IMPORTANT NOTICES:If you have CGIC 1.05 or earlier, you should upgrade to CGIC 1.07, or to CGIC 2.02 or better, in order to obtain important security fixes.
If you have CGIC 2.0 or CGIC 2.01 and you use the cgiCookie routines, you should upgrade to CGIC 2.02 or better, in order to obtain important security fixes.
- Credits and license terms
- What's new in version XYZ of CGIC?
- What is cgic?
- Obtaining cgic
- Building and testing cgic: a sample application
- What to do if it won't compile
- How to write a cgic application
- How can I generate images from my cgic application?
- CGI debugging features: using capture
- cgic function reference
- cgic variable reference
- cgic result code reference
- cgic quick index
cgic is now distributed under the MIT license:
Copyright (c) 1996-2020 Thomas Boutell
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Thanks are due to Robert Gustavsson, Ken Holervich, Bob Nestor, Jon Ribbens, Thomas Strangert, Wu Yongwei, and other CGIC users who have corresponded over the years. Although the implementation of multipart/form-data file upload support in CGIC 2.x is my own, I particularly wish to thank those who submitted their own implementations of this feature.
Beginning with version 2.08, `cgic` offers more options when setting cookies. To enhance security, the following options can be used when setting a cookie:- Secure
- HttpOnly
- SameSite=Strict
cgiHeaderCookieSet
allows you to set these options. The function
cgiHeaderCookieSetString
is kept for compability reasons.
Per a suggestion by Geoff Mulligan, cgic now tolerates keys without a value in URL-encoded GET and POST submissions. Although the HTML5 spec discourages it, there are existing systems in the wild that do leave the `=` off entirely if the value is an empty string. Beginning with version 2.07, `cgic` handles this as you'd expect: you get an entry with the corresponding key and an empty string as the value. A simple unit test compilation target was also added, to test this feature and rule out side effects.
A long list of significant fixes generously contributed by Jeffrey Hutzelman.
These are especially important on platforms where attempting to read beyong the content length stated by the request can lead to a deadlock. Please see the commit notes.
Uploaded files properly closed; corrects a resource leak and enables
file uploads to work properly on platforms with particular file
locking semantics.
Documentation fixes: the cgiHtmlEscape, cgiHtmlEscapeData,
cgiValueEscape, and cgiValueEscapeData routines were named
incorrectly in the manual. No code changes in version 2.04.
- Support for setting cookies has been reimplemented. The new code closely follows the actual practice of web sites that successfully use cookies, rather than attempting to implement the specification. The new code can successfully set more than one cookie at a time in typical web browsers.
- In CGIC 2.0 and 2.01, if the HTTP_COOKIE environment variable was exactly equal to the name of a cookie requested with cgiCookieString, with no value or equal sign or other characters present, a buffer overrun could take place. This was not normal behavior and it is unknown whether any actual web server would allow it to occur, however we have of course released a patch to correct it. Thanks to Nicolas Tomadakis.
- cgiCookieString returned cgiFormTruncated when cgiFormSuccess would be appropriate. Fixed; thanks to Mathieu Villeneuve-Belair.
- Cookies are now set using a simpler Set-Cookie: header, and with one header line per cookie, based on data collected by Chunfu Lai.
- Memory leaks in cgiReadEnvironment fixed by Merezko Oleg. These memory leaks were not experienced in a normal CGI situation, only when reading a saved CGI environment.
- Makefile supports "make install"
- Compiles without warnings under both C and C++ with strict warnings and strict ANSI compliance enabled
- Builds out of the box on Windows (#include <fcntl.h> was needed)
- Rare problem in cgiReadEnvironment corrected; no impact on normal CGI operations
- cgiCookieString now sets the result to an empty string when returning cgiFormNotFound
- Minor code cleanups
cgicTempDir macro in cgic.c before compiling).
The cgiFormFileName,
cgiFormFileContentType,
cgiFormFileSize,
cgiFormFileOpen,
cgiFormFileRead, and
cgiFormFileClose functions
provide a complete interface to this new functionality. Remember,
the enctype attribute of the form tag
must be set to multipart/form-data when
<input type="file"> tags are used.
2. CGIC 2.0 provides support for setting and examining cookies
(persistent data storage on the browser side).
The cgiCookieString,
and cgiCookieInteger
and cgiCookies
functions retrieve cookies. The
cgiHeaderCookieSetString
and cgiHeaderCookieSetInteger functions set cookies.
3. CGIC 2.0 offers a convenient way to retrieve a list of all form fields.
The new cgiFormEntries
function performs this operation.
4. CGIC 2.0 provides convenience functions to correctly escape
text before outputting it as part of HTML, or as part of the
value of a tag attribute, such as the HREF or
VALUE attribute. See
cgiHtmlEscape,
cgiHtmlEscapeData,
cgiValueEscape and
cgiValueEscapeData.
5. Users have often asked the correct way to determine which submit button was clicked. This could always be accomplished in previous versions, but CGIC 2.0 also provides cgiFormSubmitClicked, a convenient alternate label for the cgiFormCheckboxSingle function.
A problem with the cgiFormString and related functions has been corrected. These functions were previously incorrectly returning cgiFormTruncated in cases where the returned string fit the buffer exactly. 1. A potentially significant buffer overflow problem has been corrected. Jon Ribbens correctly pointed out to me (and to the Internet's bugtraq mailing list) that the cgiFormEntryString function, which is used directly or indirectly by almost all CGIC programs, can potentially write past the buffer passed to it by the programmer. This bug has been corrected. Upgrading to version 1.06 is strongly recommended.
2. The function cgiSaferSystem() has been
removed entirely. This function escaped only a few metacharacters,
while most shells have many, and there was no way to account for
the many different operating system shells that might be in use
on different operating systems. Since this led to a false sense
of security, the function has been removed. It is our recommendation
that user input should never be passed directly on the command line
unless it has been carefully shown to contain only characters
regarded as safe and appropriate by the programmer. Even then, it is
better to design your utilities to accept their input from standard
input rather than the command line.
- cgiFormDoubleBounded specified its arguments in the wrong order, with surprising results. This bug has been corrected.
- Many small changes have been made to increase compatibility. cgic now compiles with no warnings under the compilers available at boutell.dev.
- cgiFormInteger, cgiFormIntegerBounded, cgiFormDouble and cgiFormDoubleBounded now accept negative numbers properly. They also accept positive numbers with an explicit + sign.
- Hex values containing the digit
9are now properly decoded. - cgiFormString now represents each newline as a single line feed (ascii 10 decimal) as described in the documentation, not a carriage return (ascii 13 decimal) as in version 1.0. The latter approach pleased no one.
- cgiFormString and cgiFormStringNoNewlines no longer erroneously return cgiFormEmpty in place of cgiFormSuccess.
- The main() function of cgic now flushes standard output and sleeps for one second before exiting in order to inhibit problems with the completion of I/O on some platforms. This was not a cgic bug per se, but has been reported as a common problem with CGI when used with the CERN server. This change should improve compatibility.
- The single selection example in the testform.html example now works properly. This was an error in the form itself, not cgic.
- cgiRemoteUser and cgiRemoteIdent are now documented accurately. They were reversed earlier.
cgic performs the following tasks:
- Parses form data, correcting for defective and/or inconsistent browsers
- Transparently accepts both GET and POST form data
- Accepts uploaded files as well as regular form fields
- Provides functions to set and retrieve "cookies" (browser-side persistent information)
- Handles line breaks in form fields in a consistent manner
- Provides string, integer, floating-point, and single- and multiple-choice functions to retrieve form data
- Provides bounds checking for numeric fields
- Loads CGI environment variables into C strings which are always non-null
- Provides a way to capture CGI situations for replay in a debugging environment, including file uploads and cookies
cgic is compatible with any CGI-compliant server environment, and compiles without modification in Posix/Unix/Linux and Windows environments.
cgic is distributed via the web in two forms: as a Windows-compatible .ZIP file, and as a gzipped tar file. Most users of Windows and related operating systems have access to 'unzip' or 'pkunzip'. All modern Unix systems come with 'gunzip' and 'tar' as standard equipment, and gzip/gunzip is not difficult to find if yours does not. Versions of these programs for other operating systems are widely available if you do not already have them.Important: to use cgic, you will need an ANSI-standard C compiler. Under Unix, just obtain and use gcc. Most Unix systems have standardiszed on gcc. Users of Windows operating systems should not have ANSI C-related problems as all of the popular compilers follow the ANSI standard.
Note for Windows Programmers: you must use a modern 32-bit compiler. Visual C++ 2.0 or higher, Borland C++ and the mingw32 gcc compiler are all appropriate, as is cygwin. Do NOT use an ancient 16-bit DOS executable compiler, please.
