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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>SkŁODowska - A Linked Open Data Project</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="style/main.css">
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<div>
<a onclick="closeNav()" href="#linkS1">1. About the Project</a>
<a onclick="closeNav()" href="#linkS2">2. The Idea</a>
<a onclick="closeNav()" href="#linkS3">3. A Brief Overview</a>
<a onclick="closeNav()" href="#linkS4">4. Items</a>
<a onclick="closeNav()" href="#linkS5">5. Conceptual map & E/R Model</a>
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<a onclick="closeNav()" href="#linkS6">6. Metadata Scouting & Alignment</a>
<a onclick="closeNav()" href="#linkS7">7. Theoretical Model & Enhanced E/R</a>
<a onclick="closeNav()" href="#linkS8">8. Conceptual Model</a>
<a onclick="closeNav()" href="#linkS9">9. Knowledge Representation & RDF Production</a>
<a onclick="closeNav()" href="#linkS10">10. The Team</a>
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<h2 id="MCtit">MARIE CURIE</h2>
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<h1>Skłodowska</h1>
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<div id="headerDescription">
<h2 class="skloCit">"A scientist in his laboratory is not a mere technician: he is also a child confronting natural phenomena that impress him as though they were fairy tales."</h2>
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<div class="centButtondiv"><a class="greenBtn" href="#linkS1">Start your radioactive fairy</a></div>
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<h3 class="secTitle">About <span class="skloNum">1</span><br/>the Project</h3>
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<p class="skloText">SK<span class="subSectionG">[ŁOD]</span>OWSKA - a Linked Open Data Project on the life and legacy of Dr. Marie Curie - is a project created for the Knowledge Organization and Cultural Heritage course of the Master Degree in Digital Humanities and Digital Knowledge of the University of Bologna. The project focuses on the life of the physicist, the network of relationships formed around her pioneering work about radioactivity, and her activity during the First World War. </p>
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<h3 class="secTitle2"> <span class="skloNum2">2</span> The Idea <br/> Development</h3>
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<p class="skloText2">The life of Maria Salomea Skłodowska can be read as a sequence of events that led her, apart from other aspects, to consider scientific research as a great tool against any kind of preconception at her time.</p>
<p class="skloCitintext2">“There are sadistic scientists who hurry to hunt down errors instead of establishing the truth.”</p>
<p class="skloText2">In the late 1903, writing about “the phosphorescence of uranium, discovered by M. Becquerel”, Marie Curie catched a glimpse of what would be considered the greatest scientific discovery of the century, leading her to win two Nobel Prizes and numerous recognitions, being the first woman in history to receive such a consideration by the scholars' community.</p>
<p class="skloText2">Marie Curie has been chosen as the subject of this Linked Open Data Project for multiple reasons. Firstly, we thought that it would have been a great opportunity for rediscovering her yet-contemporary figure. Furthermore, the choice was also driven by the aim of facilitating the approach to the project by the “non-insiders”, i.e. the casual surfers of the Web, thanks to the well known story of such an important character.</p>
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<h3 class="secTitle">A Brief <span class="skloNum">3</span><br/>Overview</h3>
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<p class="skloText"><span class="subSectionG">[Early years]</span>
Marie was born in Warsaw in 1867 as the youngest of five children. After her mother’s premature death, she found herself, as a woman, without options for an higher education in what was then the Kingdom of Poland, at that time part of the Russian Empire. For this reason she attended a clandestine university until she moved to Paris in 1891 along with her sister Bronislawa. Here she continued studying and she conducted her subsequent scientific works.</p>
<p class="skloText"><span class="subSectionG">[Network] </span>
The first relationship we can annoverate among the ones in her network is that with Henri Bequerel, the French physicist that discovered evidences of radioactivity. Choosing the study of the radioactive characteristic in uranium as her thesis topic, Curie started to investigate the emission of the so-called "Becquerel Rays".
That can be considered a valid momentum in which Marie demonstrated that radioactivity is not a property of an interaction between elements but rather an intrinsic atomic property.
