is a primitive recursive programming language which operates on finite sequences of natural numbers.

Inspired by the recombinant nature of genetic code, along with programming languages like Douglas Hofstadter's BlooP and Urban Müller's Brainfuck, was designed with the goal of creating a language in which any permutation of code represents a valid program, and every program is provably terminating.

Table of Contents

1. Programs
2. Syntax
3. Examples
4. Tools
5. Algorithms
6. Constants
7. License

Programs

An program transforms a sequence of natural numbers. The only input to a program is its initial sequence, and the only output is its final sequence. If no input sequence is given, the initial sequence will be the zero singleton, (0).

The only control flow structure in is a bounded loop, meaning that the number of times a loop is repeated is determined before the loop is entered, and cannot be changed from inside the loop itself. This results in all programs being provably terminating.

Syntax

There are no syntax errors in ; the syntax of was designed such that any permutation of operators represents a valid program. Characters other than operators and comment delimeters are ignored.

Operators

Operators in operate on either the first element, last element, or the sequence as a whole; there are no binary operators. A table of all nine operators and their descriptions is given below:

Operator	Name	Description
+	Increment	Increment the value of the first element.
-	Decrement	Decrement the value of the first element, if non-zero.
#	Count	Set the value of the first element to the current length of the sequence.
>	Shift right	Right circular shift all elements by one position.
<	Shift left	Left circular shift all elements by one position.
:	Append	Append the value of the first element to the end of the sequence.
|	Truncate	Remove the last element from the sequence, if the sequence has more than one element.
[	Loop start	Set loop counter to the value of the first element, then jump past the matching loop end if zero.
]	Loop end	Decrement loop counter then jump back to the start of the loop if non-zero.

Comments

The comment delimeter is represented by a semicolon, ;. All characters following a comment delimeter will be ignored until the line ends.

Examples

This sections contains a few example programs written in . For more examples, see the examples directory.

Hello, World! (Unoptimized)

; hello.n: outputs the string "Hello, World!"

#[|-]             ; Clear initial sequence
:::::::::::       ; Add 11 zero elements
++[++[+++]]<      ;  72 | H
++[[-[+]]+++]<    ; 101 | e
+++[-[+++]]       ; 108 | l
:<                ; 108 | l
++++[+[+]+]++<    ; 111 | o
+++[+[+]+]-<      ;  44 | ,
++[[+++]]<        ;  32 |  
+++[-[+++]-]<     ;  87 | W
++++[+[+]+]++<    ; 111 | o
++[+[+++++]]<     ; 114 | r
+++[-[+++]]<      ; 108 | l
+++++[-[+]]++<    ; 100 | d
++[[+++]]+<       ;  33 | !

Factorial

; factorial.n: outputs the factorial of the first element

:<#[<|]           ; Isolate first element, x
:>[-]:+<          ; Add two elements, z = 1, y = 0
[                 ; for (j = x; j; --j) {
    [>[>+<]<]     ;     y += x * z
    >[-]>[<+>-]>  ;     z = y, y = 0
    -             ;     --x
]                 ; }
>||               ; return z

Fibonacci Sequence

; fibonacci.n: outputs the nth digit of the Fibonacci sequence

:<#[<|]           ; Isolate first element, x
::                ; Add two elements, y and z
<[-]+             ; y = 1
<[[-]+]           ; z = (x > 0) ? 1 : 0;
<--               ; x -= 2
[                 ; for (j = x; j; --j) {
    [-]>[<+>]<    ;     x = z
    <[<+>]        ;     z += y
    [-]>[<+>]     ;     y = x
]                 ; }
>||               ; return z

Tools

The tools provided in this repository include an interpreter, an to C translator, and a binary to converter. The provided tools are written in C, and can be built with CMake using the following commands:

cd build
cmake .. -G <generator-name> -DCMAKE_BUILD_Type=[Release, Debug] 
cmake --build .

nterpreter

nterpreter is an interpreter. The usage of nterpreter is as follows:

n <source file> [options] [first element] ... [last element]

Options:

