diff --git a/hsds/attr_sn.py b/hsds/attr_sn.py
index 95cbcf4f..e16058c0 100755
--- a/hsds/attr_sn.py
+++ b/hsds/attr_sn.py
@@ -1085,7 +1085,7 @@ async def PUT_AttributeValue(request):
     if binary_data:
         npoints = getNumElements(np_shape)
         if npoints * item_size != len(binary_data):
-            msg = f"Expected: {npoints*item_size} bytes, "
+            msg = f"Expected: {npoints * item_size} bytes, "
             msg += f"but got {len(binary_data)}"
             log.warn(msg)
             raise HTTPBadRequest(reason=msg)
diff --git a/hsds/chunk_dn.py b/hsds/chunk_dn.py
index d8f17997..bae53279 100644
--- a/hsds/chunk_dn.py
+++ b/hsds/chunk_dn.py
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ async def PUT_Chunk(request):
         # regular chunk update
         # check that the content_length is what we expect
         if itemsize != "H5T_VARIABLE":
-            log.debug(f"expected content_length: {num_elements*itemsize}")
+            log.debug(f"expected content_length: {num_elements * itemsize}")
         log.debug(f"actual content_length: {request.content_length}")
 
         actual = request.content_length
diff --git a/hsds/chunk_sn.py b/hsds/chunk_sn.py
index d01359ff..9924530e 100755
--- a/hsds/chunk_sn.py
+++ b/hsds/chunk_sn.py
@@ -916,7 +916,7 @@ async def PUT_Value(request):
 
         for page_number in range(len(pages)):
             page = pages[page_number]
-            msg = f"streaming request data for page: {page_number+1} of {len(pages)}, "
+            msg = f"streaming request data for page: {page_number + 1} of {len(pages)}, "
             msg += f"selection: {page}"
             log.info(msg)
             kwargs = {"page_number": page_number, "page": page}
@@ -1088,7 +1088,7 @@ async def GET_Value(request):
             try:
                 for page_number in range(len(pages)):
                     page = pages[page_number]
-                    msg = f"streaming response data for page: {page_number+1} "
+                    msg = f"streaming response data for page: {page_number + 1} "
                     msg += f"of {len(pages)}, selection: {page}"
                     log.info(msg)
 
diff --git a/hsds/chunklocator.py b/hsds/chunklocator.py
index 4821283e..6727de9e 100644
--- a/hsds/chunklocator.py
+++ b/hsds/chunklocator.py
@@ -231,4 +231,4 @@ def main():
     log.info('done')
     stop_time = time.time()
     log.info(f"chunklocator stop: {stop_time:.2f}")
-    log.info(f"chunklocator elapsed: {(stop_time-start_time):.2f}")
+    log.info(f"chunklocator elapsed: {(stop_time - start_time):.2f}")
diff --git a/hsds/hsds_app.py b/hsds/hsds_app.py
index 6f08e905..d21f9079 100644
--- a/hsds/hsds_app.py
+++ b/hsds/hsds_app.py
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ def __init__(
             sn_url = f"http+unix://{socket_url}sn_1.sock"
 
             for i in range(dn_count):
-                socket_name = f"dn_{(i+1)}.sock"
+                socket_name = f"dn_{(i + 1)}.sock"
                 dn_url = f"http+unix://{socket_url}{socket_name}"
                 self._dn_urls.append(dn_url)
                 self._socket_paths.append(f"{socket_dir}{socket_name}")
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ def __init__(
             sn_url = f"http://{host}:{sn_port}"
             dn_port = 6101  # TBD: pull this from config
             for i in range(dn_count):
-                dn_url = f"http://{host}:{dn_port+i}"
+                dn_url = f"http://{host}:{dn_port + i}"
                 self._dn_urls.append(dn_url)
 
         # sort the ports so that node_number can be determined based on dn_url
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ def run(self):
                     py_exe,
                     cmd_path,
                     "--node_type=dn",
-                    f"--log_prefix=dn{node_number+1} ",
+                    f"--log_prefix=dn{node_number + 1} ",
                 ]
                 pargs.append(f"--dn_urls={dn_urls_arg}")
                 pargs.append(f"--node_number={node_number}")
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ def run(self):
                     self.log.error(msg)
                     raise IOError(msg)
 
