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<!---PÄÄDOKUMENTTIIN KOPIOITAVA OSA ALKAA -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Avoin taulukkokirja | Biotieteet</title>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<script type="text/javascript">
WebFontConfig = {
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</head>
<body>
<div id="otsikko">Biotieteet</div>
<h1>Kaavoja</h1>
<section>
<header>
<h2>Populaation kasvun ja kilpailun mallit</h2>
<div>
\[
\begin{array}{rl}
N &=& \text{populaatiokoko} \\
K &=& \text{kantokyky} \\
r &=& \text{luontainen kasvunopeus} \\
t &=& \text{ajankohta} \\
e &=& \text{Neperin luku} \\
\theta &=& \text{kasvun kompensaatiotyyppi}
\end{array}
\]
</div>
</header>
<!-- Kahteen riviin: ylärivi Rekursiivinen; alarivi Analyyttinen (suora aikariippuvuus) T: JoonasD6-->
<div>
<h3>Logistinen malli</h3>
\[
N_{t+1} = N_t + rN_t \Big(1-\frac{N_t}{K}\Big)
\]
</div>
<div>
<h3>Rickerin malli</h3>
\[
N_{t+1} = N_te^{r\big(1-\frac{N_t}{K}\big)}
\]
</div>
<div>
<h3>θ-Ricker-malli</h3>
\[
N_{t+1} = N_te^{r\big(1 - \frac{N_t}{K}\big)^\theta}
\]
</div>
<div>
<h3>Hassellin malli</h3>
\[
N_{t+1} = \frac{K_1N_t}{\Big(1 + K_2N_t\Big)^\theta}
\]
</div>
<div>
<h3>Beverton-Holtin malli</h3>
\[
N_{t+1} = \frac{rN_t}{1 + \frac{N_t}{K}}
\]
</div>
<div>
<h3>Skellamin malli</h3>
\[
N_{t+1} = K(1 - e^{-rN_t})
\]
</div>
<div>
<h3>Maynard-Smith-Slatkinin malli</h3>
\[
N_{t+1} = \frac{K_1N_t}{1 + K_2N_t^c}
\]
</div>
<div>Brännström, Å. & Sumpter, D.J.T. 2005: The role of competition and clustering in population dynamics. — <em>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences</em> 272(1576): 2065-2072.
</div>
</section>
<h1>Genetiikka</h1>
<section>
<h2>Geenien määrä eliöissä</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Kromosomien määrä eliöissä</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Mutaationopeus eliöissä</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Geneettinen koodi</h2>
<h3>Kodoni-aminohappotaulukko</h3>
<div>
<h4>Lähetti-RNA:n (mRNA) kodonit ja niiden koodaamat aminohapot. Koodin suunta on 5' → 3'</h4>
</div>
<table class="taulukko3otsikkoa">
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">1. emäs<br />
</th>
<th colspan="8">2. emäs</th>
<th rowspan="2">3. emäs<br />
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2">U</th>
<th colspan="2">C</th>
<th colspan="2">A</th>
<th colspan="2">G</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="4">U</th>
<td>UUU</td>
<td bgcolor="#FFE75F" rowspan="2">(Phe/F) Fenyylialaniini</a></td>
<td>UCU</td>
<td bgcolor="#B3DEC0" rowspan="4">(Ser/S) Seriini</td>
<td>UAU</td>
<td bgcolor="#B3DEC0" rowspan="2">(Tyr/Y) Tyrosiini</td>
<td>UGU</td>
<td bgcolor="#B3DEC0" rowspan="2">(Cys/C) Kysteiini</td>
<th>U</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UUC</td>
<td>UCC</td>
<td>UAC</td>
<td>UGC</td>
<th>C</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UUA</td>
<td bgcolor="#FFE75F" rowspan="6">(Leu/L) Leusiini</td>
<td>UCA</td>
<td>UAA</td>
<td bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><strong>Stop</strong> (<i>Okra</i>)</td>
<td>UGA</td>
<td bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><strong>Stop</strong> (<i>Opaali</i>)</td>
<th>A</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UUG</td>
<td>UCG</td>
<td>UAG</td>
<td bgcolor="#B0B0B0"><strong>Stop</strong> (<i>Meripihka</i>)</td>
<td>UGG</td>
<td bgcolor="#FFE75F">(Trp/W) Tryptofaani</td>
<th>G</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="4">C</th>
<td>CUU</td>
<td>CCU</td>
<td bgcolor="#FFE75F" rowspan="4">(Pro/P) Proliini</td>
<td>CAU</td>
<td bgcolor="#BBBFE0" rowspan="2">(His/H) Histidiini</td>
<td>CGU</td>
<td bgcolor="#BBBFE0" rowspan="4">(Arg/R) Arginiini</td>
<th>U</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CUC</td>
<td>CCC</td>
<td>CAC</td>
<td>CGC</td>
<th>C</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CUA</td>
<td>CCA</td>
<td>CAA</td>
<td bgcolor="#B3DEC0" rowspan="2">(Gln/Q) Glutamiini</td>
<td>CGA</td>
<th>A</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CUG</td>
<td>CCG</td>
<td>CAG</td>
<td>CGG</td>
<th>G</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="4">A</th>
<td>AUU</td>
<td bgcolor="#FFE75F" rowspan="3">(Ile/I) Isoleusiini</td>
<td>ACU</td>
<td bgcolor="#B3DEC0" rowspan="4">(Thr/T)
Treoniini</td>
<td>AAU</td>
<td bgcolor="#B3DEC0" rowspan="2">(Asn/N) Asparagiini</td>
<td>AGU</td>
<td bgcolor="#B3DEC0" rowspan="2">(Ser/S) Seriini</td>
<th>U</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AUC</td>
<td>ACC</td>
<td>AAC</td>
<td>AGC</td>
<th>C</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AUA</td>
<td>ACA</td>
<td>AAA</td>
<td bgcolor="#BBBFE0" rowspan="2">(Lys/K) Lysiini</td>
<td>AGA</td>
<td bgcolor="#BBBFE0" rowspan="2">(Arg/R) Arginiini</td>
<th>A</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AUG</td>
<td bgcolor="#FFE75F">(Met/M) Metioniini (<i><strong>Alku</strong></i>)</td>
<td>ACG</td>
<td>AAG</td>