• --output, -o <file>: Write output sequence to a file.
• --input-numbers, -in: Read input sequence as a series of numbers.
• --input-bytes, -ib: Read input sequence as a series of bytes.
• --output-numbers, -on: Write output sequence as a series of numbers.
• --output-bytes, -ob: Write output sequence as a series of bytes.

n2c

n2c is a tool which can translate source code into compilable C source code. The usage of n2c is as follows:

n2c <input file> [output file]

bin2n

bin2n is a tool which converts any binary file into an program which, when executed, will reproduce the exact sequence of bytes which made up the binary file. The usage of bin2n is as follows:

bin2n <input file> [output file]

Algorithms

The following table contains common algorithms in :

Name	Input	Output	Operations
x = 0	(x, ...)	(0, ...)	[-]
x = 1	(x, ...)	(1, ...)	[-]+
x = y	(x, y, ...)	(y, y, ...)	[-]<[>+<]>
x = x + y	(x, y, ...)	(x + y, y, ...)	<[>+<]>
x = x - y	(x, y, ...)	(x - y, y, ...)	<[>-<]>
x = x * y	(x, y, ...)	(x * y, y, ...)	:[-]>[<<[>+<]>>]<|
x = x / y	(x, y, ...)	(x / y, y, ...)	:+>[-]<[<[>-<]>:>[[-]+][<|>+<:>]<|]<|>
x = x^2	(x, ...)	(x^2, ...)	:[-]>[[<+>]]<|
x = not x	(x, ...)	(not x, ...)	:[-]+>[<->]<|
x = not not x	(x, ...)	(not not x, ...)	[[-]+]
x = x or y	(x, y, ...)	(x or y, y, ...)	<[>+<]>[[-]+]
x = x and y	(x, y, ...)	(x and y, y, ...)	:[-]>[<<[>+<]>>]<|[[-]+]
swap(x, y)	(x, y, ...)	(y, x, ...)	:>[-]<<[>>+<<]<|>>
delete x	(x, ...)	(...)	<|
delete y	(x, y, ...)	(x, ...)	<<|>
clear	(...)	(0)	#[|-]
isolate x	(x, ...)	(x)	:<#[<|]
if (x) {...}	(x, ...)	(x, ...)	:>[[-]+][<| {...} :>]<|
if (not x) {...}	(x, ...)	(x, ...)	:>:[-]+>[<->]<|[<| {...} :>]<|
if (x > y) {...}	(x, y, ...)	(x, y, ...)	:<[>>-<<]>>[[-]+][<| {...} :>]<|
if (x < y) {...}	(x, y, ...)	(x, y, ...)	:>[-]<<[>>+<<]>[>-<]>[[-]+][<| {...} :>]<|
if (x >= y) {...}	(x, y, ...)	(x, y, ...)	+:-<[>>-<<]>>[[-]+][<| {...} :>]<|
if (x <= y) {...}	(x, y, ...)	(x, y, ...)	:>[-]<<[>>+<<]>>+<[>-<]>[[-]+][<| {...} :>]<|
for each element {...}	(...)	(...)	:>#-[<| {...} :]<|

Constants

The following tables list the fewest possible single-element operations for various numbers:

8-bit (0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 255)

