.6299992  26.3400002  26.5000000  26.3700008  49777500.0   \n",
      "2012-12-05  26.9300003  26.2600002  26.3799992  26.6700001  68283800.0   \n",
      "2012-12-06  26.9799995  26.6100006  26.8099995  26.7299995  39182300.0   \n",
      "2012-12-07  26.8199997  26.3700008  26.8199997  26.4599991  46162100.0   \n",
      "2012-12-10  26.9699993  26.5200005  26.5599995  26.9400005  47031100.0   \n",
      "2012-12-11  27.4899998  27.0499992  27.0499992  27.3199997  52282800.0   \n",
      "2012-12-12  27.6200008  27.0799999  27.5300007  27.2399998  43966300.0   \n",
      "2012-12-13  27.5200005  26.9500008  27.3199997  27.1100006  45080100.0   \n",
      "2012-12-14  27.1299992  26.7000008  27.1100006  26.8099995  42077500.0   \n",
      "2012-12-17  27.2199993  26.6800003  26.7900009  27.1000004  42046100.0   \n",
      "2012-12-18  27.6299992  27.1399994  27.2500000  27.5599995  50486900.0   \n",
      "2012-12-19  27.7299995  27.2500000  27.6900005  27.3099995  53519900.0   \n",
      "2012-12-20  27.6800003  27.1499996  27.3600006  27.6800003  52607300.0   \n",
      "2012-12-21  27.4899998  27.0000000  27.4500008  27.4500008  98776500.0   \n",
      "2012-12-24  27.2500000  27.0000000  27.2000008  27.0599995  20842400.0   \n",
      "2012-12-26  27.2000008  26.7000008  27.0300007  26.8600006  31631100.0   \n",
      "2012-12-27  27.0900002  26.5699997  26.8899994  26.9599991  39394000.0   \n",
      "2012-12-28  26.8999996  26.5499992  26.7099991  26.5499992  28239900.0   \n",
      "2012-12-31  26.7700005  26.3700008  26.5900002  26.7099991  42749500.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2012-12-03  21.9522591  \n",
      "2012-12-04  21.9024220  \n",
      "2012-12-05  22.1515980  \n",
      "2012-12-06  22.2014332  \n",
      "2012-12-07  21.9771748  \n",
      "2012-12-10  22.3758583  \n",
      "2012-12-11  22.6914806  \n",
      "2012-12-12  22.6250343  \n",
      "2012-12-13  22.5170593  \n",
      "2012-12-14  22.2678757  \n",
      "2012-12-17  22.5087490  \n",
      "2012-12-18  22.8908195  \n",
      "2012-12-19  22.6831722  \n",
      "2012-12-20  22.9904842  \n",
      "2012-12-21  22.7994576  \n",
      "2012-12-24  22.4755268  \n",
      "2012-12-26  22.3094139  \n",
      "2012-12-27  22.3924732  \n",
      "2012-12-28  22.0519257  \n",
      "2012-12-31  22.1848240  \n",
      "2013-01-31 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close       Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                      \n",
      "2013-01-02  27.7299995  27.1499996  27.2500000  27.6200008   52899300.0   \n",
      "2013-01-03  27.6499996  27.1599998  27.6299992  27.2500000   48294400.0   \n",
      "2013-01-04  27.3400002  26.7299995  27.2700005  26.7399998   52521100.0   \n",
      "2013-01-07  26.8799992  26.6399994  26.7700005  26.6900005   37110400.0   \n",
      "2013-01-08  26.7900009  26.4599991  26.7500000  26.5499992   44703100.0   \n",
      "2013-01-09  26.7500000  26.5599995  26.7199993  26.7000008   49047900.0   \n",
      "2013-01-10  26.9799995  26.2900009  26.6499996  26.4599991   71431300.0   \n",
      "2013-01-11  26.9300003  26.2800007  26.4899998  26.8299999   55512100.0   \n",
      "2013-01-14  27.0799999  26.7600002  26.8999996  26.8899994   48324400.0   \n",
      "2013-01-15  27.2900009  26.8299999  26.8299999  27.2099991   48244500.0   \n",
      "2013-01-16  27.2299995  27.0100002  27.1499996  27.0400009   41077400.0   \n",
      "2013-01-17  27.4699993  27.0599995  27.1900005  27.2500000   51685900.0   \n",
      "2013-01-18  27.2900009  27.0400009  27.1000004  27.2500000   52167700.0   \n",
      "2013-01-22  27.4500008  27.0000000  27.2999992  27.1499996   58650600.0   \n",
      "2013-01-23  27.6399994  27.2000008  27.2000008  27.6100006   50387700.0   \n",
      "2013-01-24  28.0699997  27.4699993  27.7000008  27.6299992  101739300.0   \n",
      "2013-01-25  28.2299995  27.3899994  27.5799999  27.8799992   81847700.0   \n",
      "2013-01-28  28.2299995  27.7600002  28.0100002  27.9099998   56056500.0   \n",
      "2013-01-29  28.1299992  27.6000004  27.8199997  28.0100002   49242600.0   \n",
      "2013-01-30  28.1900005  27.7600002  28.0100002  27.8500004   43580500.0   \n",
      "2013-01-31  27.9699993  27.3999996  27.7900009  27.4500008   50530000.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2013-01-02  22.9406643  \n",
      "2013-01-03  22.6333351  \n",
      "2013-01-04  22.2097359  \n",
      "2013-01-07  22.1682072  \n",
      "2013-01-08  22.0519257  \n",
      "2013-01-09  22.1765194  \n",
      "2013-01-10  21.9771748  \n",
      "2013-01-11  22.2844963  \n",
      "2013-01-14  22.3343296  \n",
      "2013-01-15  22.6001186  \n",
      "2013-01-16  22.4589138  \n",
      "2013-01-17  22.6333351  \n",
      "2013-01-18  22.6333351  \n",
