This document is an attempt to explain some of the source code for the PicoLisp-Nanomsg FFI bindings.
It is not aimed at lisp experts, but rather newbies (like me), searching for tips and ideas on how to do lispy things using a Native C Library in PicoLisp.
You can consider it more like a tutorial or walkthrough, which I'll try my best to keep updated along with the code.
If you haven't already, then you should check out the README to get an idea of what this library does.
The nanomsg.l file is split into 3 major sections:
ffi-bindings: These are 1-1 function mappings with the Nanomsg C library.internal: Functions which you should not need to use unless implementing a new 1-1 mapping or public function.public: Functions which can be called by your application, mostly wrappers aroundinternalandffi-bindings.
At the top of the file, we define a PicoLisp namespace, and some global variables:
PicoLisp allows you to define namespaces for your functions, using symbols. It's similar to the concept of Modules in Ruby.
(symbols 'nanomsg 'pico)Here, we create a namespace called nanomsg which is a copy of the pico (default) namespace.
Outside of this library, you can call functions by prefixing the tilde (~):
(nanomsg~nn-errno)Or you can switch namespace by declaring it first:
(symbols 'nanomsg)
(nn-errno)Easy.
The PicoLisp naming conventions expect you to declare global variables prefixed by an asterisk (*) and a capital letter. For constants, I think it's safe to use ALL_CAPS.
Let's start with the first setq.
(setq MSG_MAX_SIZE (if (sys "NANOMSG_MAX_SIZE") (format @) 8192))This uses the sys function to read an environment variable. If it exists, it uses format to convert it to a Number (environment variables will always be read as Strings). If it doesn't exist, then it assigns the Number 8192 as the value to MSG_MAX_SIZE.
Note: I explicitly choose
setqto allow you to change that value anytime you want, without setting off any warnings. Be careful when doing that though.
Next:
(setq *Nanomsg (pack (car (file)) "lib/libnanomsg.so"))Here we assign the name of the native C (shared) library (libnanomsg.so) to a global variable *Nanomsg. It makes code a bit cleaner, particularly when dealing with native C libraries.
If you plan to write an ffi-binding, it's a good idea to use the same function names as the C library.
I'll only go into detail of nn-getsockopt, since it seems to cover most aspects about native C calls.
[de nn-getsockopt (Sock Level Option &buf Length)
(use Buf
(cons
(native `*Nanomsg "nn_getsockopt" 'I
Sock
(symbol-val Level)
(symbol-val Option)
(cons 'Buf &buf 0)
Length )
Buf ]You'll quickly notice one of the arguments is named &buf. In fact this should be *buf to indicate a C pointer, but I didn't want to induce confusion with global variables. The idea was to make it clear the value would receive a structure (I'll explain this later).
The second line: (use Buf is something really lovely. The use function allows you to contain a variable which could become global otherwise. In the nn-getsockopt function, the Buf variable would have been global if it weren't for (use.
The first cons is there because we want to return the result of the native call as the car, and the Buf in the cdr.
The attentive would notice I used ] in places as opposed to parens ). This is known as a super parens (the name is awesome!). It essentially closes all your parens with just one square bracket.
(de my-func (Arg1) (cons (1 2 3) (4 5 6] # I think this is ugly, but usefulMy personal convention is to use a super parens at the end of a multi-line expression.
[de my-func (Arg1)
(let Buf (cons (1 2 3)
(4 5 6) ] # betterSometimes it's nice to use square brackets to clearly define the start and end of something.
(de my-func (Arg1 Arg2)
[let Buf (cons (1 2 3)
(4 5 6)
(when (something) (do-something-else)) ]
(cleanup-everything) )Perhaps it's just a matter of personal taste.
Native calls can be quite confusing at first.
This call is identical to: (native "lib/libnanomsg.so" "nn_getsockopt" ....
The 3rd argument to native is the type of result the C function returns. We expect the result to be an Integer (I). If your C function returns a pointer, set it to N. When the result is a pointer, the value can be extracted using struct.
The next arguments are the ones expected by the C function. They can be Integers, Strings, Fixpoint numbers (cons pair) or Structures. In this case it's:
int nn_getsockopt (int s, int level, int option, void *optval, size_t *optvallen);The first three are Integers. We have an internal function called symbol-val which returns the value of the "constant" (string) specified. Example:
: (symbol-val "NN_RCVFD")
-> 11Note: There's some magic behind this, because the Nanomsg C library authors created a function called
nn-symbolwhich allows you to fetch every exported C constant, along with their values. That's a really brilliant and helpful feature for people writing ffi-bindings. With most C libraries, you'll need to define all the constants yourself.
The 4th is the tricky one. It's a Structure.
(cons 'Buf &buf 0)The Structure argument (a C pointer) is a list which must follow a very specific format:
- a variable as the
car. In our case we call itBuf. This variable will receive the result set in the pointer (also, potentially a structure). - a cons pair which will be sent to the C function.
- An (optional) initialization value for the rest of the structure.
There are much more details available in the native documentation.
We could have replaced the above with this:
(cons 'Buf (8192 B . 8192) 0)This would automatically create a buffer (in memory) of 8192 Bytes (set to 0), and expect a result of 8192 Bytes to be returned. Of course, all values which aren't filled in the result will be set to 0.
Note: What's nice about using
nativeto allocate buffers is the memory is free'd once the call completes. If you usemallocdirectly, then you need to free the memory as well. There's no fun in that.
I mentioned earlier the existence of a magical nn-symbol function. We use this to fetch all the C constants, and store them in an association list (key/value pairs).
