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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="zh-CN" data-theme="light"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no"><title>前端面试题--css篇 | 小李の博客</title><meta name="keywords" content="前端面试题"><meta name="author" content="Pride_Lee"><meta name="copyright" content="Pride_Lee"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"><meta name="description" content="一些css的前端面试题总结">
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fa-bars fa-fw"></i></a></div></div></nav><div id="post-info"><h1 class="post-title">前端面试题--css篇</h1><div id="post-meta"><div class="meta-firstline"><span class="post-meta-date"><i class="far fa-calendar-alt fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">发表于</span><time class="post-meta-date-created" datetime="2021-07-21T10:06:04.000Z" title="发表于 2021-07-21 18:06:04">2021-07-21</time><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-history fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">更新于</span><time class="post-meta-date-updated" datetime="2022-08-05T10:57:25.848Z" title="更新于 2022-08-05 18:57:25">2022-08-05</time></span><span class="post-meta-categories"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><a class="post-meta-categories" href="/categories/%E5%89%8D%E7%AB%AF/">前端</a><i class="fas fa-angle-right post-meta-separator"></i><i class="fas fa-inbox fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><a class="post-meta-categories" href="/categories/%E5%89%8D%E7%AB%AF/css/">css</a><i class="fas fa-angle-right post-meta-separator"></i><i class="fas fa-inbox fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><a class="post-meta-categories" href="/categories/%E5%89%8D%E7%AB%AF/css/%E9%9D%A2%E8%AF%95%E9%A2%98/">面试题</a></span></div><div class="meta-secondline"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-wordcount"><i class="far fa-file-word fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">字数总计:</span><span class="word-count">1.3k</span><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="far fa-clock fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">阅读时长:</span><span>4分钟</span></span><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-pv-cv" id="" data-flag-title="前端面试题--css篇"><i class="far fa-eye fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">阅读量:</span><span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"><i class="fa-solid fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span></span></div></div></div></header><main class="layout" id="content-inner"><div id="post"><article class="post-content" id="article-container"><h2 id="css权重优先级"><a href="#css权重优先级" class="headerlink" title="css权重优先级"></a>css权重优先级</h2><p>权重优先级从高到低：</p>
<ul>
<li><p>!important</p>
</li>
<li><p>id选择器</p>
</li>
<li><p>类选择器、属性选择器、伪类选择器</p>
</li>
<li><p>标签选择器、伪元素选择器</p>
</li>
<li><p>通配符选择器</p>
</li>
<li><p>继承</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="css3有哪些新特性"><a href="#css3有哪些新特性" class="headerlink" title="css3有哪些新特性"></a>css3有哪些新特性</h2><p>0.<code>flex布局</code></p>
<p>1.颜色：新增RGBA，HSLA模式</p>
<p>2.文字阴影（text-shadow）</p>
<p>3.<code>边框：圆角（border-radius)</code>、 边框阴影（box-shadow）</p>
<p>4.<code>盒子模型</code>：box-sizing</p>
<p>5.背景：background-size设置背景图片的尺寸、background-origin设置背景图片的原点、background-clip设置背景图片的裁切区域，以“,”分割可以设置多背景，用于自适应布局。</p>
<p>6.渐变：linear-gradient、radial-gradient</p>
<p>7.<code>过渡：transition</code>可实现动画</p>
<p>8.自定义动画</p>
<p>9.在css3中唯一引入的伪元素：selection</p>
<p>10.媒体查询、多栏布局</p>
<p>11.border-image</p>
<p>12.2D转换：transform</p>
<p>13.3D转换</p>
<h2 id="两栏布局右边固定左边自适应"><a href="#两栏布局右边固定左边自适应" class="headerlink" title="两栏布局右边固定左边自适应"></a>两栏布局右边固定左边自适应</h2><p>两个div盒子</p>
<p>第一种方式：flex布局</p>
<p>先给父盒子设置display:flex让两个子盒子一行显示，给右边盒子固定宽度，左边盒子flex:1</p>
<p>第二种方式：定位+overflow</p>
