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An inclusive definition
for all kinds of Work.
This project is maintained by Open@RIT
Hosted on
GitHub Pages
Goal of Open Work
People produce and collaborate on all different types of Works within academia and beyond. Different
types of Works can be released and developed among communities of practice in different ways.
To treat each type of Open Work as its own silo hinders the ability for these Works to be used
interchangeably among each other.
We use the term Open Work to talk about a larger theory of practice in which Works of all types are
developed, distributed, and collaborated upon.
<h3 class="subtitle">Definition of Open Work</h3>
<br>
<p class="subtitle font-normal text-lg">An Open Work delineates the meaning of “Open” with respect
to work products and projects that are
released into the public domain or under a license recognized by an entity such as, but not
limited
to,
the Open Source Initiative (OSI), the Free Software Foundation GNU, the Creative Commons (CC) or
the
Open Knowledge Foundation (OKF) with the intent of promoting a robust community of collaboration
around
the work itself and other work that it may interoperate with.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="block sm:hidden">
<h3 class="subtitle">Definition of Open Work</h3>
<br>
<p class="subtitle font-normal text-lg">An Open Work delineates the meaning of “Open” with respect to work
products and projects that are
released into the public domain or under a license recognized by an entity such as, but not limited
to,
the Open Source Initiative (OSI), the Free Software Foundation GNU, the Creative Commons (CC) or the
Open Knowledge Foundation (OKF) with the intent of promoting a robust community of collaboration
around
the work itself and other work that it may interoperate with.</p>
</div>
<img class="hidden sm:block z-10 mt-[-2.5rem]" src="./assets/img/illustrations/three-people-talking.svg" alt="">
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<div
class="accordion-item rounded-none border border-t-0 border-l-0 border-r-0 border-neutral-200 bg-[#F2F2F2]">
<h2 class="mb-0" id="flush-headingWorkDef">
<button
class="accordion-button accordion-button--gray group relative flex w-full items-center rounded-none border-0 py-4 px-5 text-left text-base transition [overflow-anchor:none] hover:z-[2] focus:z-[3] focus:outline-non"
type="button" data-te-collapse-collapsed data-te-collapse-init
data-te-target="#flush-collapseWorkDef" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseWorkDef">
<img class="mr-4 w-8" src="./assets/img/icons/documents-2.svg" alt="">
Definition of Work
<span
class="ml-auto h-5 w-5 shrink-0 rotate-[-180deg] transition-transform duration-[350ms] origin-center ease-in-out group-[[data-te-collapse-collapsed]]:mr-0 group-[[data-te-collapse-collapsed]]:rotate-0 motion-reduce:transition-none">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="1.5"
stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6">
<path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 8.25l-7.5 7.5-7.5-7.5" />
</svg>
</span>
</button>
</h2>
<div id="flush-collapseWorkDef" class="!visible hidden border-0" data-te-collapse-item
aria-labelledby="flush-headingWorkDef" data-te-parent="#accordionCol3">
<div class="py-4 px-5">
<p>A <b>Work</b> is any piece of copyrightable material. This could be software, writing, music, and
many other things.
<br><br>
<a href="#types-of-open-work">See below</a> for common types of Open Works.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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class="accordion-item rounded-none border border-t-0 border-l-0 border-r-0 border-neutral-200 bg-[#F2F2F2]">
<h2 class="mb-0" id="flush-headingLicenseDef">
<button
class="accordion-button accordion-button--gray group relative flex w-full items-center rounded-none border-0 py-4 px-5 text-left text-base transition [overflow-anchor:none] hover:z-[2] focus:z-[3] focus:outline-non"
type="button" data-te-collapse-collapsed data-te-collapse-init
data-te-target="#flush-collapseLicenseDef" aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="flush-collapseWorkDef">
<img class="mr-4 w-8" src="./assets/img/icons/no-copyright.svg" alt="">
Definition of License
<span
class="ml-auto h-5 w-5 shrink-0 rotate-[-180deg] transition-transform duration-[350ms] origin-center ease-in-out group-[[data-te-collapse-collapsed]]:mr-0 group-[[data-te-collapse-collapsed]]:rotate-0 motion-reduce:transition-none">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="1.5"
stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6">
<path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 8.25l-7.5 7.5-7.5-7.5" />
</svg>
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aria-labelledby="flush-headingLicenseDef" data-te-parent="#accordionCol3">
<div class="py-4 px-5">
<p>A <b>License</b>, in this context, is a document describing the terms and conditions that one is
allowed to use a <b>Work</b>.