      "2013-01-22  22.5502777  \n",
      "2013-01-23  22.9323521  \n",
      "2013-01-24  22.9489632  \n",
      "2013-01-25  23.1566048  \n",
      "2013-01-28  23.1815186  \n",
      "2013-01-29  23.2645779  \n",
      "2013-01-30  23.1316929  \n",
      "2013-01-31  22.7994576  \n",
      "2013-02-28 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close      Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                     \n",
      "2013-02-01  28.0499992  27.5499992  27.6700001  27.9300003  55565900.0   \n",
      "2013-02-04  28.0200005  27.4200001  27.8700008  27.4400005  50540000.0   \n",
      "2013-02-05  27.6599998  27.3600006  27.6200008  27.5000000  35410400.0   \n",
      "2013-02-06  27.5400009  27.2500000  27.3799992  27.3400002  41889600.0   \n",
      "2013-02-07  27.3899994  27.1000004  27.3500004  27.2800007  38028300.0   \n",
      "2013-02-08  27.7099991  27.3099995  27.3500004  27.5499992  33318500.0   \n",
      "2013-02-11  27.9200001  27.5000000  27.6499996  27.8600006  32247700.0   \n",
      "2013-02-12  28.0000000  27.7500000  27.8799992  27.8799992  35990900.0   \n",
      "2013-02-13  28.1100006  27.8799992  27.9300003  28.0300007  41715600.0   \n",
      "2013-02-14  28.0599995  27.8700008  27.9200001  28.0400009  32663200.0   \n",
      "2013-02-15  28.1599998  27.8799992  28.0400009  28.0100002  49650900.0   \n",
      "2013-02-19  28.0900002  27.7999992  27.8799992  28.0499992  38781400.0   \n",
      "2013-02-20  28.2000008  27.8299999  28.1299992  27.8700008  44110200.0   \n",
      "2013-02-21  27.7399998  27.2299995  27.7399998  27.4899998  49078500.0   \n",
      "2013-02-22  27.7600002  27.4799995  27.6800003  27.7600002  31425900.0   \n",
      "2013-02-25  28.0499992  27.3700008  27.9699993  27.3700008  48011800.0   \n",
      "2013-02-26  27.6000004  27.3400002  27.3799992  27.3700008  49923300.0   \n",
      "2013-02-27  28.0000000  27.3299999  27.4200001  27.8099995  36394700.0   \n",
      "2013-02-28  27.9699993  27.7399998  27.8799992  27.7999992  35840200.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2013-02-01  23.1981354  \n",
      "2013-02-04  22.7911434  \n",
      "2013-02-05  22.8409824  \n",
      "2013-02-06  22.7080879  \n",
      "2013-02-07  22.6582565  \n",
      "2013-02-08  22.8825150  \n",
      "2013-02-11  23.1399975  \n",
      "2013-02-12  23.1566048  \n",
      "2013-02-13  23.2811928  \n",
      "2013-02-14  23.2894974  \n",
      "2013-02-15  23.2645779  \n",
      "2013-02-19  23.4906921  \n",
      "2013-02-20  23.3399544  \n",
      "2013-02-21  23.0217247  \n",
      "2013-02-22  23.2478256  \n",
      "2013-02-25  22.9212265  \n",
      "2013-02-26  22.9212265  \n",
      "2013-02-27  23.2897053  \n",
      "2013-02-28  23.2813244  \n",
      "2013-03-31 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close      Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                     \n",
      "2013-03-01  27.9799995  27.5200005  27.7199993  27.9500008  34849700.0   \n",
      "2013-03-04  28.1499996  27.7000008  27.8500004  28.1499996  38157500.0   \n",
      "2013-03-05  28.5400009  28.1599998  28.2900009  28.3500004  41432200.0   \n",
      "2013-03-06  28.2299995  27.7800007  28.2099991  28.0900002  51448500.0   \n",
      "2013-03-07  28.2800007  28.0100002  28.1100006  28.1399994  29196700.0   \n",
      "2013-03-08  28.3299999  27.9599991  28.2500000  28.0000000  37667800.0   \n",
      "2013-03-11  27.9699993  27.6700001  27.9400005  27.8700008  36627500.0   \n",
      "2013-03-12  27.9500008  27.6399994  27.8400002  27.9099998  39255200.0   \n",
      "2013-03-13  28.0200005  27.7500000  27.8700008  27.9200001  29093400.0   \n",
      "2013-03-14  28.1599998  27.9300003  28.0000000  28.1399994  55914800.0   \n",
      "2013-03-15  28.1599998  27.9799995  28.0300007  28.0400009  92710300.0   \n",
      "2013-03-18  28.2800007  27.8099995  27.8799992  28.1000004  44809400.0   \n",
      "2013-03-19  28.2199993  28.0300007  28.1200008  28.1800003  51901600.0   \n",
      "2013-03-20  28.4899998  28.1800003  28.3400002  28.3199997  35447800.0   \n",
      "2013-03-21  28.3600006  28.0499992  28.1100006  28.1100006  34233200.0   \n",
      "2013-03-22  28.3400002  28.1000004  28.1900005  28.2500000  28720900.0   \n",
      "2013-03-25  28.3500004  27.9599991  28.2999992  28.1599998  44154000.0   \n",
      "2013-03-26  28.3400002  28.1100006  28.2399998  28.1599998  27824300.0   \n",
      "2013-03-27  28.4500008  28.0799999  28.1399994  28.3700008  36047400.0   \n",
      "2013-03-28  28.6599998  28.2600002  28.3199997  28.6100006  55453800.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2013-03-01  23.4069424  \n",
      "2013-03-04  23.5744419  \n",
      "2013-03-05  23.7419262  \n",
      "2013-03-06  23.5241890  \n",
      "2013-03-07  23.5660648  \n",