-        self.log.info(f"Ready after: {(time.time()-start_ts):4.2f} s")
+        self.log.info(f"Ready after: {(time.time() - start_ts):4.2f} s")
         self._ready = True
 
     def stop(self):
diff --git a/hsds/servicenode.py b/hsds/servicenode.py
index 2ea85319..8a5ddaee 100755
--- a/hsds/servicenode.py
+++ b/hsds/servicenode.py
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ def create_app():
     if hs_username:
         log.info(f"getCmdLine hs_username: {hs_username}")
     if hs_password:
-        log.info(f"getCmdLine hs_password: {'*'*len(hs_password)}")
+        log.info(f"getCmdLine hs_password: {'*' * len(hs_password)}")
     if hs_username:
         setPassword(app, hs_username, hs_password)
 
diff --git a/hsds/util/awsLambdaClient.py b/hsds/util/awsLambdaClient.py
index 7c090d4a..fe801380 100644
--- a/hsds/util/awsLambdaClient.py
+++ b/hsds/util/awsLambdaClient.py
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ async def __aenter__(self):
             msg = f"lambda.invoke({self.lambdaFunction} "
             msg += f"start={start_time:.4f} "
             msg += f"finish={finish_time:.4f} "
-            msg += f"elapsed={finish_time-start_time:.4f}"
+            msg += f"elapsed={finish_time - start_time:.4f}"
             log.info(msg)
             self.funcStats["inflight"] -= 1
             msg = f"lambda.invoke - {self.funcStats['inflight']} "
diff --git a/hsds/util/azureBlobClient.py b/hsds/util/azureBlobClient.py
index e8c6313d..6b22c869 100644
--- a/hsds/util/azureBlobClient.py
+++ b/hsds/util/azureBlobClient.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def __init__(self, app):
             msg = "No connection string specified"
             log.error(msg)
             raise ValueError(msg)
-        log.info(f"Using azure_connection_string: {'*'*len(azure_connection_string)}")
+        log.info(f"Using azure_connection_string: {'*' * len(azure_connection_string)}")
 
         self._client = BlobServiceClient.from_connection_string(azure_connection_string)
 
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ async def get_object(self, key, bucket=None, offset=0, length=-1):
             finish_time = time.time()
             msg = f"azureBlobClient.get_object({key} bucket={bucket}) "
             msg += f"start={start_time:.4f} finish={finish_time:.4f} "
-            msg += f"elapsed={finish_time-start_time:.4f} "
+            msg += f"elapsed={finish_time - start_time:.4f} "
             msg += f"bytes={len(data)}"
             log.info(msg)
         except CancelledError as cle:
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ async def put_object(self, key, data, bucket=None):
             log.debug(f"put_object {key} returning: {rsp}")
             msg = f"azureBlobClient.put_object({key} bucket={bucket}) "
             msg += f"start={start_time:.4f} finish={finish_time:.4f} "
-            msg += "elapsed={finish_time-start_time:.4f} "
+            msg += "elapsed={finish_time - start_time:.4f} "
             msg += f"bytes={len(data)}"
             log.info(msg)
 
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ async def delete_object(self, key, bucket=None):
             finish_time = time.time()
             msg = f"azureBlobClient.delete_object({key} bucket={bucket}) "
             msg += f"start={start_time:.4f} finish={finish_time:.4f} "
-            msg += f"elapsed={finish_time-start_time:.4f}"
+            msg += f"elapsed={finish_time - start_time:.4f}"
             log.info(msg)
 
         except CancelledError as cle:
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ async def is_object(self, key, bucket=None):
 
         msg = f"azureBlobClient.is_object({key} bucket={bucket}) "
         msg += f"start={start_time:.4f} finish={finish_time:.4f} "
-        msg += f"elapsed={finish_time-start_time:.4f}"
+        msg += f"elapsed={finish_time - start_time:.4f}"
         log.info(msg)
 
