bibliography.bib

%% This BibTeX bibliography file was created using BibDesk.
%% http://bibdesk.sourceforge.net/
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%% Saved with string encoding Unicode (UTF-8) 

@article{siegelman1995selection,
  title={The selection of employment discrimination disputes for litigation: Using business cycle effects to test the Priest-Klein hypothesis},
  author={Siegelman, Peter and Donohue III, John J},
  journal={The Journal of Legal Studies},
  volume={24},
  number={2},
  pages={427--462},
  year={1995},
  publisher={The University of Chicago Law School}
}

@article{gould1973economics,
  title={The economics of legal conflicts},
  author={Gould, John P},
  journal={The Journal of Legal Studies},
  volume={2},
  number={2},
  pages={279--300},
  year={1973},
  publisher={The University of Chicago Law School}
}

@article{posner1973economic,
  title={An economic approach to legal procedure and judicial administration},
  author={Posner, Richard A},
  journal={The Journal of Legal Studies},
  volume={2},
  number={2},
  pages={399--458},
  year={1973},
  publisher={The University of Chicago Law School}
}

@article{landes1971economic,
  title={An economic analysis of the courts},
  author={Landes, William M},
  journal={The Journal of Law and Economics},
  volume={14},
  number={1},
  pages={61--107},
  year={1971},
  publisher={The University of Chicago Law School}
}

@article{waldfogel1998reconciling,
  title={Reconciling asymmetric information and divergent expectations theories of litigation},
  author={Waldfogel, Joel},
  journal={The Journal of Law and Economics},
  volume={41},
  number={2},
  pages={451--476},
  year={1998},
  publisher={The University of Chicago Press}
}

@article{friedman2006litigation,
  title={Litigation with symmetric bargaining and two-sided incomplete information},
  author={Friedman, Daniel and Wittman, Donald},
  journal={The Journal of Law, Economics, \& Organization},
  volume={23},
  number={1},
  pages={98--126},
  year={2006},
  publisher={Oxford University Press}
}

@article{shapiro1995most,
  title={The most-cited law review articles revisited},
  author={Shapiro, Fred R},
  journal={Chi.-Kent L. Rev.},
  volume={71},
  pages={751},
  year={1995},
  publisher={HeinOnline}
}

@article{hylton2011formalization,
  title={A formalization and extension of the priest-klein hypothesis},
  author={Hylton, Keith N and Lin, Haizhen},
  year={2011}
}

@article{shavell1996any,
  title={Any frequency of plaintiff victory at trial is possible},
  author={Shavell, Steven},
  journal={The Journal of Legal Studies},
  volume={25},
  number={2},
  pages={493--501},
  year={1996},
  publisher={The University of Chicago Law School}
}

@article{waldfogel1995selection,
  title={The selection hypothesis and the relationship between trial and plaintiff victory},
  author={Waldfogel, Joel},
  journal={Journal of Political Economy},
  volume={103},
  number={2},
  pages={229--260},
  year={1995},
  publisher={The University of Chicago Press}
}


@article{bernardo2000theory,
  title={A theory of legal presumptions},
  author={Bernardo, Antonio Eugenio and Talley, Eric and Welch, Ivo},
  journal={Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization},
  volume={16},
  number={1},
  pages={1--49},
  year={2000},
  publisher={Oxford University Press}
}

@article{lee2016priest,
  title={The Priest-Klein hypotheses: Proofs and generality},
  author={Lee, Yoon-Ho Alex and Klerman, Daniel},
  journal={International Review of Law and Economics},
  volume={48},
  pages={59--76},
  year={2016},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{gelbach2016reduced,
  title={The Reduced Form of Litigation Models and the Plaintiff's Win Rate},
  author={Gelbach, Jonah B},
  year={2016},
  publisher={University of Pennsylvania Law School},
  journal={Research paper},
  number={16-22}
}

@article{loevinger1963jurimetrics,
  title={Jurimetrics: The methodology of legal inquiry},
  author={Loevinger, Lee},
  journal={Law and contemporary problems},
  volume={28},
  number={1},
  pages={5--35},
  year={1963},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@article{priest1984selection,
  title={The selection of disputes for litigation},
  author={Priest, George L and Klein, Benjamin},
  journal={The Journal of Legal Studies},
  volume={13},
  number={1},
  pages={1--55},
  year={1984},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@book{degroot2005optimal,
  title={Optimal statistical decisions},
  author={DeGroot, Morris H},
  volume={82},
  year={2005},
  publisher={John Wiley \& Sons}
}

@book{gelman2014bayesian,
  title={Bayesian data analysis},
  author={Gelman, Andrew and Carlin, John B and Stern, Hal S and Dunson, David B and Vehtari, Aki and Rubin, Donald B},
  volume={2},
  year={2014},
  publisher={CRC press Boca Raton, FL}
}

