Bump ubuntu from 22.04 to 24.04 in /docker (#1247)

* ---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: ubuntu
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

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* Add automated changelog yaml from template for bot PR

---------

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.changes/unreleased/Dependencies-20240520-230208.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+kind: "Dependencies"
+body: "Bump ubuntu from 22.04 to 24.04 in /docker"
+time: 2024-05-20T23:02:08.00000Z
+custom:
+  Author: dependabot[bot]
+  PR: 1247

docker/dev.Dockerfile

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # this image does not get published, it is intended for local development only, see `Makefile` for usage
-FROM ubuntu:22.04 as base
+FROM ubuntu:24.04 as base
 
 # prevent python installation from asking for time zone region
 ARG DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive