A deserialization issue in Kibana can lead to arbitrary code execution when Kibana attempts to parse a YAML document containing a crafted payload. A successful attack requires a malicious user to have a combination of both specific Elasticsearch indices privileges https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/defining-roles.html#roles-indices-priv  and Kibana privileges https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/fleet/current/fleet-roles-and-privileges.html  assigned to them.

The following Elasticsearch indices permissions are required

• write privilege on the system indices .kibana_ingest*
• The allow_restricted_indices flag is set to true

Any of the following Kibana privileges are additionally required

• Under Fleet the All privilege is granted
• Under Integration the Read or All privilege is granted
• Access to the fleet-setup privilege is gained through the Fleet Server’s service account token

References

• https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-37285
• https://discuss.elastic.co/t/kibana-8-15-1-security-update-esa-2024-27-esa-2024-28/366119