Sol Energy #1
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This was referenced Nov 11, 2023
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This is a team of the division Sol Resource Management.
1.1 Consumption
1.2 Sources
1.3 Uses
1.4 Types
1.5 Costs
1. Energy
1.1 We consumed 165.32 PWh of energy in 2021.
Which of your products were made in which of these 9 countries, where 65% of the primary energy is consumed?
A human being consumes on average 21 MWh of primary energy per year:
The lowest averages are in Africa. Afghanistan (946), Nepal (1,530), and Yemen (1,598) seem to be the Asian countries with the lowest consumption per person, in kWh; these are some of the lowest consumptions worldwide.
The main net importers of energy: Malta 126.9%, Switzerland 67.9%, Luxembourg 36.7%, Ireland 35.5%, Denmark 27.3%, Britain 26%, Belgium 25.3%, Austria 22.5%, Italy 20.9%, France 16.8%, Germany 14.2%, USA 12.3%
Consumption-based (trade-adjusted) energy use (MWh / person) adds domestic energy use to the difference between the energy used to produce imported goods and the energy used to produce exported goods. Data from 2020: India 11, Indonesia 12, Brazil 14, Turkey 21, South Africa and Mexico 22, Romania 26, China and Bulgaria 28, Portugal 30
I'd like to find ways to thank Edouard Mathieu and his team for their work and to support their work.
1.2 Sources of energy in 2021
Faster renewable sources represent 12.6%.
They are named low-carbon sources together with nuclear energy. These countries got most of their energy from these sources in 2021: Iceland 86.87%, Sweden 71.93%, Norway 71.56%, Finland 53.21%, Switzerland 52.31%, France 50.13%
We are producing more and more energy from renewable sources and less and less from nuclear energy. Most nuclear energy seems produced in Europe. France and Ukraine stand out as main producers. Each of them is facing challenges.
Fossil fuels per person in 2021 (MWh): Bangladesh 2.7, Pakistan 4, Philippines 4.3, India 6.3, Morocco 6.6, Colombia 7, Peru 7.1, Indonesia 7.5, Ecuador 8, Brazil 8.6
"Most fossil fuel plants run with an efficiency of around 33% to 40%. The remaining 60% to 67% of energy is wasted as heat."
1.2.1 Petroleum
If we can use 244.4 Gt of petroleum and we consume 4.39 Gt per year, it can run out by 2075.
The less petroleum we use, the more difficult it is to use tires, to plaster roads, and to carry things by air and by sea.
Reserves in 2020: 1,732,366,210,937 barrels (275.42 km3), most of them in Asia and South America.
These countries focused least on it in 2021: Trinidad and Tobago 8.63%, Uzbekistan 8.71%, Iceland 12.76%, Ukraine 13.73%, Turkmenistan 17.68%, Norway 18.48%, China 19.41%, South Africa 20.91%, Russia 21.43%
If we emitted 11.07 Gt of CO2 by burning oil in 2020, we'd emit 520 Gt of CO2 if we burnt all the oil.
1.2.2 Coal
It is the most polluting source of energy.
These countries focused least on it in 2021: Trinidad and Tobago, Iraq, and Iceland: 0%; Azerbaijan and Qatar: 0.01%; Venezuela: 0.02%, Saudi Arabia: 0.03%, Kuwait: 0.16% Those who have petroleum and gas don't seem interested in it.
There were 1,074 Gt of coal left in 2021, which could run out by 2130.
If we emitted 13.97 Gt of CO2 by burning coal in 2020, we'd emit 1,537 Gt if we burnt all the coal.
If one burns 0.5 tonnes of coal to produce 1 MWh of electrical energy, one emits 2,100 pounds of CO2 and 346 pounds of CH4, i.e. 29,064 pounds of CO2e, a total of 31,164 pounds or the equivalent of 14,136 kg of CO2. If one emits 28.27 tonnes of GHG per tonne of coal, one could emit up to 30,000 Gt of GHG if one burnt all the coal. Irrespective of how nature would react to much more GHG in the air and in the ocean, it seems more and more difficult for us to stay alive under those conditions.
