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404.html

@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ <h1>Page not found<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#page-not-found"><
 <footer class="bg-primary text-light mt-5"><div class="container"><div class="row">
 
   <div class="col-12 col-md-6 mt-3">
-    <p>"<strong>Advanced R Exercises</strong>" was written by <a class="text-light" href="https://sites.google.com/site/indrajeetspatilmorality/">Indrajeet Patil</a>. It was last built on 2023-12-24.</p>
+    <p>"<strong>Advanced R Exercises</strong>" was written by <a class="text-light" href="https://sites.google.com/site/indrajeetspatilmorality/">Indrajeet Patil</a>. It was last built on 2023-12-31.</p>
   </div>
 
   <div class="col-12 col-md-6 mt-3">

Conditions.md

@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ rlang::catch_cnd
 #>         return(NULL)
 #>     })))
 #> }
-#> <bytecode: 0x55774d431098>
+#> <bytecode: 0x564fa21357a8>
 #> <environment: namespace:rlang>
 ```
 
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ sessioninfo::session_info(include_base = TRUE)
 #>  collate  C.UTF-8
 #>  ctype    C.UTF-8
 #>  tz       UTC
-#>  date     2023-12-24
+#>  date     2023-12-31
 #>  pandoc   3.1.8 @ /usr/bin/ (via rmarkdown)
 #> 
 #> ─ Packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────

Control-flow.md

@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ sessioninfo::session_info(include_base = TRUE)
 #>  collate  C.UTF-8
 #>  ctype    C.UTF-8
 #>  tz       UTC
-#>  date     2023-12-24
+#>  date     2023-12-31
 #>  pandoc   3.1.8 @ /usr/bin/ (via rmarkdown)
 #> 
 #> ─ Packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────

Environments.md

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ library(rlang)
 e <- env()
 e$loop <- e
 env_print(e)
-#> <environment: 0x562e64f1d6d8>
+#> <environment: 0x558a72b692e8>
 #> Parent: <environment: global>
 #> Bindings:
 #> • loop: <env>
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ The binding `loop` should have the same memory address as the environment `e`:
 
 ```r
 lobstr::ref(e$loop)
-#> █ [1:0x562e64f1d6d8] <env> 
-#> └─loop = [1:0x562e64f1d6d8]
+#> █ [1:0x558a72b692e8] <env> 
+#> └─loop = [1:0x558a72b692e8]
 ```
 
 **Q3.** Create a pair of environments as illustrated by this picture.
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ e2$deloop <- e1
 
 # following should be the same
 lobstr::obj_addrs(list(e1, e2$deloop))
-#> [1] "0x562e6757cb20" "0x562e6757cb20"
+#> [1] "0x558a751c8be8" "0x558a751c8be8"
 lobstr::obj_addrs(list(e2, e1$loop))
-#> [1] "0x562e675ca280" "0x562e675ca280"
+#> [1] "0x558a75216348" "0x558a75216348"
 ```
 
 **Q4.** Explain why `e[[1]]` and `e[c("a", "b")]` don't make sense when `e` is an environment.
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ fget("mean", inherits = FALSE)
 fget("mean", inherits = TRUE)
 #> function (x, ...) 
 #> UseMethod("mean")
-#> <bytecode: 0x562e629525a8>
+#> <bytecode: 0x558a7059e5a8>
 #> <environment: namespace:base>
 
 mean <- 5
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ rlang::caller_env
 #> {
 #>     parent.frame(n + 1)
 #> }
-#> <bytecode: 0x562e634718d0>
+#> <bytecode: 0x558a710bd8d0>
 #> <environment: namespace:rlang>
 ```
 
@@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ sessioninfo::session_info(include_base = TRUE)
 #>  collate  C.UTF-8
 #>  ctype    C.UTF-8
 #>  tz       UTC
-#>  date     2023-12-24
+#>  date     2023-12-31
 #>  pandoc   3.1.8 @ /usr/bin/ (via rmarkdown)
 #> 
 #> ─ Packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────

Evaluation.md

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ withr::with_tempdir(
     foo()
   }
 )
-#> <environment: 0x56044cf55118>
+#> <environment: 0x56269fbe7e18>
 #> Parent: <environment: global>
 ```
 
@@ -250,17 +250,17 @@ q1 <- new_quosure(expr(x), env(x = 1))
 q1
 #> <quosure>
 #> expr: ^x
-#> env:  0x56044cda6410
+#> env:  0x56269fa39110
 q2 <- new_quosure(expr(x + !!q1), env(x = 10))
 q2
 #> <quosure>
 #> expr: ^x + (^x)
-#> env:  0x56044d3f9048
+#> env:  0x5626a008bd48
 q3 <- new_quosure(expr(x + !!q2), env(x = 100))
 q3
 #> <quosure>
 #> expr: ^x + (^x + (^x))
-#> env:  0x56044d6b7b20
+#> env:  0x5626a034a820
 ```
 
 **A1.** Correctly predicted 😉
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ enenv(x)
 
 foo <- function(x) enenv(x)
 foo()
-#> <environment: 0x56044e6246d8>
+#> <environment: 0x5626a12b70c8>
 ```
 
