workshop.tex

\documentclass{beamer}
\usepackage{graphicx} % Required for inserting images
\usepackage{hyperref}
\usepackage{csquotes}
\usepackage{listings}

\title{Commodore 64 Show and Tell}
\author{Folkert van Verseveld}
\date{October 23rd 2024}

\begin{document}

\maketitle


\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Emulators!}
    \begin{itemize}
    \item Google `C64 online'
    \begin{itemize}
        \item \url{https://c64online.com/}
        \item \url{https://virtualconsoles.com/online-emulators/c64/}
    \end{itemize}
    \item \href{https://vice-emu.sourceforge.io/index.html\#download}{Versatile Commodore Emulator}
    \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Contents}
\tableofcontents
\end{frame}

\section{Introduction}
\section{Coding environment}
\section{BASIC}
\section{Graphics}
\section{Music}

\section{Conclusions}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Introduction of the Personal Computer}

\begin{itemize}
\item Mini mainframe
\item `Cheap'
\item `User friendly'
\item Real PCs around 1977-1982
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{First Personal Computers}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{images/appleii.jpg}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{First Personal Computers}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/trs80.jpg}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{First Personal Computers}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.75\linewidth]{images/pet.jpg}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{First Personal Computers}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{images/vic20.jpg}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{First Personal Computers}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{images/ibm5150.jpg}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{First Personal Computers}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{images/zxspectrum.jpg}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Game Consoles}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{images/vcs.jpg}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Game Consoles}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\linewidth]{images/vectrex.jpg}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Game Consoles}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{images/nes.jpg}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Meet the most Successful PC of all time}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{images/desk.jpg}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Commodore 64}

The Guinness Book of World Records says:
\begin{displayquote}
the C64 is the best selling single computer model of all time with sales of about 30 million units between 1982 and 1993
\end{displayquote}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

%\frametitle{The Only Real One - Breadbin}
{
\usebackgroundtemplate{\includegraphics[width=\paperwidth]{images/breadbin.jpg}}
\begin{frame}[plain]
\end{frame}
}


%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{The `C64 slim' - C64C}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{images/c64c.jpg}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Modern Version (emulator)}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{images/boot.png}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Who would even use a C64 nowadays?}

Apparently, this garage in Poland still does!
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{images/c64c_garage.jpg}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{What can you do on a C64?}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{images/performance.png}
\end{figure}

MOS 6510 CPU at 985KHz (PAL), 64KB of RAM

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

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\begin{frame}[plain]
\end{frame}
}

%----------------------------------------------

{
\usebackgroundtemplate{\includegraphics[width=\paperwidth]{images/terminator.jpg}}
\begin{frame}[plain]
\end{frame}
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%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Coding environment}

Lets see if we can get this old machine up and running!

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{How did we write Programs back then?}

\begin{itemize}
\item No internet (BBS after some time)
\item Literature (magazines, books, \dots)
\item Mouth-to-mouth (meetings, competitions, parties, \dots)
\item `Download' programs from radio to tape!
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Personal Computers by Comparison}

\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline Year & Model & Introd. & Oct. 2024 & Now (ebay) \\ \hline
1977 & PET & \$795 & \$4136 & \$600-\$800 \\
1980 & VIC-20 & \$299.95 & \$1944 & \$60-\$260 \\
1982 & C64 & \$595 & \$1480 & \$50-\$200 \\ \hline
1977 & Apple ][ & \$1296 & \$6743 & \$60-\$250 \\
1981 & IBM PC & \$1565 & \$5428 & \$250-\$800? \\
1982 & ZX Spec. & \pounds 175 & \pounds 606 (\$653) & \$80-\$200 \\ \hline
1977 & VCS & \$199 & \$1035 & \$100-\$300 \\
1982 & Vectrex & \$199 & \$650 & \$400-\$700 \\
1983 & NES & \$179 & \$567 & \$70-\$180 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{What about storage?}

\begin{itemize}
    \item No hard disk included
    \item Too expensive (+\$599/+\$1957)
    \item Programs in RAM, firmware in ROM
    \item Power loss: program gone!
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Tapes}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/datasette.jpg}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Tapes}

\begin{itemize}
\item Sequential magnetic memory
\item 350KB-2000KB
\item Single/Double sides
\item Clumsy
\item Manually seek forward and rewind tape
\item Analog file table
\item `Let's whistle down some games!'
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Floppies!}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{images/c1541.jpg}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Floppies!}

\begin{itemize}
\item Real floppy
\item 5.25 inch, SD, DD
\item Single/Double sides
\item 300 RPM (5 revs/sec)
\item 178KB
\item About 2 blocks/sec (512 bytes/sec)
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Graphics - C64}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{images/palette.png}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Graphics Memory}

\begin{itemize}
\item 320x200 = 64,000
\item Only 65,536 - 64,000 = 1,536 bytes with bitmap
\item How do we solve this?
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Graphics Memory}

\begin{itemize}
\item Use 8x8 blocks
\item Text mode
\item Only 40 * 25 = 1,000 bytes
\item With 16 colors just 1,000 / 2 = 500 bytes more
\item 1,500 bytes
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{PETSCII - Text Mode}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/gary.png}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Standard Bitmap}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/sbm_tuksu.png}
\end{figure}