<td>AGG</td>
<th>G</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="4">G</th>
<td>GUU</td>
<td bgcolor="#FFE75F" rowspan="4">(Val/V) Valiini</td>
<td>GCU</td>
<td bgcolor="#FFE75F" rowspan="4">(Ala/A) Alaniini</td>
<td>GAU</td>
<td bgcolor="#F8B7D3" rowspan="2">(Asp/D) Asparagiinihappo</td>
<td>GGU</td>
<td bgcolor="#FFE75F" rowspan="4">(Gly/G) Glysiini</td>
<th>U</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GUC</td>
<td>GCC</td>
<td>GAC</td>
<td>GGC</td>
<th>C</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GUA</td>
<td>GCA</td>
<td>GAA</td>
<td bgcolor="#F8B7D3" rowspan="2">(Glu/E) Glutamiinihappo</td>
<td>GGA</td>
<th>A</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GUG</td>
<td>GCG</td>
<td>GAG</td>
<td>GGG</td>
<th>G</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" style="text-align:left; border:none;"><br/>
<em>Aminohappojen tyypit</em>
<span style="background:#ffe75f;">pooliton</span>
<span style="background:#b3dec0;">polaarinen</span>
<span style="background:#bbbfe0;">emäksinen</span>
<span style="background:#f8b7d3;">hapan</span>
<span style="background:#B0B0B0;">lopetuskodoni</span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<h1>Ekologinen luokittelu</h1>
<section>
<h2>Metsätyypit: Etelä-Suomi</h2>
<table class="tg">
<tr>
<th class="tg-a1rn">Kasvupaikkaluokka</th>
<th class="tg-031e">Kasvupaikkatyyppi (suomeksi)</th>
<th class="tg-031e">Kasvupaikkatyyppi (tieteelliset nimet)<br></th>
<th class="tg-031e">Lyhenne</th>
<th class="tg-5y5n">Opaskasvit</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-mn6f">karukkokangas</td>
<td class="tg-38zm">jäkälätyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-38zm">Cladina-tyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-38zm">ClT</td>
<td class="tg-5y5n"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-34pk" rowspan="2">kuivahko kangas<br></td>
<td class="tg-b13j">kanervatyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-b13j">Calluna-tyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-b13j">CT</td>
<td class="tg-5y5n">kielo, kultapiisku, kissankäpälä<br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">häränsilmä-kanervatyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">Hypochoeris-Calluna-tyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">HyCT</td>
<td class="tg-5y5n"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-33yv" rowspan="2">kuiva kangas<br></td>
<td class="tg-t04w">puolukkatyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-t04w">Vaccinium-tyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-t04w">VT</td>
<td class="tg-5y5n">metsätähti, lillukka, nuokkutalvikki, oravanmarja, kevätpiippo<br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">häränsilmä-puolukkatyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">Hypochoeris-Vaccinium-tyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">HyVT</td>
<td class="tg-5y5n"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-13j4">tuore kangas<br></td>
<td class="tg-osmx">mustikkatyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-osmx">Myrtillus-tyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-osmx">MT</td>
<td class="tg-5y5n">metsäkurjenpolvi, metsäimarre, pyöreälehtitalvikki, metsäkorte, metsämansikka, metsämaitikka, vadelma<br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-tk17" rowspan="2">lehtomainen kangas<br></td>
<td class="tg-wc4u">käenkaali-mustikkatyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-wc4u">Oxalis-Myrtillus-tyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-wc4u">OMT</td>
<td class="tg-5y5n">käenkaali, nuokkuhelmikkä, kevätlinnunherne, sinivuokko, vuohenputki, metsäorvokki, ketunlieko, sormisara, metsäliekosammal<br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">talvikkityyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">Pyrola-tyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">PyT</td>
<td class="tg-5y5n"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-hv79" rowspan="5">kuivat lehdot<br></td>
<td class="tg-walu">puolukka-lillukkatyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-walu">Vaccinium-Rubus-tyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-walu">VRT</td>
<td class="tg-5y5n" rowspan="11">lehto-orvokki, lehtotähtimö, lehtokuusama, koiranheisi, näsiä, lehtisammalet</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">nuokkuhelmikkä-linnunhernetyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">Melica-Lathyrus-tyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">MeLaT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">puolukka-mansikkatyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">Vaccinium-Fragaria-tyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">VFrT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">karvasputki-metsäapilatyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">Laserpitium-Trifolium-tyyppi-</td>