Remember, the computer on your desk is usually NOT your web server. Compiling a Windows console executable will not give you a CGI program that can be installed on a Linux-based server.Your web browser should inquire whether to save the file to disk when you select one of the links below. Under Unix and compatible operating systems, save it, then issue the following commands to unpack it:
gunzip cgic207.tar.gz tar -xf cgic207.tarThis should produce the subdirectory 'cgic207', which will contain the complete cgic distribution for version 2.07, including a copy of this documentation in the file cgic.html.
Under Windows and compatible operating systems, save it, open a command prompt window, and issue the following commands to unpack it:
unzip /d cgic207.zipOr use the unzip utility of your choice.
This command also produces the subdirectory 'cgic207', which will contain the complete cgic distribution, including a copy of this documentation in the file cgic.html.
cgic is available via the web from www.boutell.dev:
The sample application 'cgictest.c' is provided as part of the cgic distribution. This CGI program displays an input form, accepts a submission, and then displays what was submitted. In the process essentially all of cgic's features are tested.On a Unix system, you can build cgictest simply by typing 'make cgictest.cgi'. cgic.c and cgictest.c will be compiled and linked together to produce the cgictest application. Under non-Unix operating systems, you will need to create and compile an appropriate project containing the files cgic.c and cgictest.c.
IMPORTANT: after compiling cgictest.cgi, you will need to place it in a location on your server system which is designated by your server administrator as an appropriate location for CGI scripts. Some servers are configured to recognize any file ending in .cgi as a CGI program when it is found in any subdirectory of the server's web space, but this is not always the case! The right locations for CGI programs vary greatly from one server to another. Resolving this issue is between you, your web server administrator, and your web server documentation. Before submitting a bug report for cgic, make certain that the CGI example programs which came with your server do work for you. Otherwise it is very likely that you have a server configuration problem.
Once you have moved cgictest.cgi (or cgictest.exe, under Windows)
to an appropriate cgi directory,
use the web browser of your choice to access the URL at which
you have installed it
(for instance, www.mysite.com/cgi-bin/cgictest.cgi).
Fill out the various fields in any manner you wish, then
select the SUBMIT button.
If all goes well, cgictest.cgi will respond with a page which indicates the various settings you submitted. If not, please reread the section above regarding the correct location in which to install your CGI program on your web server.
- Are you using Visual C++ or Borland C++? Did you forget to add cgic.c to your project?
- Make sure you are using an ANSI C or C++ compiler. (All of the Windows compilers are ANSI C compliant.)
Since all CGI applications must perform certain initial tasks, such as parsing form data and examining environment variables, the cgic library provides its own main() function. When you write applications that use cgic, you will begin your own programs by writing a cgiMain() function, which cgic will invoke when the initial cgi work has been successfully completed. Your program must also be sure to #include the file cgic.h.
Important: if you write your own main() function, your program will not link properly. Your own code should begin with cgiMain(). The library provides main() for you. (Those who prefer different behavior can easily modify cgic.c.)
Consider the cgiMain function of cgictest.c:
int cgiMain() {
#ifdef DEBUG
LoadEnvironment();
#endif /* DEBUG */
/* Load a previously saved CGI scenario if that button
has been pressed. */
if (cgiFormSubmitClicked("loadenvironment") == cgiFormSuccess) {
LoadEnvironment();
}
/* Set any new cookie requested. Must be done *before*
outputting the content type. */
CookieSet();
/* Send the content type, letting the browser know this is HTML */
cgiHeaderContentType("text/html");
/* Top of the page */
fprintf(cgiOut, "<HTML><HEAD>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<TITLE>cgic test</TITLE></HEAD>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<BODY><H1>cgic test</H1>\n");
/* If a submit button has already been clicked, act on the
submission of the form. */
if ((cgiFormSubmitClicked("testcgic") == cgiFormSuccess) ||
cgiFormSubmitClicked("saveenvironment") == cgiFormSuccess)
{
HandleSubmit();
fprintf(cgiOut, "<hr>\n");
}
/* Now show the form */
ShowForm();
/* Finish up the page */
fprintf(cgiOut, "</BODY></HTML>\n");
return 0;
}
Note the DEBUG #ifdef. If DEBUG is defined at compile time, either by
inserting the line "#define DEBUG 1" into the program or by setting
it in the Makefile or other development environment, then the
LoadEnvironment function is invoked. This function calls
cgiReadEnvironment()
to restore a captured CGI environment for debugging purposes. See
also the discussion of the capture program, which is
provided for use in CGI debugging. Because this is a test program,
the cgiFormSubmitClicked function is
also called to check for the use of a button that requests the reloading
of a saved CGI environment. A completed CGI program typically would
never allow the end user to make that decision.
Next, one of the cgiHeader functions should be called.
This particular program demonstrates many features, including
the setting of cookies. If the programmer wishes to set a cookie,
the cookie-setting function must be called
first, before other headers are output. This is done by the
CookieSet() function of cgictest.c:
void CookieSet()
{
char cname[1024];
char cvalue[1024];
/* Must set cookies BEFORE calling
cgiHeaderContentType */
cgiFormString("cname", cname, sizeof(cname));
cgiFormString("cvalue", cvalue, sizeof(cvalue));
if (strlen(cname)) {
/* Cookie lives for one day (or until
browser chooses to get rid of it, which
may be immediately), and applies only to
this script on this site. */
cgiHeaderCookieSet(cname, cvalue,
86400, cgiScriptName, cgiServerName,
cgiCookieHttpOnly | cgiCookieSameSiteStrict);
}
}
Since this is a test program, the cgiFormString
function is used to fetch the name and value from the form previously filled
in by the user. Normally, cookie names and values are chosen to meet the
needs of the programmer and provide a means of identifying the same
user again later.
The cgiHeaderCookieSet function sets the cookie by requesting that the web browser store it. There is never any guarantee that this will happen! Many browsers reject cookies completely; others do not necessarily keep them as long as requested or return them with their values intact. Always code defensively when using cookies.
The cname and cvalue parameters are of course the namd and value for the cookie. The third argument is the time, in seconds, that the cookie should "live" on the browser side before it expires; in this case it has been set to 86,400 seconds, which is exactly one day. The browser may or may not respect this setting, as with everything else about cookies.
The fourth argument identifies the "path" within the web site for which
the cookie is considered valid. A cookie that should be sent back
for every access to the site should be set with a path of /.
In this case the cookie is relevant only to the CGI program itself, so
cgiScriptName (the URL of the CGI program, not including the
domain name) is sent. Similarly, a cookie can be considered relevant
to a single web site or to an entire domain, such as
www.boutell.dev or the entire .boutell.dev
domain. In this case, the current site on which the program is running
is the only relevant site, so cgiServerName is used
as the domain.
The sixth argument sets extra security options, for example HttpOnly or SameSite=Strict to prevent cross-site-scripting attacks.
Next, cgiHeaderContentType() is called to indicate the MIME type of the document being output, in this case "text/html" (a normal HTML document). A few other common MIME types are "image/gif", "image/jpeg" and "audio/wav".Note that cgiHeaderStatus() or cgiHeaderLocation() could have been invoked instead to output an error code or redirect the request to a different URL. Only one of the cgiHeader functions should be called in a single execution of the program.
Important: one of the cgiHeader functions, usually cgiHeaderContentType(), must be invoked before outputting any other response to the user. Otherwise, the result will not be a valid document and the browser's behavior will be unpredictable. You may, of course, output your own ContentType and other header information to cgiOut if you prefer. The cgiHeader functions are provided as a convenience.
Like many CGI programs, cgictest makes decisions about the way it should behave based on whether various submit buttons have been clicked. When either the testcgic or saveenvironment button is present, cgictest invokes the HandleSubmit function, which invokes additional functions to handle various parts of the form:void HandleSubmit()
{
Name();
Address();
Hungry();
Temperature();
Frogs();
Color();
Flavors();
NonExButtons();
RadioButtons();
File();
Entries();
Cookies();
/* The saveenvironment button, in addition to submitting
the form, also saves the resulting CGI scenario to
disk for later replay with the 'load saved environment'
button. */
if (cgiFormSubmitClicked("saveenvironment") == cgiFormSuccess) {
SaveEnvironment();
}
}
The Name() function of cgictest is shown below, in its simplest
possible form:
void Name() {
char name[81];
cgiFormStringNoNewlines("name", name, 81);
fprintf(cgiOut, "Name: ");
cgicHtmlEscape(name);
fprintf(cgiOut, "
\n");
}
The purpose of this function is to retrieve and display the name that was
input by the user. Since the programmer has decided that names should
be permitted to have up to 80 characters, a buffer of 81 characters
has been declared (allowing for the final null character).