It is in the same period, in 1894, that she met another French physicist: Pierre Curie, who would became her husband in 1895.</p>
<p class="skloCitintext1"> "RA = 225,93. Weight of an atom of radium"</p>
<p class="skloText"><span class="subSectionG">[Career] </span>
Pierre was teaching at the University of Sorbonne, in Paris, and building a solid team-work with Marie by joining her laboratory, while the two scientists came to some interesting discoveries. Following Becquerel's studies on uranium's capacity of emitting X-ray-like radiations that could interact with photographic films, Marie and Pierre discovered both Polonium and Radium. The new wlements were announced in 1898: Polonium was named after Marie's native land, and Radium after the Latin word for "ray". Along the way, they also coined the term "radioactivity".
Marie Skłodowska Curie won the Noble Prize in Physics in 1903, together with Pierre Curie and Henri Bequerel. From that moment onwards, her legacy and recognition grew exponentially.
After Pierre's death in 1906, Marie took over his teaching position at the Sorbonne, becoming the first female professor at the University of Paris.
Marie's fruitful work led her to won another Nobel in 1911, this time for chemistry. The reasons were her earlier discoveries of radium and polonium together with the extraction and analysis of the pure radium and its compounds.</p>
<p class="skloText"><span class="subSectionG">[The icon]</span>
Marie Curie's work has been crucial not only for her activism towards both first aid during the First World War and female education, but also for its contribution to the shape the world has today, both from the scientific and the societal points of view.
The benefits to humanity may have come at an high personal cost: Marie died in 1934 due to the long-term exposure to radiations. Two years before, she founded the Radium Insitute of Warsaw, the second research institute established by the scientist after the Curie Institute of Paris.</p>
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<h3 class="secTitle2"> <span class="skloNum2">4</span> The Choice<br/> of the Items</h3>
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<p class="skloText2">The first task for the project was to select 10 different types of items related to our idea. In the selection process, it was needed to consider only objects that had already been described as items on the Web by cultural institutions.</p>
<p class="skloText2">Firstly, we thought about what in our opinion could draw a <span class="italicText">file rouge</span> through Marie Curie’s life. Therefore, in order to achieve a more complete representation of the key moments and the essential passages that characterized her figure, we decided to consider both the Nobel Prizes won by Mme. Curie. That is why the items presented in this project are actually 11, 2 of which are exactly of the same type.</p>
<p class="skloText2">In particular, the objects have been chosen also because they have special connections with other people, places, periods of time and concepts. In conclusion, each item presents a link to the providing institution, or aggregator, along with a brief description.</p>
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<div class="mainBodyItem">
<div class="card">
<div class="imgDiv">
<img class="imgItem" src="img/items/MC_LOD_Img_Item_Notebook.png">
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<div class="itemTcontainer">
<h4 class="itemTitle">Marie Curie's Radioactive Notebook</h4>
<p class="itemDesc">Full of drawings and notes, it was used from 1899 to 1902. Marie Curie’s notebook is still radioactive: it is necessary to wear special gears to protect oneself from radiactive contamination.</p>
<div class="itemButtondiv">
<a class="sourceBtn" href="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/cywqefw4">Source</a>
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<img class="imgItem" src="img/items/MC_LOD_Img_Item_Photo_Marie-and-her-daughters-1908_Wellcome.jpg">
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<div class="itemTcontainer">
<h4 class="itemTitle">Photograph of Marie Curie with her daughters</h4>
<p class="itemDesc">Marie Curie pictured with her two daughters, Irène and Ève, in 1904, two years before Pierre’s accidental death. The first daughter won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935 for the development of synthetic radioactivity together with her husband Frédéric Joliot, while the second was both an artist and an activist, and worked for the UNESCO.</p>
