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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>From E19 to MATCH and MERGE. Mapping the CIDOC CRM to graph databases as an environment for archaeological network research</title>
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<h4><strong>21.02.2017</strong> | <a href="http://de.digitalclassicist.org/berlin/">Digital Classicist Berlin</a></h4>
<h4 class="up-10">Freie Universität Berlin, Topoi Building Dahlem</h4>
<h1 class="down-100" style="font-size: 70px">From E19 to MATCH and MERGE</h1>
<h2 class="red up-10">Mapping the CIDOC CRM to graph databases as an environment for archaeological network research</h2>
<h4 class="down-100">
<strong>Slides:</strong>
<a href="https://cat0nmars.github.io/2017-DC-Berlin/" title="View the presentation online">
https://cat0nmars.github.io/2017-DC-Berlin/
</a>
</h4>
<h5>
<strong><a href="http://www.adwmainz.de/mitarbeiter/profil/aline-deicke.html">Aline Deicke</a></strong> |
<img src="resources/img/Twitter_bird_logo_2012.svg" alt="Twitter" class="twitter-icon" />
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<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a>
</h5>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<ol class="line-height-one-five">
<li>Formation of elite identity in the Late Urnfield Culture</li>
<li>CIDOC CRM-based graph databases
<ol>
<li>Graph databases</li>
<li>The CIDOC CRM</li>
<li>Data model</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Graph databases and archaeological network analysis</li>
<li>Outlook and Conclusion</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h1 class="red">01</h1>
<h2 class="line-height-one-five">
Formation of Elite Identity in the Late Urnfield Culture
</h2>
<h3 class="red" style="text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.3px; margin-top: -10px">As reflected by funeral status representation</h3>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h2 style="font-size: 38px">Elite Burials of the Late Urnfield Culture</h2>
<figure class="mfp-lightbox" style="width: 80%; margin: 0 auto">
<a href="resources/img/Map.png">
<img src="resources/img/Map.png">
</a>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h2>Example: Chavéria, tumulus IX, and Künzing, grave 3</h2>
<div class="row">
<div class="six columns">
<figure class="mfp-lightbox">
<a href="resources/img/F_Chaveria_IX_gerdsen.png">
<img src="resources/img/F_Chaveria_IX_gerdsen.png">
</a>
<figcaption>Tumulus IX of Chavéria, „Aux Massetes“, Dép. Jura (H. Gerdsen, Bemerkungen zum Tumulus IX der Nekropole von Chavéria [Franche-Comté]. Germania 60, 1982, 555 Abb. 1 B; 558 Abb. 2 B)</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="five columns offset-by-one">
<figure class="mfp-lightbox">
<a href="resources/img/D_Kuenzing_3_schopper.png">
<img src="resources/img/D_Kuenzing_3_schopper.png" style="width: 85%">
</a>
<figcaption>Grave 3 of Künzing, Lkr. Deggendorf, Lower Bavaria (F. Schopper, Das urnenfelder- und hallstattzeitliche Gräberfeld von Künzing, Lkr. Deggendorf [Niederbayern]. Mat. Bronzezeit Bayern 1 [Regensburg 1995] Taf. 3)</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="step">
<div class="row">
<div class="six columns">
<h2>Network analysis</h2>
<ul class="medium">
<li>Status and identity as relational concepts</li>
<li>Main network analyzed: Unweighted, undirected 2-mode-network consisting of graves and object types contained in those graves</li>
<li>Other networks: One-mode projections; other relations, e.g. cultural affiliation of graves and object types or material of objects</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="six columns">
<figure class="mfp-lightbox">
<a href="resources/img/2017-02-19_ObjGraves.png">
<img src="resources/img/2017-02-19_ObjGraves.png">
</a>
<figcaption>Preliminary network visualization: Graves (mint) and object types (lilac). Layout: Spring embedder, adjusted.</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h2>Challenges of archaeological network analysis</h2>
<ul>
<li>Complex data:
<ul>
<li>Analyses built upon already existing, detailed data sets</li>
<li>Data allows for a wide range of thematical subjects and thus, study designs</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Complex network structures:
<ul>
<li>Two-mode- or multi-mode-networks</li>
<li>Multiple types of relationships</li>
<li>Multiple networks in one study</li>