The cgiFormStringNoNewlines()
function is then invoked to retrieve the name and ensure that
carriage returns are not present in the name (despite the
incorrect behavior of some web browsers). The first argument
is the name of the input field in the form, the second argument
is the buffer to which the data should be copied, and the third
argument is the size of the buffer. cgic will never write beyond
the size of the buffer, and will always provide a null-terminated
string in response; if the buffer is too small, the string will
be shortened. If this is not acceptable, the
cgiFormStringSpaceNeeded()
function can be used to check the amount of space needed; the
return value of cgiFormStringNoNewlines() can also be checked
to determine whether truncation occurred. See
the full description of
cgiFormStringNoNewlines().
Note that Name() writes its HTML output to cgiOut, not
to stdout.
The actual name submitted by the user may or may not contain
characters that have special meaning in HTML, specifically the
the <, >, and & characters.
The cgiHtmlEscape function is used to output
the user-entered name with any occurrences of these characters
correctly escaped as <, >,
and &.
Important: cgiOut is normally equivalent to stdout, and there is no performance penalty for using it. It is recommended that you write output to cgiOut to ensure compatibility with modified versions of the cgic library for special environments that do not provide stdin and stdout for each cgi connection.
Note that, for text input areas in which carriage returns are desired, the function cgiFormString should be used instead. cgiFormString ensures that line breaks are always represented by a single carriage return (ascii decimal 13), making life easier for the programmer. See the source code to the Address() function of cgictest.c for an example.
Consider the Hungry() function, which determines whether the user has selected the "hungry" checkbox:void Hungry() {
if (cgiFormCheckboxSingle("hungry") == cgiFormSuccess) {
fprintf(cgiOut, "I'm Hungry!<BR>\n");
} else {
fprintf(cgiOut, "I'm Not Hungry!<BR>\n");
}
}
This function takes advantage of the
cgiFormCheckboxSingle() function, which
determines whether a single checkbox has been selected.
cgiFormCheckboxSingle() accepts the name attribute of the checkbox
as its sole argument and returns
cgiFormSuccess if the checkbox is selected, or
cgiFormNotFound if it is not.
If multiple checkboxes with the same name are in use,
consider the
cgiFormCheckboxMultiple() and
cgiFormStringMultiple()
functions.
Now consider the Temperature() function, which retrieves
a temperature in degrees (a floating-point value) and ensures
that it lies within particular bounds:
void Temperature() {
double temperature;
cgiFormDoubleBounded("temperature", &temperature, 80.0, 120.0, 98.6);
fprintf(cgiOut, "My temperature is %f.<BR>\n", temperature);
}
The temperature is retrieved by the function
cgiFormDoubleBounded(). The first
argument is the name of the temperature input field in the form;
the second argument points to the address of the variable that will
contain the result. The next two arguments are the lower and upper
bounds, respectively. The final argument is the default value to
be returned if the user did not submit a value.
This function always retrieves a reasonable value within the specified bounds; values above or below bounds are constrained to fit the bounds. However, the return value of cgiFormDoubleBounded can be checked to make sure the actual user entry was in bounds, not blank, and so forth; see the description of cgiFormDoubleBounded() for more details. If bounds checking is not desired, consider using cgiFormDouble() instead.
Note that, for integer input, the functions cgiFormInteger and cgiFormIntegerBounded are available. The behavior of these functions is similar to that of their floating-point counterparts above.
The <SELECT> tag of HTML is used to provide the user with several choices. Radio buttons and checkboxes can also be used when the number of choices is relatively small. Consider the Color() function of cgictest.c:char *colors[] = {
"Red",
"Green",
"Blue"
};
void Color() {
int colorChoice;
cgiFormSelectSingle("colors", colors, 3, &colorChoice, 0);
fprintf(cgiOut, "I am: %s<BR>\n", colors[colorChoice]);
}
This function determines which of several colors the user chose
from a <SELECT> list in the form. An array of colors is
declared; the cgiFormSelectSingle()
function is then invoked to determine which, if any, of those choices
was selected. The first argument indicates the name of the input
field in the form. The second argument points to the list of
acceptable colors. The third argument indicates the number of
entries in the color array. The fourth argument points to the
variable which will accept the chosen color, and the last argument
indicates the index of the default value to be set if no
selection was submitted by the browser.
cgiFormSelectSingle() will always indicate a reasonable selection value. However, if the programmer wishes to know for certain that a value was actually submitted, that the value submitted was a legal response, and so on, the return value of cgiFormSelectSingle() can be consulted. See the full description of cgiFormSelectSingle() for more information.
Note that radio button groups and <SELECT> lists can both be handled by this function. If you are processing radio button groups, you may prefer to invoke cgiFormRadio(), which functions identically.
"What if I won't know the acceptable choices at runtime?"
If the acceptable choices aren't known until runtime, one can simply load the choices from disk. But if the acceptable choices aren't fixed at all (consider a list of country names; new names may be added to the form at any time and it is inconvenient to also update program code or a separate list of countries), simply invoke cgiFormStringNoNewlines() instead to retrieve the string directly. Keep in mind that, if you do so, validating the response to make sure it is safe and legitimate becomes a problem for your own program to solve. The advantage of cgiFormSelectSingle() is that invalid responses are never returned.
To handle multiple-selection <SELECT> lists and groups of checkboxes with the same name, see the discussion of the NonExButtons() function of cgictest.c, immediately below.
Consider the first half of the NonExButtons() function of cgictest.c:char *votes[] = {
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D"
};
void NonExButtons() {
int voteChoices[4];
int i;
int result;
int invalid;
char **responses;
/* Method #1: check for valid votes. This is a good idea,
since votes for nonexistent candidates should probably
be discounted... */
fprintf(cgiOut, "Votes (method 1):<BR>\n");
result = cgiFormCheckboxMultiple("vote", votes, 4,
voteChoices, &invalid);
if (result == cgiFormNotFound) {
fprintf(cgiOut, "I hate them all!<p>\n");
} else {
fprintf(cgiOut, "My preferred candidates are:\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<ul>\n");
for (i=0; (i < 4); i++) {
if (voteChoices[i]) {
fprintf(cgiOut, "<li>%s\n", votes[i]);
}
}
fprintf(cgiOut, "</ul>\n");
}
This function takes advantage of
cgiFormCheckboxMultiple(),
which is used to identify one or more selected checkboxes with
the same name. This function performs identically to
cgiFormSelectMultiple().
That is, <SELECT> tags with the MULTIPLE attribute are handled
just like a group of several checkboxes with the same name.
The first argument to cgiFormCheckboxMultiple() is the name given to all checkbox input fields in the group. The second argument points to an array of legitimate values; these should correspond to the VALUE attributes of the checkboxes (or OPTION tags in a <SELECT> list). The third argument indicates the number of entries in the array of legitimate values. The fourth argument points to an array of integers with the same number of entries as the array of legitimate values; each entry will be set true if that checkbox or option was selected, false otherwise.
The last argument points to an integer which will be set to the number of invalid responses (responses not in the array of valid responses) that were submitted. If this value is not of interest, the last argument may be a null pointer (0).
Note that the return value of cgiFormCheckboxMultiple is inspected to determine whether any choices at all were set. See the full description of cgiFormCheckboxMultiple for other possible return values.
"What if I won't know the acceptable choices at runtime?"
If the acceptable choices aren't known until runtime, one can simply load the choices from disk. But if the acceptable choices aren't fixed at all (consider a list of ice cream flavors; new names may be added to the form at any time and it is inconvenient to also update program code or a separate list of countries), a more dynamic approach is needed. Consider the second half of the NonExButtons() function of cgictest.c:
/* Method #2: get all the names voted for and trust them.
This is good if the form will change more often
than the code and invented responses are not a danger
or can be checked in some other way. */
fprintf(cgiOut, "Votes (method 2):<BR>\n");
result = cgiFormStringMultiple("vote", &responses);
if (result == cgiFormNotFound) {
fprintf(cgiOut, "I hate them all!<p>\n");
} else {
int i = 0;
fprintf(cgiOut, "My preferred candidates are:\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<ul>\n");
while (responses[i]) {
fprintf(cgiOut, "<li>%s\n", responses[i]);
i++;
}
fprintf(cgiOut, "</ul>\n");
}
/* We must be sure to free the string array or a memory
leak will occur. Simply calling free() would free
the array but not the individual strings. The
function cgiStringArrayFree() does the job completely. */
cgiStringArrayFree(responses);
}
This code excerpt demonstrates an alternate means of retrieving
a list of choices. The function
cgiFormStringMultiple() is used
to retrieve an array consisting of all the strings submitted
for with a particular input field name. This works both for
<SELECT> tags with the MULTIPLE attribute and for
groups of checkboxes with the same name.
