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categories\ndate: 2016-07-03 09:17:41\ntype: \"categories\"\ncomments: false\n---\n","updated":"2016-07-03T01:18:22.000Z","path":"categories/index.html","layout":"page","_id":"ciq5xyivo0001mkteoau8lvjt","content":"","excerpt":"","more":""}],"Post":[{"title":"Hello World","_content":"Welcome to [Hexo](https://hexo.io/)! This is your very first post. Check [documentation](https://hexo.io/docs/) for more info. If you get any problems when using Hexo, you can find the answer in [troubleshooting](https://hexo.io/docs/troubleshooting.html) or you can ask me on [GitHub](https://github.com/hexojs/hexo/issues).\n\n<!--more-->\n\n## Quick Start\n\n### Create a new post\n\n``` bash\n$ hexo new \"My New Post\"\n```\n\nMore info: [Writing](https://hexo.io/docs/writing.html)\n\n### Run server\n\n``` bash\n$ hexo server\n```\n\nMore info: [Server](https://hexo.io/docs/server.html)\n\n### Generate static files\n\n``` bash\n$ hexo generate\n```\n\nMore info: [Generating](https://hexo.io/docs/generating.html)\n\n### Deploy to remote sites\n\n``` bash\n$ hexo deploy\n```\n\nMore info: [Deployment](https://hexo.io/docs/deployment.html)\n","source":"_posts/hello-world.md","raw":"---\ntitle: Hello World\n---\nWelcome to [Hexo](https://hexo.io/)! This is your very first post. Check [documentation](https://hexo.io/docs/) for more info. If you get any problems when using Hexo, you can find the answer in [troubleshooting](https://hexo.io/docs/troubleshooting.html) or you can ask me on [GitHub](https://github.com/hexojs/hexo/issues).\n\n<!--more-->\n\n## Quick Start\n\n### Create a new post\n\n``` bash\n$ hexo new \"My New Post\"\n```\n\nMore info: [Writing](https://hexo.io/docs/writing.html)\n\n### Run server\n\n``` bash\n$ hexo server\n```\n\nMore info: [Server](https://hexo.io/docs/server.html)\n\n### Generate static files\n\n``` bash\n$ hexo generate\n```\n\nMore info: [Generating](https://hexo.io/docs/generating.html)\n\n### Deploy to remote sites\n\n``` bash\n$ hexo deploy\n```\n\nMore info: [Deployment](https://hexo.io/docs/deployment.html)\n","slug":"hello-world","published":1,"date":"2016-07-02T10:26:18.000Z","updated":"2016-07-02T13:00:55.000Z","comments":1,"layout":"post","photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyis40000mkteuiqiol2r","content":"<p>Welcome to <a href=\"https://hexo.io/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">Hexo</a>! This is your very first post. Check <a href=\"https://hexo.io/docs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">documentation</a> for more info. If you get any problems when using Hexo, you can find the answer in <a href=\"https://hexo.io/docs/troubleshooting.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">troubleshooting</a> or you can ask me on <a href=\"https://github.com/hexojs/hexo/issues\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">GitHub</a>.</p>\n<a id=\"more\"></a>\n<h2 id=\"Quick-Start\"><a href=\"#Quick-Start\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Quick Start\"></a>Quick Start</h2><h3 id=\"Create-a-new-post\"><a href=\"#Create-a-new-post\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Create a new post\"></a>Create a new post</h3><figure class=\"highlight bash\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$ hexo new <span class=\"string\">\"My New Post\"</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>More info: <a href=\"https://hexo.io/docs/writing.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">Writing</a></p>\n<h3 id=\"Run-server\"><a href=\"#Run-server\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Run server\"></a>Run server</h3><figure class=\"highlight bash\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$ hexo server</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>More info: <a href=\"https://hexo.io/docs/server.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">Server</a></p>\n<h3 id=\"Generate-static-files\"><a href=\"#Generate-static-files\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Generate static files\"></a>Generate static files</h3><figure class=\"highlight bash\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$ hexo generate</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>More info: <a href=\"https://hexo.io/docs/generating.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">Generating</a></p>\n<h3 id=\"Deploy-to-remote-sites\"><a href=\"#Deploy-to-remote-sites\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Deploy to remote sites\"></a>Deploy to remote sites</h3><figure class=\"highlight bash\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$ hexo deploy</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>More info: <a href=\"https://hexo.io/docs/deployment.