      "2013-03-08  23.4488163  \n",
      "2013-03-11  23.3399544  \n",
      "2013-03-12  23.3734474  \n",
      "2013-03-13  23.3818226  \n",
      "2013-03-14  23.5660648  \n",
      "2013-03-15  23.4823189  \n",
      "2013-03-18  23.5325642  \n",
      "2013-03-19  23.5995636  \n",
      "2013-03-20  23.7167988  \n",
      "2013-03-21  23.5409431  \n",
      "2013-03-22  23.6581879  \n",
      "2013-03-25  23.5828056  \n",
      "2013-03-26  23.5828056  \n",
      "2013-03-27  23.7586861  \n",
      "2013-03-28  23.9596672  \n",
      "2013-04-30 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close       Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                      \n",
      "2013-04-01  28.6599998  28.3600006  28.6399994  28.6100006   29201100.0   \n",
      "2013-04-02  28.8500004  28.5200005  28.5900002  28.7999992   28456500.0   \n",
      "2013-04-03  28.9500008  28.5400009  28.7500000  28.5599995   35062800.0   \n",
      "2013-04-04  28.6100006  28.2700005  28.3899994  28.6000004   45263200.0   \n",
      "2013-04-05  28.7800007  28.1100006  28.2199993  28.7000008   50927300.0   \n",
      "2013-04-08  28.7299995  28.4699993  28.7299995  28.5900002   34759500.0   \n",
      "2013-04-09  29.8199997  28.6800003  28.7299995  29.6100006   77733800.0   \n",
      "2013-04-10  30.3199997  29.5200005  29.5699997  30.2800007   71116700.0   \n",
      "2013-04-11  29.2000008  28.7299995  29.1000004  28.9400005  130923200.0   \n",
      "2013-04-12  29.0200005  28.6599998  28.8500004  28.7900009   62886300.0   \n",
      "2013-04-15  28.9799995  28.5100002  28.6499996  28.6900005   56332900.0   \n",
      "2013-04-16  29.1399994  28.7000008  28.8999996  28.9699993   52797300.0   \n",
      "2013-04-17  29.0400009  28.6000004  28.8500004  28.8299999   52840700.0   \n",
      "2013-04-18  28.9799995  28.5000000  28.9500008  28.7900009   56906600.0   \n",
      "2013-04-19  30.2399998  29.6100006  29.6200008  29.7700005   99790700.0   \n",
      "2013-04-22  31.1800003  30.2700005  30.2999992  30.8299999  137904000.0   \n",
      "2013-04-23  30.8999996  30.3799992  30.7000008  30.6000004   59126900.0   \n",
      "2013-04-24  31.9200001  30.6000004  30.6200008  31.7600002   90946600.0   \n",
      "2013-04-25  32.8400002  31.5400009  31.7099991  31.9400005  110700200.0   \n",
      "2013-04-26  31.9799995  31.4500008  31.8999996  31.7900009   47799300.0   \n",
      "2013-04-29  32.6800003  31.7700005  31.7999992  32.6100006   59116400.0   \n",
      "2013-04-30  33.1100006  32.2799988  32.5600014  33.0999985   75165200.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2013-04-01  23.9596672  \n",
      "2013-04-02  24.1187859  \n",
      "2013-04-03  23.9177933  \n",
      "2013-04-04  23.9512959  \n",
      "2013-04-05  24.0350399  \n",
      "2013-04-08  23.9429150  \n",
      "2013-04-09  24.7971249  \n",
      "2013-04-10  25.3582230  \n",
      "2013-04-11  24.2360287  \n",
      "2013-04-12  24.1104126  \n",
      "2013-04-15  24.0266609  \n",
      "2013-04-16  24.2611523  \n",
      "2013-04-17  24.1439037  \n",
      "2013-04-18  24.1104126  \n",
      "2013-04-19  24.9311218  \n",
      "2013-04-22  25.8188267  \n",
      "2013-04-23  25.6262093  \n",
      "2013-04-24  26.5976601  \n",
      "2013-04-25  26.7484016  \n",
      "2013-04-26  26.6227856  \n",
      "2013-04-29  27.3095016  \n",
      "2013-04-30  27.7198544  \n",
      "2013-05-31 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close      Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                     \n",
      "2013-05-01  33.0800018  32.5999985  32.9300003  32.7200012  54330900.0   \n",
      "2013-05-02  33.1699982  32.3899994  32.6300011  33.1599998  46059500.0   \n",
      "2013-05-03  33.5200005  33.0800018  33.2299995  33.4900017  46784600.0   \n",
      "2013-05-06  33.9099998  33.2500000  33.4199982  33.7500000  40978300.0   \n",
      "2013-05-07  33.7900009  33.2400017  33.6500015  33.3100014  43078300.0   \n",
      "2013-05-08  33.2400017  32.6500015  33.0699997  32.9900017  51595700.0   \n",
      "2013-05-09  33.0000000  32.5900002  32.8499985  32.6599998  46417800.0   \n",
      "2013-05-10  32.7200012  32.3199997  32.6699982  32.6899986  36394900.0   \n",
      "2013-05-13  33.0699997  32.5499992  32.6100006  33.0299988  36027600.0   \n",
      "2013-05-14  33.5299988  32.7999992  32.8600006  33.5299988  56870100.0   \n",
      "2013-05-15  33.9000015  33.4300003  33.4500008  33.8499985  46303900.0   \n",
      "2013-05-16  34.1500015  33.5499992  33.6399994  34.0800018  59382900.0   \n",
      "2013-05-17  34.8699989  34.0999985  34.1300011  34.8699989  60666700.0   \n",
      "2013-05-20  35.0999985  34.6800003  34.7299995  35.0800018  54020800.0   \n",
      "2013-05-21  35.2700005  34.7200012  35.0999985  34.8499985  48702400.0   \n",