The first argument to cgiFormStringMultiple() is the name of the input field or group of input fields in question. The second argument should be the address of a pointer to a pointer to a string, which isn't as bad as it sounds. Consider the following simple call of the function:
/* An array of strings; each C string is an array of characters */ char **responses;"How do I know how many responses there are?"cgiFormStringMultiple("vote", &responses);
After the call, the last entry in the string array will be a null pointer. Thus the simple loop:
int i = 0;
while (responses[i]) {
/* Do something with the string responses[i] */
i++;
}
can be used to walk through the array until the last
entry is encountered.
Important: the cgiFormStringMultiple function returns a pointer to allocated memory. Your code should not modify the strings in the responses array or the responses array itself; if modification is needed, the strings should be copied. When your code is done examining the responses array, you MUST call cgiStringArrayFree() with the array as an argument to free the memory associated with the array. Otherwise, the memory will not be available again until the program exists. Don't just call the free() function; if you do, the individual strings will not be freed.
CGIC provides functions to access files that have been uploaded as part of a form submission. IMPORTANT: you MUST set theenctype attribute of your form tag
to multipart/form-data for this feature to work! For an
example, see the ShowForm function of
cgictest.c, examined below.
The File function of cgictest.c takes care of
receiving uploaded files:
void File()
{
cgiFilePtr file;
char name[1024];
char contentType[1024];
char buffer[1024];
int size;
int got;
if (cgiFormFileName("file", name, sizeof(name)) !=
cgiFormSuccess)
{
printf("<p>No file was uploaded.<p>\n");
return;
}
fprintf(cgiOut, "The filename submitted was: ");
cgiHtmlEscape(name);
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
cgiFormFileSize("file", &size);
fprintf(cgiOut, "The file size was: %d bytes<p>\n", size);
cgiFormFileContentType("file", contentType, sizeof(contentType));
fprintf(cgiOut, "The alleged content type of the file was: ");
cgiHtmlEscape(contentType);
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "Of course, this is only the claim the browser "
"made when uploading the file. Much like the filename, "
"it cannot be trusted.<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "The file's contents are shown here:<p>\n");
if (cgiFormFileOpen("file", &file) != cgiFormSuccess) {
fprintf(cgiOut, "Could not open the file.<p>\n");
return;
}
fprintf(cgiOut, "<pre>\n");
while (cgiFormFileRead(file, buffer, sizeof(buffer), &got) ==
cgiFormSuccess)
{
cgiHtmlEscapeData(buffer, got);
}
fprintf(cgiOut, "</pre>\n");
cgiFormFileClose(file);
}
First, the File function checks to determine the filename that was
submitted by the user. VERY IMPORTANT: this filename may or
may not bear any relation to the real name of the file on the user's
computer, may be deliberately manipulated with malicious intent,
and should not be used for any purpose unless you have
determined that its content is safe for your intended use and will not,
at the very least, overwrite another file of importance to you, especially if
you intend to use it as a file name on the server side. The cgic library
itself does not use this file name for temporary storage.
If the cgiFormFileName function does not succeed, no file was uploaded.
Next, the cgiFormFileSize function is called to determine the size of the uploaded file, in bytes.
The File function then proceeds to query the content type of the uploaded
file. Files uploaded by the user have their own content type information,
which may be useful in determining whether the file is an image, HTML document,
word processing document, or other type of file. However,
as with the filename and any other claim made by the browser,
this information should not be blindly trusted. The browser
may upload a file with the name picture.jpg and the
content type image/jpeg, but this does not guarantee that the
actual file will contain a valid JPEG image suitable for display.
The content type submitted by the browser can be queried using the cgiFormFileContentType function.
Of course, CGIC also provides access to the actual uploded file.
First, the programmer calls cgiFormFileOpen,
passing the address of a cgiFilePtr object. If this function
succeeds, the cgiFilePtr object becomes valid, and can be
used in subsequent calls to cgiFormFileRead.
Notice that the number of bytes read may be less than the number requested,
in particular on the last successful call before cgiFormFileRead begins
to return cgiFormEOF. When cgiFormFileRead no longer returns
cgiFormSuccess,
the programmer calls cgiFormFileClose to
release the cgiFilePtr object.
The uploaded file data may contain anything, including binary data, null characters, and so on. The example program uses the cgiHtmlEscapeData function to output the data with any special characters that have meaning in HTML escaped. Most programs will save the uploaded information to a server-side file or database.
From time to time, the programmer may not know the names of all form fields in advance. In such situations it is convenient to use the cgiFormEntries function. The Entries function of cgictest.c demonstrates the use of cgiFormEntries:void Entries()
{
char **array, **arrayStep;
fprintf(cgiOut, "List of All Submitted Form Field Names:<p>\n");
if (cgiFormEntries(&array) != cgiFormSuccess) {
return;
}
arrayStep = array;
fprintf(cgiOut, "<ul>\n");
while (*arrayStep) {
fprintf(cgiOut, "<li>");
cgiHtmlEscape(*arrayStep);
fprintf(cgiOut, "\n");
arrayStep++;
}
fprintf(cgiOut, "</ul>\n");
cgiStringArrayFree(array);
}
The cgiFormEntries function retrieves an array of form field names.
This array consists of pointers to strings, with a final null pointer
to mark the end of the list. The above code illustrates one way of
looping through the returned strings. Note the final call to
cgiStringArrayFree, which is
essential in order to return the memory used to store the strings
and the string array.
The Cookies function of cgictest.c displays a list of all cookies
submitted by the browser with the current form submission, along
with their values:
void Cookies()
{
char **array, **arrayStep;
char cname[1024], cvalue[1024];
fprintf(cgiOut, "Cookies Submitted On This Call, With Values "
"(Many Browsers NEVER Submit Cookies):<p>\n");
if (cgiCookies(&array) != cgiFormSuccess) {
return;
}
arrayStep = array;
fprintf(cgiOut, "<table border=1>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<tr><th>Cookie<th>Value</tr>\n");
while (*arrayStep) {
char value[1024];
fprintf(cgiOut, "<tr>");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<td>");
cgiHtmlEscape(*arrayStep);
fprintf(cgiOut, "<td>");
cgiCookieString(*arrayStep, value, sizeof(value));
cgiHtmlEscape(value);
fprintf(cgiOut, "\n");
arrayStep++;
}
fprintf(cgiOut, "</table>\n");
cgiFormString("cname", cname, sizeof(cname));
cgiFormString("cvalue", cvalue, sizeof(cvalue));
if (strlen(cname)) {
fprintf(cgiOut, "New Cookie Set On This Call:<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "Name: ");
cgiHtmlEscape(cname);
fprintf(cgiOut, "Value: ");
cgiHtmlEscape(cvalue);
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "If your browser accepts cookies "
"(many do not), this new cookie should appear "
"in the above list the next time the form is "
"submitted.<p>\n");
}
cgiStringArrayFree(array);
}
VERY IMPORTANT: YOUR BROWSER MIGHT NOT SUBMIT COOKIES,
EVER, REGARDLESS OF WHAT VALUES YOU ENTER INTO THE TEST FORM.
Many, many browsers are configured not to accept or send cookies;
others are configured to send them as little as possible to meet the
bare minimum requirements for entry into popular sites. Users will often
refuse your cookies; make sure your code still works in that situation!
The above code uses the cgiCookies function to retrieve a list of all currently set cookies as a null-terminated array of strings. The cgiCookieString function is then used to fetch the value associated with each cookie; this function works much like cgiFormString, discussed earlier. Note that a cookie set as a part of the current form submission process does not appear on this list immediately, as it has not yet been sent back by the browser. It should appear on future submissions, provided that the browser chooses to accept and resend the cookie at all.