 ---
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ sessioninfo::session_info(include_base = TRUE)
 #>  collate  C.UTF-8
 #>  ctype    C.UTF-8
 #>  tz       UTC
-#>  date     2023-12-24
+#>  date     2023-12-31
 #>  pandoc   3.1.8 @ /usr/bin/ (via rmarkdown)
 #> 
 #> ─ Packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────

Expressions.md

@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ call_standardise(quote(mean(x = 1:10, , TRUE)))
 mean
 #> function (x, ...) 
 #> UseMethod("mean")
-#> <bytecode: 0x562764fbe5a8>
+#> <bytecode: 0x55d34a3275a8>
 #> <environment: namespace:base>
 ```
 
@@ -993,7 +993,7 @@ sessioninfo::session_info(include_base = TRUE)
 #>  collate  C.UTF-8
 #>  ctype    C.UTF-8
 #>  tz       UTC
-#>  date     2023-12-24
+#>  date     2023-12-31
 #>  pandoc   3.1.8 @ /usr/bin/ (via rmarkdown)
 #> 
 #> ─ Packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────

Function-factories.md

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ library(ggplot2, warn.conflicts = FALSE)
 force
 #> function (x) 
 #> x
-#> <bytecode: 0x56538a2c9ab0>
+#> <bytecode: 0x556cfd712ab0>
 #> <environment: namespace:base>
 ```
 
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ f <- approxfun(x, y)
 f
 #> function (v) 
 #> .approxfun(x, y, v, method, yleft, yright, f, na.rm)
-#> <bytecode: 0x56538e535330>
-#> <environment: 0x56538e534488>
+#> <bytecode: 0x556d01983cb0>
+#> <environment: 0x556d01982ba0>
 f(x)
 #>  [1] -0.7786629 -0.3894764 -2.0337983 -0.9823731  0.2478901
 #>  [6] -2.1038646 -0.3814180  2.0749198  1.0271384  0.4730142
@@ -212,15 +212,15 @@ new_counter3()
 #>     i <- i + 1
 #>     i
 #>   }
-#> <environment: 0x56538e6da210>
+#> <environment: 0x556d01b28e68>
 
 new_counter3()
 #> function() {
 #>     i <- i + 1
 #>     i
 #>   }
-#> <bytecode: 0x56538e89eb30>
-#> <environment: 0x56538e7521b0>
+#> <bytecode: 0x556d01ced600>
+#> <environment: 0x556d01ba0c80>
 ```
 
 ---
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ ggplot2::label_bquote
 #>     }
 #>     structure(fun, class = "labeller")
 #> }
-#> <bytecode: 0x56538ea305a8>
+#> <bytecode: 0x556d01e7f0b0>
 #> <environment: namespace:ggplot2>
 ```
 
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ scales::number_format
 #>             scale_cut = scale_cut, trim = trim, ...)
 #>     }
 #> }
-#> <bytecode: 0x56538ec810f8>
+#> <bytecode: 0x556d020cfbc8>
 #> <environment: namespace:scales>
 ```
 
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ Let's have a look at one example with each:
 ```r
 boxcox2(1)
 #> function(x) (x^lambda - 1) / lambda
-#> <environment: 0x56538a64e5e0>
+#> <environment: 0x556cfdac76a0>
 
 boxcox3(mtcars$wt)
 #> function(lambda) {
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ boxcox3(mtcars$wt)
 #>       (x^lambda - 1) / lambda
 #>     }
 #>   }
-#> <environment: 0x56538ba29f10>
+#> <environment: 0x556cfefae4d0>
 ```
 
 As can be seen:
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ boot_permute(mtcars, "mpg")
 #>     col <- df[[var]]
 #>     col[sample(n, replace = TRUE)]
 #>   }
-#> <environment: 0x56538d79f860>
+#> <environment: 0x556d00bef850>
 ```
 
