diff --git a/.github/workflows/deploy-prod.yml b/.github/workflows/deploy-prod.yml index 171c5f122..7504852d1 100644 --- a/.github/workflows/deploy-prod.yml +++ b/.github/workflows/deploy-prod.yml @@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ jobs: - name: Deploy to S3 Production run: | - aws s3 sync ./deploy s3://${{ env.DEPLOY_BUCKET_PROD }} --cache-control max-age=604800 --delete + aws s3 sync ./deploy s3://${{ env.DEPLOY_BUCKET_PROD }} --cache-control max-age=30,must-revalidate,s-maxage=604800 --delete - name: Invalidate CloudFront cache uses: oneyedev/aws-cloudfront-invalidation@v1 diff --git a/datasets/cmip6-tas.data.mdx b/datasets/cmip6-tas.data.mdx index 857811a20..272ed430c 100644 --- a/datasets/cmip6-tas.data.mdx +++ b/datasets/cmip6-tas.data.mdx @@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ layers: stacCol: combined_CMIP6_daily_GISS-E2-1-G_tas_kerchunk_DEMO name: CMIP6 Daily GISS-E2-1-G Near-Surface Air Temperature (demo subset) type: zarr + tileApiEndpoint: 'https://prod-titiler-xarray.delta-backend.com/tilejson.json' description: "Historical (1950-2014) daily-mean near-surface (usually, 2 meter) air temperature in Kelvin." zoomExtent: - 0 diff --git a/datasets/emit-landfill.data.mdx b/datasets/emit-landfill.data.mdx new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cb54a7b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/datasets/emit-landfill.data.mdx @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +--- +id: landfill-emit +name: "EMIT Landfill Methane Point Source Plume Complexes" +description: "Methane (CH4) point source plume complexes over Landfills in Dallas, TX on August 25, 2023 and Stockton, CA on June 22, 2023 measured by the EMIT imaging spectrometer on the International Space Station (ISS)" +media: + src: ::file ./smog-city.png + alt: Smog Located In City. + author: + name: Nick van den Berg + url: https://unsplash.com/photos/2vb-_3t6YCM +taxonomy: + - name: Topics + values: + - Air Quality + - Environmental Justice + - name: Source + values: + - NASA EMIT +layers: + - id: landfill-emit + stacCol: landfill-emit + name: Methane (ppm m) + type: raster + description: "EMIT Methane (CH4) plumes in ppm m" + initialDatetime: newest + zoomExtent: + - 8 + - 20 + sourceParams: + resampling: bilinear + colormap_name: plasma + rescale: + - 1 + - 1500 + nodata: -9999 + bounds: [-125.0,25.0,-67.0,53.0] + compare: + datasetId: svi-overall + layerId: social-vulnerability-index-overall + mapLabel: | + ::js ({dateFns, datetime, compareDatetime}) => { + return `${dateFns.format(datetime, 'LLL yyyy')} VS ${dateFns.format(compareDatetime, 'LLL yyyy')}`; + } + legend: + type: gradient + unit: + label: ppm-m + min: 1 + max: ">1500" + stops: + - '#310597' + - '#4c02a1' + - '#6600a7' + - '#7e03a8' + - '#9511a1' + - '#aa2395' + - '#bc3587' + - '#cc4778' + - '#da5a6a' + - '#e66c5c' + - '#f0804e' + - '#f89540' + - '#fdac33' + - '#fdc527' + - '#f8df25' +--- + + + + This dataset focuses on large methane (CH4) emissions from Landfills in the Stockton, CA and Dallas, TX regions. For more information on EMIT please visit NASA's [Land Processing Distributed Active Archive Center](https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/data/get-started-data/collection-overview/missions/emit-overview/#emit-metadata) (LP DAAC) and the EMIT Dataset Overview page on the U.S. [Greenhouse Gas Center](https://earth.gov/ghgcenter/data-catalog/emit-ch4plume-v1). + + - **Temporal Extent:** June 22, and August 25, 2023 + - **Temporal Resolution:** Variable (based on ISS orbit, solar illumination, and target mask) + - **Spatial Extent:** Stockton, CA and Dallas, TX + - **Spatial Resolution:** 60 m + - **Data Units:** Parts per million-meter (ppm m) + - **Data Type:** Research + + + + + + ## Disclaimer + Uncertainty in the methane (ppm-m) depends on instrument, observation, and surface factors as described in the [ATBD](https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/documents/1696/EMIT_GHG_ATBD_V1.pdf) by Broderick, et al. 2023. An uncertainty value (ppm-m) is calculated and reported for each plume complex. As described in the ATBD, EMIT plume complexes are manually identified and reviewed. While we publish high confidence examples, false positives can occur and when identified these cases are removed from subsequent data releases. + + ## Source Data Product Citation + Green, R., Thorpe, A., Brodrick, P., Chadwick, D., Elder, C., Villanueva-Weeks, C., Fahlen, J., Coleman, R., Jensen, D., Olsen-Duvall, W., Lundeen, S., Lopez, A., Thompson, D. (2023). EMIT L2B Estimated Methane Plume Complexes 60 m V001 [Data set]. Distributed by NASA EOSDIS Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center. Accessed from https://doi.org/10.5067/EMIT/EMITL2BCH4PLM.001. + + ## Key Publications + + Thorpe, A.K., et al., Attribution of individual methane and carbon dioxide emission sources using EMIT observations from space, Science Advances (in review). + + A. K. Thorpe, D. A. Roberts, E. S. Bradley, C. C. Funk, P. E. Dennison, I. Leifer, High resolution mapping of methane emissions from marine and terrestrial sources using a Cluster-Tuned Matched Filter technique and imaging spectrometry. Remote Sensing of Environment. 