<div class="itemButtondiv">
<a class="sourceBtn" href="https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8617237/image-of-marie-curie-with-her-daughters-eve-and-irene-photograph">Source</a>
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<div class="card">
<div class="imgDiv">
<img class="imgItem" src="img/items/MC_LOD_Img_Diploma_Nobel-Prize-in-Physics-1903.jpg">
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<div class="itemTcontainer">
<h4 class="itemTitle">Marie and Pierre Curie's Nobel Prize in Physics - Diploma</h4>
<p class="itemDesc">Working under very precarious conditions and unaware of the harmful effects that these “spontaneous” radiations have on the human organism, the Curie’s treated a tonne of pitchblende, of which they isolated a 1-gram fraction of radium. This discovery, based on the previous studies made by Bequerel, led the three scientists to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.</p>
<div class="itemButtondiv">
<a class="sourceBtn" href="http://www.calames.abes.fr/pub/#details?id=Calames-201473017740331954">Source</a>
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<img class="imgItem" src="img/items/MC_LOD_Img_Item_Stamp_Swedish_Marie_Pierre_Curie_Bequerel_Europeana.png">
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<h4 class="itemTitle">Commemorative Stamp</h4>
<p class="itemDesc">Both Curies and Antoine Henri Becquerel shared the 1903 Physics Nobel Prize: commemorative stamps did not take long to be produced, and, actually, never stopped to be. This work in particular dates back to 1963. It was ideated by Arne Wallhorn for the country that gave birth to the Nobel Prize, Sweden.</p>
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<a class="sourceBtn" href="https://www.europeana.eu/it/item/916120/pm_object_POST054586">Source</a>
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<img class="imgItem" src="img/items/MC_LOD_Img_Text_Traité-de-radioactivité_1910 (2).jpg">
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<h4 class="itemTitle">Treatise on Radioactivity</h4>
<p class="itemDesc">In 1910, Marie Curie wrote the “Treatise on radioactivity”. This work earned her a second Noble Prize the year after. The content of this document focuses mainly on radioactivity, polonium (back to Becquerel foundational studies), and radium.</p>
<div class="itemButtondiv">
<a class="sourceBtn" href="http://id.sbn.it/bid/PUV0307763">Source</a>
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<div class="card">
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<img class="imgItem" src="img/items/MC_LOD_Img_Item_Marie-Pierre-Specimen-of-Radium.jpeg">
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<h4 class="itemTitle">Litograph of Marie and Pierre Curie Holding a Glowing Specimen of Radium</h4>
<p class="itemDesc">Marie Curie was the first person ever to use the term “radioactive” in order to describe elements that emit radiation when their nucleus decomposes. This print, that came together with the Vanity Fair magazine in 1904, celebrates the two consorts together with the blue-mauve element of radium.</p>
<div class="itemButtondiv">
<a class="sourceBtn" href="https://www.europeana.eu/it/item/9200579/spchg8jz">Source</a>
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<div class="imgDiv">
<img class="imgItem" src="img/items/MC_LOD_Img_Item_Marie-Article.jpg">
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<h4 class="itemTitle">Journal Article: Marie Curie Honors</h4>
<p class="itemDesc">Pierre’s unexpected death caused an obscure period of time in the life of Marie. Desolated, she decided to accept her husband’s position at the University of Sorbonne as well as to deeply dedicate herself to research.</p>
<div class="itemButtondiv">
<a class="sourceBtn" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/48257439/marie-curie-appointed-to-husbands/">Source</a>
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<img class="imgItem" src="img/items/MC_LOD_Objct_Radithor.jpg">
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<h4 class="itemTitle">Radithor</h4>
<p class="itemDesc">Considered to be the ancestor of the contemporary energy drinks, the Radithor was a bottle of glass containing, mainly, radioactive distilled water.
The negative effects of radioactivity were discovered only at a later time. Meanwhile, also the production of beauty treatments based on radioactive components increased exponentially.