         return found
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ async def get_key_stats(self, key, bucket=None):
         key_stats["LastModified"] = datetime.datetime.timestamp(lm_dt)
         msg = f"azureBlobClient.get_key_stats({key} bucket={bucket}) "
         msg += f"start={start_time:.4f} finish={finish_time:.4f} "
-        msg += f"elapsed={finish_time-start_time:.4f}"
+        msg += f"elapsed={finish_time - start_time:.4f}"
         log.info(msg)
 
         return key_stats
diff --git a/hsds/util/dsetUtil.py b/hsds/util/dsetUtil.py
index 34fd9bfb..9f625ad4 100644
--- a/hsds/util/dsetUtil.py
+++ b/hsds/util/dsetUtil.py
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ def getSelectionList(select, dims):
                     raise ValueError(f"Invalid coordinate for dim {dim}")
                 if coord < 0 or coord >= extent:
                     msg = f"out of range coordinate for dim {dim}, {coord} "
-                    msg += f"not in range: 0-{extent-1}"
+                    msg += f"not in range: 0-{extent - 1}"
                     raise ValueError(msg)
                 if last_coord is not None and coord <= last_coord:
                     raise ValueError("coordinates must be increasing")
diff --git a/hsds/util/fileClient.py b/hsds/util/fileClient.py
index b803162d..a481ac5e 100644
--- a/hsds/util/fileClient.py
+++ b/hsds/util/fileClient.py
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ async def get_object(self, key, bucket=None, offset=0, length=-1):
         self._validateKey(key)
 
         if length > 0:
-            range = f"bytes={offset}-{offset+length-1}"
+            range = f"bytes={offset} - {offset + length - 1}"
             log.info(f"storage range request: {range}")
 
         filepath = self._getFilePath(bucket, key)
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ async def get_object(self, key, bucket=None, offset=0, length=-1):
             finish_time = time.time()
             msg = f"fileClient.get_object({key} bucket={bucket}) "
             msg += f"start={start_time:.4f} finish={finish_time:.4f} "
-            msg += f"elapsed={finish_time-start_time:.4f}  bytes={len(data)}"
+            msg += f"elapsed={finish_time - start_time:.4f}  bytes={len(data)}"
             log.info(msg)
         except FileNotFoundError:
             msg = f"fileClient: {key} not found "
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ async def put_object(self, key, data, bucket=None):
             finish_time = time.time()
             msg = f"fileClient.put_object({key} bucket={bucket}) "
             msg += f"start={start_time:.4f} finish={finish_time:.4f} "
-            msg += f"elapsed={finish_time-start_time:.4f} bytes={len(data)}"
+            msg += f"elapsed={finish_time - start_time:.4f} bytes={len(data)}"
             log.info(msg)
             write_rsp = self._getFileStats(filepath, data=data)
         except IOError as ioe:
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ async def delete_object(self, key, bucket=None):
             finish_time = time.time()
             msg = f"fileClient.delete_object({key} bucket={bucket}) "
             msg += f"start={start_time:.4f} finish={finish_time:.4f} "
-            msg += f"elapsed={finish_time-start_time:.4f}"
+            msg += f"elapsed={finish_time - start_time:.4f}"
             log.info(msg)
 