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">Deployment</a></p>\n","excerpt":"<p>Welcome to <a href=\"https://hexo.io/\">Hexo</a>! This is your very first post. Check <a href=\"https://hexo.io/docs/\">documentation</a> for more info. If you get any problems when using Hexo, you can find the answer in <a href=\"https://hexo.io/docs/troubleshooting.html\">troubleshooting</a> or you can ask me on <a href=\"https://github.com/hexojs/hexo/issues\">GitHub</a>.</p>","more":"<h2 id=\"Quick-Start\"><a href=\"#Quick-Start\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Quick Start\"></a>Quick Start</h2><h3 id=\"Create-a-new-post\"><a href=\"#Create-a-new-post\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Create a new post\"></a>Create a new post</h3><figure class=\"highlight bash\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$ hexo new <span class=\"string\">\"My New Post\"</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>More info: <a href=\"https://hexo.io/docs/writing.html\">Writing</a></p>\n<h3 id=\"Run-server\"><a href=\"#Run-server\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Run server\"></a>Run server</h3><figure class=\"highlight bash\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$ hexo server</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>More info: <a href=\"https://hexo.io/docs/server.html\">Server</a></p>\n<h3 id=\"Generate-static-files\"><a href=\"#Generate-static-files\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Generate static files\"></a>Generate static files</h3><figure class=\"highlight bash\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$ hexo generate</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>More info: <a href=\"https://hexo.io/docs/generating.html\">Generating</a></p>\n<h3 id=\"Deploy-to-remote-sites\"><a href=\"#Deploy-to-remote-sites\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Deploy to remote sites\"></a>Deploy to remote sites</h3><figure class=\"highlight bash\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$ hexo deploy</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>More info: <a href=\"https://hexo.io/docs/deployment.html\">Deployment</a></p>"},{"layout":"post","title":"测试时间线","date":"2016-07-02T12:57:00.000Z","_content":"","source":"_posts/2016/测试时间线.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"测试时间线\"\ndate: \"2016-07-02 20:57\"\n---\n","slug":"2016/测试时间线","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-03T01:50:23.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiwf0002mkteejjvl54d","content":"","excerpt":"","more":""},{"layout":"post","title":"基本句型及补语","date":"2016-05-11T23:11:00.000Z","_content":"# 基本句型及补语\n## 五种单句的基本句型\n1. S+V\n2. S+V+O\n3. S+V+C\n4. S+V+O+O\n5. S+V+O+C\n\nS:主语，V:动词，O:宾语，C:补语\n\n## 为什么有五种基本句型?\n基本句型分五种，是因为有五种不同特性的动词造成的\n\n## 补语的意义?\n所有英文动词中，解释为“是”的动词是没意思的，需要补语来补足句子的意思。\n\n## 句子是如何表达完整的意思?\n一个句子要表达完整的意思，需要两部分来完成：主语和动词。\n主语，句子所叙述的对象。\n动词，构成叙述的主要内容。\n1. John Smith died in World War Two\n2. John Smith killed three enemy soldier\n\n## 不及物动词\n可以独立发生，不牵扯到别的人或物，也就是不需要‘宾语’。\ndie，自己就能死。\n\n## 及物动词\n必须发生在另一个对象的身上，后面需要跟一个宾语来“接受”这个动作。\nkill，要做出kill的动作，必须要有个东西被kill才行。\n\n及物动词缺少宾语，虽然不能表达完整意思，但是并非完全没有意义\nJohn Smith kill，至少知道John杀了什么。\n\n## S+V+C 句型\n\n在所有的英语动词中，只有解释为“是”的动词是空的，完全没有意义。\n如果这样的句子中少了补语，就完全没有意义了。\n\n### 名词做补语\nJohn Smith was a soldier.\njohn是个士兵\n\n### 形容词作补语\nJohn Smith was courageous.\nJohn很勇敢\n当**不必翻译的动词：be**， 没有“是”。\n\n Be缺乏叙述能力，John was 是没有意义的\n\n ### 需要补语的动词有哪些？\n be 是\n look 看起来是\n seem 似乎是\n apear 显得是\n sound 听起来是\n feel 摸起来是\n taste 尝起来是\n turn 转变为\n prove 证实为\n become 成为\n make 做为\n ‘为’是文言的‘是’。\n 这些动词都是空字眼，需要补语来补充。\n\n A nurse makes a good wife.\n 对比\n A nurse is a good wife.\n\n He became a teacher.\n 对比\n He is a teacher.\n\n 把动词换成“be”，句子的意思和句型没有太大变化。\n\n 凡是动词解释为各种各样的“是”的句子，都属于S+V+C句型。\n\n ## 宾语补语的句型 S+V+O+C\nS+V+C,是用补语告诉你主语是什么，中间用动词“是”串联。\nS+V+O+C用补语告诉你宾语是什么，中间暗藏一个“是”的关系存在。\n\n I find the dress pretty.\n加个be来检验是不是S+V+O+C句型.\nThe dress is pretty.\n\nMost people consider a nurse a good wife.\na nurse is a good wife.\n","source":"_posts/english/2016-05-12-基本句型及补语.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"基本句型及补语\"\ndate: \"2016-05-12 07:11 +0800\"\n---\n# 基本句型及补语\n## 五种单句的基本句型\n1. S+V\n2. S+V+O\n3. S+V+C\n4. S+V+O+O\n5. S+V+O+C\n\nS:主语，V:动词，O:宾语，C:补语\n\n## 为什么有五种基本句型?\n基本句型分五种，是因为有五种不同特性的动词造成的\n\n## 补语的意义?\n所有英文动词中，解释为“是”的动词是没意思的，需要补语来补足句子的意思。\n\n## 句子是如何表达完整的意思?\n一个句子要表达完整的意思，需要两部分来完成：主语和动词。\n主语，句子所叙述的对象。\n动词，构成叙述的主要内容。\n1. John Smith died in World War Two\n2. John Smith killed three enemy soldier\n\n## 不及物动词\n可以独立发生，不牵扯到别的人或物，也就是不需要‘宾语’。\ndie，自己就能死。\n\n## 及物动词\n必须发生在另一个对象的身上，后面需要跟一个宾语来“接受”这个动作。\nkill，要做出kill的动作，必须要有个东西被kill才行。