<br><br>
A <b>License</b> is necessary for any <b>Work</b> to be considered
<b>Open</b> unless that work is <b>Public Domain</b>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div
class="accordion-item rounded-none border border-t-0 border-l-0 border-r-0 border-neutral-200 bg-[#F2F2F2]">
<h2 class="mb-0" id="flush-headingOpenDef">
<button
class="accordion-button accordion-button--gray group relative flex w-full items-center rounded-none border-0 py-4 px-5 text-left text-base transition [overflow-anchor:none] hover:z-[2] focus:z-[3] focus:outline-non"
type="button" data-te-collapse-collapsed data-te-collapse-init
data-te-target="#flush-collapseOpenDef" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="flush-collapseWorkDef">
<img class="mr-4 w-8" src="./assets/img/icons/documents.svg" alt="">
Definition of Open
<span
class="ml-auto h-5 w-5 shrink-0 rotate-[-180deg] transition-transform duration-[350ms] origin-center ease-in-out group-[[data-te-collapse-collapsed]]:mr-0 group-[[data-te-collapse-collapsed]]:rotate-0 motion-reduce:transition-none">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="1.5"
stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6">
<path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 8.25l-7.5 7.5-7.5-7.5" />
</svg>
</span>
</button>
</h2>
<div id="flush-collapseOpenDef" class="!visible hidden border-0" data-te-collapse-item
aria-labelledby="flush-headingOpenDef" data-te-parent="#accordionCol3">
<div class="py-4 px-5">
<p>As with most definitions of Open, our definition specifically focuses on the licensing and
redistribution of a Work. That work must be available and licensed so anyone can view it,
redistribute it, and modify it openly, in compliance with whatever license has been applied to
it.
<br><br>
For more details on the exact definition of Open - See the <a
href="http://opendefinition.org/od/2.1/en/">OKF's definition of “Open.”</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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class="accordion-item rounded-none border border-t-0 border-l-0 border-r-0 border-neutral-200 bg-[#F2F2F2]">
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type="button" data-te-collapse-collapsed data-te-collapse-init
data-te-target="#flush-collapsePubDomainDef" aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="flush-collapseWorkDef">
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Definition of Public Domain
<span
class="ml-auto h-5 w-5 shrink-0 rotate-[-180deg] transition-transform duration-[350ms] origin-center ease-in-out group-[[data-te-collapse-collapsed]]:mr-0 group-[[data-te-collapse-collapsed]]:rotate-0 motion-reduce:transition-none">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="1.5"
stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6">
<path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 8.25l-7.5 7.5-7.5-7.5" />
</svg>
</span>
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aria-labelledby="flush-headingPubDomainDef" data-te-parent="#accordionCol3">
<div class="py-4 px-5">
<p>When a <b>Work</b> has no copyright, it is available to the public. This means that no individual
has
any ownership over that work. A <b>Public Domain Work</b> cannot be <b>Licensed</b> as there is
no
copyright holder.
<br><br>
<b>A Public Domain Work</b> is considered one form of an <b>Open Work</b>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="flex flex-col items-start align-top">
<h3 class="mb-2 subtitle">Definition of Work</h3>
<p>A <b>Work</b> is any piece of copyrightable material. This could be software, writing, music, and
many other things.
<br><br>
<a href="#types-of-open-work">See below</a> for common types of Open Works.
</p>
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<h3 class="mb-2 subtitle">Definition of License</h3>
<p>A <b class="font-medium">License</b>, in this context, is a document describing the terms and
conditions that one is
allowed to use a <b>Work</b>.
<br><br>
A <b>License</b> is necessary for any <b>Work</b> to be considered
<b>Open</b> unless that work is <b>Public Domain</b>.
</p>
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<div class="flex flex-col items-start align-top">
<h3 class="mb-2 subtitle">Definition of Open</h3>
<p>As with most definitions of Open, our definition specifically focuses on the licensing and
redistribution of a Work. That work must be available and licensed so anyone can view it,
redistribute it, and modify it openly, in compliance with whatever license has been applied to it.
<br><br>
For more details on the exact definition of Open - See the <a
href="http://opendefinition.org/od/2.1/en/">OKF's definition of “Open.”</a>
</p>
<img class="absolute top-[-12px] right-[-12px] w-14" src="./assets/img/icons/documents.svg" alt="">
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</div>
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<div class="flex flex-col items-start align-top">
<h3 class="mb-2 subtitle">Definition of Public Domain</h3>
<p>When a <b>Work</b> has no copyright, it is available to the public. This means that no individual has
any ownership over that work. A <b>Public Domain Work</b> cannot be <b>Licensed</b> as there is no
copyright holder.
<br><br>
<b>A Public Domain Work</b> is considered one form of an <b>Open Work</b>.
</p>
<img class="absolute top-[-12px] right-[-12px] w-12" src="./assets/img/icons/no-copyright-2.svg" alt="">
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The intellectual “Family Tree” of the term Open Work includes examples from technology, science, and the arts.