<td class="tg-031e">LasTrT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">maarianverijuuri-mäkimeiramityyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">Agrimonia-Origanum-tyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">AgrOrT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-19vt" rowspan="3">tuoreet lehdot<br></td>
<td class="tg-bdps">käenkaali-oravanmarjatyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-bdps">Oxalis-Maianthenum-tyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-bdps">OMaT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">sinivuokko-käenkaalityyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">Hepatica-Oxalis-tyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">HeOT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">vuohenputkityyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">Aegopodium-tyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">AegT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-34pk" rowspan="3">kosteat lehdot<br></td>
<td class="tg-b13j">saniaistyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-b13j">Filices-tyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-b13j">FT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">hiirenporras-käenkaali-tyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">Athyrium-Oxalis-tyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">AthOT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">käenkaali-mesiangervotyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">Oxalis-Filipendula-tyyppi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">OFiT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e" colspan="5"><br/><em>Hotanen, J.-P., Mäkipää, R., Nousiainen, H., Reinikainen, A., & Tonteri T. 2008: Metsätyypit – opas kasvupaikkojen luokitteluun. Karisto Oy, Hämeenlinna.</em></td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Suotyypit</h2>
<table class="tg">
<tr>
<th class="tg-031e">Pääsuotyyppi</th>
<th class="tg-031e"></th>
<th class="tg-031e">Suotyyppi</th>
<th class="tg-031e">Kirjainlyhenne</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e" rowspan="9">Korvet</td>
<td class="tg-031e" rowspan="9"><br></td>
<td class="tg-031e">Kangaskorpi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">KgK</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Mustikkakorpi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">MK</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Puolukkakorpi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">PK</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Varsinainen lettokorpi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">VLK</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Lehtokorpi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">LhK</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Ruohoinen sarakorpi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">RhSK</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Varsinainen sarakorpi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">VSK</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Pallosarakorpi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">PsK</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Ruohokorpi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">RhK</td>
</tr>
<tr class="viiva">
<td class="tg-031e" rowspan="8">Rämeet</td>
<td class="tg-031e" rowspan="8"><br></td>
<td class="tg-031e">Rahkaräme</td>
<td class="tg-031e">RaR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Korpiräme</td>
<td class="tg-031e">KR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Isovarpuräme</td>
<td class="tg-031e">IR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Ruohoinen sararäme</td>
<td class="tg-031e">RhSR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Kangasräme</td>
<td class="tg-031e">KgR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Varsinainen sararäme</td>
<td class="tg-031e">VSR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Lyhytkorsiräme</td>
<td class="tg-031e">LkR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Tupasvillaräme</td>
<td class="tg-031e">TR</td>
</tr>
<tr class="viiva">
<td class="tg-031e" rowspan="6">Avosuot</td>
<td class="tg-031e" rowspan="5">Nevat</td>
<td class="tg-031e">Rahkaneva</td>
<td class="tg-031e">RaN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Ruohoinen saraneva </td>
<td class="tg-031e">RhSN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Varsinainen saraneva</td>
<td class="tg-031e">VSN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Lyhytkorsikalvakkaneva</td>
<td class="tg-031e">LkKaN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Lyhytkorsineva</td>
<td class="tg-031e">LkN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Letot</td>
<td class="tg-031e">Rahkainen lettoräme = rämeletto</td>
<td class="tg-031e">RaLR = RL</td>
</tr>
<tr class="viiva">
<td class="tg-031e" rowspan="5">Ei-luonnontilaiset / Ojitetut</td>
<td class="tg-031e" rowspan="5">Turvekankaat</td>