@incollection{Galyardt14mmm,
	Author = {April Galyardt},
	Booktitle = {Handbook of Mixed Membership Models},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-21 21:18:27 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-21 21:18:27 +0000},
	Editor = {Edoardo M. Airoldi and David Blei and Erosheva, Elena and Fienberg, Stephen E.},
	Publisher = {Chapman and Hall},
	Title = {Interpreting Mixed Membership Models: Implications of Erosheva's Representation Theorem},
	Year = {2014},
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@phdthesis{Galyardt12dis,
	Address = {Pittsburgh, PA 15213},
	Author = {April Galyardt},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-21 21:17:56 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-22 02:49:38 +0000},
	Keywords = {mixed membership, Latent Dirichlet Allocation, cognitive diagnosis models, numerical estimation, psychometrics},
	Month = {July},
	School = {Carnegie Mellon University},
	Title = {Mixed Membership Distributions with Applications to Modeling Multiple Strategy Usage},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}

@conference{Galyardt13smmc,
	Address = {Arnhem, Netherlands},
	Author = {April Galyardt and Ilya Goldin},
	Booktitle = {International Meeting of the Psychometric Society},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-21 21:17:50 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-21 21:17:50 +0000},
	Keywords = {conf},
	Title = {Modeling Student Metacognitive Strategies in a Intelligent Tutoring System},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{Campbell02,
	Author = {Jamie I.D. Campbell and Shauna Austin},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-21 21:12:16 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-21 21:13:22 +0000},
	Journal = {Memory \& Cognition},
	Keywords = {strategies, addition, response time},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {988-994},
	Title = {Effects of response time deadlines on adults' strategy choices for simple addition},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Schubert13,
	Author = {Schubert, Christiane C and Denmark, T Kent and Crandall, Beth and Grome, Anna and Pappas, James},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-21 21:00:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-21 21:00:46 +0000},
	Journal = {Annals of emergency medicine},
	Keywords = {expert/novice differences},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {96--109},
	Publisher = {Elsevier},
	Title = {Characterizing novice-expert differences in macrocognition: an exploratory study of cognitive work in the emergency department},
	Volume = {61},
	Year = {2013},
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@article{Siegler87,
	Author = {Robert S. Siegler},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-21 21:00:35 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-21 21:00:35 +0000},
	Journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: General},
	Keywords = {Multiple strategy use; mathematics education; strategies; learning sciences; psychology},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {250-264},
	Title = {The perils of averaging data over strategies: An example from children's addition},
	Volume = {116},
	Year = {1987},
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@article{Chi81,
	Author = {Chi, Michelene T.H. and Feltovich, Paul J. and Glaser, Robert},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-21 21:00:27 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-21 21:00:27 +0000},
	Journal = {Cognitive science},
	Keywords = {expert/novice differences},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {121--152},
	Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	Title = {Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {1981},
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@incollection{Mislevy06Cog,
	Author = {Robert Mislevy},
	Booktitle = {Educational Assessment},
	Chapter = {8},
	Date-Added = {2014-08-21 20:58:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-08-21 20:58:59 +0000},
	Editor = {Robert L. Brennan},
	Publisher = {American Council on Education and Praeger Publishers},
	Title = {Cognitive Psychology and Educational Assessment},
	Year = {2006},
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@article{Mislevy12,
	Author = {Robert J. Mislevy and John T. Behrens and Kristen E. {DiCerbo} and Roy Levy},
	Date-Added = {2014-03-27 15:22:33 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-03-27 15:22:33 +0000},
	Journal = {Journal of Educational Data Mining},
	Number = {1},
	Title = {Design and Discovery in Educational Assessment: Evidence-Centered Design, Psychometrics, and Educational Data Mining},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}

@incollection{VanLehn08,
	Author = {Kurt VanLehn},
	Booktitle = {The future of assessment: Shaping teaching and learning.},
	Date-Added = {2014-03-27 14:52:29 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-03-27 14:54:32 +0000},
	Editor = {C. Dwyer},
	Keywords = {intelligent tutoring systems},
	Pages = {113-138},
	Publisher = {Erbaum},
	Title = {Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Continuous, Embedded Assessment},
	Year = {2008},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}

@article{Erosheva04,
	Author = {Elena Erosheva and Stephen E. Fienberg and John Lafferty},
	Date-Added = {2013-12-18 14:22:42 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-12-18 14:25:57 +0000},
	Journal = {PNAS},
	Number = {Suppl.1},
	Pages = {5220-5227},
	Title = {Mixed-Membership Models of Scientific Publications},
	Volume = {101},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/101/suppl_1/5220}}

@incollection{Blei09,
	Author = {David Blei and John Lafferty},
	Booktitle = {Text Mining: Classification, Clustering, and Applications},
	Date-Added = {2013-12-18 14:09:12 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-12-18 14:12:00 +0000},
	Editor = {A. Srivastava and M. Sahami},
	Publisher = {Chapman \& Hall/CRC},
	Series = {Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Series},
	Title = {Topic Models},
	Year = {2009},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~blei/papers/BleiLafferty2009.pdf}}

