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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
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<title>RedditHoles</title>
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<!-- ======= Header ======= -->
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<span>RedditHoles</span>
</a>
<nav id="navbar" class="navbar">
<ul>
<li><a class="nav-link scrollto active" href="#hero">Home</a></li>
<li><a class="nav-link scrollto" href="#about">What is reddit?</a></li>
<li><a class="nav-link scrollto" href="#redditholes">RedditHoles</a></li>
<li><a class="nav-link scrollto" href="#echo">Echochambers</a></li>
<li><a class="nav-link scrollto" href="#reddit">Why reddit?</a></li>
<li><a class="nav-link scrollto" href="#thesis">Thesis and approach</a></li>
<li><a class="nav-link scrollto" href="#results">Results</a></li>
<li><a class="nav-link scrollto" href="#action">F.A.Q.</a></li>
<li><a class="nav-link scrollto" href="#team">Our team</a></li>
</ul>
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<!-- ======= Hero Section ======= -->
<section id="hero" class="hero d-flex align-items-center">
<div class="container">
<div class="row hero-content">
<div class="col-lg-6 d-flex flex-column justify-content-center">
<h1 data-aos="fade-up">RedditHoles</h1>
<h2 data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-delay="400">“If you don't know where you're going any road can take you there”</h2>
<div data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-delay="600">
<div class="text-center text-lg-start">
<a href="#about" class="btn-get-started scrollto d-inline-flex align-items-center justify-content-center align-self-center">
<span>Curiouser and curiouser!</span>
<i class="bi bi-arrow-right"></i>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-6 hero-img" data-aos="zoom-out" data-aos-delay="200">
<img src="assets/img/hero-img.png" class="img-fluid distant"alt="">
</div>
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</div>
</section>
<!-- End Hero -->
<main id="main">
<!-- ======= About Section ======= -->
<section id="about" class="about">
<div class="container" data-aos="fade-up">
<div class="row gx-0 closer">
<div class="col-lg-7 d-flex align-items-center" data-aos="zoom-out" data-aos-delay="200">
<img src="assets/img/content.png" class="img-fluid" alt="">
</div>
<div class="col-lg-5 d-flex flex-column justify-content-center" data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-delay="200">
<div class="content">
<h3>What is reddit?</h3>
<h2>Reddit is a social media platform organised in communities rather than individual connections.</h2>
<p>
This makes the experience on the platform quite different from other Social Networks and closer, in a way, to the one of forums in Web 1.0.<br>
Users (u_myusername) can take part in subreddits (r/mysubredditname) where topics are discussed and partecipation takes place in the form of either posting or up/downvoting posts and comments from others. The total value of upvotes and downvotes can be quantified as the total <span>karma</span> of a post, comment or user.
</p>
<div class="text-center text-lg-start">
<a href="#reference" class="btn-read-more d-inline-flex align-items-center justify-content-center align-self-center">
<span class="btn-white">Begin at the beginning...</span>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="reference">
<div class="row gx-0">
<div class="col-lg-7 d-flex flex-column justify-content-center" data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-delay="200">
<div class="content">
<h3>Who are users?</h3>
<h2>A user (also called <span>redditor</span>) can make <span>posts</span>.</h2>
<p>
Posts (also called submissions) can be links, videos, pictures, polls or text. <br>
The <span>OP</span> (Original Poster) as well as other users can comment and vote the post if they find it interesting.<br>
Users can also give posts awards by paying for <span>Reddit coins</span>; these recognize other people's contributions. There are hundreds of these, from a generic gold or silver award to others following internet lingo and memes, such as the “F” award (used ironically to ‘pay respect’).<br>
Users can <span>mark their posts</span> with multiple types of flairs such as OC (Original Content), Spoilers, +18 and so on.<br>
Users can be humans or bots. <span>Bots</span> represent an important part of the Reddit experience, with roles from <a href="https://www.reddit.com/wiki/automoderator" target="_blank">moderation</a>, to engaging with users by quoting <a href = "https://www.reddit.com/user/gandalf-bot/" target="_blank">movies or books</a>, <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/FlagWaverBotReborn" target="_blank">waving flags</a> to other utilities and fun uses.</p>
<div class="text-center text-lg-start">
<a href="#more_reference" class="btn-read-more d-inline-flex align-items-center justify-content-center align-self-center">
<span class="btn-white">...and go on till you come to the end.</span>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-5 d-flex align-items-center" data-aos="zoom-out" data-aos-delay="200">