 This is why we don't need to worry about a copy being made because the `df` in the function environment points to the memory address of the data frame. We can confirm this by comparing their memory addresses:
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ This is why we don't need to worry about a copy being made because the `df` in t
 ```r
 boot_permute_env <- rlang::fn_env(boot_permute(mtcars, "mpg"))
 rlang::env_print(boot_permute_env)
-#> <environment: 0x56538e3d90b0>
+#> <environment: 0x556d0181e450>
 #> Parent: <environment: global>
 #> Bindings:
 #> • n: <int>
@@ -488,8 +488,8 @@ bench::mark(
 #> # A tibble: 2 × 6
 #>   expression      min   median `itr/sec` mem_alloc `gc/sec`
 #>   <bch:expr> <bch:tm> <bch:tm>     <dbl> <bch:byt>    <dbl>
-#> 1 LL1            28µs   29.6µs    32798.    12.9KB     42.7
-#> 2 LL2          14.4µs   15.1µs    63109.        0B     50.5
+#> 1 LL1          27.5µs   29.3µs    33174.    12.9KB     43.2
+#> 2 LL2          14.6µs   15.3µs    62143.        0B     49.8
 ```
 
 As can be seen, the second version is much faster than the first version.
@@ -515,16 +515,16 @@ generate_ll_benches <- function(n) {
 #> # A tibble: 10 × 5
 #>    length expression      min   median `itr/sec`
 #>     <dbl> <bch:expr> <bch:tm> <bch:tm>     <dbl>
-#>  1     10 LL1          39.9µs   41.9µs    22649.
-#>  2     10 LL2          17.2µs     18µs    54745.
-#>  3     20 LL1            43µs   44.5µs    22146.
-#>  4     20 LL2          16.8µs   17.7µs    55763.
-#>  5     50 LL1          46.8µs   48.4µs    20369.
-#>  6     50 LL2          16.2µs   17.1µs    57476.
-#>  7    100 LL1          62.1µs   63.9µs    15344.
-#>  8    100 LL2          17.5µs   18.3µs    53784.
-#>  9   1000 LL1         857.2µs  963.9µs     1083.
-#> 10   1000 LL2          54.1µs   55.4µs    17678.
+#>  1     10 LL1          38.9µs   40.9µs    23209.
+#>  2     10 LL2          17.2µs     18µs    54710.
+#>  3     20 LL1          42.1µs     44µs    22427.
+#>  4     20 LL2          16.9µs   17.7µs    55356.
+#>  5     50 LL1          46.2µs   47.9µs    20558.
+#>  6     50 LL2          16.2µs   17.2µs    57361.
+#>  7    100 LL1          61.9µs   63.6µs    15410.
+#>  8    100 LL2          17.6µs   18.4µs    53603.
+#>  9   1000 LL1         854.3µs  872.3µs     1092.
+#> 10   1000 LL2          54.6µs   55.9µs    17653.
 
 ggplot(
   df_bench,
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ sessioninfo::session_info(include_base = TRUE)
 #>  collate  C.UTF-8
 #>  ctype    C.UTF-8
 #>  tz       UTC
-#>  date     2023-12-24
+#>  date     2023-12-31
 #>  pandoc   3.1.8 @ /usr/bin/ (via rmarkdown)
 #> 
 #> ─ Packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────

Function-operators.md

@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ possibly
 #>         })
 #>     }
 #> }
-#> <bytecode: 0x55db5dac6ef0>
+#> <bytecode: 0x55d90290c0b8>
 #> <environment: namespace:purrr>
 ```
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ safely
 #>     check_bool(quiet)
 #>     function(...) capture_error(.f(...), otherwise, quiet)
 #> }
-#> <bytecode: 0x55db5dc65c00>
+#> <bytecode: 0x55d902aa9948>
 #> <environment: namespace:purrr>
 
 purrr:::capture_error
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ purrr:::capture_error
 #>         list(result = otherwise, error = e)
 #>     })
 #> }
-#> <bytecode: 0x55db5dcba198>
+#> <bytecode: 0x55d902b04180>
 #> <environment: namespace:purrr>
 ```
 
@@ -281,10 +281,10 @@ withr::with_tempfile("logfile", code = {
 
   cat(readLines(logfile), sep = "\n")
 })
-#> Function created at: 2023-12-24 00:42:42.89723
-#> Function called at:  2023-12-24 00:42:47.904205
-#> Function called at:  2023-12-24 00:42:52.90958
-#> Function called at:  2023-12-24 00:43:00.918007
+#> Function created at: 2023-12-31 00:43:08.117083
+#> Function called at:  2023-12-31 00:43:13.123988
+#> Function called at:  2023-12-31 00:43:18.129344
+#> Function called at:  2023-12-31 00:43:26.137767
 ```
 
 ---
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ sessioninfo::session_info(include_base = TRUE)
 #>  collate  C.UTF-8
 #>  ctype    C.UTF-8
 #>  tz       UTC
-#>  date     2023-12-24
+#>  date     2023-12-31
 #>  pandoc   3.1.8 @ /usr/bin/ (via rmarkdown)
 #> 
 #> ─ Packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────