\n\n及物动词缺少宾语，虽然不能表达完整意思，但是并非完全没有意义\nJohn Smith kill，至少知道John杀了什么。\n\n## S+V+C 句型\n\n在所有的英语动词中，只有解释为“是”的动词是空的，完全没有意义。\n如果这样的句子中少了补语，就完全没有意义了。\n\n### 名词做补语\nJohn Smith was a soldier.\njohn是个士兵\n\n### 形容词作补语\nJohn Smith was courageous.\nJohn很勇敢\n当**不必翻译的动词：be**， 没有“是”。\n\n Be缺乏叙述能力，John was 是没有意义的\n\n ### 需要补语的动词有哪些？\n be 是\n look 看起来是\n seem 似乎是\n apear 显得是\n sound 听起来是\n feel 摸起来是\n taste 尝起来是\n turn 转变为\n prove 证实为\n become 成为\n make 做为\n ‘为’是文言的‘是’。\n 这些动词都是空字眼，需要补语来补充。\n\n A nurse makes a good wife.\n 对比\n A nurse is a good wife.\n\n He became a teacher.\n 对比\n He is a teacher.\n\n 把动词换成“be”，句子的意思和句型没有太大变化。\n\n 凡是动词解释为各种各样的“是”的句子，都属于S+V+C句型。\n\n ## 宾语补语的句型 S+V+O+C\nS+V+C,是用补语告诉你主语是什么，中间用动词“是”串联。\nS+V+O+C用补语告诉你宾语是什么，中间暗藏一个“是”的关系存在。\n\n I find the dress pretty.\n加个be来检验是不是S+V+O+C句型.\nThe dress is pretty.\n\nMost people consider a nurse a good wife.\na nurse is a good wife.\n","slug":"english/2016-05-12-基本句型及补语","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T12:44:46.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiwg0003mktervpho7ij","content":"<h1 id=\"基本句型及补语\"><a href=\"#基本句型及补语\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"基本句型及补语\"></a>基本句型及补语</h1><h2 id=\"五种单句的基本句型\"><a href=\"#五种单句的基本句型\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"五种单句的基本句型\"></a>五种单句的基本句型</h2><ol>\n<li>S+V</li>\n<li>S+V+O</li>\n<li>S+V+C</li>\n<li>S+V+O+O</li>\n<li>S+V+O+C</li>\n</ol>\n<p>S:主语，V:动词，O:宾语，C:补语</p>\n<h2 id=\"为什么有五种基本句型\"><a href=\"#为什么有五种基本句型\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"为什么有五种基本句型?\"></a>为什么有五种基本句型?</h2><p>基本句型分五种，是因为有五种不同特性的动词造成的</p>\n<h2 id=\"补语的意义\"><a href=\"#补语的意义\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"补语的意义?\"></a>补语的意义?</h2><p>所有英文动词中，解释为“是”的动词是没意思的，需要补语来补足句子的意思。</p>\n<h2 id=\"句子是如何表达完整的意思\"><a href=\"#句子是如何表达完整的意思\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"句子是如何表达完整的意思?\"></a>句子是如何表达完整的意思?</h2><p>一个句子要表达完整的意思，需要两部分来完成：主语和动词。<br>主语，句子所叙述的对象。<br>动词，构成叙述的主要内容。</p>\n<ol>\n<li>John Smith died in World War Two</li>\n<li>John Smith killed three enemy soldier</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"不及物动词\"><a href=\"#不及物动词\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"不及物动词\"></a>不及物动词</h2><p>可以独立发生，不牵扯到别的人或物，也就是不需要‘宾语’。<br>die，自己就能死。</p>\n<h2 id=\"及物动词\"><a href=\"#及物动词\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"及物动词\"></a>及物动词</h2><p>必须发生在另一个对象的身上，后面需要跟一个宾语来“接受”这个动作。<br>kill，要做出kill的动作，必须要有个东西被kill才行。</p>\n<p>及物动词缺少宾语，虽然不能表达完整意思，但是并非完全没有意义<br>John Smith kill，至少知道John杀了什么。</p>\n<h2 id=\"S-V-C-句型\"><a href=\"#S-V-C-句型\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"S+V+C 句型\"></a>S+V+C 句型</h2><p>在所有的英语动词中，只有解释为“是”的动词是空的，完全没有意义。<br>如果这样的句子中少了补语，就完全没有意义了。</p>\n<h3 id=\"名词做补语\"><a href=\"#名词做补语\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"名词做补语\"></a>名词做补语</h3><p>John Smith was a soldier.<br>john是个士兵</p>\n<h3 id=\"形容词作补语\"><a href=\"#形容词作补语\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"形容词作补语\"></a>形容词作补语</h3><p>John Smith was courageous.<br>John很勇敢<br>当<strong>不必翻译的动词：be</strong>， 没有“是”。</p>\n<p> Be缺乏叙述能力，John was 是没有意义的</p>\n<h3 id=\"需要补语的动词有哪些？\"><a href=\"#需要补语的动词有哪些？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"需要补语的动词有哪些？\"></a>需要补语的动词有哪些？</h3><p> be 是<br> look 看起来是<br> seem 似乎是<br> apear 显得是<br> sound 听起来是<br> feel 摸起来是<br> taste 尝起来是<br> turn 转变为<br> prove 证实为<br> become 成为<br> make 做为<br> ‘为’是文言的‘是’。<br> 这些动词都是空字眼，需要补语来补充。</p>\n<p> A nurse makes a good wife.<br> 对比<br> A nurse is a good wife.</p>\n<p> He became a teacher.<br> 对比<br> He is a teacher.</p>\n<p> 把动词换成“be”，句子的意思和句型没有太大变化。</p>\n<p> 凡是动词解释为各种各样的“是”的句子，都属于S+V+C句型。</p>\n<h2 id=\"宾语补语的句型-S-V-O-C\"><a href=\"#宾语补语的句型-S-V-O-C\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"宾语补语的句型 S+V+O+C\"></a>宾语补语的句型 S+V+O+C</h2><p>S+V+C,是用补语告诉你主语是什么，中间用动词“是”串联。<br>S+V+O+C用补语告诉你宾语是什么，中间暗藏一个“是”的关系存在。</p>\n<p> I find the dress pretty.<br>加个be来检验是不是S+V+O+C句型.<br>The dress is pretty.</p>\n<p>Most people consider a nurse a good wife.<br>a nurse is a good wife.</p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<h1 id=\"基本句型及补语\"><a href=\"#基本句型及补语\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"基本句型及补语\"></a>基本句型及补语</h1><h2 id=\"五种单句的基本句型\"><a href=\"#五种单句的基本句型\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"五种单句的基本句型\"></a>五种单句的基本句型</h2><ol>\n<li>S+V</li>\n<li>S+V+O</li>\n<li>S+V+C</li>\n<li>S+V+O+O</li>\n<li>S+V+O+C</li>\n</ol>\n<p>S:主语，V:动词，O:宾语，C:补语</p>\n<h2 id=\"为什么有五种基本句型\"><a href=\"#为什么有五种基本句型\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"为什么有五种基本句型?\"></a>为什么有五种基本句型?</h2><p>基本句型分五种，是因为有五种不同特性的动词造成的</p>\n<h2 id=\"补语的意义\"><a href=\"#补语的意义\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"补语的意义?\"></a>补语的意义?</h2><p>所有英文动词中，解释为“是”的动词是没意思的，需要补语来补足句子的意思。