      "2013-05-22  34.8400002  34.3600006  34.7900009  34.6100006  66047500.0   \n",
      "2013-05-23  34.5499992  33.9000015  34.2299995  34.1500015  51102700.0   \n",
      "2013-05-24  34.2799988  33.9000015  33.9199982  34.2700005  33174400.0   \n",
      "2013-05-28  35.1800003  34.4099998  34.4199982  35.0200005  48212100.0   \n",
      "2013-05-29  35.0200005  34.5699997  34.7400017  34.8800011  38412200.0   \n",
      "2013-05-30  35.2500000  34.8100014  34.8499985  35.0299988  51131000.0   \n",
      "2013-05-31  35.2799988  34.7900009  34.8199997  34.9000015  56165700.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2013-05-01  27.4016266  \n",
      "2013-05-02  27.7701054  \n",
      "2013-05-03  28.0464611  \n",
      "2013-05-06  28.2642040  \n",
      "2013-05-07  27.8957233  \n",
      "2013-05-08  27.6277351  \n",
      "2013-05-09  27.3513832  \n",
      "2013-05-10  27.3764973  \n",
      "2013-05-13  27.6612339  \n",
      "2013-05-14  28.2768631  \n",
      "2013-05-15  28.5467358  \n",
      "2013-05-16  28.7407055  \n",
      "2013-05-17  29.4069309  \n",
      "2013-05-20  29.5840321  \n",
      "2013-05-21  29.3900642  \n",
      "2013-05-22  29.1876564  \n",
      "2013-05-23  28.7997360  \n",
      "2013-05-24  28.9009247  \n",
      "2013-05-28  29.5334225  \n",
      "2013-05-29  29.4153557  \n",
      "2013-05-30  29.5418625  \n",
      "2013-05-31  29.4322224  \n",
      "2013-06-30 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close      Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                     \n",
      "2013-06-03  35.6300011  34.8300018  34.9199982  35.5900002  51252600.0   \n",
      "2013-06-04  35.7400017  34.7700005  35.6199989  34.9900017  65529500.0   \n",
      "2013-06-05  34.8899994  34.4300003  34.5999985  34.7799988  46025100.0   \n",
      "2013-06-06  35.1100006  34.4900017  34.8400002  34.9599991  37618500.0   \n",
      "2013-06-07  35.7799988  35.0600014  35.2500000  35.6699982  40757300.0   \n",
      "2013-06-10  35.6500015  35.1399994  35.5099983  35.4700012  35994500.0   \n",
      "2013-06-11  35.1800003  34.6800003  35.0499992  34.8400002  39435900.0   \n",
      "2013-06-12  35.2700005  34.8499985  35.1399994  35.0000000  37372700.0   \n",
      "2013-06-13  35.0200005  34.5900002  34.9900017  34.7200012  45654900.0   \n",
      "2013-06-14  34.6899986  34.2500000  34.5499992  34.4000015  53192600.0   \n",
      "2013-06-17  35.1599998  34.6300011  34.6899986  35.0000000  49670100.0   \n",
      "2013-06-18  35.1699982  34.9000015  34.9700012  34.9799995  28616500.0   \n",
      "2013-06-19  35.0900002  34.5900002  34.9599991  34.5900002  30816200.0   \n",
      "2013-06-20  34.3300018  33.3699989  34.2599983  33.4900017  54493700.0   \n",
      "2013-06-21  33.7299995  33.0499992  33.6599998  33.2700005  85338500.0   \n",
      "2013-06-24  34.2000008  32.5699997  32.9399986  33.7200012  56109000.0   \n",
      "2013-06-25  34.3800011  33.4599991  34.0800018  33.6699982  44073400.0   \n",
      "2013-06-26  34.4799995  33.8899994  34.1199989  34.3499985  48665900.0   \n",
      "2013-06-27  34.7799988  34.5000000  34.5200005  34.6199989  28993100.0   \n",
      "2013-06-28  34.7900009  34.3400002  34.3800011  34.5400009  65545500.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2013-06-03  30.0141239  \n",
      "2013-06-04  29.5081215  \n",
      "2013-06-05  29.3310261  \n",
      "2013-06-06  29.4828224  \n",
      "2013-06-07  30.0815964  \n",
      "2013-06-10  29.9129238  \n",
      "2013-06-11  29.3816261  \n",
      "2013-06-12  29.5165615  \n",
      "2013-06-13  29.2804279  \n",
      "2013-06-14  29.0105667  \n",
      "2013-06-17  29.5165615  \n",
      "2013-06-18  29.4996910  \n",
      "2013-06-19  29.1707973  \n",
      "2013-06-20  28.2431412  \n",
      "2013-06-21  28.0575962  \n",
      "2013-06-24  28.4370995  \n",
      "2013-06-25  28.3949318  \n",
      "2013-06-26  28.9683914  \n",
      "2013-06-27  29.1960964  \n",
      "2013-06-28  29.1286278  \n",
      "2013-07-31 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close       Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                      \n",
      "2013-07-01  34.9900017  34.3300018  34.7500000  34.3600006   31055400.0   \n",
      "2013-07-02  34.4399986  33.6300011  34.4099998  33.9399986   37630000.0   \n",
      "2013-07-03  34.3699989  33.5999985  33.6599998  34.0099983   15994400.0   \n",
      "2013-07-05  34.2400017  33.5800018  34.0900002  34.2099991   26085900.0   \n",
      "2013-07-08  34.5900002  33.9799995  34.3499985  34.3300018   32396900.0   \n",
      "2013-07-09  34.5999985  34.1399994  34.5800018  34.3499985   25318500.0   \n",
      "2013-07-10  34.8100014  34.3199997  34.3400002  34.7000008   29658800.0   \n",