<img src="assets/img/content-3.png" class="img-fluid" alt="">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="more_reference">
<br><br><br><br><br>
<div class="row gx-0" data-aos="zoom-in" data-aos-delay="200">
<div class="content">
<h3>What are communities?</h3>
<h2>Reddit is structured in <span>subreddits</span>, communities that users can join.</h2>
<p>
Subreddits' themes can vary from <a href='https://www.reddit.com/r/aww/' target="_blank">cute pets</a>, to <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/conservative/" target="_blank"> political parties</a>, <a href="'https://www.reddit.com/r/slowcooking/" target="_blank">to recipe advice</a>. A subreddit are usually referred to as <span>“r/”</span> followed by its name (in our case, we will start our study from “r/conspiracy”). <br>
Subreddits present multiple difference and can also have interesting mechanics. Subreddits can have different levels of moderation and bot acceptance, various tone to posts (from moderate to sarcastic to aggressive), all depending from the nature of the subreddit.<br>
Subreddits may also have rules: some subreddits require mandatory flairing, some require the link of sources, some have <span>no rules at all (as in the case of <a href="'https://www.reddit.com/r/conspiracy/" target="_blank">conspiracy</a>)</span>. This ambiguity makes Reddit a more <span>decentralised and open</span> Social Network in which some of the (inefficient) cut down on fake news and trolls that happened on sites such as Facebook or Twitter has not happened (at least at the same level) yet. <br>
Given this, we already had some extreme subreddits that were closed, while some controversial communities can still be found. You can find a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversial_Reddit_communities" target="_blank">Wikipedia article here</a> about those.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="row gx-0">
<div class="col-lg-7 d-flex align-items-center" data-aos="zoom-out" data-aos-delay="200">
<img src="assets/img/content-2.png" class="img-fluid" alt="">
</div>
<div class="col-lg-5 d-flex flex-column justify-content-center" data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-delay="200">
<div class="content">
<h3>Who is the average redditor? </h3>
<h2>Reddit users, according to data from the site itself, are more than 50 million with more than 100 thousand communities.</h2>
<p>
They are mostly <span>male</span> (56%) and are between <span>18 and 34</span> year old (58%). They are from the US and English speaking countries, with significant communities from Germany and India.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="row gx-0" data-aos="zoom-in" data-aos-delay="200">
<div class="content">
<h3>What kind of mechanics influence communication on Reddit?</h3>
<h2>The community-centric nature of Reddit makes for an ideal place for the birth of Echo Chambers and Rabbit Holes.</h2>
<p>
The expression <span>"Echo Chamber"</span> refers to situations in which <span>personal beliefs and opinions</span> are <span>amplified</span> by communication and repetition inside a closed information system, insulated from any possible disagreement.<br>
By participating in an Echo Chamber, people are insulated from opposite opinions, resulting in a classic example of <span>confirmation bias</span>.<br>
Because of this, Echo Chambers increase social and political <span>polarization and extremism</span>.<br>
Going down the <span>Rabbit Hole</span> is a metaphor to indicate that a person is caught up in intense <span>topic research</span> phase that includes going <span>from subject to subject, deeper and deeper</span>, leading to the creation of an often weird and seemingly unrelated belief system <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTfhYyTuT44" target="_blank">(this video shows it very clearly)</a>. <br>
The metaphor comes from Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel <span>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</span>, in which Alice begins an adventure by following the White Rabbit into his burrow.<br>
An example of the strong affiliation between users and subreddits is the level of competition, and sometimes hatred, between them. We see this in the political sphere, where one can find subreddits dedicated to <a href="https://reddit.com/r/WayOfTheBern" target="_blank">Bernie Sanders</a> and subreddits <a href="https://reddit.com/r/EnoughSandersSpam" target="_blank">going against them</a>. Another can be found in the <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/place/" target="_blank">r/place</a> subreddit, an event-connected subreddit (it was opened, before 2022, in 2017) in which each user could place a pixel in a canvas every 5 minutes, requiring coordination between users to create a bigger picture, resulting in 'wars' for space between subreddits.<br>
Below you can find some Rabbit Holes, depending on your interests. Where will the Rabbit take you?
