First steps reducing fmt usage.

Per #364, this is a first step on the road to eliminating usage of fmt
from the library; it removes most direct uses of it from the exc
package. The remaining bits are Failedf and friends. I'd like to just
remove these, but that requires changing every downstream call site, and
I wanted to keep this patch small for today; I can tackle that when I
have a bit more time. I don't think it will be too hard; from a quick
skim WrapError covers 99% of the use cases, and the rest won't be hard
to replace with things from strconv.

exc/exc.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ package exc
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
 )
 
 // Exception is an error that designates a Cap'n Proto exception.
@@ -13,6 +14,26 @@ type Exception struct {
 	Cause  error
 }
 
+type wrappedError struct {
+	prefix string
+	base   error
+}
+
+func (e wrappedError) Error() string {
+	return e.prefix + ": " + e.base.Error()
+}
+
+func (e wrappedError) Unwrap() error {
+	return e.base
+}
+
+func WrapError(prefix string, err error) error {
+	return wrappedError{
+		prefix: prefix,
+		base:   err,
+	}
+}
+
 // New creates a new error that formats as "<prefix>: <msg>".
 // The type can be recovered using the TypeOf() function.
 func New(typ Type, prefix, msg string) *Exception {
@@ -24,27 +45,30 @@ func (e Exception) Error() string {
 		return e.Cause.Error()
 	}
 
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s: %v", e.Prefix, e.Cause)
+	return WrapError(e.Prefix, e.Cause).Error()
 }
 
 func (e Exception) Unwrap() error { return e.Cause }
 
 func (e Exception) GoString() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("errors.Error{Type: %s, Prefix: %q, Cause: fmt.Errorf(%q)}",
-		e.Type.GoString(),
-		e.Prefix,
-		e.Cause)
+	return "errors.Error{Type: " +
+		e.Type.GoString() +
+		", Prefix: " +
+		strconv.Quote(e.Prefix) +
+		", Cause: " +
+		strconv.Quote(e.Cause.Error()) +
+		"}"
 }
 
 // Annotate is creates a new error that formats as "<prefix>: <msg>: <e>".
 // If e.Prefix == prefix, the prefix will not be duplicated.
 // The returned Error.Type == e.Type.
 func (e Exception) Annotate(prefix, msg string) *Exception {
 	if prefix != e.Prefix {
-		return &Exception{e.Type, prefix, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", msg, e)}
+		return &Exception{e.Type, prefix, WrapError(msg, e)}
 	}
 
-	return &Exception{e.Type, prefix, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", msg, e.Cause)}
+	return &Exception{e.Type, prefix, WrapError(msg, e.Cause)}
 }
 
 // Annotate creates a new error that formats as "<prefix>: <msg>: <err>".
@@ -62,7 +86,7 @@ func Annotate(prefix, msg string, err error) *Exception {
 	return &Exception{
 		Type:   Failed,
 		Prefix: prefix,
-		Cause:  fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", msg, err),
+		Cause:  WrapError(msg, err),
 	}
 }