book.bib

@misc{rosm,
    title = {rosm: Plot Raster Map Tiles from Open Street Map and Other Sources},
    author = {Dewey Dunnington},
    year = {2022},
    note = {R package version 0.2.6},
    url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rosm},
}
@Article{modelsummary,
  title = {{modelsummary}: Data and Model Summaries in {R}},
  author = {Vincent Arel-Bundock},
  journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {103},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--23},
  doi = {10.18637/jss.v103.i01},
}
@misc{ggspatial,
  title = {ggspatial: Spatial Data Framework for ggplot2},
  author = {Dewey Dunnington},
  year = {2023},
  note = {R package version 1.1.8},
  url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggspatial},
}
@Book{xie2015,
  title = {Dynamic Documents with {R} and knitr},
  author = {Yihui Xie},
  publisher = {Chapman and Hall/CRC},
  address = {Boca Raton, Florida},
  year = {2015},
  edition = {2nd},
  note = {ISBN 978-1498716963},
  url = {http://yihui.org/knitr/},
}
@article{kaddoura2018,
  title = {Using Real-World Traffic Incident Data in Transport Modeling},
  author = {Kaddoura, Ihab and Nagel, Kai},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Procedia Computer Science},
  series = {The 9th International Conference on Ambient Systems, Networks and Technologies ({{ANT}} 2018) / the 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Information Technology ({{SEIT-2018}}) / Affiliated Workshops},
  volume = {130},
  pages = {880--885},
  doi = {10.1016/j.procs.2018.04.084},
  langid = {english}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{abdel2007,
  author={Abdel-Rahim, A. and Oman, P. and Johnson, B.K. and Sadiq, R.A.},
  booktitle={2007 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference}, 
  title={Assessing Surface Transportation Network Component Criticality: A Multi-Layer Graph-Based Approach}, 
  year={2007},
  volume={},
  number={},
  pages={1000-1003},
  doi={10.1109/ITSC.2007.4357801}
}
  
@inproceedings{agarwal2011,
  author = {Jitendra Agarwal  and Mei Liu  and David Blockley },
  title = {A Systems Approach to Vulnerability Assessment},
  booktitle = {Vulnerability, Uncertainty, and Risk},
  chapter = {},
  year = {2011},
  pages = {230-237},
  doi = {10.1061/41170(400)28},
}

@article{anbazhagan2011, 
  title={Classification of road damage due to earthquakes}, 
  volume={60}, 
  DOI={10.1007/s11069-011-0025-0}, 
  number={2}, 
  journal={Natural Hazards}, 
  author={Anbazhagan, Panjamani and Srinivas, Sushma and Chandran, Deepu}, 
  year={2011}, pages={425–460}
}

@article{berdica2002,
title = {An introduction to road vulnerability: what has been done, is done and should be done},
journal = {Transport Policy},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {117-127},
year = {2002},
issn = {0967-070X},
doi = {10.1016/S0967-070X(02)00011-2},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X02000112},
author = {Katja Berdica},
keywords = {Vulnerability, Reliability, Road network, Literature review},
abstract = {Vulnerability in the road transportation system, studied not only from a safety point of view but also as a problem of an insufficient level of service, is proposed as a setting for future transport studies. This relatively new notion is conceptualised by discussing a number of definitions and related concepts, reviewing especially the concept of reliability as a feasible theoretical approach. The paper relates how vulnerability related problems have been addressed so far, current developments and finally what the future should hold in order to provide us with the comprehensive network analysis tool that our complex society calls for.}
}

@article{bradley2007,
author = { James   Bradley },
title = {Time Period and Risk Measures in the General Risk Equation},
journal = {Journal of Risk Research},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {355-369},
year  = {2007},
publisher = {Routledge},
doi = {10.1080/13669870701252232},