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section><!-- End About Section -->
<!-- ======= Values Section ======= -->
<section id="redditholes" class="values">
<div class="container" data-aos="fade-up">
<header class="section-header">
<h2>Reddit Holes - The Network of Subreddits</h2>
<p>"Which way I ought to go from here?"</p>
</header>
<div class="row gx-0 detached">
<div class="content-reverse">
<p>
This section is dedicated to the networks of subreddits we found in our research. <br>
These were found by investigating the posts shared by subreddits (e.g. a link to a news is shared between them, an image in common...), starting from <a href="'https://www.reddit.com/r/conspiracy/" target="_blank">r/conspiracy</a>. We did this by employing Network Analysis tools (Gephi). The more the posts in common, the stronger the connection is. In particular, these networks were found by means of modularity (the cohesion of the network's communities) <br>
We also observed the comment section's behavior through a Sentiment Analysis and a Topic Modelling. Sentiment Analysis returns whether the words in a comment are negative or positive (e.g. swear words make a comment negative), while Topic Modelling uses Deep Learning to find abstract topics in the texts. <br>
There may be lacking information / absence of some subreddits from comments-related data; that is because it often happens that there are no comments in crossposts, as a post was already seen in a more popular subreddit.<br id="hole_main"><br>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-4" data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-delay="200">
<div class="box" onclick="visualize_section('hole_1', 'hole')">
<a href="#hole_1">
<img src="assets/img/values-1.png" class="img-fluid" alt="">
<h3>I love news and Reddit</h3>
<p>Oh, and crypto is the future: Dogecoin to the moon!</p>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4 mt-4 mt-lg-0" data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-delay="400">
<div class="box" onclick="visualize_section('hole_2', 'hole')">
<a href="#hole_2">
<img src="assets/img/values-2.png" class="img-fluid" alt="">
<h3>Don't know how to stay on point with scientifical facts?</h3>
<p>Internet: no filters, no big pharmas, just real good people sharing knowledge.</p>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4 mt-4 mt-lg-0" data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-delay="600">
<div class="box" onclick="visualize_section('hole_3', 'hole')">
<a href="#hole_3">
<img src="assets/img/values-3.png" class="img-fluid" alt="">
<h3>My political belief?</h3>
<p>Well, I try to follow every interesting ideology, just to keep on point with discussions. Oh and Bernie Sanders is lovely!</p>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="hole hide" id="hole_1">
<div class="row gx-0 detached">
<div class="col-lg-7 d-flex align-items-center container-frame" data-aos="zoom-out" data-aos-delay="200">
<iframe src="assets/networks/bitcoins_meta_news/index.html" height="100%" width="100%"></iframe>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-5 d-flex align-items-center" data-aos="zoom-out" data-aos-delay="200">
<div class="content">
<h3>Information, daily news, crypto and news about reddit</h3>
<h2>Whatever you would like to know about this stuff, here you got some.</h2>
<p>
The first subnetwork we identified was related to <span>Bitcoins, Crypto-market, news and (mis)information and stuff about Reddit</span>, highly connected both to news and political channels. This also includes <a href="https://reddit.com/r/conspiracy" target="_blank"><span>r/conspiracy</span></a> and <a href="https://reddit.com/r/mistyfront" target="_blank"><span>r/mistyfront</span></a>.<br>
The presence of communities related to the <span>market speculation and crypto</span> on Reddit is not only well known but also caused some of the economical freezes of the last years, including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameStop_short_squeeze" target="_blank">Gamestop short squeeze</a> in January 2021.<br>
This network is also tightly connected to <span>Political and news</span> subreddits, along with generalist subreddits such as <a onclick="callReddit('Pics')">r/Pics</a> and subreddit about recent events, for instance <a onclick="callReddit('Blackout2015')">r/Blackout2015</a>, which could be functioning as bridges between <span>news</span> and <span>misinformation</span>. This created a connection between otherwise <span>news oriented</span> subreddits and <span>mostly delusional</span> ones.<br>
</p>
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<span>What's the mood?</span>
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<span>Bring me up!</span>
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<h2>Sentiment analysis</h2>
<p>How's the comment section feeling down here?</p>