</p>\n<h2 id=\"句子是如何表达完整的意思\"><a href=\"#句子是如何表达完整的意思\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"句子是如何表达完整的意思?\"></a>句子是如何表达完整的意思?</h2><p>一个句子要表达完整的意思，需要两部分来完成：主语和动词。<br>主语，句子所叙述的对象。<br>动词，构成叙述的主要内容。</p>\n<ol>\n<li>John Smith died in World War Two</li>\n<li>John Smith killed three enemy soldier</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"不及物动词\"><a href=\"#不及物动词\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"不及物动词\"></a>不及物动词</h2><p>可以独立发生，不牵扯到别的人或物，也就是不需要‘宾语’。<br>die，自己就能死。</p>\n<h2 id=\"及物动词\"><a href=\"#及物动词\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"及物动词\"></a>及物动词</h2><p>必须发生在另一个对象的身上，后面需要跟一个宾语来“接受”这个动作。<br>kill，要做出kill的动作，必须要有个东西被kill才行。</p>\n<p>及物动词缺少宾语，虽然不能表达完整意思，但是并非完全没有意义<br>John Smith kill，至少知道John杀了什么。</p>\n<h2 id=\"S-V-C-句型\"><a href=\"#S-V-C-句型\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"S+V+C 句型\"></a>S+V+C 句型</h2><p>在所有的英语动词中，只有解释为“是”的动词是空的，完全没有意义。<br>如果这样的句子中少了补语，就完全没有意义了。</p>\n<h3 id=\"名词做补语\"><a href=\"#名词做补语\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"名词做补语\"></a>名词做补语</h3><p>John Smith was a soldier.<br>john是个士兵</p>\n<h3 id=\"形容词作补语\"><a href=\"#形容词作补语\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"形容词作补语\"></a>形容词作补语</h3><p>John Smith was courageous.<br>John很勇敢<br>当<strong>不必翻译的动词：be</strong>， 没有“是”。</p>\n<p> Be缺乏叙述能力，John was 是没有意义的</p>\n<h3 id=\"需要补语的动词有哪些？\"><a href=\"#需要补语的动词有哪些？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"需要补语的动词有哪些？\"></a>需要补语的动词有哪些？</h3><p> be 是<br> look 看起来是<br> seem 似乎是<br> apear 显得是<br> sound 听起来是<br> feel 摸起来是<br> taste 尝起来是<br> turn 转变为<br> prove 证实为<br> become 成为<br> make 做为<br> ‘为’是文言的‘是’。<br> 这些动词都是空字眼，需要补语来补充。</p>\n<p> A nurse makes a good wife.<br> 对比<br> A nurse is a good wife.</p>\n<p> He became a teacher.<br> 对比<br> He is a teacher.</p>\n<p> 把动词换成“be”，句子的意思和句型没有太大变化。</p>\n<p> 凡是动词解释为各种各样的“是”的句子，都属于S+V+C句型。</p>\n<h2 id=\"宾语补语的句型-S-V-O-C\"><a href=\"#宾语补语的句型-S-V-O-C\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"宾语补语的句型 S+V+O+C\"></a>宾语补语的句型 S+V+O+C</h2><p>S+V+C,是用补语告诉你主语是什么，中间用动词“是”串联。<br>S+V+O+C用补语告诉你宾语是什么，中间暗藏一个“是”的关系存在。</p>\n<p> I find the dress pretty.<br>加个be来检验是不是S+V+O+C句型.<br>The dress is pretty.</p>\n<p>Most people consider a nurse a good wife.<br>a nurse is a good wife.</p>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"名词词短语与冠词","date":"2016-05-15T21:49:00.000Z","_content":"## 名词短语\n名词短语可以做主语，宾语，补语。\n\n名词短语= 限定词+形容词+名词\na new book\n三部分，每一部分都可以省略。\n\n## 什么时候不需要限定词？\n名词复数\nunmarried men\n抽象名词\nHonesty Fresh water\n\n## 专有名词与补语位置\n专有名词代表独一无二，所以仅不加a（an），暗示有另一个存在，也不加-s。\nGenghis Khan Taibei Sunday\n\n**补语位置的专有名词**，当补语和主语或宾语之间是**同等关系**时，补语也被当做专有名词\n\nMr.Chan was CTO of the group.\n\nClinton made Gorle campaign partner of the Presidential election.\n\n## 定冠词the的用法\nThe可视为that或those的弱化。\n当上下文有明指或暗示时，表示“那个”的指示功能，就要使用定冠词“the”。\nHe should be home，I saw light in his house.\nturn off the portal light.\n\n##  定冠词和专有名词\n专有名词和定冠词是不能并存的，在意义上他们有冲突。\n专有名词是世界上独一无二的东西，而定冠词却又明指或暗示有其他的存在。\n\nThis is not the John I know.\n暗示有另一个John存在\n\n例外不例外\n海洋，山川，河流，岛屿被列为例外。\n其实他们并不列外，只是省略了第三部分名词的名词短语。\nThe Pacific （Ocean）\nThe Atlantic （Ocean）\nThe Indian Ocean\nThe Mediterranean （Sea）\nThe Dead sea\n\nThe Alp\n\nThe Titanic （ship）\n\n如果把这些名词短语的第三部还原，都是普通名词，可以加定冠词，来指示那个叫什么的海洋，山脉或船。\n\nThe United States of America\nthe United Nations\n\n一、名词短语包括限定词、形容词、名词三部分。任一部分可以省略。\n二、如果名词短语不加限定词，是因为该词不适合加a(an\n).\n三、a（an）是one的弱化结果，the是that/those的弱化结果。\n","source":"_posts/english/2016-05-16-名词词组与冠词.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"名词词短语与冠词\"\ndate: \"2016-05-16 05:49 +0800\"\n---\n## 名词短语\n名词短语可以做主语，宾语，补语。\n\n名词短语= 限定词+形容词+名词\na new book\n三部分，每一部分都可以省略。\n\n## 什么时候不需要限定词？\n名词复数\nunmarried men\n抽象名词\nHonesty Fresh water\n\n## 专有名词与补语位置\n专有名词代表独一无二，所以仅不加a（an），暗示有另一个存在，也不加-s。\nGenghis Khan Taibei Sunday\n\n**补语位置的专有名词**，当补语和主语或宾语之间是**同等关系**时，补语也被当做专有名词\n\nMr.Chan was CTO of the group.\n\nClinton made Gorle campaign partner of the Presidential election.\n\n## 定冠词the的用法\nThe可视为that或those的弱化。\n当上下文有明指或暗示时，表示“那个”的指示功能，就要使用定冠词“the”。\nHe should be home，I saw light in his house.\nturn off the portal light.\n\n##  定冠词和专有名词\n专有名词和定冠词是不能并存的，在意义上他们有冲突。\n专有名词是世界上独一无二的东西，而定冠词却又明指或暗示有其他的存在。\n\nThis is not the John I know.\n暗示有另一个John存在\n\n例外不例外\n海洋，山川，河流，岛屿被列为例外。\n其实他们并不列外，只是省略了第三部分名词的名词短语。\nThe Pacific （Ocean）\nThe Atlantic （Ocean）\nThe Indian Ocean\nThe Mediterranean （Sea）\nThe Dead sea\n\nThe Alp\n\nThe Titanic （ship）\n\n如果把这些名词短语的第三部还原，都是普通名词，可以加定冠词，来指示那个叫什么的海洋，山脉或船。\n\nThe United States of America\nthe United Nations\n\n一、名词短语包括限定词、形容词、名词三部分。任一部分可以省略。\n二、如果名词短语不加限定词，是因为该词不适合加a(an\n).\n三、a（an）是one的弱化结果，the是that/those的弱化结果。\n","slug":"english/2016-05-16-名词词组与冠词","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiwh0004mkteknjy9q8e","content":"<h2 id=\"名词短语\"><a href=\"#名词短语\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"名词短语\"></a>名词短语</h2><p>名词短语可以做主语，宾语，补语。