         except IOError as ioe:
diff --git a/hsds/util/idUtil.py b/hsds/util/idUtil.py
index 3561e079..f25d1cb5 100644
--- a/hsds/util/idUtil.py
+++ b/hsds/util/idUtil.py
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ def createNodeId(prefix, node_number=None):
     node_id = ""  # nothing too bad happens if this doesn't get set
     if node_number is not None:
         # just make an id based on the node_number
-        hash_key = f"{node_number+1:03d}"
+        hash_key = f"{node_number + 1:03d}"
     else:
         # use the container id if we are running inside docker
         hash_key = getIdHash(str(uuid.uuid1()))
diff --git a/hsds/util/lruCache.py b/hsds/util/lruCache.py
index 21fdea45..fd04b7a4 100644
--- a/hsds/util/lruCache.py
+++ b/hsds/util/lruCache.py
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ def consistencyCheck(self):
             if pos == 0:
                 raise ValueError(f"unexpected node: {node._id}")
             if node._id != id_list[pos - 1]:
-                msg = f"expected node: {id_list[pos-1]} but found: {node._id}"
+                msg = f"expected node: {id_list[pos - 1]} but found: {node._id}"
                 raise ValueError(msg)
             pos -= 1
             node = node._prev
diff --git a/hsds/util/s3Client.py b/hsds/util/s3Client.py
index 0d3d692e..698af580 100644
--- a/hsds/util/s3Client.py
+++ b/hsds/util/s3Client.py
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ async def get_object(self, key, bucket=None, offset=0, length=-1):
 
         range = ""
         if length > 0:
-            range = f"bytes={offset}-{offset+length-1}"
+            range = f"bytes={offset} - {offset + length - 1}"
             log.info(f"storage range request: {range}")
 
         if not bucket:
@@ -290,12 +290,12 @@ async def get_object(self, key, bucket=None, offset=0, length=-1):
                 data = await resp["Body"].read()
                 finish_time = time.time()
                 if offset > 0:
-                    range_key = f"{key}[{offset}:{offset+length}]"
+                    range_key = f"{key}[{offset}:{offset + length}]"
                 else:
                     range_key = key
                 msg = f"s3Client.get_object({range_key} bucket={bucket}) "
                 msg += f"start={start_time:.4f} finish={finish_time:.4f} "
-                msg += f"elapsed={finish_time-start_time:.4f} "
+                msg += f"elapsed={finish_time - start_time:.4f} "
                 msg += f"bytes={len(data)}"
                 log.info(msg)
 
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ async def put_object(self, key, data, bucket=None):
                 finish_time = time.time()
                 msg = f"s3Client.put_object({key} bucket={bucket}) "
                 msg += f"start={start_time:.4f} finish={finish_time:.4f} "
-                msg += f"elapsed={finish_time-start_time:.4f} "
+                msg += f"elapsed={finish_time - start_time:.4f} "
                 msg += f"bytes={len(data)}"
                 log.info(msg)
                 s3_rsp = {
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ async def delete_object(self, key, bucket=None):
                 finish_time = time.time()
                 msg = f"s3Client.delete_object({key} bucket={bucket}) "
                 msg += f"start={start_time:.4f} finish={finish_time:.4f} "
-                msg += f"elapsed={finish_time-start_time:.4f}"
+                msg += f"elapsed={finish_time - start_time:.4f}"
                 log.info(msg)
 
             except ClientError as ce:
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ async def is_object(self, key, bucket=None):
                 raise HTTPInternalServerError()
         msg = f"s3Client.is_object({key} bucket={bucket}) "
         msg += f"start={start_time:.4f} finish={finish_time:.4f} "
-        msg += f"elapsed={finish_time-start_time:.4f}"
+        msg += f"elapsed={finish_time - start_time:.4f}"
         log.info(msg)
 
         return found
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ async def get_key_stats(self, key, bucket=None):
         key_stats["LastModified"] = LastModified
         msg = f"s3Client.get_key_stats({key} bucket={bucket}) "
         msg += f"start={start_time:.4f} finish={finish_time:.4f} "
-        msg += f"elapsed={finish_time-start_time:.4f}"
+        msg += f"elapsed={finish_time - start_time:.4f}"
         log.info(msg)
 
         return key_stats
diff --git a/tests/integ/attr_test.py b/tests/integ/attr_test.py
index ab544f47..d718cc29 100644
--- a/tests/integ/attr_test.py
+++ b/tests/integ/attr_test.py
@@ -1988,7 +1988,7 @@ def testPutAttributeMultiple(self):
         # create some groups
         grp_count = 3
 