CGI programmers often need to display HTML pages as part of the output of CGI programs; these HTML pages often contain forms which should submit fields back to the same program they came from. Provided that your web server is well-configured, this can be done conveniently using the cgiScriptName environment variable, as shown below. Here is the source code of the ShowForm function of cgictest.c:void ShowForm()
{
fprintf(cgiOut, "<!-- 2.0: multipart/form-data is required
"for file uploads. -->");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<form method=\"POST\" "
"enctype=\"multipart/form-data\" ");
fprintf(cgiOut, " action=\"");
cgiValueEscape(cgiScriptName);
fprintf(cgiOut, "\">\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "Text Field containing Plaintext\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"text\" name=\"name\">Your Name\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "Multiple-Line Text Field\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<textarea NAME=\"address\" ROWS=4 COLS=40>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "Default contents go here. \n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "</textarea>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "Checkbox\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"hungry\" checked>Hungry\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "Text Field containing a Numeric Value\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"text\" name=\"temperature\" value=\"98.6\">\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "Blood Temperature (80.0-120.0)\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "Text Field containing an Integer Value\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"text\" name=\"frogs\" value=\"1\">\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "Frogs Eaten\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "Single-SELECT\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<br>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<select name=\"colors\">\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<option value=\"Red\">Red\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<option value=\"Green\">Green\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<option value=\"Blue\">Blue\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "</select>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<br>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "Multiple-SELECT\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<br>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<select name=\"flavors\" multiple>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<option value=\"pistachio\">Pistachio\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<option value=\"walnut\">Walnut\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<option value=\"creme\">Creme\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "</select>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>Exclusive Radio Button Group: Age of "
"Truck in Years\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"radio\" name=\"age\" "
"value=\"1\">1\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"radio\" name=\"age\" "
"value=\"2\">2\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"radio\" name=\"age\" "
"value=\"3\" checked>3\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"radio\" name=\"age\" "
"value=\"4\">4\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>Nonexclusive Checkbox Group: "
"Voting for Zero through Four Candidates\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"vote\" "
"value=\"A\">A\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"vote\" "
"value=\"B\">B\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"vote\" "
"value=\"C\">C\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"vote\" "
"value=\"D\">D\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>File Upload:\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"file\" name=\"file\" "
"value=\"\"> (Select A Local File)\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>Set a Cookie<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<input name=\"cname\" "
"value=\"\"> Cookie Name\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<input name=\"cvalue\" "
"value=\"\"> Cookie Value<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"submit\" "
"name=\"testcgic\" value=\"Submit Request\">\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"reset\" "
"value=\"Reset Request\">\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<p>Save the CGI Environment<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "Pressing this button will submit the form, then "
"save the CGI environment so that it can be replayed later "
"by calling cgiReadEnvironment (in a debugger, for "
"instance).<p>\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "<input type=\"submit\" name=\"saveenvironment\" "
"value=\"Save Environment\">\n");
fprintf(cgiOut, "</form>\n");
}
Note the use of enctype="multipart/form-data" in the
FORM tag. This is absolutely required if the form
will contain file upload fields, as in the above example. Most
browsers will not even attempt file uploads without the
presence of this attribute.
The CGI standard specifies a number of environment variables
which are set by the server. However, servers are somewhat
unpredictable as to whether these variables will be null or
point to empty strings when an environment variable is not set.
Also, in order to allow the programmer to restore saved
CGI environments, the cgic library needs have a way of insulating
the programmer from the actual environment variables.
Instead of calling getenv() to determine the value of a variable such as HTTP_USER_AGENT (the browser software being used), always use the cgic copies of the environment variables, which are always valid C strings (they are never null, although they may point to an empty string). For instance, the cgic variable containing the name of the browser software is cgiUserAgent. The referring URL appears in the variable cgiReferrer.
cgic can be used in conjunction with the gd graphics library, which can produce GIF images on the fly.The following short sample program hints at the possibilities:
#include "cgic.h" #include "gd.h"Note that this program would need to be linked with both cgic.o and libgd.a. Often programs of this type respond to one cgiPathInfo value or set of form fields by returning an HTML page with an inline image reference that, in turn, generates a GIF image. Debugging CGI applications can be a painful task. Since CGI applications run in a special environment created by the web server, it is difficult to execute them in a debugger. However, the cgic library provides a way of capturing "live" CGI environments to a file, and also provides a way to reload saved environments.char *colors[] = { "red", "green", "blue" };
#define colorsTotal 3
int cgiMain() { int colorChosen; gdImagePtr im; int r, g, b; /* Use gd to create an image / im = gdImageCreate(64, 64); r = gdImageColorAllocate(im, 255, 0, 0);
g = gdImageColorAllocate(im, 0, 255, 0);
b = gdImageColorAllocate(im, 0, 0, 255);
/ Now use cgic to find out what color the user requested / cgiFormSelectSingle("color", 3, &colorChosen, 0);
/ Now fill with the desired color / switch(colorChosen) { case 0: gdImageFill(im, 32, 32, r); break; case 1: gdImageFill(im, 32, 32, g); break; case 2: gdImageFill(im, 32, 32, b); break; }
/ Now output the image. Note the content type! / cgiHeaderContentType("image/gif"); / Send the image to cgiOut / gdImageGif(im, cgiOut); / Free the gd image */ gdImageDestroy(im); return 0; }
The provided program 'capture.c' can be used to capture CGI environments. Just change the first line of the cgiMain() function of capture.c to save the CGI environment to a filename appropriate on your system and type 'make capture'. Then place capture in your cgi directory and set the form action or other link you want to test to point to it. When the form submission or other link takes place, capture will write the CGI environment active at that time to the filename you specified in the source. The cgiReadEnvironment() function can then be invoked on the same filename at the beginning of the cgiMain() function of the application you want to test in order to restore the captured environment. You can then execute your program in the debugger of your choice, and it should perform exactly as it would have performed had it been launched by the actual web server, including file uploads, cookies and all other phenomena within the purview of cgic.
Important: Make sure you specify the full path, as the current working directory of a CGI script may not be what you think it is!
Even More Important: If you call getenv() yourself in your code, instead of using the provided cgic copies of the CGI environment variables, you will not get the values you expect when running with a saved CGI environment. Always use the cgic variables instead of calling getenv().
- cgiFormResultType cgiFormString(
char *name, char *result, int max)
- cgiFormString attempts to retrieve the string sent for the
specified input field. The text will be copied into
the buffer specified by result, up to but not
exceeding max-1 bytes; a terminating null is then
added to complete the string. Regardless of the newline
format submitted by the browser, cgiFormString always
encodes each newline as a single line feed (ascii decimal 10); as
a result the final string may be slightly shorter than indicated
by a call to
cgiFormStringSpaceNeeded but will never be longer.
cgiFormString returns cgiFormSuccess if the string was
successfully retrieved,
cgiFormTruncated if the string was
retrieved but was truncated to fit the buffer,
cgiFormEmpty if the string was
retrieved but was empty, and cgiFormNotFound if no
such input field was submitted. In the last case,
an empty string is copied to result.
-
cgiFormResultType cgiFormStringNoNewlines(
char *name, char *result, int max)
-
cgiFormStringNoNewlines() is exactly equivalent to
cgiFormString(), except
that any carriage returns or line feeds that occur in the input
will be stripped out. The use of this function is recommended
for single-line text input fields, as some browsers will submit
carriage returns and line feeds when they should not.
-
cgiFormResultType cgiFormStringSpaceNeeded(
char *name, int *length)
-
cgiFormStringSpaceNeeded() is used to determine the length of the input text
buffer needed to receive the contents of the specified input field.
This is useful if the programmer wishes to allocate sufficient memory
for input of arbitrary length. The actual length of the string
retrieved by a subsequent call to cgiFormString() may be slightly shorter
but will never be longer than *result. On success, cgiFormStringSpaceNeeded()
sets the value pointed to by length to the number of bytes of data,
including the terminating null, and returns cgiFormSuccess. If no
value was submitted for the specified field, cgiFormStringSpaceNeeded sets
the value pointed to by length to 1 and returns cgiFormNotFound. 1 is
set to ensure space for an empty string (a single null
character) if cgiFormString is called despite the return value.
- cgiFormResultType cgiFormStringMultiple(
char *name, char ***ptrToStringArray)
- cgiFormStringMultiple is useful in the unusual case in which several
input elements in the form have the same name and, for whatever
reason, the programmer does not wish to use the checkbox, radio
button and selection menu functions provided below. This is
occasionally needed if the programmer cannot know
in advance what values might appear in a multiple-selection list
or group of checkboxes on a form. The value pointed to
by result will be set to a pointer to an array of strings; the last
entry in the array will be a null pointer. This array is allocated
by the CGI library. Important: when done working with the array,
you must call cgiStringArrayFree() with the array pointer as the
argument. cgiFormStringMultiple() returns cgiFormSuccess if at least
one occurrence of the name is found, cgiFormNotFound
if no occurrences are found, or cgiFormMemory if not enough
memory is available to allocate the array to be returned.
In all cases except the last, ptrToStringArray is set to point to a
valid array of strings, with the last element in the array being a
null pointer; in the out-of-memory case ptrToStringArray is set to
a null pointer.
- cgiFormResultType cgiFormEntries(
char ***ptrToStringArray)
- cgiFormEntries is useful when the programmer cannot know the names
of all relevant form fields in advance. The value pointed to
by result will be set to a pointer to an array of strings; the last
entry in the array will be a null pointer. This array is allocated
by the CGI library. Important: when done working with the array,
you must call cgiStringArrayFree() with the array pointer as the
argument. cgiFormEntries() returns cgiFormSuccess except in the event of an out of memory error.
