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`express()`

let express = require('express'): Creates an Express application

express.static(root, [options]): serves static files and is based on serve-static.

here we can set etag lastModified maxAge etc.

var options = {
  dotfiles: 'ignore',
  etag: false,
  extensions: ['htm', 'html'],
  index: false,
  maxAge: '1d',
  redirect: false,
  setHeaders: function (res, path, stat) {
    res.set('x-timestamp', Date.now())
  }
}

app.use(express.static('public', options))

express.Router([options]): Creates a new router object. Refer to Routing section below

App

The app object denotes the Express application

var express = require('express');
var app = express();

app.get('/', function(req, res){
  res.send('hello world');
});

app.listen(3000);

sub-app :

app.mountpath

var express = require('express');

var app = express(); // the main app
var admin = express(); // the sub app

admin.get('/', function (req, res) {
  console.log(admin.mountpath); // /admin
  res.send('Admin Homepage');
});

app.use('/admin', admin); // mount the sub app

app.on('mount', callback(parent))

var admin = express();

admin.on('mount', function (parent) {
  console.log('Admin Mounted');
  console.log(parent); // refers to the parent app
});

admin.get('/', function (req, res) {
  res.send('Admin Homepage');
});

app.use('/admin', admin);

app.METHOD(path, callback [, callback ...])
- METHOD is the HTTP method of the request, such as GET, PUT, POST, and so on, in lowercase.
- callback can be:
  - A middleware function.
  - A series of middleware functions (separated by commas).
  - An array of middleware functions.
  - A combination of all of the above.
app.listen([port[, host[, backlog]]][, callback]) : Starts a UNIX socket , binds and listens for connections on the specified host and port.
app.param([name], callback): Add callback triggers to route parameters, where name is the name of the parameter or an array of them, and callback is the callback function.

app.path(): returns the canonical path of the app, a string.

var app = express()
  , blog = express()
  , blogAdmin = express();

app.use('/blog', blog);
blog.use('/admin', blogAdmin);

console.log(app.path()); // ''
console.log(blog.path()); // '/blog'
console.log(blogAdmin.path()); // '/blog/admin'

app.route(path): Returns an instance of a single route

Use app.route() to avoid duplicate route names
e.g.

var app = express();

app.route('/events')
.all(function(req, res, next) {
  // runs for all HTTP verbs first
  // think of it as route specific middleware!
})
.get(function(req, res, next) {
  res.json(...);
})
.post(function(req, res, next) {
  // maybe add a new event...
});

app.use([path,] callback [, callback...]): mount specified middleware at the specified path

Routing

app.get( url, handler )
app.post( url, handler )
app.put( url, handler )

app.delete( url, handler )

let express = require('express')
let app = express()

app.get('/', function(req, res){
    res.send("Hello world")
})

app.all( url, handler ): special route method to load all headlers for GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc,

route parameters

app.get('/users/:userId/books/:bookId', function (req, res) {
  res.send(req.params)
})
// If Request URL: http://localhost:3000/users/34/books/8989
// Then req.params: { "userId": "34", "bookId": "8989" }

route handlers:

Multiple route handlers can be put inside a route as function array
use next() to invoke the next handler to handle route

app.get('/example/d', [cb0, cb1], function (req, res, next) {
  console.log('the response will be sent by the next function ...')
  next()
}, function (req, res) {
  res.send('Hello from D!')
})

app.route()

create chainable route handlers for a route path by using app.route()

app.route('/book')
  .get(function (req, res) {
    res.send('Get a random book')
  })
  .post(function (req, res) {
    res.send('Add a book')
  })
  .put(function (req, res) {
    res.send('Update the book')
  })

express.Router(): achieve relative & modular route handling

using express.Router() to create a modular route, which can handle relative route as a single module/ file
then pass it to the abosolute route handling module
[e.g. ]: The app will now be able to handle requests to /birds and /birds/about, as well as call the timeLog middleware function that is specific to the route.