-        grp_names = [f"group{i+1}" for i in range(grp_count)]
+        grp_names = [f"group{i + 1}" for i in range(grp_count)]
         grp_ids = []
 
         for grp_name in grp_names:
@@ -2022,7 +2022,7 @@ def testPutAttributeMultiple(self):
         for i in range(attr_count):
             value = [i * 10 + j for j in range(extent)]
             data = {"type": "H5T_STD_I32LE", "shape": extent, "value": value}
-            attr_name = f"attr{i+1:04d}"
+            attr_name = f"attr{i + 1:04d}"
             attributes[attr_name] = data
 
         # write attributes to the dataset
@@ -2042,7 +2042,7 @@ def testPutAttributeMultiple(self):
         for i in range(attr_count):
             attr = ret_attrs[i]
             self.assertTrue("name" in attr)
-            self.assertEqual(attr["name"], f"attr{i+1:04d}")
+            self.assertEqual(attr["name"], f"attr{i + 1:04d}")
             self.assertTrue("value" in attr)
             attr_value = attr["value"]
             self.assertEqual(len(attr_value), extent)
@@ -2090,7 +2090,7 @@ def testPutAttributeMultiple(self):
             self.assertTrue("attributes" in rspJson)
             ret_attrs = rspJson["attributes"]
             # expect the 4 attributes we wrote in the first post
-            # plus (i+1) in the second post
+            # plus (i + 1) in the second post
             self.assertEqual(len(ret_attrs), attr_count + i + 1)
             for j in range(len(ret_attrs)):
                 attr = ret_attrs[j]
diff --git a/tests/integ/link_test.py b/tests/integ/link_test.py
index 03bcf002..94d79704 100755
--- a/tests/integ/link_test.py
+++ b/tests/integ/link_test.py
@@ -1464,7 +1464,7 @@ def testPutLinkMultiple(self):
         # create some groups under grp1
         grp_count = 3
 
-        grp_names = [f"grp{(i+1):04d}" for i in range(grp_count)]
+        grp_names = [f"grp{(i + 1):04d}" for i in range(grp_count)]
         grp_ids = []
 
         for grp_name in grp_names:
diff --git a/tests/integ/value_test.py b/tests/integ/value_test.py
index 459564be..d1925fd2 100755
--- a/tests/integ/value_test.py
+++ b/tests/integ/value_test.py
@@ -1756,7 +1756,7 @@ def testGet(self):
 
         # read 1x4 block from dataset
         row_index = 2
-        params = {"select": f"[{row_index}:{row_index+1}, 0:4]"}
+        params = {"select": f"[{row_index}:{row_index + 1}, 0:4]"}
         params["nonstrict"] = 1  # SN can read directly from S3 or DN node
         rsp = self.session.get(req, params=params, headers=headers)
         self.assertEqual(rsp.status_code, 200)
@@ -3366,7 +3366,7 @@ def testIntelligentRangeGet3D(self):
         z = 35
         count = 10
         # read 10 element, starting at index (x,y,z)
-        params = {"select": f"[{x}, {y}, {z}:{z+count}]"}
+        params = {"select": f"[{x}, {y}, {z}:{z + count}]"}
         params["nonstrict"] = 1  # enable SN to invoke lambda func
 