Who is living in one of these countries and wants to discuss what sources of energy would benefit them the most?
1.2.3 Gas
It seems that we're trying to switch to natural gas, which can run out by 2068. There might be 188,000 km³ of gas left; it seems that we consumed 4,000 km3 in 2021.
Most gas is in Asia.
Even if Russia extracted gas from Ukraine's shale, they wouldn't change their situation much. The situation could change for the main consumers in the European Union (EU). In 2020 the EU imported 22% of its gas from Norway and 34% from Russia. They may have tried to replace Russia with Ukraine. Since Russia opposed, they've courted Qatar because Russia has better relationships with Iran and Turkmenistan than the EU has.
To the extent that one wants to use energy obtained by burning gas, one agrees with these countries to pipe them gas or cable them electrical energy. Some continue to build pipelines across Eurasia and railways in Asia. Which is going to be the main language of Asia? Chinese, Russian, or Arabic?
It seems that they burnt no gas in Sri Lanka, Cyprus, and Iceland in 2020. These countries focused little on it in 2021: Sweden 2.06%, Ecuador 2.6%, South Africa 2.79%, Morocco 2.89%, Vietnam 5.94%, Philippines 6.03%, India 6.32%
When one burns 1 m3 of gas, one gets around 44 MJ of energy or 1,180.52 British thermal units (BTU) / cubic foot, i.e. 41,690 BTU. For every million BTU, one emits 52.91 kg CO2. So one emits 22.06 Mt of CO2 when one burns 1 km3 of gas. If one burnt all the gas, one would emit 4,148 Gt of CO2. Much more than the threshold to a much more difficult life.
If we emitted 7.4 Gt of CO2 by burning gas in 2020, we might emit 355 Gt if we burnt all the gas. When you order research with us, I'll make sure we get more accurate data.
1.2.4 Water movement
The countries that focused most on it in 2021 are mainly in Europe and South America: Norway 65.91%, Iceland 61.96%, Switzerland 31.89%, Ecuador 31.61%, Sweden 29.47%, Colombia 29.31%, Venezuela 28.39%, Austria 27.22%, Brazil 27.2%, New Zealand 27.12%, Canada 25.74%, Peru 25.08%
"The theoretical potential of hydroelectric power, setting aside all other considerations than what can hypothetically be produced from all sources on the planet, is estimated to be about 2.8 TW." If plants produced electrical energy for 3,660 hours per year, we'd get 10.2 PWh of the 28.5 PWh that seem necessary.
2020 China: installed capacity: 370,160 MW; generation: 1,355 TWh This can mean that its plants produce electrical energy for up to 3,660 hours per year. It seems difficult for China to increase this production.
1.2.5 Wind energy
They say that we could produce some 690 PWh of energy. We can capture wind energy especially in these countries (PWh): Russia 116, Australia 86, Canada 78, USA 74, Argentina 42, Kazakhstan 41, China 39, Mongolia 17, Sudan 15, Somalia 14
The countries that focused most on it in 2021 are in Europe: Denmark 22.49%, Ireland 14.59%, Portugal 13.02%, Sweden 11.26%, Spain 10.5%, Greece 9.37%, Germany 8.77%, Britain 8.46%, Finland 6.68%, Croatia 5.44%
The International Energy Agency reported that "1.59 PWh of electricity were generated from wind installations in 2020". "Total global wind power capacity is now up to 837 GW, helping the world avoid over 1.2 billion tonnes of CO2 annually – equivalent to the annual carbon emissions of South America."
China's goal is "to attain 400 GW by 2030 and 1 TW by 2050." If its plants produce electrical energy for 3,500 hours per year, it could produce up to 3.5 PWh. It seems that the USA could install at least 2 TW and produce at least 7.2 PWh per year. It seems that its plants could produce electrical energy for 3,500 hours per year.
We could use thermal batteries to store electrical energy produced from wind energy or solar energy.
