diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 6e78e5bd4..f2a1169a9 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ repos:
             exclude: ^experiments/configs
 
     - repo: https://github.com/psf/black
-      rev: 23.3.0
+      rev: 23.9.1
       hooks:
           - id: black
             language_version: python3 # Should be a command that runs python3.6+
 
     - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8
-      rev: 6.0.0
+      rev: 6.1.0
       hooks:
           - id: flake8
             args: [--count, --show-source, --statistics]
diff --git a/data/natural/preprocess_nougat.py b/data/natural/preprocess_nougat.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..840a52f48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/natural/preprocess_nougat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+import glob
+import json
+import re
+
+import markdown
+from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
+from tqdm import tqdm
+
+
+def load_mmd_from_path(path):
+    with open(path) as f:
+        data = f.read()
+    return data
+
+
+rm_ref_single = re.compile(r"\[\d+\]")
+rm_ref_multi = re.compile(r"\[\d+.+\d\]")
+rm_missing_page = re.compile(r"\n\n\[MISSING_PAGE_FAIL:\d+\]")
+rm_d = re.compile(r"\d")
+
+
+def clean_mmd(mmd):
+    res = [rm_ref_single, rm_ref_multi, rm_missing_page]
+    for r in res:
+        mmd = r.sub("", mmd)
+    return mmd
+
+
+def mmd_to_html(mmd):
+    return markdown.markdown(mmd)
+
+
+exclude_headers = [
+    "associated content",
+    "accession codes",
+    "author information",
+    "corresponding author",
+    "authors",
+    "author contributions",
+    "notes",
+    "acknowledgments",
+    "references",
+    "notes",
+    "supporting information",
+    "code availability",
+    "acknowledgements",
+    "author contributions",
+    "competing interests",
+    "funding sources",
+    "acknowledgment",
+]
+
+
+def html_to_clean_text(html, verbose=False):
+    soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "html.parser")
+    text = ""
+    headers = soup.find_all(re.compile("^h\d$"))  # noqa: W605
+    if verbose:
+        for i, h in enumerate(headers):
+            print(i, h.text)
+        print()
+
+    for i, h in enumerate(headers):
+        header_text = h.text
+
+        cont = True  # continue after exclude header check
+        for eh in exclude_headers:
+            if header_text.lower().find(eh) != -1:
+                cont = False
+
+        if cont:
+            text += header_text
+            text += "\n"
+
+            if (
+                i != 0
+            ):  # the first header comes usually with unwanted infos, e.g., author information
+                for sibling in h.next_siblings:
+                    if sibling.name is None:
+                        continue
+                    elif sibling.name.startswith("h"):
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        text += sibling.text
+                        text += "\n\n"
+            text += "\n"
+    return text
+
+
+def create_jsonl_from_dir(path):
+    print(f"{path=}")
+    paths = sorted(glob.glob(path + "/*.mmd"))
+    path_jsonl = path + "/out.jsonl"
+    print(f"{path_jsonl=}")
+    for path in (pbar := tqdm(paths)):
+        fn = path.split("/")[-1].split(".mmd")[0]
+        pbar.set_postfix_str(fn)
+        mmd = load_mmd_from_path(path)
+        mmd = clean_mmd(mmd)
+        html = mmd_to_html(mmd)
+        text = html_to_clean_text(html)
+        out = {"fn": fn, "text": text}
+        with open(path_jsonl, "a") as f:
+            f.write(json.dumps(out) + "\n")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    path_base = ""
+    create_jsonl_from_dir(path_base)