Together with its luminescence, radium soon became well known for its "miraculous cures", until many products relying on the imaginary powers of this element became to be referred to as real “Radium Quackeries”, radithor included.</p>
<div class="itemButtondiv">
<a class="sourceBtn" href="https://www.europeana.eu/it/item/9200579/spchg8jz">Source</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card">
<div class="imgDiv">
<img class="imgItem" src="img/items/MC_LOD_Img_Diploma_Nobel-Prize-in-Chemistry-1911.jpg">
</div>
<div class="itemTcontainer">
<h4 class="itemTitle">Marie Curie's Nobel Prize in Chemistry - Diploma</h4>
<p class="itemDesc">1911: the Nobel Foundation conferred the Prize for Chemistry to Marie Curie, who, together with her daughter Irène, was able to conduct studies supporting “the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element."</p>
<div class="itemButtondiv">
<a class="sourceBtn" href="http://www.calames.abes.fr/pub/ms/Calames-2014730177403321115">Source</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card">
<div class="imgDiv">
<img class="imgItem" src="img/items/MC_LOD_Img_Item_Video_X-Ray-Ambulance.png">
</div>
<div class="itemTcontainer">
<h4 class="itemTitle">French Army X-Ray Ambulance in Action</h4>
<p class="itemDesc">During the First World War, the French army had some delays in providing ambulances. That is why Marie Curie joined the Union of Women of France, which gave her money to produce the first of a series of cars outfitted with X-ray equipments. “The little Curie” model was born.</p>
<div class="itemButtondiv">
<a class="sourceBtn" href="https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVA40W20HEWZCX9A22JUWVP0ON18-FRENCH-ARMY-X-RAY-AMBULANCE/">Source</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card">
<div class="imgDiv">
<img class="imgItem" src="img/items/MC_LOD_Movie_Radioactive.jpg">
</div>
<div class="itemTcontainer">
<h4 class="itemTitle">Radioactive - Movie</h4>
<p class="itemDesc">“Radioactive” is a film by Marjane Satrapi in which the story of the scientist comes to life. The main character, together with Marie, is for sure the luminescent Radium.</p>
<div class="itemButtondiv">
<a class="sourceBtn" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6017756/">Source</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="parallax" id="parallax4">
</div>
<div class="mainBody1" id="linkS5">
<div class="sectionContainer">
<div class="section1">
<h3 class="secTitle">Conceptual <span class="skloNum">5</span><br/> Map & E/R Model</h3>
<div class="textContainer">
<p class="skloText">After having chosen the items, we started with the modeling step. Initially, we have represented our idea graphically, by drawing a conceptual map.
In this graph are the chosen items as well as some etities connected with them and their related data, gathered from the objects' holding institutions.
After this step, we moved to the design of an E-R model, that is a first abstraction of our domain.</p>
<p class="skloText">This first modeling step has been really useful in order to characterize our idea and to better define relevant connections. Furthermore, it also helped us concretizing the mental process behind the selection of the items.</p>
</div>
<div class="graphdx">
<h4 class="graphTitle">Conceptual Map</h4>
<img src="img/graphs/MC_LOD_Map_Conceptual_.png" alt="Conceptual Map">
<div class="itemButtondiv">
<a class="sourceBtn" href="conceptualmap.html">Full screen image</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="graphdx">
<h4 class="graphTitle">E/R Model</h4>
<img src="img/graphs/MC_LOD_Map_E-R (2).png" alt="Conceptual Map">
<div class="itemButtondiv">
<a class="sourceBtn" href="ermodel.html">Full screen image</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="parallax" id="parallax5">
</div>
<div class="mainBody2" id="linkS6">
<div class="sectionContainer2">
<div class="section2">
<h3 class="secTitle2"> <span class="skloNum2">6</span> Metadata Scouting &<br/> Alignment </h3>
<div class="textContainer2">
<p class="skloText2">We set up an accurate research aimed at identifying how each institution had described the provided items. We looked for the documentation about the metadata standards adopted by each holding institution to describe the specific object and we reported them in a table.</p>
<p class="skloText2">It must be said that only some institutions provided an explicit declaration about the used standard. In cases of missing declarations, we tried to contact the involved organizations. Every time we did not receive a reply, we moved on by considering the nature of the holding institution and the typology of the item in order to select the best metadata standard for each different situation.</p>
<p class="skloText2">After this step, we have aligned all the different standards according to a 4W model (Who, Where, What, When), trying to define properties related to people, places, concepts and events. THen, such properties have been compared taking as main reference the set of metadata elements provided by the Dublin Core.