<h2 id="重绘与回流"><a href="#重绘与回流" class="headerlink" title="重绘与回流"></a>重绘与回流</h2><p>回流必定会引起重绘，重绘不一定会引起回流。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>回流（reflow）：当页面中的元素宽高、布局、显示、隐藏或元素内部文字结结构发生改变时，会影响自身及其父元素、甚至追溯到更多的祖先元素发生改变，则会导致元素内部、周围甚至整个页面的重新渲染，页面发生重构，回流就产生了。</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p> 重绘（repaint）：元素的结构（宽高、布局、显示隐藏、内部文字大小）未发生改变，只是元素的外观样式发生改变，比如背景颜色、内部文字颜色、边框颜色等。此时会引起浏览器重绘，重绘的速度快于回流。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="css实现三角形"><a href="#css实现三角形" class="headerlink" title="css实现三角形"></a>css实现三角形</h2><p><strong>使用boder属性</strong></p>
<p>给定一个宽度和高度都为 0 的元素，其 border 的任何值都会直接相交，我们可以利用这个交点来创建三角形。也就是说，border属性是三角形组成的，下面给每一边都提供不同的边框颜色：</p>
<figure class="highlight css"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="selector-class">.triangle</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attribute">width</span>: <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attribute">height</span>: <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attribute">border</span>: <span class="number">100px</span> solid;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attribute">border-color</span>: orangered skyblue gold yellowgreen;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>将元素的长宽都设置为0，效果就是四个三角形组成的正方形，如果想要一个指向下面的三角形，可以让 border 的上边可见，其他边都设置为透明，其他方向同理。</p>
<h2 id="如何实现0-5像素"><a href="#如何实现0-5像素" class="headerlink" title="如何实现0.5像素"></a>如何实现0.5像素</h2><p>1.伪元素+scale</p>
<p>给容器设置伪元素，设置绝对定位，宽高200%，边框1px，然后使用transform:scale(0.5) 让伪元素缩小原来的一半，此时伪元素的边框和容器的边缘重合</p>
<p>2: 伪元素+背景 (适合设置一条边框，没办法展示圆角)<br>实现方式：给容器设置伪元素，设置绝对定位，高度1px，背景图设置线性渐变，一半有颜色一半透明，视觉上只有0.5px。</p>
<p>3: 利用阴影代替边框<br>特点：方便，能正常展示圆角，而且能实现0.1px等更细的边框，兼容性还行。</p>
<h2 id="盒子水平垂直居中"><a href="#盒子水平垂直居中" class="headerlink" title="盒子水平垂直居中"></a>盒子水平垂直居中</h2><p>1.纯flex</p>
<p>父盒子开启flex，主轴居中、侧轴居中即可</p>
<figure class="highlight html"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">display: flex;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">justify-content: center;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">align-items: center;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>2.flex + margin</p>
<blockquote>
<p>父盒子 display: flex;</p>
<p>子盒子 margin: auto;</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<mark class="hl-label red">注意：</mark> 纯margin虽然也能实现，但是如果大小发生改变则会出问题
</blockquote>
<p>3.定位 + transform</p>
<blockquote>
<p>子绝父相</p>
<p>给父盒子相对定位：</p>
<figure class="highlight html"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">position: relative;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>给子盒子绝对定位：</p>
<figure class="highlight html"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">position: absolute;</span><br><span class="line">top: 50%;</span><br><span class="line">left: 50%;</span><br><span class="line">transform: translate(-50%,-50%); //减去自身的50%</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</blockquote>
<p>4.定位 + margin</p>
<blockquote>
<p>子绝父相</p>
<p>给父盒子相对定位：</p>
<figure class="highlight html"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">position: relative;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>给子盒子绝对定位：</p>
<figure class="highlight html"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">position: absolute;</span><br><span class="line">top: 0;</span><br><span class="line">bottom: 0;</span><br><span class="line">left: 0;</span><br><span class="line">right: 0;</span><br><span class="line">margin: auto;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="盒模型"><a href="#盒模型" class="headerlink" title="盒模型"></a>盒模型</h2><blockquote>
<p>盒模型由内往外主要分为四个部分：内容、内边距、边框、外边距</p>
</blockquote>
<p><img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2022/08/01/vAF4Fx.png" alt="盒模型"></p>
<h3 id="标准盒模型"><a href="#标准盒模型" class="headerlink" title="标准盒模型"></a>标准盒模型</h3><blockquote>