134, 305–318 (2013). + + D. R. Thompson, I. Leifer, H. Bovensmann, M. Eastwood, M. Fladeland, C. Frankenberg, K. Gerilowski, R. O. Green, S. Kratwurst, T. Krings, B. Luna, A. K. Thorpe, Real-time remote detection and measurement for airborne imaging spectroscopy: A case study with methane. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 8, 4383–4397 (2015). + + Brodrick, P. G. , Thorpe, A.K., Villaneuva-Weeks, C. S., Elder, C., Fahlen, J., Thompson, D.R. (2023). EMIT Greenhouse Gas Algorithms: Greenhouse Gas Point Source Mapping and Related Products, Theoretical Basis, v1.0, August 2023, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/documents/1696/EMIT_GHG_ATBD_V1.pdf + + ## License + + [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode) (CC BY 4.0). + + ## Additional Resources + + For information on the full EMIT dataset, please also see the [EMIT Methane Point Source Plume Complexes](https://earth.gov/ghgcenter/data-catalog/emit-ch4plume-v1) dataset overview page hosted on the [U.S. Greenhouse Gas Center](https://earth.gov/ghgcenter). + + diff --git a/package.json b/package.json index 15067247d..932195765 100644 --- a/package.json +++ b/package.json @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ { "name": "veda-config", "description": "Configuration for Veda", - "version": "0.15.1", + "version": "0.15.2", "source": "./.veda/ui/app/index.html", "license": "Apache-2.0", "scripts": { diff --git a/stories/EPA_landfill.gif b/stories/EPA_landfill.gif new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06c7c341e Binary files /dev/null and b/stories/EPA_landfill.gif differ diff --git a/stories/dallas-redlining.jpg b/stories/dallas-redlining.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aeb90f8be Binary files /dev/null and b/stories/dallas-redlining.jpg differ diff --git a/stories/landfill-ej.stories.mdx b/stories/landfill-ej.stories.mdx new file mode 100644 index 000000000..357aa1dbe --- /dev/null +++ b/stories/landfill-ej.stories.mdx @@ -0,0 +1,204 @@ +--- +id: 'landfill-ej' +name: Disproportionate Environmental Burdens - A Study of Landfills +description: Examining the environmental, socioeconomic, and health impacts of landfills in Stockton, California and Dallas, Texas. +media: + src: ::file ./landfill.jpg + alt: Garbage pile in landfill. + author: + name: vchal + url: https://www.istockphoto.com/photos/landfill +pubDate: 2024-05-21 +taxonomy: + - name: Topics + values: + - Environmental Justice (EJ) + - Air Quality +--- + + + + + **Authors**: Maheshwari Neelam[1] + + [1] USRA and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) + + **Mission**: [NASA Earth Action](https://science.nasa.gov/earth/in-action/): A thriving world, driven by trusted, actionable Earth science + + **Disclaimer**: This study demonstrates innovative and practical applications of NASA Earth science data to highlight existing environmental inequities. Please note that the results have not undergone peer review. + + Environmental Justice (EJ) advocates for a fair distribution of environmental benefits and risks, regardless of race, color, or socioeconomic status [1]. In places such as Dallas [2], Stockton [3], and others [4] where proximity to landfills significantly impact health outcomes, environmental justice principles become especially relevant. Since the General Accounting Office (GAO) [5] published “Siting Hazardous Waste Landfills and Their Correlation with Racial and Economic Status of Surrounding Communities,” researchers from various disciplines such as law, sociology, public policy, geosciences, and economics have explored such relationships, using various measures of exposure, spatial scales, and statistical controls. Consistently, these studies have shown that while air quality has improved in the United States over the past several decades, people of color (POC), particularly Black and Hispanic American populations, bear an unequal burden of the environmental impacts stemming from landfills. Moreover, research into the roles of race and income have highlighted race as the most significant factor in determining exposure to environmental hazards. As with other EJ concerns, the underlying causes of systemic disparities in racial/ethnic air pollution exposure are complex and intertwined with historical patterns of exclusion and discrimination, perpetuating cycles of injustice that manifest in impacts on health, urban planning, and real estate values. + + + + + + + The disparities in environmental burdens stem from practices such as freeway construction, redlining, and other forms of discrimination that have marginalized communities of color, displacing them from their support networks and clustering them in neighborhoods lacking resources but rife with health hazards. Initiated by