      "2013-07-11  35.7700005  34.9000015  35.0000000  35.6899986   53638300.0   \n",
      "2013-07-12  35.7299995  35.2799988  35.5800018  35.6699982   35501200.0   \n",
      "2013-07-15  36.2200012  35.5800018  35.6599998  36.1699982   34142600.0   \n",
      "2013-07-16  36.4300003  35.9599991  36.0099983  36.2700005   36378500.0   \n",
      "2013-07-17  36.3899994  35.4900017  36.3400002  35.7400017   37285100.0   \n",
      "2013-07-18  35.8899994  35.2200012  35.7200012  35.4399986   49547100.0   \n",
      "2013-07-19  32.6699982  31.0200005  32.4000015  31.3999996  248428500.0   \n",
      "2013-07-22  32.0099983  31.6000004  31.7000008  32.0099983   79040700.0   \n",
      "2013-07-23  32.0400009  31.7099991  31.9099998  31.8199997   65810400.0   \n",
      "2013-07-24  32.1899986  31.8899994  32.0400009  31.9599991   52803100.0   \n",
      "2013-07-25  31.6499996  31.2500000  31.6200008  31.3899994   63213000.0   \n",
      "2013-07-26  31.6200008  31.2099991  31.2600002  31.6200008   38633600.0   \n",
      "2013-07-29  31.6000004  31.3999996  31.4699993  31.5400009   28870700.0   \n",
      "2013-07-30  32.1199989  31.5499992  31.7800007  31.8500004   45799500.0   \n",
      "2013-07-31  32.0499992  31.7099991  31.9699993  31.8400002   43898400.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2013-07-01  28.9768238  \n",
      "2013-07-02  28.6226311  \n",
      "2013-07-03  28.6816616  \n",
      "2013-07-05  28.8503284  \n",
      "2013-07-08  28.9515285  \n",
      "2013-07-09  28.9683914  \n",
      "2013-07-10  29.2635574  \n",
      "2013-07-11  30.0984612  \n",
      "2013-07-12  30.0815964  \n",
      "2013-07-15  30.5032673  \n",
      "2013-07-16  30.5875816  \n",
      "2013-07-17  30.1406193  \n",
      "2013-07-18  29.8876305  \n",
      "2013-07-19  26.4805698  \n",
      "2013-07-22  26.9949932  \n",
      "2013-07-23  26.8347683  \n",
      "2013-07-24  26.9528389  \n",
      "2013-07-25  26.4721375  \n",
      "2013-07-26  26.6661034  \n",
      "2013-07-29  26.5986385  \n",
      "2013-07-30  26.8600693  \n",
      "2013-07-31  26.8516350  \n",
      "2013-08-31 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close       Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                      \n",
      "2013-08-01  32.0900002  31.6000004  32.0600014  31.6700001   42557900.0   \n",
      "2013-08-02  31.8999996  31.5699997  31.6900005  31.8899994   29199900.0   \n",
      "2013-08-05  32.0000000  31.6399994  31.8999996  31.7000008   30984000.0   \n",
      "2013-08-06  31.6700001  31.3799992  31.5499992  31.5799999   36331500.0   \n",
      "2013-08-07  32.0999985  31.2500000  31.5400009  32.0600014   38078600.0   \n",
      "2013-08-08  33.0699997  32.0499992  32.2400017  32.8899994   59034400.0   \n",
      "2013-08-09  32.9000015  32.4700012  32.7700005  32.7000008   26800700.0   \n",
      "2013-08-12  32.9700012  32.4599991  32.4599991  32.8699989   25493700.0   \n",
      "2013-08-13  32.5499992  32.2099991  32.5099983  32.2299995   39464100.0   \n",
      "2013-08-14  33.3600006  31.7000008  32.1399994  32.3499985   48519600.0   \n",
      "2013-08-15  32.1800003  30.8400002  32.0000000  31.7900009   33338000.0   \n",
      "2013-08-16  31.9899998  31.6599998  31.7900009  31.7999992   32866300.0   \n",
      "2013-08-19  31.9699993  31.3799992  31.7600002  31.3899994   27902500.0   \n",
      "2013-08-20  31.8999996  31.3700008  31.4400005  31.6200008   22979600.0   \n",
      "2013-08-21  32.0099983  31.5400009  31.6100006  31.6100006   37409100.0   \n",
      "2013-08-22  32.4900017  32.0999985  32.1899986  32.3899994   31169900.0   \n",
      "2013-08-23  35.2000008  34.0000000  35.1699982  34.7500000  225493800.0   \n",
      "2013-08-26  34.6699982  34.0299988  34.4000015  34.1500015   72786800.0   \n",
      "2013-08-27  34.0999985  33.1500015  33.5200005  33.2599983   58522300.0   \n",
      "2013-08-28  33.5999985  33.0000000  33.3899994  33.0200005   44257400.0   \n",
      "2013-08-29  33.5999985  32.7999992  32.9300003  33.5499992   45284700.0   \n",
      "2013-08-30  33.4799995  33.0900002  33.3699989  33.4000015   42790200.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2013-08-01  26.7082729  \n",
      "2013-08-02  26.8938007  \n",
      "2013-08-05  26.7335682  \n",
      "2013-08-06  26.6323757  \n",
      "2013-08-07  27.0371685  \n",
      "2013-08-08  27.7371311  \n",
      "2013-08-09  27.5768948  \n",
      "2013-08-12  27.7202644  \n",
      "2013-08-13  27.3720665  \n",
      "2013-08-14  27.4739761  \n",
      "2013-08-15  26.9983864  \n",
      "2013-08-16  27.0068779  \n",
      "2013-08-19  26.6586761  \n",
      "2013-08-20  26.8540077  \n",
      "2013-08-21  26.8455143  \n",
      "2013-08-22  27.5079479  \n",
      "2013-08-23  29.5122375  \n",