On success, ptrToStringArray is set to point to a
valid array of strings, with the last element in the array being a
null pointer; in the out-of-memory case ptrToStringArray is set to
a null pointer, and
cgiFormOutOfMemory is returned.
- void cgiStringArrayFree(char **stringArray)
-
cgiStringArrayFree() is used to free the memory associated with
a string array created by
cgiFormStringMultiple(),
cgiFormEntries(), or
cgiFormCookies().
- cgiFormResultType cgiFormInteger(
char *name, int *result, int defaultV)
- cgiFormInteger() attempts to retrieve the integer sent for the
specified input field. The value pointed to by result
will be set to the value submitted. cgiFormInteger() returns
cgiFormSuccess if the value was successfully retrieved,
cgiFormEmpty if the value submitted is an empty string,
cgiFormBadType if the value submitted is not an integer,
and cgiFormNotFound if no such input field was submitted.
In the last three cases, the value pointed to by result
is set to the specified default.
-
cgiFormResultType cgiFormIntegerBounded(
char *name, int *result, int min, int max, int defaultV)
- cgiFormIntegerBounded() attempts to retrieve the integer sent for the
specified input field, and constrains the result to be within
the specified bounds. The value pointed to by result
will be set to the value submitted. cgiFormIntegerBounded() returns
cgiFormSuccess if the value was successfully retrieved,
cgiFormConstrained if the value was out of bounds and result
was adjusted accordingly, cgiFormEmpty if the value submitted is
an empty string, cgiFormBadType if the value submitted is not an
integer, and cgiFormNotFound if no such input field was submitted.
In the last three cases, the value pointed to by result
is set to the specified default.
- cgiFormResultType cgiFormDouble(
char *name, double *result, double defaultV)
- cgiFormDouble attempts to retrieve the floating-point value sent for
the specified input field. The value pointed to by result
will be set to the value submitted. cgiFormDouble returns
cgiFormSuccess if the value was successfully retrieved,
cgiFormEmpty if the value submitted is an empty string,
cgiFormBadType if the value submitted is not a number,
and cgiFormNotFound if no such input field was submitted.
In the last three cases, the value pointed to by result
is set to the specified default.
-
cgiFormResultType cgiFormDoubleBounded(
char *name, double *result, double min, double max,
double defaultV)
-
cgiFormDoubleBounded() attempts to retrieve the floating-point
value sent for the specified input field, and constrains the
result to be within the specified bounds. The value pointed to by
result will be set to the value submitted. cgiFormDoubleBounded() returns
cgiFormSuccess if the value was successfully retrieved,
cgiFormConstrained if the value was out of bounds and result
was adjusted accordingly, cgiFormEmpty if the value submitted is
an empty string, cgiFormBadType if the value submitted is not a
number, and cgiFormNotFound if no such input field was submitted.
In the last three cases, the value pointed to by result
is set to the specified default.
-
cgiFormResultType cgiFormSelectSingle(
char *name, char **choicesText, int choicesTotal,
int *result, int defaultV)
-
cgiFormSelectSingle() retrieves the selection number associated with a
<SELECT> element that does not allow multiple selections. name
should identify the NAME attribute of the <SELECT> element. choicesText
should point to an array of strings identifying each choice;
choicesTotal should indicate the total number of choices. The value
pointed to by result will be set to the position of the actual choice
selected within the choicesText array, if any, or to the value of
default, if no selection was submitted or an invalid selection was
made. cgiFormSelectSingle() returns cgiFormSuccess if the value was
successfully retrieved, cgiFormNotFound if no selection
was submitted, and cgiFormNoSuchChoice if the selection
does not match any of the possibilities in the choicesText array.
-
cgiFormResultType cgiFormSelectMultiple(
char *name, char **choicesText, int choicesTotal,
int *result, int *invalid)
- cgiFormSelectMultiple() retrieves the selection numbers associated with a
<SELECT> element that does allow multiple selections. name should
identify the NAME attribute of the <SELECT> element. choicesText
should point to an array of strings identifying each choice;
choicesTotal should indicate the total number of choices. result
should point to an array of integers with as many elements as there
are strings in the choicesText array. For each choice in the
choicesText array that is selected, the corresponding integer in
the result array will be set to one; other entries in the result
array will be set to zero. cgiFormSelectMultiple() returns cgiFormSuccess
if at least one valid selection was successfully retrieved or
cgiFormNotFound if no valid selections were submitted.
The integer pointed to by invalid is set to the number of
invalid selections that were submitted, which should be zero
unless the form and the choicesText array do not agree.
-
cgiFormResultType cgiFormSubmitClicked(
char *name)
-
It is often desirable to know whether a particular submit button was clicked,
when multiple submit buttons with different name attributes exist.
cgiFormSubmitClicked is an alternative name for the
cgiFormCheckboxSingle function,
which is suitable for testing whether a particular submit button
was used.
-
cgiFormResultType cgiFormCheckboxSingle(
char *name)
-
cgiFormCheckboxSingle determines whether the checkbox with the specified name
is checked. cgiFormCheckboxSingle returns cgiFormSuccess if the
button is checked, cgiFormNotFound if the checkbox is
not checked. cgiFormCheckboxSingle is intended for single
checkboxes with a unique name; see below for functions to
deal with multiple checkboxes with the same name, and
with radio buttons.
-
cgiFormResultType cgiFormCheckboxMultiple(
char *name, char **valuesText, int valuesTotal,
int *result, int *invalid)
- cgiFormCheckboxMultiple() determines which checkboxes among a group
of checkboxes with the same name are checked. This is distinct
from radio buttons (see cgiFormRadio).
valuesText
should point to an array of strings identifying the VALUE
attribute of each checkbox; valuesTotal should indicate the total
number of checkboxes. result should point to an array of integers with
as many elements as there are strings in the valuesText array. For
each choice in the valuesText array that is selected, the corresponding
integer in the result array will be set to one; other entries in the
result array will be set to zero. cgiFormCheckboxMultiple returns
cgiFormSuccess if at least one valid checkbox was checked or
cgiFormNotFound if no valid checkboxes were checked.
The integer pointed to by invalid is set to the number of
invalid selections that were submitted, which should be zero
unless the form and the valuesText array do not agree.
-
cgiFormResultType cgiFormRadio(
char *name, char **valuesText, int valuesTotal,
int *result, int defaultV)
- cgiFormRadio() determines which, if any, of a group of radio boxes with
the same name was selected. valuesText should point to an array of
strings identifying the VALUE attribute of each radio box;
valuesTotal should indicate the total number of radio boxes. The value
pointed to by result will be set to the position of the actual choice
selected within the valuesText array, if any, or to the value of
default, if no radio box was checked or an invalid selection was
made. cgiFormRadio() returns cgiFormSuccess if a checked radio box was
found in the group, cgiFormNotFound if no box was checked, and
cgiFormNoSuchChoice if the radio box submitted does not match any of
the possibilities in the valuesText array.
- cgiFormResultType cgiFormFileName(
char *name, char *fileName, int max)
- cgiFormFileName attempts to retrieve the file name uploaded by the
user for the specified form input field of type
file. NEVER, EVER TRUST THIS FILENAME TO BE REASONABLE AND SAFE FOR DIRECT USE ON THE SERVER SIDE. The text will be copied into the buffer specified by fileName, up to but not exceeding max-1 bytes; a terminating null is then added to complete the string. cgiFormFileName returns cgiFormSuccess if the string was successfully retrieved and was not empty, cgiFormNoFileName if the string was successfully retrieved but empty indicating that no file was uploaded, cgiFormTruncated if the string was retrieved but was truncated to fit the buffer, and cgiFormNotFound if no such input field was submitted. In the last case, an empty string is copied to result. - cgiFormResultType cgiFormFileSize(
char *name, int *sizeP)
- cgiFormFileSize attempts to retrieve the size, in bytes, of a
file uploaded by the browser in response to the
input field of type
filespecified by thenameparameter. On success, the size is stored to *sizeP, and this function returns cgiFormSuccess. If the form field does not exist, this function returns cgiFormNotFound. If the form field exists but no file was uploaded, this function returns cgiFormNotAFile. - cgiFormResultType cgiFormFileContentType(
char *name, char *contentType, int max)
- cgiFormString attempts to retrieve the content name claimed by the
user for the specified form input field of type
file. THERE IS NO GUARANTEE THAT THE CONTENT TYPE WILL BE ACCURATE. The content type string will be copied into the buffer specified by contentType, up to but not exceeding max-1 bytes; a terminating null is then added to complete the string. cgiFormFileContentType returns cgiFormSuccess if the string was successfully retrieved and was not empty, cgiFormNoContentType if the string was successfully retrieved but empty indicating that no file was uploaded or the browser did not know the content type, cgiFormTruncated if the string was retrieved but was truncated to fit the buffer, and cgiFormNotFound if no such input field was submitted. In the last case, an empty string is copied to result. - cgiFormResultType cgiFormFileOpen(
char *name, cgiFilePtr *cfpp)
- cgiFormFileOpen attempts to open the actual uploaded file data for
the specified form field of type
file. Upon success, this function returns retrieve the content name claimed by the user for the specified form input field of typefile. On success, this function sets *cfpp to a valid cgiFilePtr object for use with cgiFormFileRead and returns cgiFormSuccess. On failure, this function sets *cfpp to a null pointer, and returns cgiFormNotFound, cgiFormNotAFile, cgiFormMemory or cgiFormIO as appropriate.See also cgiFormFileRead and cgiFormFileClose.