the federally sponsored Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) in the 1930s, these maps categorized neighborhoods into four grades based on security for emergency home lending: A (most desirable), B (still desirable), C (declining), and D (hazardous, i.e., redlined). Racial redlining effectively marked Black and brown neighborhoods as risky and unsuitable for loans, depriving them of essential infrastructure such as sewer and water systems [6]. Despite the Fair Housing Act banning racial discrimination in housing in 1968, the legacy of explicit racial discrimination persists, shaping patterns of racial residential segregation today. For instance, redlining, a historically discriminatory federal mortgage appraisal policy from the 1930s, continues to correlate with present-day air pollution disparities across 202 U.S. cities [7]. In neighborhoods graded D, the majority (>50%) of the population comprises people of color (POC), and in 74% of these neighborhoods, the median income is low to moderate. Redlining designations correlate with various exposures, including greenspace prevalence, tree canopy coverage, urban-heat exposure disparities, and long-term health effects such as asthma, cancer, adverse birth outcomes, and overall urban health. + +
+ + + Redlining Map from 1937 for Dallas, Texas. + +
+ + + +
+ + + Redlining Map from 1938 for Stockton, California. + +
+ + Landfills are created for responsible waste disposal, and operate under federal regulations. While hazardous waste is federally regulated, individual states are responsible for establishing requirements for how non-hazardous landfills operate and for monitoring compliance. Despite these regulations, they contribute to air and water pollution, with toxic substances seeping into groundwater. Environmental impacts of landfills include air pollution, aesthetic degradation, soil contamination, and water quality reduction, as well as unintended hosting of wildlife. Additionally, landfills generate significant noise pollution from heavy machinery and truck traffic, which further diminishes property values. Heavy truck [traffic noise](https://ceds.org/traffic/#:~:text=Heavy%20truck%20traffic%20lowers%20property,a%20level%20of%2050%20dBA/) lowers property value by 30 to 50 times more than car traffic, as trucks emit noise levels 16 times louder than cars from a distance of 50 feet. + + + + + + Methane, a byproduct of decomposing organic matter, is a significant contributor to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Landfills are one of the top three contributors to methane emissions in the USA. Despite constituting only a fraction of total human-caused greenhouse gas emissions, methane possesses significant heat-trapping capacity, approximately 80 times greater per pound than carbon dioxide. Consequently, reductions in methane emissions yield a more immediate impact on global warming. The gas is odorless and colorless, making leaks extremely difficult to detect, thus requiring the addition of mercaptan to natural gas for leak detection in homes to avoid explosion risk. Continuous exposure to very high concentrations of methane can lead to adverse health effects, including loss of coordination, nausea, vomiting, and even fatality. Thus, identifying specific methane emission sources is a critical step in addressing its impacts. By pinpointing major emitters of methane plumes, decision makers can swiftly take action to mitigate emissions. + +
+ + + Landfill Count on National Map from the EPA. + +
+ + + + + ### Environmental Impacts + - Air Pollution + - Loss of landscape/aesthetic degradation + - Noise pollution + - Soil contamination + - Surface water pollution / Decreasing water (physico-chemical, biological) quality + - Hosts disease-carrying wildlife like rodents etc + + ### Health Impacts + - Higher rates of asthma, respiratory disease, and cardiovascular disease + - Other Health impacts like fatigue, eye irritation, and in some cases cancer + - Mental problems including stress, depression and suicide​ + + ### Socio-economic Impacts + - Loss of landscape/sense of place​ + - Violations of human rights​ [8] + - Social problems + + ### Data Analysis + + Despite extensive research on the positive correlation between environmental hazards and race and poverty, the perceived extent and scale of its impact has been confined to local scales. Data analysis through NASA’s Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) and the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) maps from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offer valuable insights. Methane plumes from landfills in Dallas and Stockton in particular draw attention, emphasizing the urgency of addressing the issue. + + 1. Observations from space using NASA’s missions like [EMIT](https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/emitl2bch4plmv001/) can be used to detect methane super-emitters. EMIT is an imaging spectrometer that records visible to shortwave