      "2013-08-26  29.0026722  \n",
      "2013-08-27  28.2468166  \n",
      "2013-08-28  28.0429878  \n",
      "2013-08-29  28.4930992  \n",
      "2013-08-30  28.3657150  \n",
      "2013-09-30 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close       Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                      \n",
      "2013-09-03  32.0699997  31.2900009  31.7500000  31.8799992  154507000.0   \n",
      "2013-09-04  31.4699993  31.1100006  31.3899994  31.2000008  142320600.0   \n",
      "2013-09-05  31.4400005  30.9500008  31.1000004  31.2299995   71644900.0   \n",
      "2013-09-06  31.3899994  31.1299992  31.3099995  31.1499996   75434900.0   \n",
      "2013-09-09  31.7900009  31.2000008  31.2199993  31.6599998   49628500.0   \n",
      "2013-09-10  32.4000015  31.7900009  31.8999996  32.3899994   56881200.0   \n",
      "2013-09-11  32.9300003  32.5299988  32.5699997  32.7400017   39087500.0   \n",
      "2013-09-12  32.7799988  32.5900002  32.7200012  32.6899986   32860200.0   \n",
      "2013-09-13  33.0699997  32.5099983  32.7700005  33.0299988   40899000.0   \n",
      "2013-09-16  33.5000000  32.7299995  33.3800011  32.7999992   52839700.0   \n",
      "2013-09-17  33.4700012  32.9000015  33.4199982  32.9300003   84716500.0   \n",
      "2013-09-18  33.4000015  32.8300018  32.9900017  33.3199997   64099900.0   \n",
      "2013-09-19  33.6800003  33.3199997  33.4799995  33.6399994   42026600.0   \n",
      "2013-09-20  33.4799995  32.6899986  33.4099998  32.7900009  102904900.0   \n",
      "2013-09-23  32.9700012  32.5000000  32.5400009  32.7400017   39826100.0   \n",
      "2013-09-24  32.8699989  32.1500015  32.8699989  32.4500008   40685000.0   \n",
      "2013-09-25  32.7999992  32.4000015  32.4900017  32.5099983   28907500.0   \n",
      "2013-09-26  33.0000000  32.5900002  32.6399994  32.7700005   28504000.0   \n",
      "2013-09-27  33.7500000  32.8699989  32.8800011  33.2700005   55348000.0   \n",
      "2013-09-30  33.3100014  32.7000008  33.0000000  33.2799988   39839500.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2013-09-03  27.0748196  \n",
      "2013-09-04  26.4973087  \n",
      "2013-09-05  26.5227871  \n",
      "2013-09-06  26.4548473  \n",
      "2013-09-09  26.8879776  \n",
      "2013-09-10  27.5079479  \n",
      "2013-09-11  27.8051968  \n",
      "2013-09-12  27.7627239  \n",
      "2013-09-13  28.0514832  \n",
      "2013-09-16  27.8561440  \n",
      "2013-09-17  27.9665623  \n",
      "2013-09-18  28.2977753  \n",
      "2013-09-19  28.5695419  \n",
      "2013-09-20  27.8476582  \n",
      "2013-09-23  27.8051968  \n",
      "2013-09-24  27.5589066  \n",
      "2013-09-25  27.6098633  \n",
      "2013-09-26  27.8306751  \n",
      "2013-09-27  28.2553062  \n",
      "2013-09-30  28.2638035  \n",
      "2013-10-31 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close       Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                      \n",
      "2013-10-01  33.6100006  33.2999992  33.3499985  33.5800018   36718700.0   \n",
      "2013-10-02  34.0299988  33.2900009  33.3600006  33.9199982   46946800.0   \n",
      "2013-10-03  34.0000000  33.4199982  33.8800011  33.8600006   38703800.0   \n",
      "2013-10-04  33.9900017  33.6199989  33.6899986  33.8800011   33008100.0   \n",
      "2013-10-07  33.7099991  33.2000008  33.5999985  33.2999992   35069300.0   \n",
      "2013-10-08  33.3300018  32.7999992  33.3100014  33.0099983   41017600.0   \n",
      "2013-10-09  33.3499985  32.9599991  33.0699997  33.0699997   35878600.0   \n",
      "2013-10-10  33.8899994  33.2599983  33.3100014  33.7599983   42875100.0   \n",
      "2013-10-11  34.1399994  33.6800003  33.6800003  34.1300011   30033300.0   \n",
      "2013-10-14  34.5000000  33.7799988  33.9000015  34.4500008   27757900.0   \n",
      "2013-10-15  34.9900017  34.4700012  34.6699982  34.4900017   47097800.0   \n",
      "2013-10-16  34.9000015  34.5600014  34.5999985  34.6399994   35111600.0   \n",
      "2013-10-17  34.9900017  34.3699989  34.4500008  34.9199982   31359200.0   \n",
      "2013-10-18  34.9900017  34.3300018  34.8199997  34.9599991   41811700.0   \n",
      "2013-10-21  35.2000008  34.9099998  34.9799995  34.9900017   27433500.0   \n",
      "2013-10-22  35.0999985  34.5200005  35.0200005  34.5800018   40438500.0   \n",
      "2013-10-23  34.4900017  33.6699982  34.3499985  33.7599983   58600500.0   \n",
      "2013-10-24  34.0999985  33.5699997  33.8199997  33.7200012   53209700.0   \n",
      "2013-10-25  36.2900009  35.4700012  35.8800011  35.7299995  113494000.0   \n",
      "2013-10-28  35.7299995  35.2700005  35.6100006  35.5699997   38383600.0   \n",
      "2013-10-29  35.7200012  35.2599983  35.6300011  35.5200005   31702200.0   \n",
      "2013-10-30  35.7900009  35.4300003  35.5299988  35.5400009   36997700.0   \n",
