diff --git a/pypdf/_writer.py b/pypdf/_writer.py
index 00b9d498c..b516d4fd2 100644
--- a/pypdf/_writer.py
+++ b/pypdf/_writer.py
@@ -1209,6 +1209,8 @@ def encrypt(
                 "AES-128", "AES-256-R5", "AES-256". If it is valid,
                 `use_128bit` will be ignored.
         """
+        permissions_flag.check()
+
         if owner_password is None:
             owner_password = user_password
 
diff --git a/pypdf/constants.py b/pypdf/constants.py
index 745774e2a..76aa84124 100644
--- a/pypdf/constants.py
+++ b/pypdf/constants.py
@@ -133,8 +133,26 @@ def from_dict(cls, value: Dict[str, bool]) -> "UserAccessPermissions":
 
     @classmethod
     def all(cls) -> "UserAccessPermissions":
+        """Get full permissions value."""
         return cls((2**32 - 1) - cls.R1 - cls.R2)
 
+    @classmethod
+    def minimal(cls) -> "UserAccessPermissions":
+        """Get the minimal permissions value."""
+        result = cls(0)
+        for name, flag in cls.__members__.items():
+            if cls._is_reserved(name) and cls._is_active(name):
+                result |= flag
+        return result
+
+    def check(self) -> None:
+        """Check if the flags are valid."""
+        for name, flag in UserAccessPermissions.__members__.items():
+            if self._is_reserved(name):
+                expected = flag if self._is_active(name) else 0
+                if self & flag != expected:
+                    raise ValueError(f"Invalid value for reserved bit {name}.")
+
 
 class Resources:
     """
diff --git a/tests/test_constants.py b/tests/test_constants.py
index d53ebed33..6410805aa 100644
--- a/tests/test_constants.py
+++ b/tests/test_constants.py
@@ -114,3 +114,31 @@ def test_user_access_permissions__all():
     assert all_int & UserAccessPermissions.PRINT == UserAccessPermissions.PRINT
     assert all_int & UserAccessPermissions.R7 == UserAccessPermissions.R7
     assert all_int & UserAccessPermissions.R31 == UserAccessPermissions.R31
+
+
+def test_user_access_permissions__minimal():
+    minimal_permissions = UserAccessPermissions.minimal()
+
+    assert int(minimal_permissions) == 4294963392  # All reserved bits which should be one.
+
+    assert minimal_permissions & UserAccessPermissions.R1 == 0
+    assert minimal_permissions & UserAccessPermissions.R2 == 0
+    assert minimal_permissions & UserAccessPermissions.PRINT == 0
+    assert minimal_permissions & UserAccessPermissions.R7 == UserAccessPermissions.R7
+    assert minimal_permissions & UserAccessPermissions.R31 == UserAccessPermissions.R31
+
+
+def test_user_access_permissions__check():
+    all_permissions = UserAccessPermissions.all()
+    all_permissions.check()
+
+    r1_set = all_permissions | UserAccessPermissions.R1
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid value for reserved bit R1."):
+        r1_set.check()
+    r2_set = all_permissions | UserAccessPermissions.R2
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid value for reserved bit R2."):
+        r2_set.check()
+
+    r8_unset = UserAccessPermissions(all_permissions - UserAccessPermissions.R8)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid value for reserved bit R8."):
+        r8_unset.check()
diff --git a/tests/test_reader.py b/tests/test_reader.py
index 0a2a32b81..6d5dc4f0f 100644
--- a/tests/test_reader.py
+++ b/tests/test_reader.py
@@ -749,12 +749,12 @@ def test_user_access_permissions():
     writer.encrypt(
         user_password="",
         owner_password="abc",
-        permissions_flag=UAP.PRINT | UAP.FILL_FORM_FIELDS,
+        permissions_flag=UAP.minimal() | UAP.PRINT | UAP.FILL_FORM_FIELDS,
     )
     output = BytesIO()
     writer.write(output)
     reader = PdfReader(output)
-    assert reader.user_access_permissions == (UAP.PRINT | UAP.FILL_FORM_FIELDS)
+    assert reader.user_access_permissions == (UAP.minimal() | UAP.PRINT | UAP.FILL_FORM_FIELDS)
 
     # All writer permissions.
     writer = PdfWriter(clone_from=RESOURCE_ROOT / "crazyones.pdf")
diff --git a/tests/test_writer.py b/tests/test_writer.py
index 9dfeffdd8..3ef25526b 100644
--- a/tests/test_writer.py
+++ b/tests/test_writer.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
     Transformation,
 )
 from pypdf.annotations import Link
+from pypdf.constants import UserAccessPermissions as UAP
 from pypdf.errors import PageSizeNotDefinedError, PyPdfError
 from pypdf.generic import (
     ArrayObject,
@@ -576,6 +577,42 @@ def test_encrypt(use_128bit, user_password, owner_password, pdf_file_path):
     assert new_text == orig_text
 
 
+def test_user_access_permissions():
+    # All writer permissions.
+    writer = PdfWriter(clone_from=RESOURCE_ROOT / "crazyones.pdf")
+    writer.encrypt(
+        user_password="",
+        owner_password="abc",
+        permissions_flag=UAP.all(),
+    )
+    output = BytesIO()
+    writer.write(output)
+    reader = PdfReader(output)
+    assert reader.user_access_permissions == UAP.all()
+
+    # Minimal permissions.
+    writer = PdfWriter(clone_from=RESOURCE_ROOT / "crazyones.pdf")
+    writer.encrypt(
+        user_password="",
+        owner_password="abc",
+        permissions_flag=UAP.minimal(),
+    )
+    output = BytesIO()
+    writer.write(output)
+    reader = PdfReader(output)
+    assert reader.user_access_permissions == UAP.minimal()
+
+    # Wrong permissions.
+    writer = PdfWriter(clone_from=RESOURCE_ROOT / "crazyones.pdf")
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid value for reserved bit R2."):
+        writer.encrypt(
+            user_password="",
+            owner_password="abc",
+            permissions_flag=UAP.minimal() | UAP.R2,
+        )
+
+
+
 def test_add_outline_item(pdf_file_path):
     reader = PdfReader(RESOURCE_ROOT / "pdflatex-outline.pdf")
     writer = PdfWriter()