<td class="tg-031e">Jäkäläturvekangas</td>
<td class="tg-031e">Jätkg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Varputurvekangas</td>
<td class="tg-031e">Vatkg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Puolukkaturvekangas</td>
<td class="tg-031e">Ptkg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Mustikkaturvekangas</td>
<td class="tg-031e">Mtkg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Ruohoturvekangas</td>
<td class="tg-031e">Rhtkg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e" colspan="3"><br/><em>Laine, J. & Vasander, H. 2005. Suotyypit ja niiden tunnistaminen. Karisto Oy, Hämeenlinna.</em></td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Ekosysteemityyppien laajuus, biomassa ja tuottavuus</h2>
<table class="tg">
<tr>
<th class="tg-031e">tyyppi<br></th>
<th class="tg-031e">alue <br />(10<sup>12</sup>m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
<th class="tg-031e">keskim. kasvillisuuden biomassa <br />(kg C m<sup>-2</sup>)</th>
<th class="tg-031e">perustuotanto <br />(kg m<sup>-2</sup>y<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">trooppinen metsä<br></td>
<td class="tg-031e">24,5</td>
<td class="tg-031e">18,8</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,83</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">lauhkea metsä<br></td>
<td class="tg-031e">12,0</td>
<td class="tg-031e">14,6</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,56</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">boreaalinen metsä<br></td>
<td class="tg-031e">12,0</td>
<td class="tg-031e">9,0</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,36</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">avoin metsä ja pensasaro<br></td>
<td class="tg-031e">8,0</td>
<td class="tg-031e">2,7</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">savanni<br></td>
<td class="tg-031e">15,0</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1,8</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,32</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">ruohoaro<br></td>
<td class="tg-031e">9,0</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,7</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,23</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">tundra ja alppiniitty<br></td>
<td class="tg-031e">8,0</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,3</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,065</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">pensasaavikko</td>
<td class="tg-031e">18,0</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,3</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,032</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">kivi, jää, hiekka<br></td>
<td class="tg-031e">24,0</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,01</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,015</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">viljelymaa<br></td>
<td class="tg-031e">14,0</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,5</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,29</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">suo ja marskimaa<br></td>
<td class="tg-031e">2,0</td>
<td class="tg-031e">6,8</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1,13</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">järvet ja joet<br></td>
<td class="tg-031e">2,5</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,01</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,23</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">avomeri</td>
<td class="tg-031e">332,0</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,0014</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,057</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">kumpuamisalueet</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,4</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,01</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,23</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">mannerjalusta</td>
<td class="tg-031e">26,6</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,005</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">leväpohja ja riutat<br></td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,6</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,9</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,90</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">jokisuistot</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1,4</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,45</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,81</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e" colspan="4"><br/>Harte, J. 1988: <em>Consider a Spherical Cow</em>. University Science Books, Mill Valley, Kanada, s. 257.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<h1>Biomolekyylit</h1>
<section>
<h2>Entsyymien luokittelu</h2>
</section>
<h1>Anatomiset rakenteet</h1>
<section>
