First run (install drupal core):
$ mkdir drupal
$ docker-compose run php composer create-project drupal-composer/drupal-project:8.x-dev . --stability dev --no-interaction
Start your development
$ docker-compose up
Open http://drupal.docker.localhost:8000/
in your browser
$ docker-compose exec php su www-data -c "cd web && drush site-install standard --locale=de --db-url=mysql://drupal:drupal@mariadb:3306/drupal --account-pass=admin --site-name=ProjectName. -y "
As example install devel module:
$ docker-compose run php composer require drupal/devel:~1.0