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<iframe class="container-heat" src="map/mapheat_comments_bitcoins_metareddit_news1_html.html"></iframe>
</div>
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<a href="#hole_1_1">
<img src="assets/img/values-1.png" class="img-fluid" alt="">
<h3>I love to keep informed about society and daily happenings</h3>
<p>And I am most probably a WASP.</p>
</a>
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<img src="assets/img/values-2.png" class="img-fluid" alt="">
<h3>Cryptocurrencies are the future</h3>
<p>I am wondering what's next after doge...</p>
</a>
</div>
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<img src="assets/img/values-3.png" class="img-fluid" alt="">
<h3>Reddit is so wonderful: I want more of that.</h3>
<p>Let's put some Reddit on my Reddit!</p>
</a>
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<h3>News and society</h3>
<h2>In all their forms and colours</h2>
<p>
These subreddits are unified by the interest in news and interest into conspiracy theories. <br>
<span>Notable Subreddits</span>: <a href="https://reddit.com/r/anythinggoesnews" target="_blank">AnythingGoesNews</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/conspiracyii" target="_blank">ConspiracyII</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/moderatepolitics" target="_blank">moderatepolitics</a>.<br>
It seems to have a generally negative sentiment in the comment section.
</p>
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<span>What's the mood?</span>
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</a>
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<a onclick="visualize_section('close_all', 'close_all')" href="#hole_main">
<span>Bring me up!</span>
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</a>
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<h2>Sentiment analysis</h2>
<p>How's the comment section feeling down here?</p>
</header>
<iframe class="container-heat" src="map/mapheat_comments_politics_news_html.html"></iframe>
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<h3>Crypto, Tech news and politics</h3>
<h2>You think you understand finance and then Gamestops stocks become valuable.</h2>
<p>
These subreddits tend to have multiple affiliations, unified in general by an interest in tech. We can identify a generalist part, closer to the rest of subreddits (with r/politics, r/technology and r/techgeeks) and a farther branch about crypto (r/cryptocurrency), with a distinct section that is very much isolated (r/BitcoinAll)<br>.
<span>Notable subreddits</span>: <a href="https://reddit.com/r/politics" target="_blank">politics</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/technology">technology</a>,<a href="https://reddit.com/r/techgeeks" target="_blank">techgeeks</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/cryptocurrency" target="_blank">cryptocurrency</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/BitcoinAll" target="_blank">BitcoinAll</a><br>
The comment section here seems to be mostly positive.
</p>
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<div class="text-center text-lg-start left">
<a onclick="visualize_section('heat_bitcoins', 'heat')" href="#heat_bitcoins">
<span>What's the mood?</span>
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</a>
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<a onclick="visualize_section('close_all', 'close_all')" href="#hole_main">
<span>Bring me up!</span>
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<h2>Sentiment analysis</h2>
<p>How's the comment section feeling down here?</p>
</header>
<iframe class="container-heat" src="map/mapheat_comments_bitcoins_html.html"></iframe>
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<div class="hole_a hide" id="hole_1_3">
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<iframe src="assets/networks/general_meta/index.html" height="100%" width="100%"></iframe>
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<h3>Metareddit</h3>
<h2>Why stop yourself on being on reddit? Stay and talk about it!</h2>
<p>
These subreddits cover a wide range of topics. Some subreddits are very general ones (r/pics), some are news collected by bots (r/mistyfront) or even entire subnetworks made by bots (r/subredditNN), some represent a place for discussing metaevents (r/blackout2015).<br>
<span>Notable subreddits</span>: <a href="https://reddit.com/r/mistyfront" target="_blank">mistyfront</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/subredditNN" target="_blank">subredditNN</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/pics" target="_blank">pics</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/blackout2015" target="_blank">Blackout2015</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/misc" target="_blank">misc</a>. <br>
The comments tend to be varied, but mostly positive.