URL = { 
        https://doi.org/10.1080/13669870701252232
    
},

}

@article{dong2006,
title = {Moving from trip-based to activity-based measures of accessibility},
journal = {Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice},
volume = {40},
number = {2},
pages = {163-180},
year = {2006},
issn = {0965-8564},
doi = {10.1016/j.tra.2005.05.002},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856405000820},
author = {Xiaojing Dong and Moshe E. Ben-Akiva and John L. Bowman and Joan L. Walker},
abstract = {This paper studies the properties and performance of a new measure of accessibility, called the activity-based accessibility (ABA) measure, and compares it to traditional measures of accessibility, including isochrone, gravity and utility-based measures. The novel aspect of the ABA is that it measures accessibility to all activities in which an individual engages, incorporating constraints such as scheduling, and travel characteristics such as trip chaining. The ABA is generated from the day activity schedule (DAS) model system, an integrated system based on the concept of an activity pattern, which identifies the sequence and tour structure among all the activities and trips taken by an individual during a day. A byproduct is an individual’s expected maximum utility over the choices of all available activity patterns, and from this the ABA is derived. The ABA is related to the logsum accessibility measures frequently derived from destination and mode discrete choice models. The key difference is that it is generated not by examining a particular trip, but by examining all trips and activities throughout the day. A case study using data from Portland, Oregon, demonstrates the rich picture of accessibility made available by use of the ABA, and highlights differences between the ABA and more traditional measures of accessibility. The ABA is successful in (a) capturing taste heterogeneity across individuals (not possible with aggregate accessibility measures), (b) combining different types of trips into a unified measure of accessibility (not possible with trip-based measures), (c) reflecting the impact of scheduling and trip chaining on accessibility (not possible with trip-based measures), and (d) quantifying differing accessibility impacts on important segments of the population such as unemployed and zero auto households (not possible with aggregate measures, and limited with trip-based measures).}
}

@article{ganin2017,
  title={Resilience and efficiency in transportation networks},
  author={Ganin, Alexander A and Kitsak, Maksim and Marchese, Dayton and Keisler, Jeffrey M and Seager, Thomas and Linkov, Igor},
  journal={Science advances},
  volume={3},
  number={12},
  pages={e1701079},
  year={2017},
  publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science}
}

@techreport{hamedi2018,
  title={Analyzing Impact of I-85 Bridge Collapse on Regional Travel in Atlanta},
  author={Hamedi, Masoud and Eshragh, Sepideh and Franz, Mark and Sekula, Przemyslaw Michal},
  year={2018}
}

@misc{GDOT2017,
  author       = "GDOT",
  title        = "I-85 Bridge Collapse and Rebuild",
  year         = "2017",
}

@misc{UDOT2020,
  author       = {{UDOT}},
  title        = "UDOT Asset Risk Management Process",
  year         = "2020",
  note = "Available at https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lCjChiEnEBqT8gAcaonIhJ8DRacwy0Lt/view"
}

@misc{aem2017,
  author = "AEM",
  title = "I-15 Corridor Risk and Resilience Pilot Final Report",
  year = "2017",
  note = "Available internally through UDOT."
}

@incollection{berdica2007,
  title={Vulnerability: a model-based case study of the road network in Stockholm},
  author={Berdica, Katja and Mattsson, Lars-G{\"o}ran},
  booktitle={Critical infrastructure},
  pages={81--106},
  year={2007},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@article{geurs2004,
title = {Accessibility evaluation of land-use and transport strategies: review and research directions},
journal = {Journal of Transport Geography},
volume = {12},
number = {2},
pages = {127-140},
year = {2004},
issn = {0966-6923},
doi = {10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2003.10.005},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966692303000607},
author = {Karst T. Geurs and Bert {van Wee}},
keywords = {Accessibility, Land-use, Transport, Policy evaluation},
abstract = {A review of accessibility measures is presented for assessing the usability of these measures in evaluations of land-use and transport strategies and developments. Accessibility measures are reviewed using a broad range of relevant criteria, including theoretical basis, interpretability and communicability, and data requirements of the measures. Accessibility impacts of land-use and transport strategies are often evaluated using accessibility measures, which researchers and policy makers can easily operationalise and interpret, such as travelling speed, but which generally do not satisfy theoretical criteria. More complex and disaggregated accessibility measures, however, increase complexity and the effort for calculations and the difficulty of interpretation. The current practice can be much improved by operationalising more advanced location-based and utility-based accessibility measures that are still relatively easy to interpret for researchers and policy makers, and can be computed with state-of-the-practice data and/or land-use and transport models. Research directions towards theoretically more advanced accessibility measures point towards the inclusion of individual's spatial–temporal constraints and feedback mechanisms between accessibility, land-use and travel behaviour. Furthermore, there is a need for theoretical and empirical research on relationships between accessibility, option values and non-user benefits, and the measurement of different components of accessibility.}
}