<h2>Hermot</h2>
<h3>Aivohermot</h3>
<h3>Selkärankahermot</h3>
</section>
<h1>Toksikologia</h1>
<section>
<h2>Akuutti myrkyllisyys: LD<sub>50</sub>-arvoja</h2>
<table class="tg">
<tr>
<th class="tg-031e">aine</th>
<th class="tg-031e">LD<sub>50</sub></th>
<th class="tg-031e">eläin, antotapa<br></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">vesi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">90 000 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">sakkaroosi (ruokosokeri)</td>
<td class="tg-031e">29 700 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">C-vitamiini (askorbiinihappo)</td>
<td class="tg-031e">11 900 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Kadmiumsulfidi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">7 080 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Etanoli (alkoholi)</td>
<td class="tg-031e">7 060 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Natriummolybdaatti</td>
<td class="tg-031e">4 000 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Ruokasuola (natriumkloridi)</td>
<td class="tg-031e">3 000 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Parasetamoli (asetaminofeeni)</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1 944 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">THC (tetrahydrokannabinoli)</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1 270 mg/kg urokset; 730 mg/kg naaraat</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Metallinen arseeni</td>
<td class="tg-031e">763 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Kumariini (esiintyy kassiakanelissa ja eräissä muissa kasveissa)</td>
<td class="tg-031e">293 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Aspiriini (asetosalisyylihappo)</td>
<td class="tg-031e">200 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Kofeiini</td>
<td class="tg-031e">192 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Arseenitrisulfidi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">185 mg/kg - 6400 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Natriumnitriitti</td>
<td class="tg-031e">180 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Kobolttikloridi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">80 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Kadmiumoksidi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">72 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Nikotiini</td>
<td class="tg-031e">50 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Strykniini</td>
<td class="tg-031e">16 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Arseenitrioksidi (arsenikki)</td>
<td class="tg-031e">14 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Metallinen arseeni</td>
<td class="tg-031e">13 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Natriumsyanidi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">6,44 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Valkoinen fosfori</td>
<td class="tg-031e">3,03 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Elohopea(II)kloridi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Berylliumoksidi</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,5 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Aflatoksiini B1 (Aspergillus flavus -homeesta)</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,48 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Alkyylidimetyylibentsalkoniumkloridi (ADBAC)</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,28 mg/L</td>
<td class="tg-031e">4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Australialaisen taipaanin (käärmeen) myrkky</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,025 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Risiini</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,022 mg/kg20–30 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Dioksiini (TCDD)</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,020 mg/kg</td>
<td class="tg-031e">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">VX (hermokaasu)</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,0023 mg/kg *</td>
<td class="tg-031e">5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Polonium-210</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,00001 mg/kg *</td>
<td class="tg-031e">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e">Botuliini (Botox)</td>
<td class="tg-031e">0,000001 mg/kg *</td>
<td class="tg-031e">7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e" colspan="3">
* arvio | 1: rotta, suun kautta | 2: rotta, ihon kautta | 3: rotta, ruiskeena | 4: kala, imeytyneenä | <br/>5: ihminen, suun kautta | 6: ihminen, nieltynä | 7: ihminen, suun kautta tai ruiskeena
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-031e" colspan="3"><br/><em>Wikipedia https://fi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LD50&oldid=14828912</em></td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
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