[de fetch-symbols ()
(let (Index -1 P)
(make
(while (nn-symbol (inc 'Index) '(P (4 . I)))
(link (cons @ P)) ]
(setq *NN_Symbols (fetch-symbols))This *NN_Symbols internal global variable is created at runtime. It sets the local Index variable to -1, and the local P variable to NIL (no value = NIL).
It then uses make and link to generate a list from the result of the while loop.
The while loop calls nn-symbol by using inc to increment the Index by 1. The second argument to nn-symbol is a Structure as we've seen earlier, which is really just one Integer of 4 Bytes.
What's interesting is the way this magic function works. It returns the name of the constant (ex: "NN_RCVFD"), but it sets the value of the constant in the buffer, which we assign to the variable P (ex: 11).
We create a cons pair using the @ result as the car, and the P result as the cdr. In this case, the @ result refers to the value returned by the nn-symbol call.
Note: In English, this means
Pwill contain a 4-byte Integer (value) and@will contain the constant's name.
If the nn-symbol call returns NIL, then we've reached the end of the list of constants, so the while loop exits, and our *NN_Symbols variable is fully set:
Here is a truncated *NN_Symbols list from nanomsg 0.7-beta:
(("NN_NS_NAMESPACE" . 0) ("NN_NS_VERSION" . 1) ("NN_NS_DOMAIN" . 2) ("NN_NS_TRANSPORT" . 3) ("NN_NS_PROTOCOL" . 4) ("NN_NS_OPTION_LEVEL" . 5) ("NN_NS_SOCKET_OPTION" . 6)Cool.
This function is quite simple. It fetches the cdr (the value) of the constant by it's name, by searching through the association list.
(de symbol-val (Symbol)
(cdr (assoc Symbol *NN_Symbols)) )There's nothing special about this function. I simply wanted to highlight the throw call, which stops the execution and returns a cons pair (error):
(de exit-with-error (Sock Endpoint)
(when (and Endpoint (ge0 Endpoint)) (nn-shutdown Sock Endpoint))
(when Sock (nn-close Sock))
(throw 'InternalError (cons 'NanomsgError (nn-strerror (nn-errno))) ) )This can be caught with (catch 'InternalError. The return value is a list which will contain 'NanomsgError in the car, and a String in the cdr.
I won't go into detail about the create-socket internal function, but I was pleased to discover the default function, which assigns a default value to a variable.
[de create-socket (Type Domain)
(default Domain "AF_SP")In this case, we assign the default value "AF_SP" to the variable Domain which is sent as an argument to the function. If Domain is set (non-NIL), then its value is not re-assigned.
Sometimes you want to do something, sometimes you don't. That's a binary decision (0 or 1), and functions which return a true/false'ish type of result are called predicates. bool is a nice predicate which returns T if the value is set.
(de non-blocking-io (Dontwait)
(when (bool Dontwait) (symbol-val "NN_DONTWAIT")) )In this call, we want to return the value of the constant NN_DONTWAIT, but only if the Dontwait argument is set. Otherwise it returns NIL. This is kind of a hack, since it can be set to anything and it will always return the value of the constant.
There might be a better way to do this.
We've defined quite a few public functions which can be called from outside the library. Nanomsg doesn't provide these, so we made them in order to make your life easier. Instead of interacting directly with the native function calls, you can use a simple public function and move on with your life.
I'll only explain the msg-recv function, since it does some pretty cool stuff.
This function can be called in blocking or non-blocking mode. It will listen on a socket and wait for a message to arrive.
[de msg-recv (Sock Dontwait)
(let Result (nn-recv Sock '(`MSG_MAX_SIZE B . `MSG_MAX_SIZE) MSG_MAX_SIZE (non-blocking-io Dontwait) )
(unless (exit-with-error-maybe Dontwait Result Sock)
(pack (mapcar char (head (car Result) (cdr Result)))) ]The first thing you'll notice is this crazy argument sent to nn-recv. It's something we saw earlier: '(8192 B . 8192). The reason we use the backtick (backquote) is to immediately evaluate the expression. You'll notice the list is quoted with a single quote for an unevaluated expression, but in fact we want to evaluate that MSG_MAX_SIZE constant right away (turn it into 8192).
The next line will essentially exit the application depending on the result of the nn-recv call and the value of the Dontwait variable.
The meat is here:
(pack (mapcar char (head (car Result) (cdr Result))))As you know, cdr returns the result of the list (everything after the 1st element). And car returns the 1st element of the list.
When you pass these to head, it will return only the first N elements (first argument) of the list (2nd argument).
For example:
(setq Result (12 104 101 108 108 111 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0))
-> (12 104 101 108 108 111 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)
: (head (car Result) (cdr Result))
-> (104 101 108 108 111 0 0 8 0 0 0 0)Here we fetched the first 12 elements of the list.
If you didn't know, char will return a Unicode character when you pass a Number as the argument.
The use of mapcar is to iterate over the list, with the char function -- essentially calling char on every element in the list.
The pack function will remove all NIL values from the list. If you try to (char 0) you'll see it returns NIL.
: (pack (mapcar char (head (car Result) (cdr Result))))
-> "hello^H"Note: What this means is it receives the 8K buffer which contains a bunch of zeros at the end (assuming you didn't fill the buffer), it maps over the list, sets the zeros to NIL, packs it and you end up with a nice friendly string.
This might also be a huge hack, but I thought it was cool and functional. Very open to suggestions on how to improve it.
That's pretty much all I have to explain about the Nanomsg FFI binding. I'm very open to providing more details about functionality I've skipped, so just file an issue and I'll do my best.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Alexander Williams, Unscramble license@unscramble.jp