This operation of highlighting the differences between all the identified standards has been done in order to ensure interoperability.</p>
</div>
<h4 class="graphTitlew">Metadata Analysis</h4>
<div class="scoutingTable">
<table>
<tr>
<th>Item</th>
<th>Provider</th>
<th>Provided Standard</th>
<th>Chosen Standard*</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Stamp</td>
<td>Europeana</td>
<td>EDM</td>
<td>/</td>
</tr>
<td>Trattato Scritto</td>
<td>SBN OPAC</td>
<td>MARC21</td>
<td>/</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Nobel</td>
<td>Musee Curie</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>CCO</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Film</td>
<td>IMDb</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>schema.org</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Radithor</td>
<td>American History Museum</td>
<td>CCO</td>
<td>/</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Photograph</td>
<td>Science Museum Group</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>IPTC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Print (Radium)</td>
<td>Europeana</td>
<td>EDM</td>
<td>/</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Video Ambulance</td>
<td>British Paté</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>ISAD(G)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Article</td>
<td>newspapers.com</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>MARC21</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Notebook</td>
<td>Wellcome collection</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>MARC21</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="textContainer2">
<p class="skloText2"><span class="notepdp">*</span><br/><span class="subSectionP">[Diplomas]</span>
Since the institution does not provide a standard for the items mentioned in the table, we decided to apply the CCO standard. CCO relies on its personal connection with the VRA Core record to provide completeness and readability in the case of both work records and image records.</p>
<p class="skloText2"><span class="subSectionP">[Movie]</span>
Since the Internet Movie Database (IMDb) does not provide the name of the set of used standards, we decided to describe our item with the one provided by Schema.org. This has been done since Schema.org provides an effective way to describe information related to movies, but also for the guarantee of interoperability coming from this “collaborative community activity with a mission to create, maintain, and promote schemas for structured data on the Internet”. <a class="intextLinkbl" href="https://schema.org/docs/about.html">(see here)</a></p>
<p class="skloText2"><span class="subSectionP">[Treatise]</span>
The Online Public Access Catalogue of SBN (Servizio Bibliotecario Nazionale) allows one to make bibliographic research on the collective catalogue of the italian libraries.
For what concerns the standards, both UNIMARC and MARC21 are declared to be used. In particular, we decided to opt for MARC21, which provides the possibility of creating more complete and up-to-dated metadata descriptions.</p>
<p class="skloText2"><span class="subSectionP">[Photo]</span>
The Science Museum group is an aggregator of over 380,000 objects and archives in the UK.
The institution developed an <a class="intextLinkbl" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ail2.23">AI system to set up predicates</a>.
For this reason, we decided to select a standard on our own, the IPTC, that could specify metadata properties with a focus on photographs (for reference, see the link <a class="intextLinkbl" href="https://www.iptc.org/std/photometadata/specification/IPTC-PhotoMetadata-2021.1.html)">here</a>).</p>
<p class="skloText2"><span class="subSectionP">[Video]</span>
Since the items on BritishPaté are gathered from a bigger archive, i.e. the Reuters historical collection, we decided to choose the suitable <a class="intextLinkbl" href="https://www.ica.org/sites/default/files/CBPS_2000_Guidelines_ISAD%28G%29_Second-edition_EN.pdf"> ISAD(G) standard</a> devoted to archival resources.