\begin{center}
Source: Duce
\end{center}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}[fragile]{Simple Graphics Program - BASIC}

\begin{lstlisting}
10 VIC=53248
20 C=PEEK(VIC+32)AND15
30 PRINT"KLEURCODE=",C
40 C=(C+3)AND15
50 POKEVIC+32,C
60 PRINT"KLEURCODE=",C
\end{lstlisting}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}[fragile]{Simple Graphics Program - BASIC}

\begin{lstlisting}
10 VIC=53248
20 FORC=0TO15
20 POKEVIC+32,C
40 FORT=1TO128:NEXT
50 NEXTC
\end{lstlisting}

\end{frame}


%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Audio SID chip}

\begin{itemize}
\item World's first audio synthesizer on chip
\item Analog \emph{and} Digital
\item Designer received different awards
\item 6581 and 8580
\item \href{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1UzJUCPkCjo}{Matt Gray: Driller Loader (PWM)}
\item \href{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wz36JWHTk-A}{Tim Follin: Ghouls N Ghosts}
\item \href{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdoHpxZJxAI}{Takahashi Tateishi: Mega Man 2 Dr Wily stage 1-2 (NES)}
\item \href{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdmpyXrgnUg}{Jeroen Tel: Robocop 3 BGM1-4}
\item \href{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnIiui46ggY}{Jeroen Tel \& LMan: Modern ringtone}

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Audio}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/adsr.png}
\end{figure}

\begin{tabular}{l|l}
Attack & Press key \\
Decay & Amplitude decays \\
Sustain & Amplitude remains constant \\
Release & `Fade-out' \\
\end{tabular}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Waveforms}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.75\linewidth]{images/waveforms.png}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{SID hacking - Arkanoid}

\begin{itemize}
\item Click/pop-bug in 6581
\item 4-bit PCM digital
\item \href{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8kyhQC5XL8}{Martin Galway: it was my first attempt. It sounds like farts}
\item \href{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OfYsDQqzhk8}{Jeroen Tel: Turbo Outrun}
\end{itemize}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{images/farts.png}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Programming Contests}

\begin{itemize}
\item \url{https://www.demoparty.net/}
\item \href{https://xparty.net/}{X} (World's biggest C64 party near Eindhoven, NL)
\begin{itemize}
\item Since 1995
\item Since 2004 once per 2 years
\item This year approx. 450 visitors
\end{itemize}
\item \href{https://www.demoparty.net/revision}{Revision} (largest demoparty in the world!)
\item \dots
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

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\begin{frame}[plain]
\end{frame}
}
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\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Thank you}

Any questions, feedback or suggestions?

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Extra slides}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{CPU and Memory by Comparison}

\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline Model & RAM (bytes) & CPU & MHz \\ \hline
PET & 8192 & MOS 6502 & 1 \\
VIC-20 & 5120 & MOS 6502 & 1.11 \\
C64 & 65536 & MOS 6510 & 0.985 \\ \hline
Apple ][ & 4096 & MOS 6502 & 1 \\
IBM PC & 16384 & i8086 & 4.04 \\
ZX Spectrum & 16384 & Z80 & 3.5 \\ \hline
VCS & 128 & MOS 6507 & 1.19 \\
Vectrex & 1024 & MC68A09 & 1.5 \\
NES & 2048 & Ricoh 2A03 & 1.6 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}

\end{frame}
%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Video Hardware by Comparison}

\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|}
\hline Model & Video & Colors \\
PET & none (CPU) & 1 \\
VIC-20 & VIC & 16 \\
C64 & VIC II & 16 \\
Apple ][ & none (CPU, TTL) & 1 or 4 \\
IBM PC & mono or CGA & 1 or 4 \\
ZX Spec. & none (CPU) & 8 \\ \hline
VCS & TIA & depends \\
Vectrex & VIA & none: brightness \\
NES & Ricoh 2C02 PPU & 52 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Audio Hardware by Comparison}

\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|}
\hline Model & Hardware & Type & Voices \\ \hline
PET & CPU PIO & 1-bit beeper & 0 \\
VIC-20 & VIC I & 8-bit digital & 4 \\
C64 & SID & A/D 8-bit synth. & 3 \\ \hline
Apple ][ & Speaker & 1-bit beeper & 0 \\
IBM PC & Speaker & 1-bit beeper & 0 \\
ZX Spectrum & AY-3-8192 & 8-bit digital & 4 \\ \hline
VCS & TIA & 5-bit digital & 2 \\
Vectrex & AY-3-8192 & 8-bit digital & 4 \\
NES & RP2A03 & 8-bit digital & 5 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{MOS 6502}

\begin{itemize}
\item Really cheap and successful
\item 6502, 6507, 6510, ricoh 2a03, \dots
\item PET, VIC-20, C64, VCS, NES, \dots
\item Embedded systems
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{SID - Techniques}

\begin{itemize}
\item Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) - Driller
\item Ring modulation (ring mod) - Zoids
\item Various techniques - Commando
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------



\end{document}