infrared (VSWIR) light reflected from the surface of Earth’s arid dust source regions to better understand the surface mineral composition, the resulting composition of emitted dust, and consequently, its impact on heating and cooling Earth’s atmosphere and surface. In addition to its primary objective, EMIT has demonstrated the capacity to characterize methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) point-source emissions by measuring gas absorption features in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands. The EMIT Level 2B Methane detection products can be used to identify and quantify areas of high methane enhancement in the atmosphere at the time of EMIT’s observation. + + 2. [SVI](https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/data_documentation_download.html) maps from the CDC indicate areas of relatively higher social disparities, which can highlight areas with greater vulnerability of the population. SVI includes the following 4 themes: Socioeconomic Status (Below Poverty, Unemployed, Income, No High School Diploma), Household Composition & Disability (Aged 65 or Older, Aged 17 or Younger, Civilian with a Disability, Single-Parent Households), Minority Status & Language (Minority, Speaks English “Less than Well”), and Housing Type & Transportation (Multi-Unit Structures, Mobile Homes, Crowding, No Vehicle, Group Quarters). The raster layers store the SVI values, which range from 0 to 1. In the SVI, low values represent low vulnerability while high values represent high vulnerability. + + We identified four significant methane plumes in EMIT data from landfills in Stockton, California (1) and Dallas, Texas (3). Zooming in on a particular area of various figures below shows that landfills emitting large methane plumes are disproportionately located in vulnerable communities. These populations, both in Stockton and Dallas, are characterized by individuals below the poverty line, unemployed, with low income and no high school diploma, living in multi-unit structures or mobile homes, and facing language barriers. + + + + + + ## Dallas + + Dallas is the largest metropolitan area in Texas and the fourth largest in the United States. The Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) metro has experienced a consistent increased rate in population growth and diversity. According to 2023 census data, [Dallas’s](https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/) 1,299,544 residents are 42.2% Hispanic, 3.7% Asian, 28.3% non-Hispanic white, and 23.6% black. + + + + ## Dallas + + A 2020 study “Poisoned by Zip Code” by [Evelyn Mayo](https://paulquinn.edu/urban-research-initiative/) reveals a 15-year life expectancy difference between predominantly white and wealthier zip codes and those inhabited by black and brown residents in southern Dallas. Zoning policies concentrating air pollution in communities of color contribute to this health disparity. Also, the finding reveals that the census tracts hosting landfill sites in the Dallas area have lower property values than the non-host areas. The affordability of these neighborhoods' properties associated with these reduced property values closer to the landfills may have attracted low-income minority populations. + + + + ## Stockton + + Located in the heart of California’s Central Valley and connected to the San Francisco Bay by the San Joaquin River, Stockton is a port city and an agricultural hub. As such, the city has been a point for siting heavy industry and major transportation infrastructure. Demographically, Stockton is one of the most diverse cities in the state. According to [2023 census data](https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/), Stockton’s 321,819 residents are 45.2% Hispanic, 20.9% Asian, 17.6% non-Hispanic white, and 11.6% black. Unfortunately, this diverse community suffers from higher levels of poverty and unemployment than the rest of the state. + + + + + ## Stockton + + Stockton residents live with a significant air pollution burden and one of the highest childhood asthma rates in the state. By Clean Air Act National Ambient Air Quality Standards, the region is in “Serious Nonattainment” – the highest classification possible – for PM2.5 air concentrations, and “Extreme Nonattainment” – the highest classification possible – for ozone air concentrations. The human impacts of this negative air quality are substantial: a nationwide study placed Stockton 12th on a list of the top U.S. cities impacted by PM2.5 concentrations, responsible for 61 excess deaths and over 50,000 “adversely impacted days” (days where people missed school and work or otherwise needed to restrict their activity) in 2017 alone. + + + + + + + ### Discussion + + The relationship between environmental hazards and race/poverty offers insight into the concerns of the Environmental Justice (EJ) movement, yet it only partially captures its scope. EJ issues encompass both Distributive Justice, concerning the fair allocation