/*--- bird.js : modular route handler ---*/

var express = require('express')
var router = express.Router()

// middleware that is specific to this router
router.use(function timeLog (req, res, next) {
  console.log('Time: ', Date.now())
  next()
})
// define the home page route
router.get('/', function (req, res) {
  res.send('Birds home page')
})
// define the about route
router.get('/about', function (req, res) {
  res.send('About birds')
})

module.exports = router


/*--- app.js: include bird route handler ---*/
var birds = require('./birds')
// ...
app.use('/birds', birds)

Middleware

Credit to: https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000010877994
different levels of middleware
- Application-level middleware: app.use()
- Router-level middleware router.use()
- Built-in middleware express.static()
- Third-party middleware app.use(cookieParser())
  - ```
  var express = require('express')
  var app = express()
  var cookieParser = require('cookie-parser')
  
  // load the cookie-parsing middleware
  app.use(cookieParser())
```

write our own middleware!

// 1. create our own middleware
function App() {
    if (!(this instanceof App))
        return new App();
    this.init();
}
App.prototype = {
    constructor: App,
    init: function() {
        this.request = { //模拟的request
            requestLine: 'POST /iven_ HTTP/1.1',
            headers: 'Host:www.baidu.com\r\nCookie:BAIDUID=E063E9B2690116090FE24E01ACDDF4AD:FG=1;BD_HOME=0',
            requestBody: 'key1=value1&key2=value2&key3=value3',
        };
        this.response = {}; //模拟的response
        this.chain = []; //存放中间件的一个数组
        this.index = 0; //当前执行的中间件在chain中的位置
    },
    use: function(handle) { //这里默认 handle 是函数，并且这里不做判断
        this.chain.push(handle);
    },
    next: function() { //当调用next时执行index所指向的中间件
        if (this.index >= this.chain.length)
            return;
        let middleware = this.chain[this.index];
        this.index++;
        middleware(this.request, this.response, this.next.bind(this));
    },
}

// 2.  use it
 function lineParser(req, res, next) {
        let items = req.requestLine.split(' ');
        req.methond = items[0];
        req.url = items[1];
        req.version = items[2];
        next(); //执行下一个中间件
    }

function headersParser(req, res, next) {
    let items = req.headers.split('\r\n');
    let header = {}
    for(let i in items) {
        let item = items[i].split(':');
        let key = item[0];
        let value = item[1];
        header[key] = value;
    }
    req.header = header;
    next(); //执行下一个中间件
}


let app = App();
app.use(lineParser);
app.use(headersParser);
app.next();

request

The req object represents the HTTP request and has properties for the request query string, parameters, body, HTTP headers, and so on

req.baseUrl:

The URL path on which a router instance was mounted;
similar to the mountpath property of the app object, except app.mountpath returns the matched path pattern(s).

var greet = express.Router();

greet.get('/jp', function (req, res) {
  console.log(req.baseUrl); // /greet
  res.send('Konichiwa!');
});

app.use('/greet', greet); // load the router on '/greet'

req.body: key-value pairs of data submitted in the request body; Need body-parser()

var app = require('express')();
var bodyParser = require('body-parser');

app.use(bodyParser.json()); // for parsing application/json
app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: true })); // for parsing application/x-www-form-urlencoded

// Now all JSON & Raw text are parsed, and ready to use as `req.body`
app.post('/profile', function (req, res, next) {
  console.log(req.body);
  res.json(req.body);
});

req.cookies: using cookie-parse to set cookies onto request
req.hostname : hostname of the Host HTTP header.
req.ip: remote IP address of the request.
req.method: method of request: GET, POST, PUT, and so on.

req.originalUrl vs req.baseUrl vs req.path:

app.use('/admin', function(req, res, next) {  // GET 'http://www.example.com/admin/new'
  console.log(req.originalUrl); // '/admin/new'
  console.log(req.baseUrl); // '/admin'
  console.log(req.path); // '/new'
  next();
});

req.query: object containing a property for each query string parameter in the route

// GET /search?q=tobi+ferret
req.query.q
// => "tobi ferret"

// GET /shoes?order=desc&shoe[color]=blue&shoe[type]=converse
req.query.order
// => "desc"

req.query.shoe.color
// => "blue"

req.query.shoe.type
// => "converse"

req.route: currently-matched route, a string.

app.get('/user/:id?', function userIdHanler(req, res) {
  console.log(req.route);
  res.send('GET');
});

==>
{ path: '/user/:id?',
  stack:
   [ { handle: [Function: userIdHandler],
       name: 'userIdHandler',
       params: undefined,
       path: undefined,
       keys: [],
       regexp: /^\/?$/i,
       method: 'get' } ],
  methods: { get: true } }

response

represents the HTTP response that an Express app sends when it gets an HTTP request.