      "2013-10-31  35.6899986  35.3400002  35.6599998  35.4099998   41682300.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2013-10-01  28.5185776  \n",
      "2013-10-02  28.8073254  \n",
      "2013-10-03  28.7563705  \n",
      "2013-10-04  28.7733688  \n",
      "2013-10-07  28.2807865  \n",
      "2013-10-08  28.0344982  \n",
      "2013-10-09  28.0854492  \n",
      "2013-10-10  28.6714439  \n",
      "2013-10-11  28.9856815  \n",
      "2013-10-14  29.2574539  \n",
      "2013-10-15  29.2914200  \n",
      "2013-10-16  29.4188156  \n",
      "2013-10-17  29.6565971  \n",
      "2013-10-18  29.6905785  \n",
      "2013-10-21  29.7160549  \n",
      "2013-10-22  29.3678646  \n",
      "2013-10-23  28.6714439  \n",
      "2013-10-24  28.6374836  \n",
      "2013-10-25  30.3445206  \n",
      "2013-10-28  30.2086353  \n",
      "2013-10-29  30.1661777  \n",
      "2013-10-30  30.1831684  \n",
      "2013-10-31  30.0727444  \n",
      "2013-11-30 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close      Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                     \n",
      "2013-11-01  35.6899986  35.3899994  35.6699982  35.5299988  40264600.0   \n",
      "2013-11-04  35.9799995  35.5499992  35.5900002  35.9399986  28060700.0   \n",
      "2013-11-05  36.7099991  35.7700005  35.7900009  36.6399994  51681900.0   \n",
      "2013-11-06  38.2200012  37.0600014  37.2400017  38.1800003  88948800.0   \n",
      "2013-11-07  38.0099983  37.4300003  37.9599991  37.5000000  60437400.0   \n",
      "2013-11-08  37.7799988  37.3400002  37.6699982  37.7799988  36737800.0   \n",
      "2013-11-11  37.7799988  37.3499985  37.6899986  37.5900002  26872500.0   \n",
      "2013-11-12  37.5999985  37.2000008  37.3800011  37.3600006  31651600.0   \n",
      "2013-11-13  38.1599998  36.9000015  36.9799995  38.1599998  44957600.0   \n",
      "2013-11-14  38.1300011  37.7200012  37.8699989  38.0200005  46183700.0   \n",
      "2013-11-15  38.0200005  37.7200012  37.9500008  37.8400002  50601300.0   \n",
      "2013-11-18  37.5800018  37.0699997  37.3499985  37.2000008  53277500.0   \n",
      "2013-11-19  37.2299995  36.6699982  36.8499985  36.7400017  44275000.0   \n",
      "2013-11-20  37.4099998  36.8600006  36.9199982  37.0800018  32229900.0   \n",
      "2013-11-21  37.5299988  37.2599983  37.2700005  37.4000015  23064700.0   \n",
      "2013-11-22  37.6800003  37.3300018  37.5299988  37.5699997  27982000.0   \n",
      "2013-11-25  37.9500008  37.5699997  37.9300003  37.6399994  30646800.0   \n",
      "2013-11-26  37.6500015  37.3499985  37.5699997  37.3499985  34465300.0   \n",
      "2013-11-27  37.7599983  37.4900017  37.5699997  37.5999985  26002100.0   \n",
      "2013-11-29  38.2900009  37.8199997  37.8199997  38.1300011  22090400.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2013-11-01  30.1746655  \n",
      "2013-11-04  30.5228710  \n",
      "2013-11-05  31.1173592  \n",
      "2013-11-06  32.4252396  \n",
      "2013-11-07  31.8477383  \n",
      "2013-11-08  32.0855217  \n",
      "2013-11-11  31.9241695  \n",
      "2013-11-12  31.7288437  \n",
      "2013-11-13  32.4082565  \n",
      "2013-11-14  32.2893600  \n",
      "2013-11-15  32.1364899  \n",
      "2013-11-18  31.5929470  \n",
      "2013-11-19  31.4389248  \n",
      "2013-11-20  31.7298622  \n",
      "2013-11-21  32.0036926  \n",
      "2013-11-22  32.1491585  \n",
      "2013-11-25  32.2090569  \n",
      "2013-11-26  31.9609070  \n",
      "2013-11-27  32.1748276  \n",
      "2013-11-29  32.6283646  \n",
      "2013-12-31 00:00:00\n",
      "                  High         Low        Open       Close       Volume  \\\n",
      "Date                                                                      \n",
      "2013-12-02  38.7799988  38.0600014  38.0900002  38.4500008   42950400.0   \n",
      "2013-12-03  38.4900017  38.0800018  38.1399994  38.3100014   52109800.0   \n",
      "2013-12-04  38.9799995  38.1199989  38.2099991  38.9399986   51983600.0   \n",
      "2013-12-05  38.8800011  37.1800003  38.8499985  38.0000000  116305000.0   \n",
      "2013-12-06  38.5499992  37.9900017  38.4199982  38.3600006   36457300.0   \n",
      "2013-12-09  38.8699989  38.3699989  38.5600014  38.7099991   30286000.0   \n",
      "2013-12-10  38.9000015  38.0200005  38.6100006  38.1100006   37828600.0   \n",
      "2013-12-11  38.2999992  37.3899994  38.0600014  37.6100006   39853400.0   \n",
      "2013-12-12  37.6399994  37.1800003  37.6399994  37.2200012   36012800.0   \n",
      "2013-12-13  37.4500008  36.6199989  37.4199982  36.6899986   40066100.0   \n",
      "2013-12-16  37.0000000  36.5400009  36.7299995  36.8899994   31734200.0   \n",
      "2013-12-17  37.1100006  36.3300018  36.9399986  36.5200005   45687700.0   \n",