</p>
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<div class="text-center text-lg-start left">
<a onclick="visualize_section('heat_meta', 'heat')" href="#heat_meta">
<span>What's the mood?</span>
<i class="bi bi-arrow-down"></i>
</a>
</div>
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<div class="clear"></div>
<div class="text-center text-lg-start right">
<a onclick="visualize_section('close_all', 'close_all')" href="#hole_main">
<span>Bring me up!</span>
<i class="bi bi-arrow-up"></i>
</a>
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<div class="row heat hide" id="heat_meta">
<header class="section-header">
<h2>Sentiment analysis</h2>
<p>How's the comment section feeling down here?</p>
</header>
<iframe class="container-heat" src="map/mapheat_comments_meta_reddit_html.html"></iframe>
</div>
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<h3>Science, pseudoscience, alien ships, antivaxxers and Canadians</h3>
<h2>These and so many more wanders in the network of misinformation</h2>
<p>
This subnetwork connects <span>science</span> and <span>pseudoscience</span> themed subreddits, linking various sources of information to communities such as the <span>ChurchOfCovid</span> or <a onclick="callReddit('ClimateSkeptics')">r/ClimateSkeptics</a>.<br>
We can also observe another network, strictly connected to misinformation and conspiracies (and Canada). This one creates a cluster around <a onclick="callReddit('Classified')">r/Classified</a>, formed of subnetworks related to different conspiracy theories, from <span>aliens</span> to <span>Bigfoot</span>.<br>
Some of this subreddits connect, in their turn to other more radicalized ones such as <span>DebateVaccines</span> or <a onclick="callReddit('ScienceUncensored')">r/ScienceUncensored</a> which in his turn opens the door to more misinformative channels.<br>
</p>
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<a onclick="visualize_section('heat_science_conspiracies', 'heat')" href="#heat_science_conspiracies">
<span>What's the mood?</span>
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</a>
</div>
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<div class="clear"></div>
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<a onclick="visualize_section('close_all', 'close_all')" href="#hole_main">
<span>Bring me up!</span>
<i class="bi bi-arrow-up"></i>
</a>
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<header class="section-header">
<h2>Sentiment analysis</h2>
<p>How's the comment section feeling down here?</p>
</header>
<iframe class="container-heat" src="map/mapheat_comments_sciencePseudoscience_conspiracies1_html.html"></iframe>
</div>
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<h3>Science is so interesting.</h3>
<p>I want to be informed and know a lot of random stuff.</p>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-6" data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-delay="400">
<div class="box" onclick="visualize_section('hole_2_2', 'hole_b')">
<a href="#hole_2_2">
<img src="assets/img/values-2.png" class="img-fluid" alt="">
<h3>Science is trying to trick me!</h3>
<p>They are keeping the truth from us.</p>
</a>
</div>
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<h3>Scientifical and everyday news</h3>
<h2>With just a pinch of "WTF?"</h2>
<p>
This branch contains mostly scientific-themed subreddits, with some exceptions. Among these are r/autonews, r/GUARDIANauto (subreddits that collects news via a bot) and r/ScienceUncensored, where science are shared without moderation, as well as the parodistic r/ChurchOfCovid. <br>
<span>Notable Subreddits</span>: <a href="https://reddit.com/r/Futurology" target="_blank">Futurology</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/autonews" target="_blank">autonews</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/GUARDIANauto" target="_blank">GUARDIANauto</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/scienceuncensored" target="_blank">ScienceUncensored</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/ChurchOfCovid" target="_blank">ChurchOfCovid</a>
</p>
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<div class="clear"></div>
<div class="text-center text-lg-start left">
<a onclick="visualize_section('heat_science', 'heat')" href="#heat_science">
<span>What's the mood?</span>
<i class="bi bi-arrow-down"></i>
</a>