</p>
<p class="skloText2">
The choice about the most suitable and complete standard to describe our last two items, the article and the notebook, fell once more on MARC21 thanks to its wide coverage.</p>
</div>
<div class="tab"> <!--here I put the class "active" in order to highlight the first button when at first nothing is manually selected by the user-->
<button class="tablinks active" onclick="openTab(event, 'Who')">Who</button>
<button class="tablinks" onclick="openTab(event, 'When')">When</button>
<button class="tablinks" onclick="openTab(event, 'Where')">Where</button>
<button class="tablinks" onclick="openTab(event, 'What')">What</button>
</div>
<!-- Tab content -->
<div class="alignmentTable">
<div id="Who" class="tabcontent defaultOpen">
<table>
<tr>
<th>Property</th>
<th>DC/DCterms</th>
<th>EDM</th>
<th>CCO</th>
<th>MARC21</th>
<th>Schema.org</th>
<th>IPTC</th>
<th>ISAD(G)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Who is the creator?</td>
<td>DC:creator</td>
<td>DC:creator</td>
<td>Creator </td>
<td>100 1#$a</td>
<td>schema:creator; schema:author; schema:director</td>
<td>6.6. Creator</td>
<td>3.2.1 Name of Creator</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Who is the publisher?</td>
<td>DC:publisher</td>
<td>DC:publisher</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>260 ##$b</td>
<td>schema:publisher</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>/</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Who is the contributor/producer?</td>
<td>DC:contributor</td>
<td>DC:contributor</td>
<td>Creator; Creator Role</td>
<td>700 1#$a; 710 2#$a</td>
<td>schema:productionCompany; schema:producer</td>
<td>11.1.3. Contribution Description</td>
<td>/</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Who is the subject?</td>
<td>DC:subject</td>
<td>DC:subject</td>
<td>Subject</td>
<td>600 $a</td>
<td>schema:about</td>
<td>6.18. Keywords</td>
<td>3.3.1 Scope and Content</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Who is the rights owner?</td>
<td>DCterms:rightsHolder</td>
<td>DC:rights; EDM:rights</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>542 ##$d</td>
<td>schema:copyrightHolder</td>
<td>6.3. Copyright Notice; 6.9. Credit Line</td>
<td>3.4.2 Conditions governing reproduction</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div id="When" class="tabcontent">
<table>
<tr>
<th>Property</th>
<th>DC/DCterms</th>
<th>EDM</th>
<th>CCO</th>
<th>MARC21</th>
<th>Schema.org</th>
<th>IPTC</th>
<th>ISAD(G)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>When was it created?</td>
<td>DC:created</td>
<td>DCterms:created</td>
<td>Display Date</td>
<td>260 ##$g</td>
<td>schema:dateCreated</td>
<td>6.10. Date Created</td>
<td>3.1.3 Date(s)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>When was it published/realeased?</td>
<td>DCterms:issued</td>
<td>DCterms:issued</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>260 ##$c</td>
<td>schema:datePublished</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>/</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div id="Where" class="tabcontent">
<table>
<tr>
<th>Property</th>
<th>DC/DCterms</th>
<th>EDM</th>
<th>CCO</th>
<th>MARC21</th>
<th>Schema.org</th>
<th>IPTC</th>
<th>ISAD(G)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Where is it preserved?</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>edm:currentLocation</td>
<td>Current Location </td>
<td>852 $a</td>
<td>schema:archivedAt</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>/</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Where has it been published?</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>Publication Location</td>
<td>260 ##$a</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>/</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Where has it been created?</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>Creation Location; Creation Location Display</td>
<td>260 ##$e</td>
<td>schema:locationCreated</td>
<td>10.20. Location Created</td>
<td>/</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div id="What" class="tabcontent">
<table>
<tr>
<th>Property</th>
<th>DC/DCterms</th>
<th>EDM</th>
<th>CCO</th>
<th>MARC21</th>
<th>Schema.org</th>
<th>IPTC</th>
<th>ISAD(G)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What is the type?</td>
<td>DC:type</td>
<td>DC:type; edm:hasType; edm:type</td>
<td>Work Type</td>
<td>655 #4$a</td>
<td>schema:additionalType</td>
<td>10.9. Digital Source Type</td>
<td>/</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What is the subject?</td>
<td>DC:subject</td>
<td>DC:subject</td>
<td>Subject</td>
<td>653 ##$a</td>
<td>schema:about</td>
<td>6.18. Keywords</td>
<td>3.3.1 Scope and Content</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What is the title?</td>
<td>DC:title</td>
<td>DC:title</td>
<td>Title</td>
<td>245 00$a</td>
<td>schema:name</td>
<td>6.25. Title</td>