Dec	Hex	ASCII	Operations	Length
0	0x00	NUL		0
1	0x01	SOH	+	1
2	0x02	STX	++	2
3	0x03	ETX	+++	3
4	0x04	EOT	++++	4
5	0x05	ENQ	+++++	5
6	0x06	ACK	++++++	6
7	0x07	BEL	+++++++	7
8	0x08	BS	++++[+]	7
9	0x09	TAB	+++[++]	7
10	0x0A	LF	+++++[+]	8
11	0x0B	VT	++[[+]+]	8
12	0x0C	FF	++++[++]	8
13	0x0D	CR	++++[++]+	9
14	0x0E	SO	++[+[+]]	8
15	0x0F	SI	+++++[++]	9
16	0x10	DLE	++++[+++]	9
17	0x11	DC1	+++[[+]-]	9
18	0x12	DC2	++[[++]]	8
19	0x13	DC3	++[[++]]+	9
20	0x14	DC4	++[++[+]]	9
21	0x15	NAK	++[++[+]]+	10
22	0x16	SYN	++[[++]+]	9
23	0x17	ETB	+++[[+]]-	9
24	0x18	CAN	+++[[+]]	8
25	0x19	EM	+++[[+]]+	9
26	0x1A	SUB	+++[[+]]++	10
27	0x1B	ESC	++[[+++]-]	10
28	0x1C	FS	++[+[++]]--	11
29	0x1D	GS	++[+[++]]-	10
30	0x1E	RS	++[+[++]]	9
31	0x1F	US	+++[[+]+]	9
32	0x20	Space	++[[+++]]	9
33	0x21	!	++[[+++]]+	10
34	0x22	"	++++[-[+]]	10
35	0x23	#	++++[-[+]]+	11
36	0x24	$	+++[+[+]]--	11
37	0x25	%	+++[+[+]]-	10
38	0x26	&	+++[+[+]]	9
39	0x27	'	+++[+[+]]+	10
40	0x28	(	+++[+[+]]++	11
41	0x29	)	+++[-[++]]-	11
42	0x2A	*	+++[-[++]]	10
43	0x2B	+	+++[-[++]]+	11
44	0x2C	,	+++[+[+]+]-	11
45	0x2D	-	+++[+[+]+]	10
46	0x2E	.	+++[+[+]+]+	11
47	0x2F	/	++[+[+++]-]	11
48	0x30	0	++++[[+]-]-	11
49	0x31	1	++++[[+]-]	10
50	0x32	2	++[[++++]]	10
51	0x33	3	+++[++[+]]-	11
52	0x34	4	+++[++[+]]	10
53	0x35	5	+++[++[+]]+	11
54	0x36	6	++[+++[++]]	11
55	0x37	7	+++[-[++]+]	11
56	0x38	8	++[[++++]+]	11
57	0x39	9	++[+[+++]+]	11
58	0x3A	:	+++[++[+]+]-	12
59	0x3B	;	+++[++[+]+]	11
60	0x3C	<	+++[++[+]+]+	12
61	0x3D	=	++++[[+]]---	12
62	0x3E	>	++++[[+]]--	11
63	0x3F	?	++++[[+]]-	10
64	0x40	@	++++[[+]]	9
65	0x41	A	++++[[+]]+	10
66	0x42	B	++++[[+]]++	11
67	0x43	C	+++[[++]-]-	11
68	0x44	D	+++[[++]-]	10
69	0x45	E	+++[[++]-]+	11
70	0x46	F	+++[[++]-]++	12
71	0x47	G	++[++[+++]]-	12
72	0x48	H	++[++[+++]]	11
73	0x49	I	+++[+++[+]+]	12
74	0x4A	J	++[+[++++]-]	12
75	0x4B	K	+++[+[+]][+]-	13
76	0x4C	L	+++[+[+]][+]	12
77	0x4D	M	++++[[+]+]--	12
78	0x4E	N	++++[[+]+]-	11
79	0x4F	O	++++[[+]+]	10
80	0x50	P	+++[[++]]-	10
81	0x51	Q	+++[[++]]	9
82	0x52	R	+++[[++]]+	10
83	0x53	S	+++[[++]]++	11
84	0x54	T	++++[--[++]]	12
85	0x55	U	++++[--[++]]+	13
86	0x56	V	++[+[++++]+]	12
87	0x57	W	+++[-[+++]-]	12
88	0x58	X	+++[-[+++]-]+	13
89	0x59	Y	+++[+[+]+][+]-	14
90	0x5A	Z	+++[+[+]+][+]	13
91	0x5B	[	++++[+[+]]---	13
92	0x5C	\	++++[+[+]]--	12
93	0x5D	]	++++[+[+]]-	11