@article{geurs2010,
title = {Accessibility appraisal of land-use/transport policy strategies: More than just adding up travel-time savings},
journal = {Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment},
volume = {15},
number = {7},
pages = {382-393},
year = {2010},
note = {Specification and interpretation issues in behavioural models used for environmental assessment},
issn = {1361-9209},
doi = {10.1016/j.trd.2010.04.006},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920910000660},
author = {Karst Geurs and Barry Zondag and Gerard {de Jong} and Michiel {de Bok}},
keywords = {Logsum accessibility benefits, Land-use policies, Travel-time savings},
abstract = {We examine the accessibility benefits associated with some land-use policy strategies for the Netherlands that anticipate on expected climate change. A disaggregate logsum accessibility measure using the Dutch national land-use/transport interaction model TIGRIS XL is used to compute changes in consumer surplus. The measure provides an elegant and convenient solution to measure the full accessibility benefits from land-use and/or transport policies, when discrete choice travel-demand models are available that already produce logsums. It accounts for both changes in generalised transport costs and changes in destination utility, and is thus capable of providing the accessibility benefits from changes in the distribution of activities, due to transport or land-use policies. The case study shows that logsum accessibility benefits from land-use policy strategies can be quite large compared to investment programmes for road and public transport infrastructure, largely due to changes in trip production and destination utility, which are not measured in the standard rule-of-half benefit measure.}
}

@article{guze2014,
	author = {Guze, Sambor},
	title = {Graph Theory Approach to Transportation Systems Design and Optimization},
	journal = {TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation},
	volume = {8},
	number = {4},
	pages = {571-578},
	year = {2014},
	url = {./Article_Graph_Theory_Approach_to_Transportation_Guze,32,543.html},
	abstract = {The main aim of the paper is to present graph theory parameters and algorithms as tool to analyze and to optimise transportation systems. To realize these goals the 0-1 knapsack problem solution by SPEA algorithm, methods and procedures for finding the minimal spanning tree in graphs and digraphs, domination parameters problems accurate to analyse the transportation systems are introduced and described. Possibility of application of graph theory algorithms and parameters to analyze exemplary transportation system are shown.},
	doi = {10.12716/1001.08.04.12},
	issn = {2083-6473},
	publisher = {Gdynia Maritime University, Faculty of Navigation},
	keywords = {Graph Theory, Transportation System, Transportation System Design, Transportation Systems Optimization, SPEA Algorithm, Pareto Optimal, Multicriteria Optimisation, Optimization}
}

@article{hackl2019, 
title={Estimation of traffic flow changes using networks in networks approaches}, 
volume={4}, 
DOI={10.1007/s41109-019-0139-y}, 
number={1}, 
journal={Applied Network Science}, 
author={Hackl, 
Jürgen and Adey, Bryan T.}, 
year={2019}
}

@article{handy1997,
author = {S L Handy and D A Niemeier},
title ={Measuring Accessibility: An Exploration of Issues and Alternatives},
journal = {Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space},
volume = {29},
number = {7},
pages = {1175-1194},
year = {1997},
doi = {10.1068/a291175},

URL = { 
        https://doi.org/10.1068/a291175
    
},
eprint = { 
        https://doi.org/10.1068/a291175
    
}
,
    abstract = { Accessibility is an important characteristic of metropolitan areas and is often reflected in transportation and land-use planning goals. But the concept of accessibility has rarely been translated into performance measures by which policies are evaluated, despite a substantial literature on the concept. This paper is an attempt to bridge the gap between the academic literature and the practical application of such measures and provide a framework for the development of accessibility measures. Issues that planners must address in developing an accessibility measure are outlined, and two case studies suggestive of the range of possible approaches are presented. }
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{ibrahim2011,
  author={Ibrahim, Saleh and Ammar, Reda and Rajasekaran, Sanguthevar and Lownes, Nicholas and Wang, Qixing and Sharma, Dolly},
  booktitle={2011 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC)}, 
  title={An efficient heuristic for estimating transportation network vulnerability}, 
  year={2011},
  volume={},
  number={},
  pages={1092-1098},
  doi={10.1109/ISCC.2011.5983988}
  }
  