<p>默认是标准盒模型，width和height只是内容的宽高，所以盒子的实际大小应加上：内边距、边框</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight html"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="tag"><<span class="name">style</span>></span><span class="language-css"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-css"> * {</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-css"> <span class="attribute">margin</span>: <span class="number">0</span>;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-css"> <span class="attribute">padding</span>: <span class="number">0</span>;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-css"> }</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-css"> <span class="selector-class">.father</span> {</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-css"> <span class="attribute">width</span>: <span class="number">200px</span>;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-css"> <span class="attribute">height</span>: <span class="number">200px</span>;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-css"> <span class="attribute">background-color</span>: skyblue;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-css"> <span class="attribute">padding</span>: <span class="number">10px</span>;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-css"> <span class="attribute">border</span>: <span class="number">10px</span> solid pink;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-css"> <span class="attribute">margin</span>: <span class="number">10px</span>;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-css"> }</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-css"></span><span class="tag"></<span class="name">style</span>></span></span><br><span class="line"> //其他代码省略</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="tag"><<span class="name">div</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"father"</span>></span><span class="tag"></<span class="name">div</span>></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2022/08/01/vAEnL4.png" alt="盒模型面积"></p>
<p>所以盒子最终的宽高是240*240</p>
<h3 id="怪异盒模型-x2F-c3盒模型-x2F-ie盒模型"><a href="#怪异盒模型-x2F-c3盒模型-x2F-ie盒模型" class="headerlink" title="怪异盒模型/c3盒模型/ie盒模型"></a>怪异盒模型/c3盒模型/ie盒模型</h3><p>通过设置box-sizing: border-box;可以设置为怪异盒模型，实际盒子大小就是设置的宽高，包含内容+padding+border。</p>
<p><img src="https://s1.ax1x.com/2022/08/01/vAVeht.png" alt="怪异盒模型"></p>
<h2 id="flex"><a href="#flex" class="headerlink" title="flex"></a>flex</h2><h3 id="flex1"><a href="#flex1" class="headerlink" title="flex1"></a>flex1</h3><blockquote>
<p>flex1展开为：</p>
<p>flex-grow:1</p>
<p>flex-shink:1</p>
<p>flex-basis:0%</p>
</blockquote>
<p>1.<code>flex-grow</code> 是用来增大盒子的，比如，当父盒子的宽度大于子盒子的宽度，父盒子的剩余空间可以利用flex-grow来设置子盒子增大的占比。 </p>
<p>2.<code>flex-shink</code> 是用来设置子盒子超过父盒子的宽度后，进行缩小的比例值。</p>
<p>3.<code>flex-basis </code> 设置盒子的基准宽度，并且basis存在时会使width失效。（可以理解为basis比width优先级高）</p>
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href="#%E7%9B%92%E5%AD%90%E6%B0%B4%E5%B9%B3%E5%9E%82%E7%9B%B4%E5%B1%85%E4%B8%AD"><span class="toc-number">7.</span> <span class="toc-text">盒子水平垂直居中</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%9B%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">8.</span> <span class="toc-text">盒模型</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E7%9B%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">8.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">标准盒模型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%80%AA%E5%BC%82%E7%9B%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B-x2F-c3%E7%9B%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B-x2F-ie%E7%9B%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">8.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">怪异盒模型/c3盒模型/ie盒模型</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#flex"><span class="toc-number">9.</span> <span class="toc-text">flex</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item 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