make `PyErrState` thread-safe #11736

Job	Run time
resolve	4s
fmt	19s
check-msrv	10m 15s
semver-checks	2m 50s
clippy/aarch64-apple-darwin/stable	7m 13s
python${{ matrix.python-version }}-${{ matrix.platform.python-architecture }} ${{ matrix.platform.os }} rust-${{ matrix.rust }}	0s
clippy/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/stable	3m 37s
careful	0s
clippy/powerpc64le-unknown-linux-gnu/stable	4m 46s
coverage windows-latest	15m 48s
clippy/s390x-unknown-linux-gnu/stable	7m 8s
coverage macos-latest	6m 44s
clippy/wasm32-wasi/stable	4m 19s
docsrs	0s
coverage ubuntu-latest	12m 21s
clippy/x86_64-pc-windows-msvc/stable	6m 37s
clippy/i686-pc-windows-msvc/stable	6m 39s
clippy/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/beta	7m 17s
valgrind	0s
test-free-threaded	11m 5s
check-feature-powerset ${{ matrix.rust }}	0s
test-cross-compilation ${{ matrix.os }} -> ${{ matrix.target }}	0s
emscripten	0s
test-cross-compilation-windows	0s
test-debug	0s
test-version-limits	0s
python3.12-x64 ubuntu-latest rust-nightly / build	7m 36s
python3.12-x64 macos-13 rust-stable / build	12m 11s
python3.12-arm64 macos-latest rust-stable / build	9m 12s
python3.12-x64 ubuntu-latest rust-stable / build	10m 23s
python3.12-x86 windows-latest rust-stable / build	11m 54s
python3.12-x64 windows-latest rust-stable / build	16m 40s
conclusion	1s
	2h 54m 59s

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