- cgiFormResultType cgiFormFileRead(
cgiFilePtr cfp, char *buffer, int bufferSize, int *gotP)
- cgiFormFileRead attempts to read up to
bufferSizebytes from a cgiFilePtr object previously opened with cgiFormFileOpen. If any data is successfully read, it is copied tobuffer, and the number of bytes successfully read is stored to*gotP. This function returns cgiFormSuccess if any data is successfully read. At end of file, this function returns cgiFormEOF. In the event of an I/O error, this function returns cgiFormIO. If cfp is a null pointer, this function returns cgiFormOpenFailed.See also cgiFormFileOpen and cgiFormFileClose.
- cgiFormResultType cgiFormFileClose(
cgiFilePtr cfp)
- cgiFormFileClose closes a cgiFilePtr object previously opened
with cgiFormFileOpen, freeing
memory and other system resources. This
function returns cgiFormSuccess
unless cfp is null, in which case
cgiFormOpenFailed is returned.
See also cgiFormFileOpen and cgiFormFileRead.
-
void cgiHeaderLocation(char *redirectUrl)
-
cgiHeaderLocation() should be called if the programmer wishes to
redirect the user to a different URL. No futher output
is needed in this case.
If you wish to set cookies, you must make your calls to cgiHeaderCookieSet and cgiHeaderCookieSetInteger BEFORE invoking cgiHeaderLocation.
-
void cgiHeaderStatus(int status, char *statusMessage)
-
cgiHeaderStatus() should be called if the programmer wishes to
output an HTTP error status code instead of a document. The status
code is the first argument; the second argument is the status
message to be displayed to the user.
If you wish to set cookies, you must make your calls to cgiHeaderCookieSet and cgiHeaderCookieSetInteger BEFORE invoking cgiHeaderStatus.
-
void cgiHeaderContentType(char *mimeType)
-
cgiHeaderContentType() should be called if the programmer wishes to
output a new document in response to the user's request. This is
the normal case. The single argument is the MIME document type
of the response; typical values are "text/html" for HTML documents,
"text/plain" for plain ASCII without HTML tags, "image/gif" for
a GIF image and "audio/basic" for .au-format audio.
If you wish to set cookies, you must make your calls to cgiHeaderCookieSet and cgiHeaderCookieSetInteger BEFORE invoking cgiHeaderContentType.
-
void cgiHeaderCookieSet(char *name, char *value,
int secondsToLive, char *path, char *domain, int options)
-
cgiHeaderCookieSet() should be called when the programmer wishes
to store a piece of information in the user's browser, so that the
stored information is again presented to the server on subsequent
accesses to the relevant site. The first argument is the name of the
cookie to be stored; for best results in all browsers, use a short
name without spaces or unusual punctuation. The second argument is
the value of the cookie to be stored. Again, for best results, use
a short string; it is recommended that cookies be used to store a
unique identifier which is then used to look up more detailed
information in a database on the server side. Attempts to store
elaborate information on the browser side are much more likely to fail.
The third argument is the number of seconds that the cookie should
be kept by the browser; 86400 is a single full day, 365*86400 is
roughly one year. The fourth argument is the partial URL of the
web site within which the cookie is relevant. If the cookie should
be sent to the server for every access to the entire site,
set this argument to
/. The final argument is the web site name or entire domain for which this cookie should be submitted; if you choose to have the cookie sent back for an entire domain, this argument must begin with a dot, such as.boutell.dev. The cgic variables cgiScriptName and cgiServerName are convenient values for the fourth and fifth arguments. The sixth argument is a bitmask for specifying cookie security options. It can be zero (no options) or a bitwise-OR of the followingenum cgiCookieOptionvalues:cgiCookieSecurecgiCookieHttpOnlycgiCookieSameSiteStrict
See also cgiHeaderCookieSetString, cgiHeaderCookieSetInteger, cgiCookieString, cgiCookieInteger and cgiCookies. -
void cgiHeaderCookieSetString(char *name, char *value,
int secondsToLive, char *path, char *domain)
-
cgiHeaderCookieSetString() is kept for API compability reasons. It calls
cgiHeaderCookieSet with zero (0) as sixth
argument, i.e. no cookie options are set.
-
void cgiHeaderCookieSetInteger(char *name, int value,
int secondsToLive, char *path, char *domain)
-
cgiHeaderCookieSetInteger() is identical to
cgiHeaderCookieSetString,
except that the value to be set is an integer rather than a string.
See cgiHeaderCookieSetString
for complete information.
- cgiFormResultType cgiCookieString(
char *name, char *result, int max)
- cgiFormString attempts to retrieve the string sent for the
specified cookie (browser-side persistent storage). The
text will be copied into
the buffer specified by result, up to but not
exceeding max-1 bytes; a terminating null is then
added to complete the string.
cgiCookieString returns cgiFormSuccess if the string was
successfully retrieved,
cgiFormTruncated if the string was
retrieved but was truncated to fit the buffer,
cgiFormEmpty if the string was
retrieved but was empty, and cgiFormNotFound if no
such cookie was submitted. In the last case,
an empty string is copied to result.
- cgiFormResultType cgiCookieInteger(
char *name, int *result, int defaultV)
- cgiCookieInteger() attempts to retrieve the integer sent for the
specified cookie (browser-side persistent storage). The value
pointed to by result will be set to the value submitted.
cgiCookieInteger() returns
cgiFormSuccess if the value was successfully retrieved,
cgiFormEmpty if the value submitted is an empty string,
cgiFormBadType if the value submitted is not an integer,
and cgiFormNotFound if no such
input field was submitted. In the last three cases, the value
pointed to by result is set to the specified default.
See also cgiCookieString, cgiCookies, cgiHeaderCookieSet, cgiHeaderCookieSetString, and cgiHeaderCookieSetInteger. - cgiFormResultType cgiCookies(
char *name, char ***ptrToStringArray)
- cgiCookies is useful when the programmer cannot know the names
of all relevant cookies (browser-side persistent strings) in advance.
The value pointed to by result will be set to a pointer to an array
of strings; the last
entry in the array will be a null pointer. This array is allocated
by the CGI library. Important: when done working with the array,
you must call cgiStringArrayFree() with the array pointer as the
argument. cgiCookies() returns cgiFormSuccess except in the event of an out of memory error.
On success, ptrToStringArray is set to point to a
valid array of strings, with the last element in the array being a
null pointer; in the out-of-memory case ptrToStringArray is set to
a null pointer, and
cgiFormOutOfMemory is returned.
-
cgiFormResultType cgiHtmlEscape(char *s)
-
cgiHtmlEscape() outputs the specified null-terminated string to
cgiOut,
escaping any <, &, and > characters encountered correctly so that
they do not interfere with HTML markup. Returns
cgiFormSuccess, or
cgiFormIO in the event of an I/O error.
-
cgiFormResultType cgiHtmlEscapeData(char *data, int len)
-
cgiHtmlEscapeData() is identical to cgiHtmlEscape,
except that the data is not null-terminated. This version of the function
outputs
lenbytes. See cgiHtmlEscape for more information. -
cgiFormResultType cgiValueEscape(char *s)
-
cgiValueEscape() outputs the specified null-terminated string to
cgiOut,
escaping any " characters encountered correctly so that
they do not interfere with the quotation marks of HTML attribute
values. This is useful when outputting a string as part of the
value attribute of an input tag, or the href attribute of a link
or form tag. This function returns
cgiFormSuccess, or
cgiFormIO in the event of an I/O error.