1.2.6 Solar energy
The countries that focused most on it in 2021 are mainly in Eurasia: Chile 6%, Vietnam 5.62%, Australia 5.14%, Israel 4.86%, Greece 4.62%, Japan 4.58%, Spain 4.52%, Cyprus 4.16%, Italy 3.72%, Germany 3.65%
In 2020 we produced 821 TWh of electrical energy using photovoltaic cells. This seems the cheapest energy. It has had my attention for a long time.
We can produce most solar energy in Africa. In these countries and territories we can produce more than 4 kWh per day: Grenada, the Maldives, Guinea, Mozambique, Spain, Brazil, Puerto Rico, French Polynesia, Jamaica, Guatemala, Mayotte, Gibraltar, Turkmenistan, USA (up to the 60 degrees parallel), Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Martinique, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, the Cocos Islands, Turkey, India, Eswatini, Portugal, Uruguay, Nigeria, Comoros, Paraguay, Cameroon
In 2022, the global reserves of silver amounted to some 550 kt. In 2022 we consumed 38.8 kt. This can mean that these reserves would run out in 2036. If we recycle 40% of the silver we use, we could recycle 220 kt in stage 1 (enough for 6 years), 88 kt in stage 2 (for 2 years), and 35 kt for the year 2045. After that it is difficult to print front contacts for solar cells, unless we make them out of copper, which is difficult to use after 2080.
1.3 Uses of energy
1.3.1 Industry: 24.2%
1.3.1.1 Manufacturing iron and steel: 7.2%
1.3.1.2 Chemical products: 3.6%
1.3.1.3 Food and tobacco: 1%
1.3.2 Buildings: 17.5%
1.3.2.1 Residential buildings: 10.9%
1.3.2.2 Commercial buildings: 6.6%
We can use fewer warehouses, shops, and office buildings.
1.3.3 Transportation: 16.2%
"In 2015, the global transport sector consumed approximately 31.3 PWh of final energy [1] and represented around 14% of global greenhouse gas emissions."
1.3.3.1 Road transportation: 11.9%
To reduce the environmental costs of road transportation, you can place your orders with Sol Transportation. They try to move vehicles on demand.
1.3.3.2 Aviation: 1.9%
Aviation doesn't seem to have a long future.
1.3.3.3 Shipping: 1.7%
1.3.3.4 Rail: 0.4%
Electrification is fashionable.
It seems people go to war to build railways.
Public transportation has a future.
1.3.3.4.1 How much do you like travelling by train?
1.3.3.4.2 Who wants to help us deliver goods by train?
1.3.3.5 Pipelines: 0.3%
1.3.4 Unallocated fuel combustion: 7.8%
1.3.5 Fugitive emissions from energy production: 5.8%
1.4 Types of energy
1.4.1 Thermal energy
"Accounting for 50% of global final energy consumption in 2018, heat is the largest energy end-use and contributes 40% of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. About 50% of total heat produced was used for industrial processes, 46% was consumed in buildings for space and water heating and, to a lesser extent, for cooking, while the remainder was used in agriculture, essentially for greenhouse heating." This can mean that in 2021 we used 82.66 PWh of thermal energy.
They wrote: "Coal and natural gas have a combined share of more than 85% [70 PWh] in the global heat production."
1.4.1.1 Some 25% of gas might have been used in 2017 to produce thermal energy, maybe some 4 PWh.
1.4.1.2 "96% of all renewable heat produced [in 2018] was from biomass, with minor contribution from geothermal and solar thermal technologies." If some 50% of burnt plants are used to produce some 10% of the thermal energy we consume, does this mean that 100% of them would cover some 20% of our current consumption? Maybe up to 40%: "In 2018, domestic supply of biomass was 55.6 EJ [15.4 PWh] globally."
"85% of the domestic supply was from solid biomass sources including wood chips, wood pellets, and traditional biomass sources. Liquid biofuels accounted for 7%, municipal and industrial waste sectors accounted for 5%, followed by biogas at 3%. In 2019, 1.9 billion m3 of wood fuel was produced globally. Africa and America had the highest share of wood fuel production with a contribution of 36% and 37% respectively."