         # read the selection
diff --git a/tests/perf/append/append_1d.py b/tests/perf/append/append_1d.py
index 97ca40ca..b81e948b 100644
--- a/tests/perf/append/append_1d.py
+++ b/tests/perf/append/append_1d.py
@@ -156,5 +156,5 @@ def addRow(dset):
 # print out stats
 if mode == "a":
     end_ts = time.time()
-    print(f"added {count} rows in {(end_ts-start_ts):8.4f} seconds")
-    print(f"{count/(end_ts-start_ts):5.4f} rows/sec")
+    print(f"added {count} rows in {(end_ts - start_ts):8.4f} seconds")
+    print(f"{count / (end_ts - start_ts):5.4f} rows/sec")
diff --git a/tests/perf/append/append_1d_async.py b/tests/perf/append/append_1d_async.py
index 4716550d..0ba73f20 100644
--- a/tests/perf/append/append_1d_async.py
+++ b/tests/perf/append/append_1d_async.py
@@ -312,5 +312,5 @@ async def addrow(self, session, dsetid, sensor_id, seq_num):
 print("num failures:", cfg["error_count"])
 count = cfg["rows_added"]
 print("rows added:", count)
-print(f"added {count} rows in {(end_ts-start_ts):8.4f} seconds")
-print(f"{count/(end_ts-start_ts):5.4f} rows/sec")
+print(f"added {count} rows in {(end_ts - start_ts):8.4f} seconds")
+print(f"{count / (end_ts - start_ts):5.4f} rows/sec")
diff --git a/tests/perf/arrayperf/bytes_to_array.py b/tests/perf/arrayperf/bytes_to_array.py
index 85c1ec71..bb0de0a9 100644
--- a/tests/perf/arrayperf/bytes_to_array.py
+++ b/tests/perf/arrayperf/bytes_to_array.py
@@ -36,13 +36,13 @@
 then = time.time()
 buffer_size = getByteArraySize(arr)
 now = time.time()
-msg = f"getByteArraySize - elapsed: {(now-then):6.4f} for {count} elements, "
+msg = f"getByteArraySize - elapsed: {(now - then):6.4f} for {count} elements, "
 msg += f"returned {buffer_size}"
 print(msg)
 then = time.time()
 buffer = arrayToBytes(arr)
 now = time.time()
-print(f"arrayToBytes - elpased: {(now-then):6.4f} for {count} elements")
+print(f"arrayToBytes - elpased: {(now - then):6.4f} for {count} elements")
 if len(buffer) != buffer_size:
     raise ValueError(f"unexpected buffer length: {len(buffer)}")
 then = time.time()
@@ -50,4 +50,4 @@
 now = time.time()
 if copy.shape[0] != count:
     raise ValueError(f"unexpected array shape: {copy.shape}")
-print(f"bytesToArray - elapsed: {(now-then):6.4f}")
+print(f"bytesToArray - elapsed: {(now - then):6.4f}")
diff --git a/tests/perf/arrayperf/bytes_to_vlen.py b/tests/perf/arrayperf/bytes_to_vlen.py
index 9cc547bd..6b7e94fc 100644
--- a/tests/perf/arrayperf/bytes_to_vlen.py
+++ b/tests/perf/arrayperf/bytes_to_vlen.py
@@ -52,19 +52,19 @@
 then = time.time()
 buffer_size = getByteArraySize(arr)
 now = time.time()
-msg = f"getByteArraySize - elapsed: {(now-then):6.4f} for {count} elements, "
+msg = f"getByteArraySize - elapsed: {(now - then):6.4f} for {count} elements, "
 msg += f"returned {buffer_size}"
 print(msg)
 then = time.time()
 buffer = arrayToBytes(arr)
 now = time.time()
-print(f"arrayToBytes - elpased: {(now-then):6.4f} for {count} elements")
+print(f"arrayToBytes - elpased: {(now - then):6.4f} for {count} elements")
 
 # convert back to a numpy array
 then = time.time()
 arr_ret = bytesToArray(buffer, dt, [count, ])
 now = time.time()
-print(f"bytesToArray - elpased: {(now-then):6.4f} for {count} elements")
+print(f"bytesToArray - elpased: {(now - then):6.4f} for {count} elements")
 
 # verify that same original strings got returned
 for i in range(count):
diff --git a/tests/perf/nrel/nsrdb/nsrdb_test.py b/tests/perf/nrel/nsrdb/nsrdb_test.py
index 3f2dbf1b..24a835ec 100644
--- a/tests/perf/nrel/nsrdb/nsrdb_test.py
+++ b/tests/perf/nrel/nsrdb/nsrdb_test.py
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
     te = time.time()
     result[start:end] = arr
     msg = f"    read[{start}:{end}]: {arr.min():4.2f}, {arr.max():4.2f}, "
-    msg += f"{arr.mean():4.2f}, {te-ts:4.2f} s"
+    msg += f"{arr.mean():4.2f}, {te - ts:4.2f} s"
     print(msg)
 