</div>
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<hr class="right">
<div class="clear"></div>
<div class="text-center text-lg-start right">
<a onclick="visualize_section('close_all', 'close_all')" href="#hole_main">
<span>Bring me up!</span>
<i class="bi bi-arrow-up"></i>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row heat hide" id="heat_science">
<header class="section-header">
<h2>Sentiment analysis</h2>
<p>How's the comment section feeling down here?</p>
</header>
<iframe class="container-heat" src="map/mapheat_comments_science_pseudoscience_html.html"></iframe>
</div>
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<div class="hole_b hide" id="hole_2_2">
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<h3>Conspiracies and likely</h3>
<h2>Questionable beliefs and where to find them (Canada?)</h2>
<p>
This is the most sparse subnetwork. Probably influenced by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" target="_blank">so-called Freedom Convoy</a> during the time of scraping, it presents many Canada-related subreddits (r/canada, r/Ontario) along with generalist ones (r/todayilearned) and a sparse, highly conspiratorial subreddits (r/classified, r/conspiracyhub). <br>
<span>Notable Subreddits</span>: <a href="https://reddit.com/r/canada" target="_blank">canada</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/classified" target="_blank">classified</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/todayilearned" target="_blank">todayilearned</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/conspiracyhub" target="_blank">conspiracyhub</a>.<br>
The comment section presents a varied comment section.
</p>
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<span>What's the mood?</span>
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</a>
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<div class="clear"></div>
<div class="text-center text-lg-start right">
<a onclick="visualize_section('close_all', 'close_all')" href="#hole_main">
<span>Bring me up!</span>
<i class="bi bi-arrow-up"></i>
</a>
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<div class="col-lg-7 d-flex align-items-center container-frame" data-aos="zoom-out" data-aos-delay="200">
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<div class="row heat hide" id="heat_conspiracies">
<header class="section-header">
<h2>Sentiment analysis</h2>
<p>How's the comment section feeling down here?</p>
</header>
<iframe class="container-heat" src="map/mapheat_comments_conspiracies_html.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<iframe src="assets/networks/left_right_bernie/index.html" height="100%" width="100%"></iframe>
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<h3>Political subreddits</h3>
<h2>We are talking left, right and Bernie</h2>
<p>
Here we can observe three subnetworks related to political beliefs: the first is a <span>right-wing and conservative</span> network, consinsting of subreddits such as <a onclick="callReddit('Conservative')">r/Conservative</a> or <a onclick="callReddit('Libertarian')">r/Libertarian</a>, connected in turn to even more radicalized ones such as <a onclick="callReddit('ClintonInvestigation')">r/ClintonInvestigation</a>.<br>
Then there is a subnetwork containing <span>leftist ideologies</span>, grouped together but still distinct from one another. Here it is possible to jam from <a onclick="callReddit('LateStageCapitalism')">r/LateStageCapitalism</a> to <a onclick="callReddit('occupywallstreet')">r/occupywallstreet</a>, from <a onclick="callReddit('SocialismAndVeganism')">r/SocialismAndVeganism</a> to <a onclick="callReddit('KossaksForSanders')">r/KossacksForSanders</a>.<br>
This last one connects the leftist subnetwork to a tighter one devoted to <span>Bernie Sanders</span>, which is mainly centered around <a onclick="callReddit('BernieSanders')">r/BernieSanders</a> and <a onclick="callReddit('WayOfTheBern')">r/WayOfTheBern</a>. The first subnetworks recalls in its proximity all subreddits related to Bernie Sanders for <span>different American States and cities</span> such as <a onclick="callReddit('NYforSanders')">r/NYforSanders</a> or <a onclick="callReddit('CaliforniaForSanders')">r/CaliforniaForSanders</a>. This conglomerate also has a repulsive relationship with <span>political right</span> subreddits composing the conservative conglomerate.