of environmental burdens, and Procedural Justice, focusing on the decision-making processes guiding these allocations. While advocating for Distributive Justice ensures no group bears a disproportionate share of negative environmental consequences, achieving Procedural Justice is crucial for fostering sustainable and equitable growth. Thus, addressing the underlying sociological, economic, and policy factors that evolve over generational timescales is paramount. Historical legacies of discrimination, such as redlining and biased land use decision-making from firms, have contributed to the current spatial distribution of pollution sources among diverse communities. For economic reasons, firms may prioritize areas with inexpensive land, low-wage labor, or accessible transportation networks. These factors often coincide with locations of impoverished households for various reasons. Poorer households also might seek inexpensive land, for example, and have lower wages by definition. Consequently, the resulting locations of major sources of pollution and landfills, are typically long-lived. + Therefore, grassroots efforts are essential to promote programs and initiatives aimed at fostering sustainable development within communities. This involves enhancing local economic conditions, addressing disparities, and investing in various aspects such as education, community centers, cleanliness, greenspaces/parks, and infrastructure, including sewage systems. Encouraging investment and providing incentives for firms to support development in these communities are crucial steps. By rectifying historical injustices and striving for equitable development, this approach aims to create a fairer and healthier environment for all. + It's not just about stopping the waste coming into the community; it's also about advocating for sustainable solutions, including building and rebuilding local economies and creating jobs to empower communities facing environmental challenges. + + 1. Christine Todd Whitman. (2001). Environmental Protection Agency, EPA’s Commitment to Environmental Justice, Memorandum. + 2. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/11/16/environmental-racism-dallas-shingle-mountain/ + 3. Piper, I. (2023). The Inequitable Placement of Hazardous Waste Facilities: How Underserved Communities are Disproportionately Impacted. + 4. Siddiqua, A., Hahladakis, J. N., & Al-Attiya, W. A. K. (2022). An overview of the environmental pollution and health effects associated with waste landfilling and open dumping. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(39), 58514-58536. + 5. US General Accounting Office. (1983). Siting of hazardous waste landfills and their correlation with racial and economic status of surrounding communities. RCED-83-168. + 6. Lane, H. M., Morello-Frosch, R., Marshall, J. D., & Apte, J. S. (2022). Historical redlining is associated with present-day air pollution disparities in US cities. Environmental science & technology letters, 9(4), 345-350. + 7. Ard, K., & Smiley, K. (2022). Examining the Relationship Between Racialized Poverty Segregation and Hazardous Industrial Facilities in the U.S. Over Time. American Behavioral Scientist, 66(7), 974-988. + 8. Mohai, P., and Saha, R. (2015a). Which came first, people or pollution? A review of theory and evidence from longitudinal environmental justice studies. Environ. Res. Lett. 10:125011. + + + + + + + ### Data Access + + * [NASA Description for EMIT](https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/emitl2bch4plmv001/) + * [CDC/ATSDR SVI Data and Documentation Download | Place and Health | ATSDR](https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/data_documentation_download.html) + + **Authors**: Maheshwari Neelam + + **Editor**: Maheshwari Neelam and Ashley Riddle ; + **Developers**: Trent Cowan, Andrew Blackford, and Jerika Christman ; + **Science and Content Contributors**: Maheshwari Neelam and Brian Frietag ; + **Acknowledgements**: All individuals dedicated to Environmental Justice ; + **Questions / Feedback (email address)**: maheshwari.neelam@nasa.gov + + #### Additional Resources + + 1. https://dtsc.ca.gov/2020/09/23/water-treatment-chemical-company-in-stockton-pays-32k-penalty-for-hazardous-waste-accumulation/ + 2. https://www.keranews.org/news/2022-08-23/dallas-lets-polluters-build-in-black-and-latino-neighborhoods-complaint-alleges + 3. https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/vol--44--no-2--housing/environmental-injustice-in-uniontown--alabama--decades-after-the/ + 4. https://sites.uab.edu/humanrights/2018/09/05/the-plastic-problem/ + + + diff --git a/stories/landfill.jpg b/stories/landfill.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82724b387 Binary files /dev/null and b/stories/landfill.jpg differ diff --git a/stories/stockton_redlining.jpg b/stories/stockton_redlining.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d524e2020 Binary files /dev/null and b/stories/stockton_redlining.jpg differ