Technology
Distribution
Religion: Arguably the first “Open Hardware” license, from the manual/instructions for the
Sandin Image Processor) (1976-1978)
CopyLeft: Li-Chen Wang's Palo Alto Tiny BASIC (1976)
Free Software, the FSF and the GPL: Richard Stallman et al beginning
in 1984-Present
Open Source: The
term coined by Christine Peterson and the
creation of the Open Software Initiative,
1998
Literature and the Arts
Umberto Eco's “The Open Work” is art with “two constituents: a multiplicity of meanings and the participation of the audience."
Science
The intellectual “Family Tree” of the term Open Work includes examples from technology, science, and the arts.
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<div class="accordion space-y-6" id="typesOfOpenWorkCol1">
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<div
class="accordion-item rounded-none border border-t-0 border-l-0 border-r-0 border-neutral-200 bg-[#F2F2F2]">
<h2 class="mb-0" id="flush-headingOpenEd">
<button
class="accordion-button accordion-button--gray group relative flex w-full items-center rounded-none border-0 py-4 px-5 text-left text-base transition [overflow-anchor:none] hover:z-[2] focus:z-[3] focus:outline-non"
type="button" data-te-collapse-collapsed data-te-collapse-init
data-te-target="#flush-collapseOpenEd" aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="flush-collapseOpenEd">
<img class="mr-4" src="./assets/img/icons/educational-resources.svg" alt="">
Open Educational Resources
<span
class="ml-auto h-5 w-5 shrink-0 rotate-[-180deg] transition-transform duration-[350ms] origin-center ease-in-out group-[[data-te-collapse-collapsed]]:mr-0 group-[[data-te-collapse-collapsed]]:rotate-0 motion-reduce:transition-none">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="1.5"
stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6">
<path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 8.25l-7.5 7.5-7.5-7.5" />
</svg>
</span>
</button>
</h2>
<div id="flush-collapseOpenEd" class="!visible hidden border-0" data-te-collapse-item
aria-labelledby="flush-headingOpenEd" data-te-parent="#typesOfOpenWorkCol1">
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<p>OER are openly licensed educational materials — everything from a single lesson plan to an
entire
textbook — that are free to use, customize, and share.
<br>
<br>
<a href="https://www.oercommons.org/oer-101" rel="noopener noreferrer">OER
Commons</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- open innovation -->
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class="accordion-item rounded-none border border-t-0 border-l-0 border-r-0 border-neutral-200 bg-[#F2F2F2]">
<h2 class="mb-0" id="flush-headingOpenInnovation">
<button
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type="button" data-te-collapse-collapsed data-te-collapse-init
data-te-target="#flush-collapseOpenInnovation" aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="flush-collapseOpenInnovation">
<img class="mr-4" src="./assets/img/icons/innovation.svg" alt="">
Open Innovation
<span
class="ml-auto h-5 w-5 shrink-0 rotate-[-180deg] transition-transform duration-[350ms] origin-center ease-in-out group-[[data-te-collapse-collapsed]]:mr-0 group-[[data-te-collapse-collapsed]]:rotate-0 motion-reduce:transition-none">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="1.5"
stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6">
<path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 8.25l-7.5 7.5-7.5-7.5" />
</svg>
</span>
</button>
</h2>
<div id="flush-collapseOpenInnovation" class="!visible hidden border-0" data-te-collapse-item
aria-labelledby="flush-headingOpenInnovation" data-te-parent="#typesOfOpenWorkCol1">
<div class="py-4 px-5">
<p>"A distributed innovation process based on purposively managed knowledge flows across
organizational
boundaries, using pecuniary and non-pecuniary mechanisms in line with the organization's
business
model". <sup><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_innovation#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> —
Henry Chesbrough
<br>
<br>
This more recent definition acknowledges that open innovation is not solely firm-centric: it
also
includes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_consumer"> creative consumers</a>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_innovation#cite_note-5"><sup>[5]</sup></a> and
communities of user innovators. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_innovation#cite_note-6"><sup>[6]</sup></a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://openinnovation.net/about-2/open-innovation-definition/"
rel="noopener noreferrer">Open Innovation Community</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- open source software -->
<div
class="accordion-item rounded-none border border-t-0 border-l-0 border-r-0 border-neutral-200 bg-[#F2F2F2]">
<h2 class="mb-0" id="flush-headingOpenSoftware">
<button
class="accordion-button accordion-button--gray group relative flex w-full items-center rounded-none border-0 py-4 px-5 text-left text-base transition [overflow-anchor:none] hover:z-[2] focus:z-[3] focus:outline-non"
type="button" data-te-collapse-collapsed data-te-collapse-init
data-te-target="#flush-collapseOpenSoftware" aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="flush-collapseOpenSoftware">
<img class="mr-4" src="./assets/img/icons/software.svg" alt="">
Open Source Software
<span
class="ml-auto h-5 w-5 shrink-0 rotate-[-180deg] transition-transform duration-[350ms] origin-center ease-in-out group-[[data-te-collapse-collapsed]]:mr-0 group-[[data-te-collapse-collapsed]]:rotate-0 motion-reduce:transition-none">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="1.5"
stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6">
<path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 8.25l-7.5 7.5-7.5-7.5" />
</svg>
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</h2>
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<p>Open source software is code that is designed to be publicly accessible—anyone can see,
modify,
and
distribute the code as they see fit.