@article{aleven_toward_2006,
	Author = {Aleven, V. and Mclaren, B. and Roll, I. and Koedinger, K.},
	Date-Added = {2013-12-05 22:14:42 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-12-17 17:12:03 +0000},
	Issue = {2},
	Journal = {International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education},
	Pages = {101-128},
	Title = {Toward meta-cognitive tutoring: A model of help seeking with a Cognitive Tutor},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2006}}

@inproceedings{goldin_hints:_2013,
	Author = {Goldin, Ilya M. and Koedinger, Kenneth R. and Aleven, Vincent A. W. M. M.},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Educational Data Mining},
	Date-Added = {2013-12-05 22:14:42 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-12-17 19:51:31 +0000},
	Editor = {{D'Mello}, Sidney K. and Calvo, Rafael A. and Olney, Andrew},
	Location = {Memphis, {TN}},
	Month = {July},
	Title = {Hints: You Can't Have Just One},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.educationaldatamining.org/EDM2013/papers/rn_paper_35.pdf}}

@inproceedings{goldin_learner_2012,
	Address = {Chania, Greece},
	Author = {Goldin, Ilya M. and Koedinger, Kenneth R. and Aleven, Vincent A. W. M. M.},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Educational Data Mining},
	Date-Added = {2013-12-05 22:14:42 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-12-17 19:50:21 +0000},
	Editor = {Yacef, Kalina and Za{\"\i}ane, Osmar and Hershkovitz, Arnon and Yudelson, Michael and Stamper, John},
	Pages = {73-80},
	Title = {Learner Differences in Hint Processing},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://educationaldatamining.org/EDM2012/uploads/procs/Full_Papers/edm2012_full_6.pdf}}

@inproceedings{goldin_learner_2013,
	Address = {Memphis, {TN}},
	Author = {Goldin, Ilya M. and Carlson, Ryan},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of 16th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education},
	Date-Added = {2013-12-05 22:14:42 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-12-17 17:14:16 +0000},
	Title = {Learner Differences and Hint Content},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{Girolami05,
	Abstract = {To provide a parsimonious generative representation of the sequential activity of a number of individuals within a population there is a necessary tradeoff between the definition of individual specific and global 
representations. A linear-time algorithm is proposed that defines a distributed predictive model for finite state symbolic sequences which represent the traces of the activity of a number of individuals within a group. The algorithm is based on a straightforward generalization of latent Dirichlet allocation to time-invariant Markov chains of arbitrary order. The modelling assumption made is that the possibly heterogeneous behavior of individuals may be represented by a relatively small number of simple and common behavioral traits which may interleave randomly according to an individual-specific distribution. The results of an empirical study on three different application domains indicate that this modelling approach provides an efficient low-complexity and intuitively interpretable representation scheme which is reflected by improved prediction performance over comparable models.},
	Annote = {Builds a mixed-membership model where the basis profiles are markov chains of varying order. 
Uses two types of estimation: Variational approximation, and "maximum a posteriori" (MAP)
Fits model on 3 different data sets of user-log data: actions in a word processor, sequences of calls to different geographic regions (UK), and finally web page browsing. 

Compares models on "perplexity" which they define as the exponential of the negative-normalized log-likelihood.  (Might be a standard markov-chain goodness of fit measure, or it might be more standard to ML)
They use t-tests and non-parametric Wilcoxon Rank-Sum tests to test for significant differences in perplexity.

They call their model a "simplical mixture of markov chains" and cite Minka and Lafferty 2002. 

For the zero^th order Markov model (when no memory is assumed in the markov process), then their model reduces to a multinomial LDA model. 

They also claim that Hofmann's pLSA algorithm is equivalent to LDA when the MAP estimator is calculated through an iterative convergence method. Suggests that LDA is an improvement over pLSA because of the estimation method used.  Cites Lappalainen and Miskin (2000) on the weakness of MAP estimators. 

For all the data sets, the mixed-membership model offers better results. Better on the goodness-of-fit measures and more interpretable results.  The differences were clearer on the bigger data sets with larger state-spaces. 

Data Structure:  only 1 item per model - the sequences (J=1)
	many replications of each item (big R) 

They offer some additional comments on computational algorithms and computational time.},
	Author = {Mark Girolami and Ata Kaban},
	Date-Added = {2013-06-25 19:41:00 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2013-06-25 19:41:00 +0000},
	Journal = {Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery},
	Keywords = {Latent Dirichlet Allocation, markov chains, Mixture models, user profiling, mixed membership, variational approximation},
	Pages = {175-196},
	Title = {Sequential Activity Profiling: Latent Dirichlet Allocation of Markov Chains},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2005},
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