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WeathermanTrent authored Nov 7, 2023
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<mark>Disclaimer: This research is ongoing and is not yet peer-reviewed.</mark>

Hurricane season in the United States stretches from June 1 through November 31 on any particular year. Peak Hurricane season in the eastern United States occurs in August and September. In 2022, Hurricane Ian impacted southwest Florida on September 28 as a Category 4 Hurricane (based on the Saffir-Simpson Wind Scale). The storm produced $110 billion dollars in damage in Florida alone and left 158 dead. Hurricane Ian was also responsible for not only its impact on life and property, but also an impact on the landscape in portions of southwestern Florida near Fort Myers. Storm surge reached unprecedented levels around the regions of Cape Coral and Fort Myers upwards of 12 to 18 feet. Storm surge, in simple terms, is the sudden rise in ocean water levels during a storm such as a hurricane or tropical storm. An analysis in Figure 1 from the National Hurricane Center’s review on Hurricane Ian shows the dangerous storm surge’s heavy impact on our area of interest. The storm surge is attributed as the primary cause of the catastrophic damage on Pine and Sanibel Islands along with the coastline of Cape Coral and Fort Myers.
Hurricane season in the United States stretches from June 1 through November 30 on any particular year. Peak Hurricane season in the eastern United States occurs in August and September. In 2022, Hurricane Ian impacted southwest Florida on September 28 as a Category 4 Hurricane (based on the Saffir-Simpson Wind Scale). The storm produced $110 billion dollars in damage in Florida alone and left 158 dead. Hurricane Ian was also responsible for not only its impact on life and property, but also an impact on the landscape in portions of southwestern Florida near Fort Myers. Storm surge reached unprecedented levels around the regions of Cape Coral and Fort Myers upwards of 12 to 18 feet. Storm surge, in simple terms, is the sudden rise in ocean water levels during a storm such as a hurricane or tropical storm. An analysis in Figure 1 from the National Hurricane Center’s review on Hurricane Ian shows the dangerous storm surge’s heavy impact on our area of interest. The storm surge is attributed as the primary cause of the catastrophic damage on Pine and Sanibel Islands along with the coastline of Cape Coral and Fort Myers.


## Inland Effects of Ian
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## NDVI & Entropy Analysis

The figure to the left depicts the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) around Cape Coral a month prior to Hurricane Ian comparing the landscape to the week after. NDVI serves as a fundamental metric for comprehending the vitality and abundance of vegetation within a specific geographical region. In this data story, we obtained NDVI data from Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS) that is aboard the NASA/USGS Landsat 8 and 9 satellites over two different days encompassing the area prior to the hurricane and post-hurricane. The primary vegetation in this portion of Florida can include grasslands and forested regions. In Figure 5, the darker green locations show a relatively high abundance of vegetation in a particular location. The light green or yellow locations depict areas with low vegetation meaning that these areas are likely urbanized in a location such as this. Notice Pine and Sanibel Islands just east of Cape Coral. These areas were particularly hard hit by Ian. Storm surge inundated much of the access points to the islands along with washing away much of the vegetation in these locations. The post-Ian image shows a significant change in the vegetation landscape. Note that we mentioned Pine and Sanibel Islands. Much of the vegetation seems to have been washed away by the storm surge. Punta Russa, located on the southwestern tip of Fort Myers beach along Sanibel Causeway, is another location that experienced catastrophic storm surge during Ian. Note the change in NDVI at the tip of Punta Russa. In addition to statistical analyses, the notable transformation of vegetation in these dispersed areas holds significant scientific importance, as it provides compelling evidence of the formidable impact exerted by this catastrophic hurricane.

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