  @ARTICLE{ip2011,
  author={Ip, W. H. and Wang, Dingwei},
  journal={IEEE Systems Journal}, 
  title={Resilience and Friability of Transportation Networks: Evaluation, Analysis and Optimization}, 
  year={2011},
  volume={5},
  number={2},
  pages={189-198},
  doi={10.1109/JSYST.2010.2096670}
  }
  
@article{jaller2015, 
title={An investigation of the effects of critical infrastructure on urban mobility in the city of Medellín}, 
volume={11}, 
DOI={10.1504/ijcis.2015.072158}, 
number={3}, 
journal={International Journal of Critical Infrastructures}, 
author={Jaller, Miguel and Calderón, Carlos A. González and Yushimito, Wilfredo F. and Díaz, Iván D. Sánchez}, 
year={2015}, 
pages={213}
}

@article{levinson2010,
  title={Traffic flow and road user impacts of the collapse of the I-35W Bridge over the Mississippi River},
  author={Zhu, Shanjiang and Levinson, David and Liu, Henry and Harder, Kathleen and Dancyzk, Adam},
  year={2010},
  publisher={Minnesota Department of Transportation, Research Services Section}
}

@misc{marta2018,
author = "MARTA",
title = "2018 Sustainability Report",
year = "2018"
}

@misc{marta2017,
author = "MARTA",
title = "Popular Annual Financial Report",
year = "2017"
}

@article{omer2013, 
  title={Assessing resilience in a regional road-based transportation network}, 
  volume={13}, 
  DOI={10.1504/ijise.2013.052605}, 
  number={4}, 
  journal={International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering}, 
  author={Omer, Mayada and Mostashari, Ali and Nilchiani, Roshanak}, 
  year={2013}, 
  pages={389–408}
}
  
@article{osei2014,
author = {Abigail Osei-Asamoah and Nicholas E. Lownes},
title ={Complex Network Method of Evaluating Resilience in Surface Transportation Networks},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = {2467},
number = {1},
pages = {120-128},
year = {2014},
doi = {10.3141/2467-13},
URL = { 
        https://doi.org/10.3141/2467-13
},
eprint = {   https://doi.org/10.3141/2467-13},
    abstract = { A complex network analysis methodology was adopted to evaluate structural resilience in surface transportation networks with the use of examples of the U.S. highway and Interstate networks in Connecticut and the Indiana interurban railroad network. Resilience in these networks was evaluated alongside that of a biological network, which through millions of years of evolution had developed an adaptive behavior in which cost, efficiency, and resilience were optimized in the feeding network that was constructed. Disruptions in the networks were simulated by using link-based targeted and random strategies. With simulation results, network performance under disruption was assessed by using two metrics: global efficiency and the relative size of the giant component for each disruption strategy. The biological network exhibits superior resistance to disruption regardless of strategy, a quality attributed to its redundant and cyclic weblike network structure and its innate ability to adapt to disruptions by developing network structures that have been honed through millions of years of evolution. In addition, linear correlations between network structural metrics such as the average degree, density, and average clustering coefficient were explored and analyzed. }
}

@article{peeta2010,
title = {Pre-disaster investment decisions for strengthening a highway network},
journal = {Computers \& Operations Research},
volume = {37},
number = {10},
pages = {1708-1719},
year = {2010},
issn = {0305-0548},
doi = {10.1016/j.cor.2009.12.006},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305054809003311},
author = {Srinivas Peeta and F. {Sibel Salman} and Dilek Gunnec and Kannan Viswanath},
keywords = {Networks, Random link failures, Retrofitting highways, Earthquake mitigation, Two-stage stochastic program, Decision-dependent probability distribution},
abstract = {We address a pre-disaster planning problem that seeks to strengthen a highway network whose links are subject to random failures due to a disaster. Each link may be either operational or non-functional after the disaster. The link failure probabilities are assumed to be known a priori, and investment decreases the likelihood of failure. The planning problem seeks connectivity for first responders between various origin–destination (O–D) pairs and hence focuses on uncapacitated road conditions. The decision-maker's goal is to select the links to invest in under a limited budget with the objective of maximizing the post-disaster connectivity and minimizing traversal costs between the origin and destination nodes. The problem is modeled as a two-stage stochastic program in which the investment decisions in the first stage alter the survival probabilities of the corresponding links. We restructure the objective function into a monotonic non-increasing multilinear function and show that using the first order terms of this function leads to a knapsack problem whose solution is a local optimum to the original problem. Numerical experiments on real-world data related to strengthening Istanbul's urban highway system against earthquake risk illustrate the tractability of the method and provide practical insights for decision-makers.}
}
@inproceedings{rogers2012,
  title={Resistance and resilience--paradigms for critical local infrastructure},
  author={Rogers, Christopher DF and Bouch, Christopher J and Williams, Stephen and Barber, Austin RG and Baker, Christopher J and Bryson, John R and Chapman, David N and Chapman, Lee and Coaffee, Jon and Jefferson, Ian and others},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer},
  volume={165},
  number={2},
  pages={73--83},
  year={2012},
  organization={Thomas Telford Ltd}
}