res.app === req.app: a reference to the instance of the Express application that is using the middleware.
res.headersSent: indicates if the app sent HTTP headers for the response.
res.append(field [, value]): Appends the specified value to the HTTP response header field

res.cookie(name, value [, options]): Sets cookie name to value

res.cookie('name', 'tobi', { domain: '.example.com', path: '/admin', secure: true });
res.cookie('rememberme', '1', { expires: new Date(Date.now() + 900000), httpOnly: true });
//Default encoding
res.cookie('some_cross_domain_cookie', 'http://mysubdomain.example.com',{domain:'example.com'});
// Result: 'some_cross_domain_cookie=http%3A%2F%2Fmysubdomain.example.com; Domain=example.com; Path=/'

res.clearCookie(name [, options]): Clears the cookie specified by name.

res.cookie('name', 'tobi', { path: '/admin' });
res.clearCookie('name', { path: '/admin' });

res.download(path [, filename] [, options] [, fn]): Transfers the file at path as an “attachment”. Typically, browsers will prompt the user for download.

res.download('/report-12345.pdf', 'report.pdf', function(err){
  if (err) {
    // Handle error, but keep in mind the response may be partially-sent
    // so check res.headersSent
  } else {
    // decrement a download credit, etc.
  }
});

res.end([data] [, encoding]): Ends the response process
1. If you need to respond with data, instead use methods such as res.send()and res.json().

res.format(object): when present. It uses req.accepts() to select a handler for the request

``res.format({
  'text/plain': function(){
    res.send('hey');
  },

  'text/html': function(){
    res.send('<p>hey</p>');
  },

  'application/json': function(){
    res.send({ message: 'hey' });
  },

  'default': function() {
    // log the request and respond with 406
    res.status(406).send('Not Acceptable');
  }
});

res.set(field, vale): set response header
res.get(field): get HTTP response header specified by field

res.json([body]): Sends a JSON response.

res.json({ user: 'tobi' });
res.status(500).json({ error: 'message' });

res.redirect([status,] path): Redirects to the URL derived from the specified path, with specified status
1. ```
res.redirect(301, 'http://example.com');
res.redirect('../login');
```

res.send([body]): Sends the HTTP response.

res.send(new Buffer('whoop'));
res.send({ some: 'json' });
res.send('<p>some html</p>');
res.status(404).send('Sorry, we cannot find that!');
res.status(500).send({ error: 'something blew up' });

res.sendFile(path [, options] [, fn]): Transfers the file at the given path.

app.get('/file/:name', function (req, res, next) {

  var options = {
    root: __dirname + '/public/',
    dotfiles: 'deny',
    headers: {
        'x-timestamp': Date.now(),
        'x-sent': true
    }
  };

  var fileName = req.params.name;
  res.sendFile(fileName, options, function (err) {
    if (err) {
      next(err);
    } else {
      console.log('Sent:', fileName);
    }
  });

});

res.sendStatus(statusCode): Sets the response HTTP status code to statusCode and send its string representation as the response body.

res.sendStatus(200); // equivalent to res.status(200).send('OK')
res.sendStatus(403); // equivalent to res.status(403).send('Forbidden')
res.sendStatus(404); // equivalent to res.status(404).send('Not Found')
res.sendStatus(500); // equivalent to res.status(500).send('Internal Server Error')

`bodyParser`

urlencoded format data submitted from <form>，can be parsed intores.body
```
app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: false }));
```
json format data transferred using API, can be parsed into res.body
```
app.use(bodyParser.json());
```

`set()`: set globle variable in Express

You can use the express instance to store and retrieve variables. In this case, you can set the title to be "My Site" and retrieve it later with something like var title = app.get('title');without the need to declare and keep a global variable messing around

app.set('title','My Website');  // set()
var title = app.get('title');   // get()

<=>

title = 'My Website'

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Express-Framework.md

Express-Framework.md

`express()`

App

Routing

Middleware

request

response

`bodyParser`

`set()`: set globle variable in Express

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Express-Framework.md

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Express-Framework.md

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express()

App

Routing

Middleware

request

response

bodyParser

set(): set globle variable in Express

`express()`

`bodyParser`

`set()`: set globle variable in Express