<li>...</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h1 class="red">02</h1>
<h2 class="line-height-one-five">CIDOC CRM-based graph databases</h2>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h2>Graph databases</h2>
<div class="row">
<div class="six columns">
<blockquote>"[A] graph database is a database that uses <span class="red">graph structures</span> for semantic queries with nodes, edges and properties to represent and store data." (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_database">Wikipedia, Graph database</a>)</blockquote>
<p class="down-25">Property graph data model:</p>
<ul>
<li>Nodes</li>
<li>Edges</li>
<li>Labels</li>
<li>Attributes</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="six columns">
<figure class="mfp-lightbox">
<a href="resources/img/property_graph_model.png">
<img src="resources/img/property_graph_model.png">
</a>
<figcaption class="x-small"><a href="https://neo4j.com/developer/graph-database/#property-graph">Labeled property graph data model</a></figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h2>Graph databases</h2>
<div class="row">
<div class="six columns">
<ul>
<li>High performance for querying chains of connections</li>
<li>Flexible data model that can be easily extended</li>
<li>Storing of data as nodes and edges introduces relationship-based thinking already in the early stages of data preparation and acquisition</li>
<li>Network analysis capacities are available for some graph databases (e.g. <a href="https://github.com/neo4j-contrib/neo4j-apoc-procedures">APOC</a> for Neo4j) but <strong>not</strong> a native network analysis tool</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="six columns">
<figure class="mfp-lightbox">
<a href="resources/img/Neo4j_backend.png">
<img src="resources/img/Neo4j_backend.png">
</a>
<figcaption class="x-small"><a href="http://neo4j.com/">Neo4j</a> backend with exemplary data</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h2>The CIDOC CRM</h2>
<ul>
<li>Internationally recognized standard for the description of concepts from the field of cultural heritage</li>
<li>Developed by the <a href="http://network.icom.museum/cidoc/">Documentation Standards Group (CIDOC)</a> of the <a href="http://icom.museum/">International Council of Museums (ICOM)</a>
</li>
<li>2000-2006: Development into ISO standard (<a href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=57832">ISO 21127</a>)</li>
<li>Last official release: <a href="http://new.cidoc-crm.org/get-last-official-release">Version 5.0.4</a></li>
<li>Extended and compatible models, e.g. <a href="https://crmeh.wordpress.com/">CIDOC CRM-EH</a> or <a href="http://www.cidoc-crm.org/crmarchaeo/">CRMarchaeo</a> </li>
<li>RDF implementation: <a href="http://erlangen-crm.org/">Erlangen CRM / OWL</a> </li>
<li class="down-25">Modeling data after a commonly used ontology and publication of well-structured data facilitates discussion about and sharing of research data</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h2>The CIDOC CRM</h2>
<figure class="mfp-lightbox" style="width: 60%">
<a href="resources/img/cidocPropertiesEntities.png">
<img src="resources/img/cidocPropertiesEntities.png">
</a>
<figcaption>Properties and entities of the CRM (<a href="http://new.cidoc-crm.org/sites/default/files/cidoc_crm_version_5.0.4.pdf">Version 5.0.4</a>)</figcaption>
</figure>
<pre class="down-50 substep"><code>(:Domain)-[:PROPERTY]->(:Range)</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h2>Data model</h2>
<div class="row">
<div class="four columns">
<ul class="small">
<li>Focus on documenting archaeological research process</li>
<li>Structure depended on research questions and requirements</li>
<li>Some shortcuts/entities or properties as attributes, but in a way that can be returned to original definition of CRM</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="eight columns">
<figure class="mfp-lightbox">
<a href="resources/img/AT_datamodel.png">
<img src="resources/img/AT_datamodel.png">
</a>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h2>Data model: Example</h2>
<figure class="mfp-lightbox" style="width: 80%">
<a href="resources/img/AT_implementation_example.png">
<img src="resources/img/AT_implementation_example.png">
</a>
<figcaption>Part of an exemplary mapping of grave A of Künzing</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h1 class="red">03</h1>