@article{roten2011, 
  title={3D Simulations of M 7 Earthquakes on the Wasatch Fault, Utah, Part I: Long-Period (0-1 Hz) Ground Motion}, 
  volume={101}, 
  DOI={10.1785/0120110031}, 
  number={5}, 
  journal={Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America}, 
  author={Roten, D. and Olsen, K. B. and Pechmann, J. C. and Cruz-Atienza, V. M. and Magistrale, H.}, 
  year={2011}, 
  pages={2045–2063}
}

@misc{schaper2017,
  author = "Schaper, D.",
  title = "10 Years After Bridge Collapse, America is Still Crumbling",
  year = "2017"
}

@misc{seattle2017,
  author = "The Seattle Times",
  title = "Several dead after Amtrak train traveling at 80 mph derails from bridge onto I-5",
  year = "2017"
}

@article{serulle2011,
author = {Nayel Urena Serulle and Kevin Heaslip and Brandon Brady and William C. Louisell and John Collura},
title ={Resiliency of Transportation Network of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Case Study},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = {2234},
number = {1},
pages = {22-30},
year = {2011},
doi = {10.3141/2234-03},

URL = {         https://doi.org/10.3141/2234-03
},
eprint = {         https://doi.org/10.3141/2234-03
}
,
    abstract = { Every day dependence on transportation grows as local, regional, national, and international independence increases. Resilient transportation systems are needed to secure the highest possible level of service during disruptive events, including natural disasters and those caused by humans. To prepare for these events, decision makers need guidance to determine what investments are likely to improve the resiliency of their networks, which are often hampered by limited resources. To date, such guidance has been primarily qualitative. This paper presents a methodology to quantify resiliency, under preevent conditions, by use of a fuzzy inference approach. This methodology expands on previous work by the authors and others, by refining the definitions of key variables, adjusting model interactions, and increasing transparency between metrics. The paper includes a case study in which the methodology is applied to a disruptive event in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. The case study illustrates the methodology's ability to (a) evaluate the extent to which the Dominican Republic's transportation network is prepared for a disruptive event, (b) help select investments that have the potential to increase the resiliency of the network, and (c) provide outputs that will support a variety of current economic analysis strategies, allow comparison of different investment scenarios, and facilitate decision making. The paper concludes with a sensitivity analysis that shows the effects of alternative investments on the network. }
}

@article{taylor2008, 
  title={Critical Transport Infrastructure in Urban Areas: Impacts of Traffic Incidents Assessed Using Accessibility-Based Network Vulnerability Analysis}, 
  volume={39}, DOI={10.1111/j.1468-2257.2008.00448.x}, 
  number={4}, 
  journal={Growth and Change}, 
  author={Taylor, Michael A. P.}, 
  year={2008}, 
  pages={593–616}
  }
  
  @misc{uofu2014,
    author = "The University of Utah",
    title = "Utah's Earthquake Threat",
    year = "2014"
  }
  
 @article{vodak2019, 
  title={A deterministic approach for rapid identification of the critical links in networks}, 
  volume={14}, 
  DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0219658}, 
  number={7}, 
  journal={Plos One}, 
  author={Vodák, Rostislav and Bíl, Michal and Svoboda, Tomáš and Křivánková, Zuzana and Kubeček, Jan and Rebok, Tomáš and Hliněný, Petr}, 
  year={2019}
  } 
  