 print(f"{H5_PATH}[{index}:]: {result}")
diff --git a/tests/perf/nrel/wtk/wtk_conus.py b/tests/perf/nrel/wtk/wtk_conus.py
index 81005dda..0f608a1d 100644
--- a/tests/perf/nrel/wtk/wtk_conus.py
+++ b/tests/perf/nrel/wtk/wtk_conus.py
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ def print_stats(filepath, index, arr):
 
 filepaths = []
 for i in range(num_years):
-    filename = f"wtk_conus_{2007+i}.h5"
+    filename = f"wtk_conus_{2007 + i}.h5"
     filepath = os.path.join(folderpath, filename)
     filepaths.append(filepath)
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ def print_stats(filepath, index, arr):
                     arr = year_arrs[i]
                     print_stats(filepath, cfg["index"], arr)
                 if iter_count > 1:
-                    print(f"iter {i}: {(t_end-t_start):6.2f} s")
+                    print(f"iter {i}: {(t_end - t_start):6.2f} s")
         else:
             for i in range(num_years):
                 filepath = filepaths[i]
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ def print_stats(filepath, index, arr):
 
         t_end = time.time()
         if iter_count > 1:
-            print(f"iter {iter}: {(t_end-t_start):6.2f} s")
+            print(f"iter {iter}: {(t_end - t_start):6.2f} s")
 
     print("------------")
 
diff --git a/tests/perf/read/getLinks.py b/tests/perf/read/getLinks.py
index 25271bf0..0c6a822a 100644
--- a/tests/perf/read/getLinks.py
+++ b/tests/perf/read/getLinks.py
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def benchmark_link_multi(headers, endpoint, file):
         raise ValueError(msg)
 
     end = time.time()
-    msg = f"Time to create {link_count} links with multi API: {(end-start):6.4f} seconds"
+    msg = f"Time to create {link_count} links with multi API: {(end - start):6.4f} seconds"
     print(msg)
 
     # Retrieve many links using multi API
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ def benchmark_link_multi(headers, endpoint, file):
         raise ValueError(msg)
 
     end = time.time()
-    msg = f"Time to retrieve {link_count} links with multi API: {(end-start):6.4f} seconds"
+    msg = f"Time to retrieve {link_count} links with multi API: {(end - start):6.4f} seconds"
     print(msg)
 
     # Check return correctness
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ def benchmark_link_serial(headers, endpoint, file):
             msg = f"Could not create link #{i}: {rsp.status_code}"
             raise ValueError(msg)
     end = time.time()
-    msg = f"Time to create {link_count} links individually: {(end-start):6.4f} seconds"
+    msg = f"Time to create {link_count} links individually: {(end - start):6.4f} seconds"
     print(msg)
 
     # Retrieve many links from root group individually
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ def benchmark_link_serial(headers, endpoint, file):
         link_rsp[i] = rsp
 
     end = time.time()
-    msg = f"Time to retrieve {link_count} links individually: {(end-start):6.4f} seconds"
+    msg = f"Time to retrieve {link_count} links individually: {(end - start):6.4f} seconds"
     print(msg)
 
     # Check return correctness
diff --git a/tests/perf/read/read2d.py b/tests/perf/read/read2d.py
index 2310248d..fd0967bd 100644
--- a/tests/perf/read/read2d.py
+++ b/tests/perf/read/read2d.py
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ def get_option(options, arg):
 
     msg = f"contiguous selection: [{i}:{i + xlen}, {j}:{j + ylen}]: "
     msg += f"{arr.min():4.2f}, {arr.max():4.2f}, "
-    msg += f"{arr.mean():4.2f}, {te-ts:4.2f} s"
+    msg += f"{arr.mean():4.2f}, {te - ts:4.2f} s"
     print(msg)
 
     # do strided selection
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ def get_option(options, arg):
 
         msg = f"strided selection: [{start}:{end}:{stride}, {j}:{j + ylen}]: "
         msg += f"{arr.min():4.2f}, {arr.max():4.2f}, "
-        msg += f"{arr.mean():4.2f}, {te-ts:4.2f} s"
+        msg += f"{arr.mean():4.2f}, {te - ts:4.2f} s"
         print(msg)
 