<h2 class="line-height-one-five">Graph databases and archaeological network analysis</h2>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h2>Workflow</h2>
<uL>
<li>Some analysis possible in graph database, especially in cases where measure not included in commonly available network analysis software (e.g. two-mode clustering, 2-N-degree, etc.)</li>
<li>Otherwise, and also for visualization, export of edges and node lists and import in network analysis software</li>
<li>Export formats Neo4j: csv, json, graphML using <a href="https://github.com/jexp/neo4j-shell-tools">neo4j-shell-tools</a> </li>
</uL>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h2>Querying and exporting data</h2>
<p>Example network: Relations between object types and object materials</p>
<figure class="mfp-lightbox substep down-50">
<a href="resources/img/datamodel_objectMaterial.png">
<img src="resources/img/datamodel_objectMaterial.png">
</a>
<figcaption>Part of the data model detailing object type and material</figcaption>
</figure>
<div class="substep">
<p class="down-25">Path in data model:</p>
<pre class="up-10"><code>(:E55_Type:Object)<-[:P2_HAS_TYPE]-(:E22_ManMadeObject)-[:P45_CONSISTS_OF]->
(:E57_Material)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h2>Querying and exporting data</h2>
<figure class="mfp-lightbox">
<a href="resources/img/Neo4j_objectsMaterial.png">
<img src="resources/img/Neo4j_objectsMaterial.png">
</a>
<figcaption>Visualization in the Neo4j backend (3-Mode)</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h2>Querying and exporting data</h2>
<figure class="mfp-lightbox">
<a href="resources/img/Neo4j_objectsMaterialRows.png">
<img src="resources/img/Neo4j_objectsMaterialRows.png">
</a>
<figcaption>Row view in the Neo4j backend (2-Mode)</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h2>Import and Visualization (<a href="http://visone.info/">Visone</a>)</h2>
<figure class="mfp-lightbox">
<a href="resources/img/visoneVisualization.svg">
<img src="resources/img/visoneVisualization.svg">
</a>
<figcaption>Visualization of the weighted two-mode network of object types (red) and materials (green). Layout: Visone default, adjusted.</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h1 class="red">04</h1>
<h2 class="line-height-one-five">Outlook and Conclusion</h2>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h2>Outlook</h2>
<ul>
<li>Adaptation and transfer of the model to other use cases</li>
<li>Further efforts at refining the model, e.g.: positioning of objects in relation to each other, exploration of more complicated patterns of deposition, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
<ul>
<li>The challenges of archaeological network analysis require an appropriate way of storing and querying data to grasp the whole complexity and interactions of the source material</li>
<li>Through their structure, graph databases introduce relationship-based thinking already in the beginning of network research projects</li>
<li>Modeling databases after a standard ontology like the CIDOC CRM facilitates sharing of and discussion about data</li>
<li>CIDOC CRM-based graph databases
<ul>
<li>help avoid theoretical and methodological breaks during conception and analysis</li>
<li>facilitate understanding and querying of complex archaeological source material</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="step">
<div class="centered">
<h1>T H A N K Y O U</h1>
<h2>for your attention</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="step">
<h2>Literature & Software</h2>
<div class="row down-50">
<div class="six columns">
<ul>
<li>Last official release: <a href="http://new.cidoc-crm.org/get-last-official-release">CIDOC CRM Version 5.0.4</a></li>
<li><a href="http://neo4j.com/">Neo4j</a></li>
<li><a href="http://visone.info/">Visone</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="six columns">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/neo4j-contrib/neo4j-apoc-procedures">APOC</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/apcj/arrows">arrows</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/jexp/neo4j-shell-tools">neo4j-shell-tools</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<p class="down-50"><strong>Slides:</strong> <a href="https://cat0nmars.github.io/2017-DC-Berlin/">https://cat0nmars.github.io/2017-DC-Berlin/</a><br>
<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a>, Aline Deicke</p>
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