1.4.1.3 We use wind energy to produce electrical energy, which heats water.
1.4.1.4 In 2020 we could produce 14,075 MW of geothermal energy: USA 2,587, Indonesia 2,131, Philippines 1,928, Turkey 1,613, New Zealand 984, Mexico 906, Kenya 824, Italy 797, Iceland 756, Japan 525 When is this source going to matter?
Some companies envisage the "exploitation of Earth's heat stored in the high-temperature and impermeable rocks by artificially creating a fracture system at depth (that acts as a heat exchanger) and circulating water from an injection borehole towards a production borehole." These "enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) are geothermal reservoirs enabled for economic utilization of low permeability conductive rocks by creating fluid connectivity in initially low-permeability rocks through hydraulic, thermal, or chemical stimulation. Sustainable operation of the system presents a challenge, as newly opened fractures may close again with reduced reservoir pressure or due to chemical interaction with the fluid. Side effects of hydraulic treatments due to their interaction with the environment have to be considered, as the large fluid volumes injected can induce seismic events that may be felt at the surface or uncontrolled fracture growth can connect different water-bearing horizons in the underground and jeopardize the public acceptance of a project."
Igor Kocis I welcome you to this conversation. I want to understand GA Drilling.
1.4.2 Electrical energy
1.4.2.1 In 2021 we produced 28,466 TWh of electrical energy (17.22% of the primary energy): China 8,534, USA 4,406, India 1,715, Russia 1,157, Japan 1,020, Brazil 654, Canada 641, South Korea 600, Germany 585, France 547.
We can say that every human consumed 3.6 MWh of electrical energy in 2021. The inhabitants of these countries consumed the most: Iceland 57, Norway 28.7, Kuwait 18.7, Qatar 17.6, Bahrain 17.5, Canada 16.8, Sweden 16.7, United Arab Emirates 14, USA 13.24, Finland 13.09 How much of this energy is spent on changing the air temperature?
1.4.2.2 Sources of electrical energy in 2021: coal 36%, gas 23%, water movement 15%, nuclear energy 10%, air movement 6%, solar energy 3.6%, petroleum 3.1%
They say that "40% of gas consumption goes into electricity." This can mean that we could produce some 57% of electrical energy (16 PWh) if we burnt all gas for it.
1.4.2.3.1 How many Mt of GHG do we emit when we produce 1 PWh of electrical energy?
I'd invest in onshore wind plants and photovoltaic plants in the first place.
1.4.2.3.2 kt of CO2 / TWh: 425 It seems that we emitted 12.1 Gt CO2 by producing electrical energy.
It seems that the Central African Republic and Luxembourg emitted 0 kt of CO2 per TWh in 2020; Sweden 12, Lesotho 20, Nepal and Bhutan 23, Paraguay and Albania 24, Norway and Ethiopia 25.
1.4.2.4 It seems that in 2020 127 out of 210 countries and territories didn't use coal to produce electrical energy and 104 didn't use gas for this purpose.
Share of electrical energy from low-carbon sources in 2020: 100% in Albania, Bhutan, Paraguay, Nepal, Lesotho, and Central African Republic; Iceland 99.99%, Ethiopia 99.93%, Democratic Republic of Congo 99.67%, Costa Rica 99.05%, Norway 98.86%, Sweden 98.06%
In 2020 Bhutan, Paraguay, Lesotho, and the Central African Republic produced all their electrical energy using water movement. The Democratic Republic of Congo 99.57%, Albania 99.44%, Nepal 97.09%, Ethiopia 95.83%, Kyrgyzstan 91.53%, Tajikistan 91.53%, Norway 91.09%, Namibia 89.62%. This energy source is more popular in Africa.
These countries focused on wind energy in 2021: Falkland Islands 50%, Denmark 48.01%, Uruguay 32.31%, Ireland 30.85%, Lithuania 28.46%, Portugal 26.61%, Spain 22.91%, Britain 20.80%, Germany 20.14%, Greece 18.77%
These countries focused on solar energy in 2020: the Cook Islands 25%, Yemen 15.38%, Vanuatu 14.29%, Chile 12.08%, Australia 11.66%, Jordan 11.65%, Hungary 10.59%, Vietnam 10.53%, Honduras 10.25%, Spain 9.85%
1.4.2.5 Nuclear energy
The recoverable resources of uranium to USD 260/kg amount to 7.918 Mt. If we consume 50 kt per year to produce less than 3 PWh of electrical energy, uranium can run out by 2180.