@article{winkler2016,
author = {Christian Winkler},
title ={Evaluating Transport User Benefits: Adjustment of Logsum Difference for Constrained Travel Demand Models},
journal = {Transportation Research Record},
volume = {2564},
number = {1},
pages = {118-126},
year = {2016},
doi = {10.3141/2564-13},
URL = {  https://doi.org/10.3141/2564-13},
eprint = {  https://doi.org/10.3141/2564-13},
abstract = { Transport user benefits are of great importance in cost–benefit analysis when transport projects are appraised. Generally, these benefits have the greatest effect on the results of cost–benefit analyses. It is common to adopt the consumer surplus for calculating transport user benefits. The consumer surplus measure is based on the underlying demand model and follows from the integration of the demand curve. If the popular logit model is used for forecasting travel demand, a consumer surplus measure takes a closed form that is easy to calculate. Furthermore, in cost–benefit analyses the change in consumer surplus between an initial and final state is needed; the change can be easily derived by the difference of the logsums of the two states. This logsum approach is proven and correct for travel demand models based on the logit model without multiple constraints. However, for travel demand models dealing with two or more sets of constraints, the logsum approach fails. In this paper, a mathematical approach is described for a transport user benefits measure that corresponds to the consumer surplus and is universal for all travel demand models with constraints. The measure for a doubly constrained trip distribution is derived. The applicability of the derived approach is shown by a simple example. }
}

@article{xie2011,
author = { Feng   Xie  and  David   Levinson },
title = {Evaluating the effects of the I-35W bridge collapse on road-users in the twin cities metropolitan region},
journal = {Transportation Planning and Technology},
volume = {34},
number = {7},
pages = {691-703},
year  = {2011},
publisher = {Routledge},
doi = {10.1080/03081060.2011.602850},

URL = { 
        https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2011.602850
    
},
eprint = { 
        https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2011.602850
    
}

}

@article{xiangdong2015,
title = {Modeling Transportation Network Redundancy},
journal = {Transportation Research Procedia},
volume = {9},
pages = {283-302},
year = {2015},
note = {Papers selected for Poster Sessions at The 21st International Symposium on Transportation and Traffic Theory Kobe, Japan, 5-7 August, 2015},
issn = {2352-1465},
doi = {10.1016/j.trpro.2015.07.016},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146515001763},
author = {Xiangdong Xu and Anthony Chen and Sarawut Jansuwan and Kevin Heaslip and Chao Yang},
keywords = {redundancy, travel alternative diversity, network spare capacity},
abstract = {Redundancy is vital for transportation networks to provide utility to users during disastrous events. In this paper, we develop two network-based measures for systematically characterizing the redundancy of transportation networks: travel alternative diversity and network spare capacity. Specifically, the travel alternative diversity dimension is to evaluate the existence of multiple modes and effective routes available for travelers or the number of effective connections between a specific origin-destination pair. The network spare capacity dimension is to quantify the network-wide residual capacity with an explicit consideration of travelers’ mode and route choice behaviors as well as congestion effect. They can address two fundamental questions in the pre-disaster transportation system evaluation and planning, i.e., “how many effective redundant alternatives are there for travelers in the event of a disruption?” and “how much redundant capacity does the network have?” To implement the two measures in practice, computational methods are provided to evaluate the network redundancy. Numerical examples are also presented to demonstrate the features of the two redundancy measures as well as the applicability of the computational methods. The analysis results reveal that the two measures have different characterizations on network redundancy from different perspectives, and they can complement each other by providing meaningful information to both travelers and planners.}
}

@article{zhang2016,
title = {Resilience-based risk mitigation for road networks},
journal = {Structural Safety},
volume = {62},
pages = {57-65},
year = {2016},
issn = {0167-4730},
doi = {10.1016/j.strusafe.2016.06.003},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167473016300170},
author = {Weili Zhang and Naiyu Wang},
keywords = {Bridges, Civil infrastructure systems, Decision optimization, Resilience, Risk mitigation, System reliability, Transportation networks},
abstract = {Transportation infrastructure has been identified by the US Department of Homeland Security as one of sixteen critical infrastructure systems essential to the well-being of modern societies. In this study, we propose a resilience-based framework for mitigating risk to surface road transportation networks. We utilize recent developments in modern network theory to introduce a novel metric based on system reliability and network connectivity to measure resilience-based performance of a road transportation network. The formulation of this resilience-based performance metric (referred in the paper as WIPW), systematically integrates the network topology, redundancy level, traffic patterns, structural reliability of network components (i.e. roads and bridge) and functionality of the network during community’s post-disaster recovery, and permits risk mitigation alternatives for improving transportation network resilience to be compared on a common basis. Using the WIPW as a network performance metric, we propose a project ranking mechanism for identifying and prioritizing transportation network retrofit projects that are critical for effective pre-disaster risk mitigation and resilience planning. We further present a decision methodology to select optimal solutions among possible alternatives of new construction, which offer opportunities to improve the resilience of the network by altering its existing topology. Finally, we conclude with an illustration that uses the WIPW as the performance metric to support risk-based mitigation decisions using a hypothetical bridge network susceptible to seismic hazards.}
}