</p>\n<p>名词短语= 限定词+形容词+名词<br>a new book<br>三部分，每一部分都可以省略。</p>\n<h2 id=\"什么时候不需要限定词？\"><a href=\"#什么时候不需要限定词？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么时候不需要限定词？\"></a>什么时候不需要限定词？</h2><p>名词复数<br>unmarried men<br>抽象名词<br>Honesty Fresh water</p>\n<h2 id=\"专有名词与补语位置\"><a href=\"#专有名词与补语位置\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"专有名词与补语位置\"></a>专有名词与补语位置</h2><p>专有名词代表独一无二，所以仅不加a（an），暗示有另一个存在，也不加-s。<br>Genghis Khan Taibei Sunday</p>\n<p><strong>补语位置的专有名词</strong>，当补语和主语或宾语之间是<strong>同等关系</strong>时，补语也被当做专有名词</p>\n<p>Mr.Chan was CTO of the group.</p>\n<p>Clinton made Gorle campaign partner of the Presidential election.</p>\n<h2 id=\"定冠词the的用法\"><a href=\"#定冠词the的用法\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定冠词the的用法\"></a>定冠词the的用法</h2><p>The可视为that或those的弱化。<br>当上下文有明指或暗示时，表示“那个”的指示功能，就要使用定冠词“the”。<br>He should be home，I saw light in his house.<br>turn off the portal light.</p>\n<h2 id=\"定冠词和专有名词\"><a href=\"#定冠词和专有名词\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定冠词和专有名词\"></a>定冠词和专有名词</h2><p>专有名词和定冠词是不能并存的，在意义上他们有冲突。<br>专有名词是世界上独一无二的东西，而定冠词却又明指或暗示有其他的存在。</p>\n<p>This is not the John I know.<br>暗示有另一个John存在</p>\n<p>例外不例外<br>海洋，山川，河流，岛屿被列为例外。<br>其实他们并不列外，只是省略了第三部分名词的名词短语。<br>The Pacific （Ocean）<br>The Atlantic （Ocean）<br>The Indian Ocean<br>The Mediterranean （Sea）<br>The Dead sea</p>\n<p>The Alp</p>\n<p>The Titanic （ship）</p>\n<p>如果把这些名词短语的第三部还原，都是普通名词，可以加定冠词，来指示那个叫什么的海洋，山脉或船。</p>\n<p>The United States of America<br>the United Nations</p>\n<p>一、名词短语包括限定词、形容词、名词三部分。任一部分可以省略。<br>二、如果名词短语不加限定词，是因为该词不适合加a(an<br>).<br>三、a（an）是one的弱化结果，the是that/those的弱化结果。</p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<h2 id=\"名词短语\"><a href=\"#名词短语\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"名词短语\"></a>名词短语</h2><p>名词短语可以做主语，宾语，补语。</p>\n<p>名词短语= 限定词+形容词+名词<br>a new book<br>三部分，每一部分都可以省略。</p>\n<h2 id=\"什么时候不需要限定词？\"><a href=\"#什么时候不需要限定词？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么时候不需要限定词？\"></a>什么时候不需要限定词？</h2><p>名词复数<br>unmarried men<br>抽象名词<br>Honesty Fresh water</p>\n<h2 id=\"专有名词与补语位置\"><a href=\"#专有名词与补语位置\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"专有名词与补语位置\"></a>专有名词与补语位置</h2><p>专有名词代表独一无二，所以仅不加a（an），暗示有另一个存在，也不加-s。<br>Genghis Khan Taibei Sunday</p>\n<p><strong>补语位置的专有名词</strong>，当补语和主语或宾语之间是<strong>同等关系</strong>时，补语也被当做专有名词</p>\n<p>Mr.Chan was CTO of the group.</p>\n<p>Clinton made Gorle campaign partner of the Presidential election.</p>\n<h2 id=\"定冠词the的用法\"><a href=\"#定冠词the的用法\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定冠词the的用法\"></a>定冠词the的用法</h2><p>The可视为that或those的弱化。<br>当上下文有明指或暗示时，表示“那个”的指示功能，就要使用定冠词“the”。<br>He should be home，I saw light in his house.<br>turn off the portal light.</p>\n<h2 id=\"定冠词和专有名词\"><a href=\"#定冠词和专有名词\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定冠词和专有名词\"></a>定冠词和专有名词</h2><p>专有名词和定冠词是不能并存的，在意义上他们有冲突。<br>专有名词是世界上独一无二的东西，而定冠词却又明指或暗示有其他的存在。</p>\n<p>This is not the John I know.<br>暗示有另一个John存在</p>\n<p>例外不例外<br>海洋，山川，河流，岛屿被列为例外。<br>其实他们并不列外，只是省略了第三部分名词的名词短语。<br>The Pacific （Ocean）<br>The Atlantic （Ocean）<br>The Indian Ocean<br>The Mediterranean （Sea）<br>The Dead sea</p>\n<p>The Alp</p>\n<p>The Titanic （ship）</p>\n<p>如果把这些名词短语的第三部还原，都是普通名词，可以加定冠词，来指示那个叫什么的海洋，山脉或船。</p>\n<p>The United States of America<br>the United Nations</p>\n<p>一、名词短语包括限定词、形容词、名词三部分。任一部分可以省略。<br>二、如果名词短语不加限定词，是因为该词不适合加a(an<br>).<br>三、a（an）是one的弱化结果，the是that/those的弱化结果。</p>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"动词时态","date":"2016-05-16T23:13:00.000Z","_content":"\n# 动词时态\n\n分成“时间”和“状态”，time 和 aspect\n\n时间：过去、现在，未来\n\n状态：主动，被动。。。动词后面的分词表示状态。\n\n## 简单式\n\n### 过去式\n\n### 现在式\n\n### 未来时间\n\n## 完成式\n","source":"_posts/english/2016-05-17-动词时态.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"动词时态\"\ndate: \"2016-05-17 07:13 +0800\"\n---\n\n# 动词时态\n\n分成“时间”和“状态”，time 和 aspect\n\n时间：过去、现在，未来\n\n状态：主动，被动。。。动词后面的分词表示状态。\n\n## 简单式\n\n### 过去式\n\n### 现在式\n\n### 未来时间\n\n## 完成式\n","slug":"english/2016-05-17-动词时态","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T11:39:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiwi0005mktegm8wvrtp","content":"<h1 id=\"动词时态\"><a href=\"#动词时态\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"动词时态\"></a>动词时态</h1><p>分成“时间”和“状态”，time 和 aspect</p>\n<p>时间：过去、现在，未来</p>\n<p>状态：主动，被动。。。动词后面的分词表示状态。</p>\n<h2 id=\"简单式\"><a href=\"#简单式\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"简单式\"></a>简单式</h2><h3 id=\"过去式\"><a href=\"#过去式\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"过去式\"></a>过去式</h3><h3 id=\"现在式\"><a href=\"#现在式\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"现在式\"></a>现在式</h3><h3 id=\"未来时间\"><a href=\"#未来时间\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"未来时间\"></a>未来时间</h3><h2 id=\"完成式\"><a href=\"#完成式\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"完成式\"></a>完成式</h2>","excerpt":"","more":"<h1 id=\"动词时态\"><a href=\"#动词时态\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"动词时态\"></a>动词时态</h1><p>分成“时间”和“状态”，time 和 aspect</p>\n<p>时间：过去、现在，未来</p>\n<p>状态：主动，被动。。。