1.5 Costs
I'd like us to discuss costs to nature instead of environmental costs, so that we include costs to people.
"Energy production – mainly the burning of fossil fuels – accounts for 73.2% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions." If we emitted 49.76 Gt of GHG in 2019, then we emitted 36.42 Gt by producing energy.
"Recent estimates put the total annual methane contribution from acquiring and burning fossil fuels at just under 0.2 Gt." (16.8 Gt GHG) When we add 32.4 Gt CO2, we get 49.2 Gt of GHG per year or 2,460 Gt in 50 years. This means that nature could become warmer quickly.
We seem to emit 6.45 t of GHG per person: Fiji -0.18, Ghana 0.42, Bhutan 0.47, Rwanda 0.55, Burundi 0.7, Afghanistan 0.76, Comoros 0.82, Yemen 0.87, Haiti 0.99, Kiribati 1.02
They say that carbon dioxide represents 74.4% of greenhouse gas emissions. But 34,807,259,099 represents 70% of 49,758,230,469. The IPCC estimated the GHG emissions for 2019 at 59 Gt. We'll see who has published the more accurate data.
2. Sol services
A "faster transition relies almost equally on: technology choice (31% of the potential energy savings), technology performance (30%), and envelope performance, which the IEA defines as “the material components of a building’s structure such as insulation, walls, roofs, windows, and air sealing” (28%). The balance is driven by climate and behaviour, which “account for lower heating and cooling service demand from climate change impacts as well as other behavioural effects, such as moderate changes in temperature setpoint”."
We can help you to use methods and means to keep energy costs under control.
Sol Real Estate can make sure that the envelope of your building stays close to the level of performance that you prefer.
This can happen when people join forces: "Energy used in space heating in the residential sector declined by almost 13% from 2000 to 2018 in the United Kingdom, and on a per household basis the decline has been sharper: 22%. This is largely due to efficient boilers and better insulation. Two thirds of U.K. homes had efficient boilers in 2017, up from virtually zero in 2000. The share of homes with cavity wall insulation rose, too, from under 35% in 2002 to 67% a decade later."
“The existing peak in winter electricity demand in Europe and some parts of North America would be heightened by heat pumps consuming more electricity in the winter. For example, if heating in all buildings in Europe was switched to electricity using heat pumps, peak winter electricity demand would increase by more than 60%.” We might burn gas to produce this electrical energy. What's the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of heat pumps? We can discuss this product and others, paying more attention to their BCR than to how fashionable they are.
2.1 Sol Thermal Energy
In order to use thermal energy more efficiently, one can:
2.1.1 spend time in places in which one can use mainly the natural flow of thermal energy.
It seems that the global average temperature was 19.5°C between 2000 and 2013. It grew from 19.35 to 19.85: Africa 25, South America 22.5, Australia 22.2, Oceania 22, Europe 9.1, Asia 8.7, North America 3.5 It seems that the populations of Eurasia and North America will increase.
Some might prefer: Morocco (18.8) or South Africa (17.9) in Africa; Uruguay (17.9), Argentina, or Chile (9.9) in South America; Greece (15.8), Portugal, Spain, Italy, or Croatia (12.6) in Europe; and Iran (19.2), Syria, Lebanon, Turkmenistan, or Nepal (15.6) in Asia.
We can help you to choose a place by conducting a customised study based on agreed criteria.
2.1.2 see to one's health so that one can adapt more easily and for more years to changes in nature.
2.1.3 manage one's buildings so that it's easier to keep the costs of thermal energy under control
2.1.4 plan with us on how to manage the temperatures of one's buildings using e.g. certain heating systems and sources of energy.
We sell biomass and gas.
2.2 Sol Electrical Energy
2.2.1 We sell electrical energy according to your requirements.
2.2.2 We take requests to build power plants.
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