94	0x5E	^	++++[+[+]]	10
95	0x5F	_	++++[+[+]]+	11
96	0x60	`	++++[+[+]]++	12
97	0x61	a	+++++[-[+]]-	12
98	0x62	b	+++++[-[+]]	11
99	0x63	c	+++++[-[+]]+	12
100	0x64	d	+++++[-[+]]++	13
101	0x65	e	++[[-[+]]+++]	13
102	0x66	f	++++[-[+]][++]	14
103	0x67	g	+++[++[+]][+]-	14
104	0x68	h	+++[++[+]][+]	13
105	0x69	i	+++[+[++]-]--	13
106	0x6A	j	+++[+[++]-]-	12
107	0x6B	k	+++[+[++]-]	11
108	0x6C	l	+++[-[+++]]	11
109	0x6D	m	++++[+[+]+]	11
110	0x6E	n	++++[+[+]+]+	12
111	0x6F	o	++++[+[+]+]++	13
112	0x70	p	++[++++[+++]]	13
113	0x71	q	++[+[+++++]]-	13
114	0x72	r	++[+[+++++]]	12
115	0x73	s	++[+[+++++]]+	13
116	0x74	t	++[++[++++]+]	13
117	0x75	u	+++[+[++]]---	13
118	0x76	v	+++[+[++]]--	12
119	0x77	w	+++[+[++]]-	11
120	0x78	x	+++[+[++]]	10
121	0x79	y	+++[+[++]]+	11
122	0x7A	z	+++[+[++]]++	12
123	0x7B	{	++++[++[+]]-	12
124	0x7C	|	++++[++[+]]	11
125	0x7D	}	++++[++[+]]+	12
126	0x7E	~	++++[++[+]]++	13
127	0x7F	DEL	++[[[+]-]]--	12
128	0x80		++[[[+]-]]-	11
129	0x81		++[[[+]-]]	10
130	0x82		++[[[+]-]]+	11
131	0x83		++[[[+]-]]++	12
132	0x84		+++[+[++]+]-	12
133	0x85		+++[+[++]+]	11
134	0x86		+++[+[++]+]+	12
135	0x87		+++[+[++]+]++	13
136	0x88		+++[[++]-][+]	13
137	0x89		++[[+++][+]+]	13
138	0x8A		++++[++[+]+]-	13
139	0x8B		++++[++[+]+]	12
140	0x8C		++++[++[+]+]+	13
141	0x8D		++++[++[+]+]++	14
142	0x8E		++[++[++]-[+]]	14
143	0x8F		++[++[++]-[+]]+	15
144	0x90		+++[++[++]-]--	14
145	0x91		+++[++[++]-]-	13
146	0x92		+++[++[++]-]	12
147	0x93		+++[++[++]-]+	13
148	0x94		+++[++[++]-]++	14
149	0x95		+++[[+++]--]-	13
150	0x96		+++[[+++]--]	12
151	0x97		+++[[+++]--]+	13
152	0x98		++[[++][++]-]	13
153	0x99		++++[+++[+]]-	13
154	0x9A		++++[+++[+]]	12
155	0x9B		++++[+++[+]]+	13
156	0x9C		++[++[+++++]]	13
157	0x9D		++[[[+]]---]	12
158	0x9E		+++++[[+]]--	12
159	0x9F		+++++[[+]]-	11
160	0xA0		+++++[[+]]	10
161	0xA1		+++++[[+]]+	11
162	0xA2		+++++[[+]]++	12
163	0xA3		+++++[[+]]+++	13
164	0xA4		++++[-[++]-]	12
165	0xA5		++++[-[++]-]+	13
166	0xA6		++++[-[++]-]++	14
167	0xA7		++++[-[++]-]+++	15
168	0xA8		++++[+++[+]+]-	14
169	0xA9		++++[+++[+]+]	13
170	0xAA		+++[[+++]-]-	12
171	0xAB		+++[[+++]-]	11
172	0xAC		+++[++[++]+]	12
173	0xAD		+++[++[++]+]+	13
174	0xAE		+++[++[++]+]++	14
175	0xAF		+++[++[++]+]+++	15
176	0xB0		++[++[+]+[++]]-	15
177	0xB1		++[++[+]+[++]]	14
178	0xB2		++[[++++]-[+]]	14
179	0xB3		++[[++++]-[+]]+	15