<td>3.1.2 Title</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What is the length/duration?</td>
<td>DCterms:extent</td>
<td>DCterms:extent</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>300 ##$a</td>
<td>schema:duration</td>
<td>//</td>
<td>3.1.5 Extent and medium of the unit of description</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What is the language?</td>
<td>DC:language</td>
<td>DC:language</td>
<td>Language</td>
<td>546 ##$a</td>
<td>schema:inLanguage</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>3.4.3 Language/scripts of material</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What is the genre?</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>DC:type</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>schema:genre</td>
<td>10.11. Genre</td>
<td>/</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What is the resource that includes it?</td>
<td>DCterms:isPartOf</td>
<td>DCterms:isPartOf</td>
<td>Relationship Type</td>
<td>773 0#$n</td>
<td>schema:isPartOf</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>3.5.4 Publication Note</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What does the resource includes?</td>
<td>DCterms:hasPart</td>
<td>dcterms:hasPart</td>
<td>Relationship Type</td>
<td>774 0#$n</td>
<td>schema:hasPart</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>3.4.5 Publication Note</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What is the medium?</td>
<td>DC:medium</td>
<td>DC:medium</td>
<td>Material</td>
<td>340 ##$a</td>
<td>schema:associatedMedia</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>3.1.5 Extent and medium of the unit of description</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What is the used technique?</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>Technique</td>
<td>340 ##$d</td>
<td>/</td>
<td>11.1.12 Physical Description</td>
<td>/</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What is the description/physical description?</td>
<td>DC:description</td>
<td>DC:description</td>
<td>Description</td>
<td>300 ##$b; $c; $e; $f; $g; $3; $6; $8</td>
<td>schema:description</td>
<td>6.11. Description</td>
<td>3.4.4 Physiscal Characteristics and Technical Requirements</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="parallax" id="parallax6">
</div>
<div class="mainBody1" id="linkS7">
<div class="sectionContainer">
<div class="section1">
<h3 class="secTitle">Theoretical <span class="skloNum">7</span><br/> Model & E/R Enhanced</h3>
<div class="textContainer">
<p class="skloText">At this stage of the project, after a deeper anaysis of our domain, we developed a theoretical model. We gathered all the possible connections between the entities and we produced an enhanced description of the domain in natural language. As it can be seen, the scenario is extremely interconnected. This is due to the fact that we both collected new descriptions from the web and drew new relationships between the items and the other relevant entities of our domain.
</p>
<p class="skloText">After having designed the theoretical model, we moved back to the E/R model maintaining the focus on the abstraction and categorisation of our domain. Thus, all the new connections have been highlighted and the graph has been deeply restructured.</p>
</div>
<div class="graphdx">
<h4 class="graphTitle">Theoretical Model</h4>
<img src="img/graphs/MC_LOD_svg_Theoretical.png" alt="Theoretical Model">
<div class="itemButtondiv">
<a class="sourceBtn" href="theoreticalmodel.html">Full screen image</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="graphdx">
<h4 class="graphTitle">E/R Model Enhanced</h4>
<img src="img/graphs/MC_LOD_Map_E-R-enhanced.png" alt="ENhanced E/R Model">
<div class="itemButtondiv">
<a class="sourceBtn" href="enhancedER.html">Full screen image</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="parallax" id="parallax7">
</div>
<div class="mainBody2" id="linkS8">
<div class="sectionContainer2">
<div class="section2">
<h3 class="secTitle2"> <span class="skloNum2">8</span> Conceptual <br/> Model</h3>
<div class="textContainer2">
<p class="skloText2">This is the first step towards the formalization of our data, where we expressed the properties defined in our theoretical model in formal language.
</p>
<p class="skloText2">In order to do that we chose the most appropriate ontologies for each of the categories extracted from the initial 4W model: Person and Institution, Place, Event, and Concept. We produced 4 tables - one for each of the aforementioned categories - and a graph of the entire description. In the latter, we also created a more general legend in which the description of the entities is summarized.</p>
<p class="skloText2">In the interest of providing an accurate description of our domain, we decided to begin from the specific to move then to a broader classification of entities and predicates.