动词后面的分词表示状态。</p>\n<h2 id=\"简单式\"><a href=\"#简单式\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"简单式\"></a>简单式</h2><h3 id=\"过去式\"><a href=\"#过去式\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"过去式\"></a>过去式</h3><h3 id=\"现在式\"><a href=\"#现在式\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"现在式\"></a>现在式</h3><h3 id=\"未来时间\"><a href=\"#未来时间\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"未来时间\"></a>未来时间</h3><h2 id=\"完成式\"><a href=\"#完成式\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"完成式\"></a>完成式</h2>"},{"layout":"post","title":"口语和写作","date":"2016-05-21T02:02:00.000Z","_content":"\n把英语用起来\n\n能用英文讲就不用中文讲\n\nInput v.s. Output\n\n可理解性输入决定输出的质量\n\n你要写的好就要读的多\n\n## 口语用起来1：口语\n\n* 战胜performance anxiety\n  焦虑只会持续几分钟。\n  系统脱敏\n\n* 透析口语圈\n\n * 对方听不明白也要坚持说，直到说到听明白为止。\n * 逐步扩大口语圈半径，拉拢不熟的人。\n   中文回答也没关系，当半个朋友圈\n * 网络口语圈QQ，WeChat\n\n\n* 没有练习，直接真刀真枪的用。\n\n## 口语用起来2：语音\n* VOA慢速英语跟读 - 跟读训练\n  不看文本，不是为了听懂，而是尽量模仿语音语调\n  小批量，多批次\n\n## 口语用起来3：流利\n\n正向单词&逆向单词\n英语思维是个结果，而不是过程，过程还是翻译\n口语流利就是词汇的问题 - 逆向透析\n* 硬件加速PK软件加速\n e.g 西门庆 “当铺”\n\n## 逆透析：反查中文原著\n\n判断哪些是无法逆向的，然后查词，查一个，漏一个。\n\n一词多意，选择最好记的一个。\n\n## 逆透析：开会同声传译\n逆透析词汇\n\n## 逆透析：查遍交通环境\n五金店\n石灰\n插座\n白水泥\n油漆\n\n## 逆透析：查遍家居环境\n衣服架\n排气扇\n热水器\n地拖吧\n旅游鞋\n卫生纸\n垃圾铲\n垫子\n地砖\n\n英文贴纸在家居上\n\n关键在于使用，结合口语圈\n\n## 逆透析必须结合口语圈\n* QQ群、微信群\n  先查查字典才说-逆透析先行\n  * 医学 子宫肌瘤\n  * 最大扭矩转速\n  * 法国长棍\n* 有input才有output\n\n## 写作用起来：写作圈\n* 发英文聊天\n* 发英文微博\n* 发英文微信朋友圈\n* 单词拼写正确，请学习AP的记者\n\n\n## 写作用起来：激励你的读者\n* 保健因素\n  * 卫生、安全、没有低级表达错误\n  * Word的 “拼写和语法” 检查\n\n* 激励因素\n  * 好吃、好看、高级表达\n  * 模板句\n\nFrederick Herzberg's\nTwo-factor theory\n\n## 写作用起来：模板句\n* 来自原著的模板造句\n  I have an entirely new slant to my English learning\n* 强扭的瓜才甜！\n\n## 写作用起来：增加模板\n\n## 写作用起来：#占领雅虎#\n模板句用起来，发一个相关评论并用文中一个模板句。\n\n## Homework：All in English Lifestyle\n* 结合专题短透析，每日分享一条新闻链接，并用文中模板写一句评论\n* 每天跟读1段voa special\n* 每日至少逆透析3个生活单词\n*\n","source":"_posts/english/2016-05-21-口语和写作.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"口语和写作\"\ndate: \"2016-05-21 10:02 +0800\"\n---\n\n把英语用起来\n\n能用英文讲就不用中文讲\n\nInput v.s. Output\n\n可理解性输入决定输出的质量\n\n你要写的好就要读的多\n\n## 口语用起来1：口语\n\n* 战胜performance anxiety\n  焦虑只会持续几分钟。\n  系统脱敏\n\n* 透析口语圈\n\n * 对方听不明白也要坚持说，直到说到听明白为止。\n * 逐步扩大口语圈半径，拉拢不熟的人。\n   中文回答也没关系，当半个朋友圈\n * 网络口语圈QQ，WeChat\n\n\n* 没有练习，直接真刀真枪的用。\n\n## 口语用起来2：语音\n* VOA慢速英语跟读 - 跟读训练\n  不看文本，不是为了听懂，而是尽量模仿语音语调\n  小批量，多批次\n\n## 口语用起来3：流利\n\n正向单词&逆向单词\n英语思维是个结果，而不是过程，过程还是翻译\n口语流利就是词汇的问题 - 逆向透析\n* 硬件加速PK软件加速\n e.g 西门庆 “当铺”\n\n## 逆透析：反查中文原著\n\n判断哪些是无法逆向的，然后查词，查一个，漏一个。\n\n一词多意，选择最好记的一个。\n\n## 逆透析：开会同声传译\n逆透析词汇\n\n## 逆透析：查遍交通环境\n五金店\n石灰\n插座\n白水泥\n油漆\n\n## 逆透析：查遍家居环境\n衣服架\n排气扇\n热水器\n地拖吧\n旅游鞋\n卫生纸\n垃圾铲\n垫子\n地砖\n\n英文贴纸在家居上\n\n关键在于使用，结合口语圈\n\n## 逆透析必须结合口语圈\n* QQ群、微信群\n  先查查字典才说-逆透析先行\n  * 医学 子宫肌瘤\n  * 最大扭矩转速\n  * 法国长棍\n* 有input才有output\n\n## 写作用起来：写作圈\n* 发英文聊天\n* 发英文微博\n* 发英文微信朋友圈\n* 单词拼写正确，请学习AP的记者\n\n\n## 写作用起来：激励你的读者\n* 保健因素\n  * 卫生、安全、没有低级表达错误\n  * Word的 “拼写和语法” 检查\n\n* 激励因素\n  * 好吃、好看、高级表达\n  * 模板句\n\nFrederick Herzberg's\nTwo-factor theory\n\n## 写作用起来：模板句\n* 来自原著的模板造句\n  I have an entirely new slant to my English learning\n* 强扭的瓜才甜！\n\n## 写作用起来：增加模板\n\n## 写作用起来：#占领雅虎#\n模板句用起来，发一个相关评论并用文中一个模板句。\n\n## Homework：All in English Lifestyle\n* 结合专题短透析，每日分享一条新闻链接，并用文中模板写一句评论\n* 每天跟读1段voa special\n* 每日至少逆透析3个生活单词\n*\n","slug":"english/2016-05-21-口语和写作","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T11:50:21.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiwj0006mkteu1j5c276","content":"<p>把英语用起来</p>\n<p>能用英文讲就不用中文讲</p>\n<p>Input v.s. Output</p>\n<p>可理解性输入决定输出的质量</p>\n<p>你要写的好就要读的多</p>\n<h2 id=\"口语用起来1：口语\"><a href=\"#口语用起来1：口语\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"口语用起来1：口语\"></a>口语用起来1：口语</h2><ul>\n<li><p>战胜performance anxiety<br>焦虑只会持续几分钟。<br>系统脱敏</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>透析口语圈</p>\n<ul>\n<li>对方听不明白也要坚持说，直到说到听明白为止。</li>\n<li>逐步扩大口语圈半径，拉拢不熟的人。<br>中文回答也没关系，当半个朋友圈</li>\n<li>网络口语圈QQ，WeChat</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>没有练习，直接真刀真枪的用。</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"口语用起来2：语音\"><a href=\"#口语用起来2：语音\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"口语用起来2：语音\"></a>口语用起来2：语音</h2><ul>\n<li>VOA慢速英语跟读 - 跟读训练<br>不看文本，不是为了听懂，而是尽量模仿语音语调<br>小批量，多批次</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"口语用起来3：流利\"><a href=\"#口语用起来3：流利\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"口语用起来3：流利\"></a>口语用起来3：流利</h2><p>正向单词&amp;逆向单词<br>英语思维是个结果，而不是过程，过程还是翻译<br>口语流利就是词汇的问题 - 逆向透析</p>\n<ul>\n<li>硬件加速PK软件加速<br>e.g 西门庆 “当铺”</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"逆透析：反查中文原著\"><a href=\"#逆透析：反查中文原著\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"逆透析：反查中文原著\"></a>逆透析：反查中文原著</h2><p>判断哪些是无法逆向的，然后查词，查一个，漏一个。