<p>
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<span>What's the mood?</span>
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</a>
</div>
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<div class="clear"></div>
<div class="text-center text-lg-start right">
<a onclick="visualize_section('close_all', 'close_all')" href="#hole_main">
<span>Bring me up!</span>
<i class="bi bi-arrow-up"></i>
</a>
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<div class="row heat hide" id="heat_left_right_bernie">
<header class="section-header">
<h2>Sentiment analysis</h2>
<p>How's the comment section feeling down here?</p>
</header>
<iframe class="container-heat" src="map/mapheat_comments_left_right_bernie1_html.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
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<a href="#hole_3_1">
<img src="assets/img/values-1.png" class="img-fluid" alt="">
<h3>My political ideology? You find it near the toilet.</h3>
<p>At the bottom on the Right.</p>
</a>
</div>
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<a href="#hole_3_2">
<img src="assets/img/values-2.png" class="img-fluid" alt="">
<h3>Wherever you are, whatever you do...</h3>
<p>...Bernie Sanders, I am with you.</p>
</a>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="box" onclick="visualize_section('hole_3_3', 'hole_c')">
<a href="#hole_3_3">
<img src="assets/img/values-3.png" class="img-fluid" alt="">
<h3>What do you do when you can't choose Right?</h3>
<p>You take what's Left.</p>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="hole_c hide" id="hole_3_1">
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<h3>Literally Right and Libertarian politics.</h3>
<h2>Less right figuratively.</h2>
<p>
Here we can distinguish a part of the network that is more distinctly news oriented and less radical (r/Conservative, r/Libertarian, as well as the generalist r/worldnews), while a smaller galaxy of alternative news, Trump-related and right wing political pundits is formed near them (r/LouderWithCrowder, r/conspiracyundone, r/The_Donald_Discuss).<br>
Notable Subreddits: <a href = 'https://reddit.com/r/Conservative' target="_blank">Conservative</a>, <a href = 'https://reddit.com/r/Libertarian' target="_blank">Libertarian</a>, <a href = 'https://reddit.com/r/worldnews' target="_blank">worldnews</a>, <a href = 'https://reddit.com/r/LouderWithCrowder' target="_blank">LouderWithCrowder</a>, <a href = 'https://reddit.com/r/conspiracyundone' target="_blank">conspiracyundone</a>, <a href = 'https://reddit.com/r/THe_Donald_Discuss' target="_blank">The_Donald_Discuss</a>.<br>
The comments tend to be highly negative.
</p>
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<span>What's the mood?</span>
<i class="bi bi-arrow-down"></i>
</a>
</div>
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<div class="clear"></div>
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<a onclick="visualize_section('close_all', 'close_all')" href="#hole_main">
<span>Bring me up!</span>
<i class="bi bi-arrow-up"></i>
</a>
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<h2>Sentiment analysis</h2>
<p>How's the comment section feeling down here?</p>
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<h3>Bernie Sanders and his subreddits</h3>
<h2>Which are so. many. more. than one would expect to find.</h2>
<p>
Bernie Sanders received, in 2020, significant grassroot support, especially in online political spaces. We can observe this trend in the distinct network that can be observed here. We have some subreddits closer to other political ones (r/WayOfTheBern, r/WeAreNotAsking), while two conglomerates can be observed on the top left, centred around r/BernieSanders, and another with r/NYForSanders and r/CaliforniaForSanders that localize those communities. <br>
Notable Subreddits: <a href = 'https://reddit.com/r/WayOfTheBern' target="_blank">WayOfTheBern</a>, <a href = 'https://reddit.com/r/WeAreNotAsking' target="_blank">WeAreNotAsking</a>,<br> <a href = 'https://reddit.com/r/BernieSanders' target="_blank">BernieSanders</a>, <a href = 'https://reddit.com/r/NYForSanders'target="_blank">NYForSanders</a>, <a href = 'https://reddit.com/r/CaliforniaForSanders'target="_blank">CaliforniaForSanders</a>. <br>
Comments tend to change significantly between subreddits, but tend to be positive.