Given this aim, we decided to use FOAF ontology in order to describe people and relations among them, Geo ontology for the description of our places and FaBiO ontology for our textual items and their descriptions.
For what concerns our concepts, we decided to harmonize their description thanks to general-scope ontologies and vocabularies such as CIDOC-CRM, DBpedia-OWL, Dublin Core, RDF, RDFS and Schema.org. This selection was driven also by the possibility of using some terms as a special glue to stick together some entities with their connections and descriptions.
Finally, we decided to use FRAPO and ModSci ontologies - the last of which is specifically designed for scientific culture - to define and describe the most peculiar entities of our domain, such as the chemical elements.</p>
</div>
<div class="tab">
<button class="tablinks active" onclick="openTab(event, 'Person')">Person/Institution</button>
<button class="tablinks" onclick="openTab(event, 'Place')">Place</button>
<button class="tablinks" onclick="openTab(event, 'Concept')">Concept</button>
<button class="tablinks" onclick="openTab(event, 'Event')">Event</button>
</div>
<!-- Tab content -->
<div class="conceptTable">
<div id="Person" class="tabcontent defaultOpen">
<table>
<tr>
<th>Question</th>
<th>Predicate</th>
<th>Ontology</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What award has been received received?</td>
<td>dbo:award</td>
<td>DBPedia-OWL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>When was the person born?</td>
<td>dbo:birthDate</td>
<td>DBPedia-OWL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>When did the person die?</td>
<td>dbo:deathDate</td>
<td>DBPedia-OWL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Who was his/her employer?</td>
<td>dbo:employer</td>
<td>DBPedia-OWL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>When was it founded?</td>
<td>dbo:formationDate</td>
<td>DBPedia-OWL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Who is his/her daughter?</td>
<td>crm:P152_has_parent</td>
<td>CIDOC-CRM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What is the gender?</td>
<td>foaf:gender</td>
<td>FOAF</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What is the name?</td>
<td>foaf:name</td>
<td>FOAF</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What is his/her nationality?</td>
<td>dbo:nationality</td>
<td>DBPedia-OWL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What is his/her occupation?</td>
<td>schema:hasOccupation</td>
<td>Schema.org</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Who are his/her relatives?</td>
<td>schema:relatedTo</td>
<td>Schema.org</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Where did he/she teach?</td>
<td>schema:workLocation</td>
<td>Schema.org</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What is the type?</td>
<td>rdf:type</td>
<td>RDF</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Of which institution was he/she member?</td>
<td>schema:memberOf</td>
<td>Schema.org</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Of what is it part of?</td>
<td>DC:isPartOf</td>
<td>DublinCore</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Who is his/her sibling?</td>
<td>schema:sibling</td>
<td>Schema.org</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Where did he/she live?</td>
<td>schema:homeLocation</td>
<td>Schema.org</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Where is it located (headquarter)?</td>
<td>dbo:headquarter</td>
<td>DBPedia-OWL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Whom is he/she married to?</td>
<td>schema:spouse</td>
<td>Schema.org</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Where was he/she born?</td>
<td>dbo:birthPlace</td>
<td>DBPedia-OWL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Where did he/she die?</td>
<td>dbo:deathPlace</td>
<td>DBPedia-OWL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>In which event did he/she take part?</td>
<td>crm:P11_participated_in</td>
<td>CIDOC-CRM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Whom does he/she worked with?</td>
<td>schema:colleague</td>
<td>Schema.org</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Which is the official name of the organisation?</td>
<td>schema:legalName</td>
<td>Schema.org</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Whom is he/she related to?</td>
<td>schema:relatedTo</td>
<td>Schema.org</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div id="Place" class="tabcontent">
<table>
<tr>
<th>Question</th>
<th>Predicate</th>
<th>Ontology</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What is the country?</td>
<td>dbo:country</td>
<td>DBPedia-OWL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Which is the country code?</td>
<td>dbo:iso31661Code</td>
<td>DBPedia-OWL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>What is the latitude?</td>
<td>geo:lat</td>
<td>GEO</td>