</p>\n<p>一词多意，选择最好记的一个。</p>\n<h2 id=\"逆透析：开会同声传译\"><a href=\"#逆透析：开会同声传译\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"逆透析：开会同声传译\"></a>逆透析：开会同声传译</h2><p>逆透析词汇</p>\n<h2 id=\"逆透析：查遍交通环境\"><a href=\"#逆透析：查遍交通环境\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"逆透析：查遍交通环境\"></a>逆透析：查遍交通环境</h2><p>五金店<br>石灰<br>插座<br>白水泥<br>油漆</p>\n<h2 id=\"逆透析：查遍家居环境\"><a href=\"#逆透析：查遍家居环境\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"逆透析：查遍家居环境\"></a>逆透析：查遍家居环境</h2><p>衣服架<br>排气扇<br>热水器<br>地拖吧<br>旅游鞋<br>卫生纸<br>垃圾铲<br>垫子<br>地砖</p>\n<p>英文贴纸在家居上</p>\n<p>关键在于使用，结合口语圈</p>\n<h2 id=\"逆透析必须结合口语圈\"><a href=\"#逆透析必须结合口语圈\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"逆透析必须结合口语圈\"></a>逆透析必须结合口语圈</h2><ul>\n<li>QQ群、微信群<br>先查查字典才说-逆透析先行<ul>\n<li>医学 子宫肌瘤</li>\n<li>最大扭矩转速</li>\n<li>法国长棍</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>有input才有output</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"写作用起来：写作圈\"><a href=\"#写作用起来：写作圈\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"写作用起来：写作圈\"></a>写作用起来：写作圈</h2><ul>\n<li>发英文聊天</li>\n<li>发英文微博</li>\n<li>发英文微信朋友圈</li>\n<li>单词拼写正确，请学习AP的记者</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"写作用起来：激励你的读者\"><a href=\"#写作用起来：激励你的读者\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"写作用起来：激励你的读者\"></a>写作用起来：激励你的读者</h2><ul>\n<li><p>保健因素</p>\n<ul>\n<li>卫生、安全、没有低级表达错误</li>\n<li>Word的 “拼写和语法” 检查</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><p>激励因素</p>\n<ul>\n<li>好吃、好看、高级表达</li>\n<li>模板句</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Frederick Herzberg’s<br>Two-factor theory</p>\n<h2 id=\"写作用起来：模板句\"><a href=\"#写作用起来：模板句\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"写作用起来：模板句\"></a>写作用起来：模板句</h2><ul>\n<li>来自原著的模板造句<br>I have an entirely new slant to my English learning</li>\n<li>强扭的瓜才甜！</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"写作用起来：增加模板\"><a href=\"#写作用起来：增加模板\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"写作用起来：增加模板\"></a>写作用起来：增加模板</h2><h2 id=\"写作用起来：-占领雅虎\"><a href=\"#写作用起来：-占领雅虎\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"写作用起来：#占领雅虎\"></a>写作用起来：#占领雅虎</h2><p>模板句用起来，发一个相关评论并用文中一个模板句。</p>\n<h2 id=\"Homework：All-in-English-Lifestyle\"><a href=\"#Homework：All-in-English-Lifestyle\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Homework：All in English Lifestyle\"></a>Homework：All in English Lifestyle</h2><ul>\n<li>结合专题短透析，每日分享一条新闻链接，并用文中模板写一句评论</li>\n<li>每天跟读1段voa special</li>\n<li>每日至少逆透析3个生活单词<br>*</li>\n</ul>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<p>把英语用起来</p>\n<p>能用英文讲就不用中文讲</p>\n<p>Input v.s. Output</p>\n<p>可理解性输入决定输出的质量</p>\n<p>你要写的好就要读的多</p>\n<h2 id=\"口语用起来1：口语\"><a href=\"#口语用起来1：口语\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"口语用起来1：口语\"></a>口语用起来1：口语</h2><ul>\n<li><p>战胜performance anxiety<br>焦虑只会持续几分钟。<br>系统脱敏</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>透析口语圈</p>\n<ul>\n<li>对方听不明白也要坚持说，直到说到听明白为止。</li>\n<li>逐步扩大口语圈半径，拉拢不熟的人。<br>中文回答也没关系，当半个朋友圈</li>\n<li>网络口语圈QQ，WeChat</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>没有练习，直接真刀真枪的用。</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"口语用起来2：语音\"><a href=\"#口语用起来2：语音\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"口语用起来2：语音\"></a>口语用起来2：语音</h2><ul>\n<li>VOA慢速英语跟读 - 跟读训练<br>不看文本，不是为了听懂，而是尽量模仿语音语调<br>小批量，多批次</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"口语用起来3：流利\"><a href=\"#口语用起来3：流利\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"口语用起来3：流利\"></a>口语用起来3：流利</h2><p>正向单词&amp;逆向单词<br>英语思维是个结果，而不是过程，过程还是翻译<br>口语流利就是词汇的问题 - 逆向透析</p>\n<ul>\n<li>硬件加速PK软件加速<br>e.g 西门庆 “当铺”</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"逆透析：反查中文原著\"><a href=\"#逆透析：反查中文原著\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"逆透析：反查中文原著\"></a>逆透析：反查中文原著</h2><p>判断哪些是无法逆向的，然后查词，查一个，漏一个。</p>\n<p>一词多意，选择最好记的一个。</p>\n<h2 id=\"逆透析：开会同声传译\"><a href=\"#逆透析：开会同声传译\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"逆透析：开会同声传译\"></a>逆透析：开会同声传译</h2><p>逆透析词汇</p>\n<h2 id=\"逆透析：查遍交通环境\"><a href=\"#逆透析：查遍交通环境\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"逆透析：查遍交通环境\"></a>逆透析：查遍交通环境</h2><p>五金店<br>石灰<br>插座<br>白水泥<br>油漆</p>\n<h2 id=\"逆透析：查遍家居环境\"><a href=\"#逆透析：查遍家居环境\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"逆透析：查遍家居环境\"></a>逆透析：查遍家居环境</h2><p>衣服架<br>排气扇<br>热水器<br>地拖吧<br>旅游鞋<br>卫生纸<br>垃圾铲<br>垫子<br>地砖</p>\n<p>英文贴纸在家居上</p>\n<p>关键在于使用，结合口语圈</p>\n<h2 id=\"逆透析必须结合口语圈\"><a href=\"#逆透析必须结合口语圈\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"逆透析必须结合口语圈\"></a>逆透析必须结合口语圈</h2><ul>\n<li>QQ群、微信群<br>先查查字典才说-逆透析先行<ul>\n<li>医学 