-
cgiFormResultType cgiValueEscapeData(char *data, int len)
-
cgiValueEscapeData() is identical to cgiValueEscape,
except that the data is not null-terminated. This version of the function
outputs
lenbytes. See cgiValueEscape for more information. -
cgiEnvironmentResultType cgiWriteEnvironment(char *filename)
-
cgiWriteEnvironment() can
be used to write the entire CGI environment, including
form data, to the specified output file;
cgiReadEnvironment()
can then be used to restore that environment from the specified
input file for debugging. Of course, these will only work as expected
if you use the cgic copies of the CGI environment
variables and cgiIn and
cgiOut rather than stdin and
stdout (also see above). These functions are useful in order
to capture real CGI situations while the web server is running, then
recreate them in a debugging environment. Both functions
return cgiEnvironmentSuccess on
success, cgiEnvironmentIO on an I/O
error, and cgiEnvironmentMemory
on an out-of-memory error.
-
cgiEnvironmentResultType cgiReadEnvironment(char *filename)
-
cgiReadEnvironment() restores a CGI environment saved to the specified file by
cgiWriteEnvironment().
Of course, these will only work as expected
if you use the cgic copies of the CGI environment
variables and cgiIn and
cgiOut rather than stdin and
stdout (also see above). These functions are useful in order
to capture real CGI situations while the web server is running, then
recreate them in a debugging environment. Both functions
return cgiEnvironmentSuccess on success,
cgiEnvironmentIO on an I/O error, and
cgiEnvironmentMemory
on an out-of-memory error.
- int cgiMain()
- The programmer must write this function, which performs the unique task of the program and is invoked by the true main() function, found in the cgic library itself. The return value from cgiMain will be the return value of the program. It is expected that the user will make numerous calls to the cgiForm functions from within this function. See how to write a cgic application for details.
Most of these variables are equivalent to various CGI environment variables. The most important difference is that the cgic environment string variables are never null pointers. They will always point to valid C strings of zero or more characters.
- char *cgiServerSoftware
- Points to the name of the server software,
or to an empty string if unknown.
- char *cgiServerName
- Points to the name of the server,
or to an empty string if unknown.
- char *cgiGatewayInterface
- Points to the name of the gateway interface (usually CGI/1.1),
or to an empty string if unknown.
- char *cgiServerProtocol
- Points to the protocol in use (usually HTTP/1.0),
or to an empty string if unknown.
- char *cgiServerPort
- Points to the port number on which the server is listening
for HTTP connections (usually 80), or an empty string if unknown.
- char *cgiRequestMethod
- Points to the method used in the request (usually GET or POST),
or an empty string if unknown (this should not happen).
- char *cgiPathInfo
- Most web servers recognize any additional path information in
the URL of the request beyond the name of the CGI program itself and
pass that information on to the program. cgiPathInfo points to this
additional path information.
- char *cgiPathTranslated
- Most web servers recognize any additional path information in
the URL of the request beyond the name of the CGI program itself and
pass that information on to the program. cgiPathTranslated points
to this additional path information, translated by the server into a
filesystem path on the local server.
- char *cgiScriptName
- Points to the name under which the program was invoked.
- char *cgiQueryString
- Contains any query information submitted by the user as a result
of a GET-method form or an <ISINDEX> tag. Note that this
information need not be parsed directly unless an <ISINDEX> tag
was used; normally it is parsed automatically by the cgic library. Use
the cgiForm family of functions to retrieve the values associated
with form input fields. See how to write
a cgic application for more information.
- char *cgiRemoteHost
- Points to the fully resolved hostname of the browser, if known,
or an empty string if unknown.
- char *cgiRemoteAddr
- Points to the dotted-decimal IP address of the browser, if known,
or an empty string if unknown.
- char *cgiAuthType
- Points to the type of authorization used for the request,
if any, or an empty string if none or unknown.
- char *cgiRemoteUser
- Points to the user name under which the user has
authenticated; an empty string if no authentication has
taken place. The certainty of this information depends on
the type of authorization in use; see
cgiAuthType.
- char *cgiRemoteIdent
- Points to the user name volunteered by the user via
the user identification protocol; an empty
string if unknown. This information is not secure.
Identification demons can be installed by users on
insecure systems such as Windows machines.
- char *cgiContentType
- Points to the MIME content type of the information
submitted by the user, if any; an empty string if no
information was submitted. If this string is equal to
application/x-www-form-urlencodedormultipart/form-data, the cgic library will automatically examine the form data submitted. If this string has any other non-empty value, a different type of data has been submitted. This is currently very rare, as most browsers can only submit forms and file uploads which cgic parses directly. - char *cgiCookie
- Points to the raw cookie (browser-side persistent storage)
data submitted by the web browser.
Programmers should use the functions cgiCookies,
cgiCookieString and
cgiCookieInteger instead of
examining this string directly.
- char *cgiAccept
- Points to a space-separated list of MIME content types
acceptable to the browser (see
cgiHeaderContentType() ), or an empty string. Unfortunately, this variable
is not supplied in a useful form by most current browsers. Programmers wishing
to make decisions based on the capabilities of the browser
are advised to check the cgiUserAgent
variable against a list of browsers and capabilities instead.
- char *cgiUserAgent
-
Points to the name of the browser in use, or an empty
string if this information is not available.
- char *cgiReferrer
-
Points to the URL of the previous page visited by the user. This is
often the URL of the form that brought the user to your program.
Note that reporting this information is entirely up to the browser,
which may choose not do so, and may choose not to do so truthfully.
However, this variable is typically accurate. The frequently
used misspelling cgiReferer is also supplied as a macro.
- int cgiContentLength
- The number of bytes of form or query data received.
Note that if the submission is a form or query submission
the library will read and parse all the information
directly from cgiIn and/or cgiQueryString. The programmer should
not do so, and indeed the cgiIn pointer will be at end-of-file
in such cases.
- FILE *cgiOut
- Pointer to CGI output. The cgiHeader functions, such as
cgiHeaderContentType, should
be used first to output the mime headers; the output HTML
page, GIF image or other web document should then be written
to cgiOut by the programmer using standard C I/O functions
such as fprintf() and fwrite(). cgiOut is normally equivalent
to stdout; however, it is recommended that cgiOut be used to
ensure compatibility with future versions of cgic for
specialized environments.
- FILE *cgiIn
- Pointer to CGI input. In 99.99% of cases, you will not need this. CGIC 2.0 supports both regular POST form submissions and multipart/form-data file upload form submissions directly.
In most cases, cgic functions are designed to produce reasonable results even when browsers and users do unreasonable things. However, it is sometimes important to know precisely which unreasonable things took place, especially when assigning a default value or bounding a value is an inadequate solution. The following result codes are useful in making this determination.
- cgiFormSuccess
- Indicates that the function successfully performed at least one
action (or retrieved at least one value, where applicable).
- cgiFormTruncated
- Indicates that a string value retrieved from the user was
cut short to avoid overwriting the end of a buffer.
- cgiFormBadType
- Indicates that a "numeric" value submitted by the user was
in fact not a legal number.
- cgiFormEmpty
- Indicates that a field was retrieved but contained no data.
- cgiFormNotFound
- Indicates that no value was submitted for a particular field.
- cgiFormConstrained
- Indicates that a numeric value was beyond the specified bounds
and was forced to the lower or upper bound as appropriate.
- cgiFormNoSuchChoice
- Indicates that the value submitted for a single-choice field
(such as a radio-button group) was not one of the acceptable values.
This usually indicates a discrepancy between the form and the program.
- cgiFormEOF
- Returned by cgiFormFileRead
when, at the start of the call, the cgiFilePtr object is already
positioned at the end of the uploaded file data.
- cgiFormIO
- Returned by cgiFormFileRead
when an I/O error occurs while reading uploaded file data.
- cgiFormNotAFile
- Returned in response to an attempt to manipulate a form field
that is not a file upload field using a file-related function.
- cgiFormNoContentType
- Returned in response to an attempt to fetch the content type of
a file-upload field when the content type is not specified by the browser.
- cgiFormNoFileName
- Returned in response to an attempt to fetch the file name of
a file-upload field when a file name is not specified by the browser.
- cgiFormOpenFailed
- Returned in response to an attempt to read from a null
cgiFilePtr object, typically when the programmer has failed to
check the result of a call to cgiFormFileOpen.
- cgiEnvironmentMemory
- Indicates that an attempt to read or write the CGI environment
to or from a capture file failed due to an out-of-memory error.
- cgiEnvironmentSuccess
- Indicates that an attempt to read or write the CGI environment
to or from a capture file was successful.
- cgiEnvironmentIO
- Indicates that an attempt to read or write the CGI environment
to or from a capture file failed due to an I/O error.
- cgiEnvironmentWrongVersion
- Indicates that an attempt to read from a saved debugging CGI environment produced by a pre-2.0 version of CGIC was made.