 @article{zhang2015,
title = {Assessing the role of network topology in transportation network resilience},
journal = {Journal of Transport Geography},
volume = {46},
pages = {35-45},
year = {2015},
issn = {0966-6923},
doi = {10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.05.006},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966692315000794},
author = {X. Zhang and E. Miller-Hooks and K. Denny},
keywords = {Resilience, Vulnerability, Reliability, Network performance, Infrastructure systems, Graph theory},
abstract = {The abstract representation of a transportation system as a network of nodes and interconnecting links, whether that system involves roadways, railways, sea links, airspace, or intermodal combinations, defines a network topology. Among the most common in the context of transportation systems are the grid, ring, hub-and-spoke, complete, scale-free and small-world networks. This paper investigates the role of network topology, and the topology’s characteristics, in a transportation system’s ability to cope with disaster. Specifically, the paper hypothesizes that the topological attributes of a transportation system significantly affect its resilience to disaster events. Resilience accounts for not only the innate ability of the system to absorb externally induced changes, but also cost-effective and efficient, adaptive actions that can be taken to preserve or restore performance post-event. Comprehensive and systematically designed numerical experiments were conducted on 17 network structures with some relation to transportation system layout. Resilience of these network structures in terms of throughput, connectivity or compactness was quantified. Resilience is considered with and without the benefits of preparedness and recovery actions. The impact of component-level damage on system resilience is also investigated. A comprehensive, systematic analysis of results from these experiments provides a basis for the characterization of highly resilient network topologies and conversely identification of network attributes that might lead to poorly performing systems.}
}

@article{zhu2010,
title = {The traffic and behavioral effects of the I-35W Mississippi River bridge collapse},
journal = {Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice},
volume = {44},
number = {10},
pages = {771-784},
year = {2010},
issn = {0965-8564},
doi = {10.1016/j.tra.2010.07.001},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856410000923},
author = {Shanjiang Zhu and David Levinson and Henry X. Liu and Kathleen Harder},
keywords = {I-35W bridge collapse, Travel behavior, Travel survey},
abstract = {On August 1, 2007, the collapse of the I-35W bridge over the Mississippi River in Minneapolis abruptly interrupted the usual route of about 140,000 daily vehicle trips, which substantially disturbed regular traffic flow patterns on the network. It took several weeks for the network to re-equilibrate, during which period travelers continued to learn and adjust their travel decisions. A good understanding of this process is crucial for traffic management and the design of mitigation schemes. Data from loop-detectors, bus ridership statistics, and a survey are analyzed and compared, revealing the evolving traffic reactions to the bridge collapse and how individual choices could help to explain such dynamics. Findings on short-term traffic dynamics and behavioral reactions to this major network disruption have important implications for traffic management in response to future scenarios.}
}


@misc{udot2021,
author = {{Utah Department of Transportation}},
mendeley-groups = {Resiliency},
title = {{Planning}},
url = {https://www.udot.utah.gov/connect/business/public-entities/planning/},
year = {2021}
}


@misc{tfr2021,
author = {{Travel Forecasting Resource}},
mendeley-groups = {Resiliency},
title = {{Destination Choice Models}},
url = {https://tfresource.org/topics/Destination_Choice_Models.html},
year = {2021}
}


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	year = {2002},
	month = {02},
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	note = {Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}
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	year = {2022},
	month = {04},
	date = {2022-04-27},
	url = {https://repo.nzsee.org.nz/xmlui/handle/nzsee/2507},
	note = {Accepted: 2023-02-21T01:18:17Z
Publisher: New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering},
	langid = {en}
}

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	year = {2012},
	month = {06},
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	note = {Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers},
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@webpage{wang2016,
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	year = {2016},
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	note = {Available at https://github.com/xinwangvdot/rvtpo.}
}

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