API for selecting an API subset/tier

[encukou]

We currently have:

• Py_LIMITED_API=X (perhaps confusingly named), to select API that's not newer than X, and that's (very roughly) considered “good” by Python 3.2 standards
• Py_BUILD_CORE for internals (technically this should start with an underscore)

An early revision of PEP-689 proposed Py_USING_UNSTABLE_API to opt-in to “unstable” API, but later it was decided that the naming is prominent enough.

More opt-in/out macros are possible. Some are suggested in #54.

There was some discussion about selecting tiers by header files instead, so instead of <Python.h> you'd #include <Python-stable.h> or <Python-unstable.h> or <Python-legacy.h> or something.
(A downside is that it would make versioning the subsets hard.)

If we do an overhaul, we might want to consolidate/reorganize/rename these (with backcompat aliases where possible, of course).

[vstinner]

I wrote PEP 743: Add Py_COMPAT_API_VERSION to the Python C API which is related to these ("API subset") ideas.