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really small notes
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crescentheaded committed Aug 27, 2024
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@Article(time: 10) {
@Intro(title: "Advocating for Accessibility as an Apple Developer") {

Advocating for accessibility of iOS applications as an iOS developer

@Comment {
axe-con
IAAP
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@Article(time: 15) {
@Intro(title: "Accessibility Settings Usage Statistics") {
Text
How to collect, interpret and present accessibility-related data
}
}
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@Article(time: 15) {
@Intro(title: "Complying with Accessibility Standards") {
Здесь зачин.
MagentaA11y
axeTools mobile

@Image(source: placeholder-image, alt: "")
}
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@Tutorial(time: 10) {
@Intro(title: "Inspect Accessibility Right in Xcode") {
<#text#>
How to use Accessibility Inspector to maintain accessibility

}
}
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@Metadata {
@PageColor(blue)
@TitleHeading("What Are We Even Talking About")
@TitleHeading("What Are We Talking About")
@PageImage(
purpose: icon,
source: "terms-icon",
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source: "terms-card",
alt: "")
@CallToAction(
url: "https://www.apple.com/accessibility/",
url: "https://www.w3.org/WAI/fundamentals/",
purpose: link,
label: "Apple Accessibility page")
label: "W3C WAI Accessibility Fundamentals")
}

## What is accessibility in general
[**iOS Accessibility Handbook**](<doc:iOSAccessibilityHandbook>) is fully dedicated to **accessibility of iOS application**. Defining iOS applications, everything is more or less clear -- they are programs created to be run on iOS devices. But what is their accessibility?

**Accessibility** is a property of *things* that measures its **approachability** -- whether it is **possible** or not **to interact with the *thing*** for a user of **unknown abilities**.
## What is accessibility

In general, **accessibility** is a property of things that measures its **approachability** -- whether it is possible or not **to interact with the thing** for a user of **unknown abilities**.

## Unknown abilities

### Product target audience
Anything human-made has a **target audience** -- an image of people *supposed* to use it. Even a person does something for *their personal use* -- for themself, the target audience of such product is existent -- it's **that very person**.
Everything human-made has a **target audience** -- an image of people *supposed* to use it. Even if a person does something for *their personal use* -- for themself exclusively, the target audience of such product is existent -- it would be that very person.

### Public accommodations
In the handbook we are going to discuss digital products **from a point of its users**. iOS applications, if published in the **App Store**, are available for use by *any* person who downloads the application from the store.
Talking about iOS applications, if published in the [**App Store**](https://www.apple.com/app-store/developing-for-the-app-store/), they are available for use by *any* person who downloads the application from the store.

Which is exactly the goal of publishing -- to **enable** others to use the product. But "others" is an ambiguous definition. Applications are made to perform *certain* tasks for its users -- its **target audience**.
Which is exactly the goal of publishing -- to **enable others** to use the product. But "others" is an ambiguous term. Applications are made to perform *certain* tasks for its users -- its **target audience**.

### Assumed user image
Assumptions based on the image of a potential user are *excluding* in their nature -- designing for a *particular image* of a user neglects needs of users that **differ** from this image.

### Possible diverseness
Which is completely fine -- that's how the things work. If you sell pizza, your target audience is **people willing to buy some pizza**.

But the diversity of people within that category is **incomprehensible** -- they can posses any **traits** in addition to the expected ones. And they **will** affect their **user experience** of the product.
Which is completely fine -- that's how the things work. If you sell pizza, your target audience is **people willing to buy some pizza**. You don't really think about people who don't want to buy pizza.

### Private discrimination
**Real audience is essentially unknowable**. Unless there is an *explicit* task to exclude certain users, the **diversity** of potential users should be considered. To deliver the **desired user experience**.
But the diversity of people within that category is still **incomprehensible** -- they can posses any traits **in addition** to the expected ones. And it **will** affect their **user experience** of the product.

### Everyone is unique
What makes users diverse is that every person has unique **capabilities** and **experience**. The more users a product has, the more diverse is its audience.

### Private discrimination
**Real audience is essentially unknowable**. Unless there is an *explicit* task to exclude certain users, the **diversity** of potential users should be considered to deliver the **desired user experience** to as many people as possible.

### Inclusive design
Consequent to this difference, there are **conditions** that cause users encounter **barriers** using products designed without wider consideration. **Inclusive design *is* the wider consideration**.

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## Assistive technology
There are situations where *design means* are **not enough** for an interface to be accessible. Here comes **assistive technology**: software, hardware and combined solutions that *allow* users to be able to have **equitable interaction experience**.

*Assistive technologies are these devices or software that mediate our interaction between ourselves and the environment.* -- Sina Bahram

### Equity vs. equality
Notice that the word *equitable* is used instead of *equal*. It is done because **demanding equal outcome is delusional**. There is **no equality between people**, everyone is **unique**. Treating *different* people the *same* way won't lead to the same results.

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### -- ... most commonly?
Yep. **Assistive technology *are* for people with disabilities**. But there is no requirement to have a disability to use assistive technology.

Many things used in everyday life of people who do not identify themselves as having a disabilities were *indeed designed* for people with disabilities. For example, ergonomic handles and speech recognition. Sometimes assistive technology
Many things used in daily life of people who do not identify themselves as having disabilities were *indeed designed* for people with disabilities. For example, ergonomic handles and speech recognition.

**Users of assistive technology** is the term we're going to use when discussing appropriate **technical implementation**.

## People with disabilities
Nonetheless, accessibility *does* focus on people with **disabilities**. So we are as **accessibility professionals**.
Nonetheless, accessibility *does* focus on people with **disabilities**. Because people with disabilities are historically discriminated. So we do focus too, as **accessibility professionals**.

### Disability
Disability is an ambiguous term with a definition dependant on its **model**.
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### Receiving information
Humans perceive reality by a *sensory system* consistent of **visual**, **audial**, **olfactory** and **tactile** organs. User interfaces do not smell (yet), so we're only interested in **vision**, **hearing** and **touch** (so far).

### Taking action
### Performing action
Analogously, humans **perform actions** to reality. Talking about **providing output** to computer interfaces, we use **cognitive processes**, **speaking** and **motor abilities**.

### Common disability categorisation
From now on, for structuring purposes we will *refer* to disabilities affecting **accessibility of an interface** by 4 groups:

Type | Definition | Examples
Type | Affects | Examples
---|---|---
**visual** | **Visual perception** impairments | *Blindness*, *low sight*, *colour blindness*
**hearing** | Audial *perception* impairments | *Deafness*, *decreased hearing*
**cognitive** | **Neural impairments**, both **processing and producing** abilities | *Dyslexia*, *dementia*, *learning disorders*, *epilepsy*
**motor** | Impairments of both **gross and fine motor skills** | *Cerebral palsy*, *injury*, *stroke*, *deformity*
**visual** | **Visual perception** | *Blindness*, *low sight*, *colour blindness*
**hearing** | **Audial perception** | *Deafness*, *decreased hearing*
**cognitive** | **Cognitive processes** | *Dyslexia*, *dementia*, *learning disorders*, *epilepsy*
**motor** | **Gross and fine motor skills** | *Cerebral palsy*, *injury*, *stroke*, *deformity*

> Important: Notice that we chose not to segregate **speech disabilities**. Remember that ability to speak can be compromised by **both motor and cognitive impairments**.
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