     # do fancy selection
@@ -142,5 +142,5 @@ def get_option(options, arg):
         msg += f"{indices[-2]}, {indices[-1]}], "
         msg += f"{j}:{j + ylen}]: "
         msg += f"{arr.min():4.2f}, {arr.max():4.2f}, "
-        msg += f"{arr.mean():4.2f}, {te-ts:4.2f} s"
+        msg += f"{arr.mean():4.2f}, {te - ts:4.2f} s"
         print(msg)
diff --git a/tests/perf/socket/client.py b/tests/perf/socket/client.py
index 02e4ee41..c16ef2fa 100644
--- a/tests/perf/socket/client.py
+++ b/tests/perf/socket/client.py
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
     shm_block.unlink()
 
 if total_bytes > 1024 * 1024:
-    print(f"mb: {total_bytes//(1024*1024)}")
+    print(f"mb: {total_bytes // (1024 * 1024)}")
 else:
     print(f"bytes: {total_bytes}")
     elapse = tEnd - tStart
diff --git a/tests/perf/stream/stream_test.py b/tests/perf/stream/stream_test.py
index 87d461c7..932dbf3a 100644
--- a/tests/perf/stream/stream_test.py
+++ b/tests/perf/stream/stream_test.py
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ def testStream2D(self):
         # initialize bytearray to test values
         num_bytes = item_size * num_row * num_col
         print(
-            f"initializing test data ({num_bytes} bytes, {num_bytes/(1024*1024):.2f} MiB)"
+            f"initializing test data ({num_bytes} bytes, {num_bytes / (1024 * 1024):.2f} MiB)"
         )
         bin_data = bytearray(num_bytes)
         exp = int(math.log10(num_col)) + 1
diff --git a/tests/perf/table/table_read.py b/tests/perf/table/table_read.py
index 5b5d6351..287e0d50 100644
--- a/tests/perf/table/table_read.py
+++ b/tests/perf/table/table_read.py
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ def get_option(options, arg):
 arr_field = arr[field_name]
 msg = f"consecutive read with random start [{start}:{end}]: "
 msg += f"{arr_field.min():4.2f}, {arr_field.max():4.2f}, "
-msg += f"{arr_field.mean():4.2f}, {te-ts:4.2f} s"
+msg += f"{arr_field.mean():4.2f}, {te - ts:4.2f} s"
 print(msg)
 
 # read with stride
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ def get_option(options, arg):
     arr_field = arr[field_name]
     msg = f"strided read with random start index [{start}:{end}:{stride}]: "
     msg += f"{arr_field.min():4.2f}, {arr_field.max():4.2f}, "
-    msg += f"{arr_field.mean():4.2f}, {te-ts:4.2f} s"
+    msg += f"{arr_field.mean():4.2f}, {te - ts:4.2f} s"
     print(msg)
 
 
@@ -117,5 +117,5 @@ def get_option(options, arg):
 arr_field = arr[field_name]
 msg = "read with random indices [[n0,n1,...,nx]]: "
 msg += f"{arr_field.min():4.2f}, {arr_field.max():4.2f}, "
-msg += f"{arr_field.mean():4.2f}, {te-ts:4.2f} s"
+msg += f"{arr_field.mean():4.2f}, {te - ts:4.2f} s"
 print(msg)
diff --git a/tools/get_s3perf.py b/tools/get_s3perf.py
index 0cfd798c..a7ab371f 100644
--- a/tools/get_s3perf.py
+++ b/tools/get_s3perf.py
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 print(f"elapsed_time: {(finish_time - start_time):6.2f}")
 print(f"total_bytes: {total_bytes}")
 bytes_per_sec = total_bytes / (finish_time - start_time)
-print(f"MiB/s: {(bytes_per_sec/(1024.0*1024.0)):6.2f}")
+print(f"MiB/s: {(bytes_per_sec / (1024.0 * 1024.0)):6.2f}")
 
 # get the maximun number of inflight requests and idle time