<br>
<br>
<a href="https://opensource.org/osd/"> OSI Open Source Definition</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- open scholarship -->
<div
class="accordion-item rounded-none border border-t-0 border-l-0 border-r-0 border-neutral-200 bg-[#F2F2F2]">
<h2 class="mb-0" id="flush-headingOpenScholarship">
<button
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type="button" data-te-collapse-collapsed data-te-collapse-init
data-te-target="#flush-collapseOpenScholarship" aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="flush-collapseOpenScholarship">
<img class="mr-4" src="./assets/img/icons/scholarship.svg" alt="">
Open Scholarship
<span
class="ml-auto h-5 w-5 shrink-0 rotate-[-180deg] transition-transform duration-[350ms] origin-center ease-in-out group-[[data-te-collapse-collapsed]]:mr-0 group-[[data-te-collapse-collapsed]]:rotate-0 motion-reduce:transition-none">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="1.5"
stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6">
<path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 8.25l-7.5 7.5-7.5-7.5" />
</svg>
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<p>Open Scholarship is defined by the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) as encompassing
open
access, open data, open educational resources, and all other forms of openness in the
scholarly
and
research environment, is changing how knowledge is created and shared.
<br>
<br>
<a href="https://guides.library.pdx.edu/c.php?g=931273&p=6711316">Portland State University
Library
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- open data/open knowledge -->
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class="accordion-item rounded-none border border-t-0 border-l-0 border-r-0 border-neutral-200 bg-[#F2F2F2]">
<h2 class="mb-0" id="flush-headingOpenData">
<button
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Open Data/Open Knowledge
<span
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="1.5"
stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6">
<path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 8.25l-7.5 7.5-7.5-7.5" />
</svg>
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</button>
</h2>
<div id="flush-collapseOpenData" class="!visible hidden border-0" data-te-collapse-item
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<p>A data set that is released freely for any to use and modify.
<br>
<br>
<a href="https://okfn.org/opendata/">OKF Open Data Definition</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="accordion mt-6 lg:mt-0 space-y-6" id="typesOfOpenWorkCol2">
<!-- open hardware -->
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<h2 class="mb-0" id="flush-headingOpenHardware">
<button
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Open Hardware
<span
class="ml-auto h-5 w-5 shrink-0 rotate-[-180deg] transition-transform duration-[350ms] origin-center ease-in-out group-[[data-te-collapse-collapsed]]:mr-0 group-[[data-te-collapse-collapsed]]:rotate-0 motion-reduce:transition-none">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="1.5"
stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6">
<path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 8.25l-7.5 7.5-7.5-7.5" />
</svg>
</span>
</button>
</h2>
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<p>Open source hardware is hardware whose design is made publicly available so that anyone can
study,
modify, distribute, make, and sell the design or hardware based on that design.
<br>
<br>
<a href="https://www.oshwa.org/definition/">Open Source Hardware Association</a>
</p>
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Open Science
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<p>Open science encompasses unhindered access to scientific articles, access to data from public research, and collaborative research enabled by ICT tools and incentives. <br>
<br>
<a href="https://www.oecd.org/sti/inno/open-science.htm">OECD Open Science Definition</a>
</p>
</div>
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</div>
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Open Design
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<p>Any piece of design work released freely for anyone to use or modify.
<br>
<br>
<a
href="https://github.com/OpenDesign-WorkingGroup/Open-Design-Definition/blob/master/open.design_definition/open.design.definition.md">Open
Design Working Group Definition</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
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Open Research
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<p>Open research comprises openness throughout the research cycle through collaborative working
and
sharing and making research methodology, software, code, and equipment freely available
online,
along with instructions for using it.
<br>
<br>
Open research includes making publications freely available online (open access) in addition
to
the underlying research data (open data).
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.exeter.ac.uk/research/openresearch/about/explained/">University of
Exeter
(UK)
</a>
</p>
</div>
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Open Access Journals
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<p>Open Access is the free, immediate, online availability of research articles combined with
the
rights to use these articles fully in the digital environment.
<br>
<br>
Open Access is the needed modern update for the communication of research that fully
utilizes
the Internet for what it was originally built to do—accelerate research. <br>
<br>
<br>
<a href="https://sparcopen.org/open-access/">SPARC on Open Access Journals</a>
</p>
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