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Dustin fixing formatting
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dustin-duncan committed Sep 6, 2024
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions content/news/crs_deep_dive.md
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---
title: "Coordinate Reference Systems: Ensuring Accuracy in Spatial Analysis"
name: "A Mesophotic Dive into Coordinate Reference Systems"
bg_image: "/images/banners/orange_peel_earth.jpg"
bg_image: "/images/banners/orange_peel_earth_crop.jpg"
card_image: "/images/nasa_earth_from_space.jpg"
preview_text: ""
date: 2024-08-30
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<p>Coordinate reference systems can refer to either geographic coordinate systems or projected coordinate systems. Geographic coordinate systems are used along with a specified map projection to create a projected coordinate system, which displays data relative to other data on a two-dimensional surface [(1)](https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/help/mapping/properties/coordinate-systems-and-projections.htm). Where geographic coordinate systems use angular units for measurement, projected coordinate reference systems use linear units such as feet, meters, or kilometers as coordinates.</p>
<p>Coordinate reference systems require an origin (0,0) point, which is defined by projection parameters and allows users to further define where a point of interest exists on their map versus its real location on Earth. For example, (128, 14) has no meaning to a user unless they know where the origin on the map is. Origins also allow users to utilize different sources of spatial data by defining how they should be aligned and integrated [(2)](https://www.earthdatascience.org/courses/earth-analytics/spatial-data-r/intro-to-coordinate-reference-systems/). Broadly, coordinate reference systems store data in a way that allows other spatial data to be seamlessly integrated into a map to provide meaningful interpretation.</p>

![](../images/wgs_1984_Aitoff.jpg)
![](/images/wgs_1984_Aitoff.jpg)

<div style="text-align: right; font-size: 0.7em;">
Example of the <a href="https://support.esri.com/en-us/knowledge-base/why-are-my-map-distance-and-area-measurements-wrong-whe-000011356"> WGS84 Aitoff Projection </a> by <a href="https://support.esri.com/en-us/overview">ESRI Technical Support, </a> which is a compromise projection.
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<p>Conformal projections attempt to preserve local shapes and angles. One example is Lambert’s Conformal Conic projection, which maintains angles, shapes, and direction at small scales. However, distances, scale and area are increasingly distorted away from standard parallels [(5)](https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/help/mapping/properties/lambert-conformal-conic.htm#:~:text=Lambert%20conformal%20conic%20is%20a,away%20from%20the%20standard%20parallels). Another example of a conformal projection is the Mercator projection. Both of these map projections are well suited to east-west orientation at mid-latitudes; the distortion present in either projection can be seen by comparing the size ratio of Greenland to Africa on one of these projections compared to an equal-area projection [(6)](https://map-projections.net/compare.php?p1=albers-equal-area-conic&p2=lambert-conformal-conic).</p>
<p>The following three types of projections are relatively straightforward in what they attempt to preserve when displaying 3D data on a 2D plane: equal-area projections attempt to accurately represent areas of objects on a map. In preserving areas, these map projections may distort other aspects of the map [(7)](https://support.esri.com/en-us/gis-dictionary/equal-area-projection). Two examples of equal-area projections are Albers equal-area projection and Mollweide equal-area projection. Both of these trade off equivalence for general distortion of shape, angles, distance, and direction [(8)](https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/help/mapping/properties/mollweide.htm). Equidistant projections attempt to maintain accurate distance and direction along certain lines or from specific points [(9)](https://support.esri.com/en-us/gis-dictionary/equidistant-projection). One of the most common equidistant projections is the Azimuthal Equidistant Projection, which preserves both distance and direction from the center point (aspect) of the map [(10)](https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/help/mapping/properties/azimuthal-equidistant.htm#:~:text=The%20azimuthal%20equidistant%20projection%20preserves,any%20point%20on%20the%20globe). Equidistant projections are not typically conformal or equal area; additionally, scale is only true along straight lines from the center point, and all azimuthal projections preserve direction along these lines. Other map projections also are able to preserve compass bearing, such as the Mercator projection which was originally created for sea travel [(11)](https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/help/mapping/properties/mercator.htm#:~:text=Sources-,Description,correctly%20defined%20at%20infinitesimal%20scale).</p>

![](../images/mercator_projection.jpg)
![](/images/mercator_projection.jpg)

<div style="text-align: right; font-size: 0.7em;">
Example of the <a href="https://docs.qgis.org/3.34/en/docs/gentle_gis_introduction/coordinate_reference_systems.html#id3"> Mercator Projection </a> by <a href="https://docs.qgis.org/3.34/en/docs/index.html"> QGIS Documentation, </a> preserving angles at the expense of relative areas.
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