      "2013-12-18  36.5999985  35.5299988  36.3600006  36.5800018   63192100.0   \n",
      "2013-12-19  36.5499992  36.0800018  36.5099983  36.2500000   34160100.0   \n",
      "2013-12-20  36.9300003  36.1899986  36.2000008  36.7999992   62649100.0   \n",
      "2013-12-23  36.8899994  36.5499992  36.8100014  36.6199989   25128700.0   \n",
      "2013-12-24  37.1699982  36.6399994  36.7200012  37.0800018   14243000.0   \n",
      "2013-12-26  37.4900017  37.1699982  37.2000008  37.4399986   17612800.0   \n",
      "2013-12-27  37.6199989  37.1699982  37.5800018  37.2900009   14563000.0   \n",
      "2013-12-30  37.3800011  36.9000015  37.2200012  37.2900009   16290500.0   \n",
      "\n",
      "             Adj Close  \n",
      "Date                    \n",
      "2013-12-02  32.9021912  \n",
      "2013-12-03  32.7823944  \n",
      "2013-12-04  33.3214912  \n",
      "2013-12-05  32.5171204  \n",
      "2013-12-06  32.8251839  \n",
      "2013-12-09  33.1246834  \n",
      "2013-12-10  32.6112442  \n",
      "2013-12-11  32.1833992  \n",
      "2013-12-12  31.8496666  \n",
      "2013-12-13  31.3961334  \n",
      "2013-12-16  31.5672836  \n",
      "2013-12-17  31.2506752  \n",
      "2013-12-18  31.3020172  \n",
      "2013-12-19  31.0196228  \n",
      "2013-12-20  31.4902668  \n",
      "2013-12-23  31.3362293  \n",
      "2013-12-24  31.7298622  \n",
      "2013-12-26  32.0379257  \n",
      "2013-12-27  31.9095592  \n",
      "2013-12-30  31.9095592  \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i, k in msft_resample:\n",
    "    print(i)\n",
    "    print(k)\n",
    "# the data has been grouped on monthly basis into 24 groups since we have 24 months.    "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "id": "101290f7-5a40-4d1f-847d-3027074f721c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>High</th>\n",
       "      <th>Low</th>\n",
       "      <th>Open</th>\n",
       "      <th>Close</th>\n",
       "      <th>Volume</th>\n",
       "      <th>Adj Close</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Date</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2012-01-31</th>\n",
       "      <td>28.6900001</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.1710001</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.3479999</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.5165000</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.7742905e+07</td>\n",
       "      <td>23.0338489</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2012-02-29</th>\n",
       "      <td>30.9949998</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.5429999</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.7125000</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.8250002</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.9216615e+07</td>\n",
       "      <td>24.9898025</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2012-03-31</th>\n",
       "      <td>32.3877273</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.9777278</td>\n",
       "      <td>32.1986364</td>\n",
       "      <td>32.1949996</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.2834841e+07</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.1763102</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                  High         Low        Open       Close         Volume  \\\n",
       "Date                                                                        \n",
       "2012-01-31  28.6900001  28.1710001  28.3479999  28.5165000  6.7742905e+07   \n",
       "2012-02-29  30.9949998  30.5429999  30.7125000  30.8250002  4.9216615e+07   \n",
       "2012-03-31  32.3877273  31.9777278  32.1986364  32.1949996  4.2834841e+07   \n",
       "\n",
       "             Adj Close  \n",
       "Date                    \n",
       "2012-01-31  23.0338489  \n",
       "2012-02-29  24.9898025  \n",
       "2012-03-31  26.1763102  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msft_resample.mean().head(3)\n",
    "# mean of high, low, open, close, volume and adj close for each month."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "id": "1f5714b5-0b9e-4ce2-b3d5-d5a0140b9f44",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "23.03384885787964"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 45,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "msft.loc['1/2012', 'Adj Close'].mean()\n",
    "# confirmed that 'msft_resample.mean()' has produced mean of high, low, open, close, volume and adj close for each month."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "839a442b-703f-4537-b699-f8241e182796",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "b201a36a-2dc7-48a4-b3af-7647dbedce55",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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