180	0xB4		+++[+[+]+][+++]	15
181	0xB5		++[+[+++]-[+]]-	15
182	0xB6		++[+[+++]-[+]]	14
183	0xB7		++++[++++[+]]-	14
184	0xB8		++++[++++[+]]	13
185	0xB9		+++[+++[++]-]	13
186	0xBA		++++[+[+]]-[+]	14
187	0xBB		++++[+[+]][+]-	14
188	0xBC		++++[+[+]][+]	13
189	0xBD		+++++[[+]+]--	13
190	0xBE		+++++[[+]+]-	12
191	0xBF		+++++[[+]+]	11
192	0xC0		+++[[+++]]	10
193	0xC1		+++[[+++]]+	11
194	0xC2		+++[[+++]]++	12
195	0xC3		++++++[-[+]-]	13
196	0xC4		++++++[-[+]-]+	14
197	0xC5		+++[+++[++]]-	13
198	0xC6		+++[+++[++]]	12
199	0xC7		+++[+++[++]]+	13
200	0xC8		++[+[+++][+]]	13
201	0xC9		++++[-[++]]---	14
202	0xCA		++++[-[++]]--	13
203	0xCB		++++[-[++]]-	12
204	0xCC		++++[-[++]]	11
205	0xCD		++++[-[++]]+	12
206	0xCE		++++[-[++]]++	13
207	0xCF		++++[-[++]]+++	14
208	0xD0		++++[-[++]]++++	15
209	0xD1		++[+[+++][+]+]	14
210	0xD2		+++[+++[++]+]-	14
211	0xD3		+++[+++[++]+]	13
212	0xD4		+++[[+++]+]-	12
213	0xD5		+++[[+++]+]	11
214	0xD6		+++[[+++]+]+	12
215	0xD7		+++[[+++]+]++	13
216	0xD8		+++[-[+++]][+]	14
217	0xD9		+++[-[+++]][+]+	15
218	0xDA		++++[+[+]+][+]	14
219	0xDB		+++[-[++++]]-	13
220	0xDC		+++[-[++++]]	12
221	0xDD		+++++[+[+]]-	12
222	0xDE		+++++[+[+]]	11
223	0xDF		+++++[+[+]]+	12
224	0xE0		+++++[+[+]]++	13
225	0xE1		+++++[+[+]]+++	14
226	0xE2		+++++[+[+]]++++	15
227	0xE3		++[+[+++]+[+]+]	15
228	0xE4		++[+[+++++]][+]	15
229	0xE5		++++[+++++[+]+]	15
230	0xE6		++++[+++++[+]+]+	16
231	0xE7		+++[[+++]++]---	15
232	0xE8		+++[[+++]++]--	14
233	0xE9		+++[[+++]++]-	13
234	0xEA		+++[[+++]++]	12
235	0xEB		+++[[+++]++]+	13
236	0xEC		+++[++++[++]]-	14
237	0xED		+++[++++[++]]	13
238	0xEE		+++[++++[++]]+	14
239	0xEF		+++[+[++]][+]-	14
240	0xF0		+++[+[++]][+]	13
241	0xF1		+++[+[++]][+]+	14
242	0xF2		++++[-[++]+]--	14
243	0xF3		++++[-[++]+]-	13
244	0xF4		++++[-[++]+]	12
245	0xF5		++++[-[++]+]+	13
246	0xF6		++++[-[++]+]++	14
247	0xF7		++++[-[++]+]+++	15
248	0xF8		++++[++[+]][+]	14
249	0xF9		++[[+++]-[++]]	14
250	0xFA		+++[++++[++]+]	14
251	0xFB		+++[-[++++]+]	13
252	0xFC		+++++[+[+]+]-	13
253	0xFD		+++++[+[+]+]	12
254	0xFE		+++++[+[+]+]+	13
255	0xFF		+++[+[+++]-]	12

License

Copyright © 2020 Christopher J. Howard. This text is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. nterpreter, n2c, and bin2n source codes are licensed under the GNU General Public License, version 3.