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<a onclick="visualize_section('heat_bernie', 'heat')" href="#heat_bernie">
<span>What's the mood?</span>
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<a onclick="visualize_section('close_all', 'close_all')" href="#hole_main">
<span>Bring me up!</span>
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<header class="section-header">
<h2>Sentiment analysis</h2>
<p>How's the comment section feeling down here?</p>
</header>
<iframe class="container-heat" src="map/mapheat_comments_bernie1_html.html"></iframe>
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<h3>Whatever is Left, we will take it!</h3>
<h2>And you can be sure, there is plenty of it.</h2>
<p>
This highly condensed subnetwork contains multiple subreddits related to leftist ideologies. The biggest one, r/LateStageCapitalism, functions is central to more specialized subreddits about different topics (e.g. r/SocialismAndVeganism, r/occupywallstreet, r/KossaksForSanders that functions as gateway towards the Bernie Sanders' subnetwork). Among the most recognizable secondary subnetworks, we can find r/HasanPiker, about the well-known leftist streamer, and an extreme left subnetwork around r/PleaseCallMeRedScarf.<br>
Notable Subreddits: <a href="https://reddit.com/r/LateStageCapitalism" target="_blank">LateStageCapitalism</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/SocialismAndVeganism" target="_blank">SocialismAndVeganism</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/occupywallstreet" target="_blank">occupywallstreet</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/KossaksForSanders" target="_blank">KossaksForSanders</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/HasanPiker" target="_blank">HasanPiker</a>, <a href="https://reddit.com/r/PleaseCallMeRedScarf" target="_blank">PleaseCallMeRedScarf</a>.<br>
The comments tend to be highly polarised, with a majority of negative comments.
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<a onclick="visualize_section('heat_left', 'heat')" href="#heat_left">
<span>What's the mood?</span>
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<a onclick="visualize_section('close_all', 'close_all')" href="#hole_main">
<span>Bring me up!</span>
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</a>
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<div class="row heat hide" id="heat_left">
<header class="section-header">
<h2>Sentiment analysis</h2>
<p>How's the comment section feeling down here?</p>
</header>
<iframe class="container-heat" src="map/mapheat_comments_left_html.html"></iframe>
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<h3>Visualize our complete network</h3>
<p>All our subreddits in the same place!</p>
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<h3>Complete network</h3>
<h2>All our subreddits in one place</h2>
<iframe class="container-frame" src="assets/networks/whole_network/index.html" height="100%" width="100%"></iframe>
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<a onclick="visualize_section('close_all', 'close_all')" href="#network">
<span>Bring me up!</span>
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</section>
<!-- End Values Section -->
<!-- ======= Counts Section ======= -->
<section id="echo" class="counts">
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<header class="section-header">
<h2>Echo chambers - Through the looking glass</h2>
<p>"Why, sometimes I've believed as many as six impossible things before breakfast."</p>
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<p>
This section is dedicated to the topic modeling and text representation of comments extracted from the subnetworks previously identified. <br>
These were found by investigating the posts shared by subreddits: we did this by employing <a href="https://www.machinelearningplus.com/nlp/topic-modeling-gensim-python/#1introduction" target="_blank">gensim library</a> for topic modeling and <a href="https://amueller.github.io/word_cloud/" target="_blank">WordClouds</a>, developing such analysis in python.<br>
There may be lacking information / absence of some subreddits from comments-related data; that is because it often happens that there are no comments in crossposts, as a post was already seen in a more popular subreddit. Another issue was the presence of Bots, which are a foundamental component of reddit environment but can (and in fact did) nonetheless alterate tesxtual analysis such as the ones performed in this section.
</p>
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<h3>News, crypto and Metareddit</h3>
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<a onclick="visualize_section('cloud_science_conspiracies', 'cloud')", href="#cloud_science_conspiracies">
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<h3>Science, pseudoscience and conspiracies</h3>
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</a>
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<a onclick="visualize_section('cloud_politics', 'cloud')", href="#cloud_politics">
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<h3>Politics</h3>
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