子宫肌瘤</li>\n<li>最大扭矩转速</li>\n<li>法国长棍</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>有input才有output</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"写作用起来：写作圈\"><a href=\"#写作用起来：写作圈\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"写作用起来：写作圈\"></a>写作用起来：写作圈</h2><ul>\n<li>发英文聊天</li>\n<li>发英文微博</li>\n<li>发英文微信朋友圈</li>\n<li>单词拼写正确，请学习AP的记者</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"写作用起来：激励你的读者\"><a href=\"#写作用起来：激励你的读者\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"写作用起来：激励你的读者\"></a>写作用起来：激励你的读者</h2><ul>\n<li><p>保健因素</p>\n<ul>\n<li>卫生、安全、没有低级表达错误</li>\n<li>Word的 “拼写和语法” 检查</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><p>激励因素</p>\n<ul>\n<li>好吃、好看、高级表达</li>\n<li>模板句</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Frederick Herzberg’s<br>Two-factor theory</p>\n<h2 id=\"写作用起来：模板句\"><a href=\"#写作用起来：模板句\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"写作用起来：模板句\"></a>写作用起来：模板句</h2><ul>\n<li>来自原著的模板造句<br>I have an entirely new slant to my English learning</li>\n<li>强扭的瓜才甜！</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"写作用起来：增加模板\"><a href=\"#写作用起来：增加模板\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"写作用起来：增加模板\"></a>写作用起来：增加模板</h2><h2 id=\"写作用起来：-占领雅虎\"><a href=\"#写作用起来：-占领雅虎\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"写作用起来：#占领雅虎\"></a>写作用起来：#占领雅虎</h2><p>模板句用起来，发一个相关评论并用文中一个模板句。</p>\n<h2 id=\"Homework：All-in-English-Lifestyle\"><a href=\"#Homework：All-in-English-Lifestyle\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Homework：All in English Lifestyle\"></a>Homework：All in English Lifestyle</h2><ul>\n<li>结合专题短透析，每日分享一条新闻链接，并用文中模板写一句评论</li>\n<li>每天跟读1段voa special</li>\n<li>每日至少逆透析3个生活单词<br>*</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"听力和短读","date":"2016-05-21T02:02:00.000Z","_content":"## 听英文歌\n\n就是为了享受，不是为了学习\n\n### 听Billboard\n\n为了能唱K， 听历年Billboard Year End.\n\n\n一个月听一年的Billboard Year End.\n\n找歌单Billboard Year End.\n\n## 看电影\n\n### 找电影 百度：变形金刚+ed2k或magnet\n\n### 关键 无字幕\n无字幕，可以将理解集中听力上，而不是字幕阅读\n从而打开听力通道，培养听力。\n\n### 不建议听有声书。\n书就是用来读，不是用来听。\n书面语录音，不自然，比较难懂。\n\n### QQ影音可以给字幕打马赛\n\n### 不看字幕能懂吗？\n看画面，就能懂意思\n\n### 听力听不懂原因\n\n听的少，听假英语。\n\n关键还是听力词汇量太少\n\n### Homeword\n每天听歌只听美国BILLBOARD HOT 100  \n每周看1部无字幕英文电影×4周  \n每天听电台只听韩国KBS English电台  \n每天看电视只看韩国Arirang电视台  \n每日专题透析一个英文网页  \n","source":"_posts/english/2016-06-12-听力和短读.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"听力和短读\"\ndate: \"2016-05-21 10:02 +0800\"\n---\n## 听英文歌\n\n就是为了享受，不是为了学习\n\n### 听Billboard\n\n为了能唱K， 听历年Billboard Year End.\n\n\n一个月听一年的Billboard Year End.\n\n找歌单Billboard Year End.\n\n## 看电影\n\n### 找电影 百度：变形金刚+ed2k或magnet\n\n### 关键 无字幕\n无字幕，可以将理解集中听力上，而不是字幕阅读\n从而打开听力通道，培养听力。\n\n### 不建议听有声书。\n书就是用来读，不是用来听。\n书面语录音，不自然，比较难懂。\n\n### QQ影音可以给字幕打马赛\n\n### 不看字幕能懂吗？\n看画面，就能懂意思\n\n### 听力听不懂原因\n\n听的少，听假英语。\n\n关键还是听力词汇量太少\n\n### Homeword\n每天听歌只听美国BILLBOARD HOT 100  \n每周看1部无字幕英文电影×4周  \n每天听电台只听韩国KBS English电台  \n每天看电视只看韩国Arirang电视台  \n每日专题透析一个英文网页  \n","slug":"english/2016-06-12-听力和短读","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiwl0007mkteobscvlq0","content":"<h2 id=\"听英文歌\"><a href=\"#听英文歌\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"听英文歌\"></a>听英文歌</h2><p>就是为了享受，不是为了学习</p>\n<h3 id=\"听Billboard\"><a href=\"#听Billboard\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"听Billboard\"></a>听Billboard</h3><p>为了能唱K， 听历年Billboard Year End.</p>\n<p>一个月听一年的Billboard Year End.</p>\n<p>找歌单Billboard Year End.</p>\n<h2 id=\"看电影\"><a href=\"#看电影\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"看电影\"></a>看电影</h2><h3 id=\"找电影-百度：变形金刚-ed2k或magnet\"><a href=\"#找电影-百度：变形金刚-ed2k或magnet\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"找电影 百度：变形金刚+ed2k或magnet\"></a>找电影 百度：变形金刚+ed2k或magnet</h3><h3 id=\"关键-无字幕\"><a href=\"#关键-无字幕\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"关键 无字幕\"></a>关键 无字幕</h3><p>无字幕，可以将理解集中听力上，而不是字幕阅读<br>从而打开听力通道，培养听力。</p>\n<h3 id=\"不建议听有声书。\"><a href=\"#不建议听有声书。\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"不建议听有声书。\"></a>不建议听有声书。</h3><p>书就是用来读，不是用来听。<br>书面语录音，不自然，比较难懂。</p>\n<h3 id=\"QQ影音可以给字幕打马赛\"><a href=\"#QQ影音可以给字幕打马赛\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"QQ影音可以给字幕打马赛\"></a>QQ影音可以给字幕打马赛</h3><h3 id=\"不看字幕能懂吗？\"><a href=\"#不看字幕能懂吗？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"不看字幕能懂吗？\"></a>不看字幕能懂吗？</h3><p>看画面，就能懂意思</p>\n<h3 id=\"听力听不懂原因\"><a href=\"#听力听不懂原因\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"听力听不懂原因\"></a>听力听不懂原因</h3><p>听的少，听假英语。</p>\n<p>关键还是听力词汇量太少</p>\n<h3 id=\"Homeword\"><a href=\"#Homeword\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Homeword\"></a>Homeword</h3><p>每天听歌只听美国BILLBOARD HOT 100<br>每周看1部无字幕英文电影×4周<br>每天听电台只听韩国KBS English电台<br>每天看电视只看韩国Arirang电视台<br>每日专题透析一个英文网页  </p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<h2 id=\"听英文歌\"><a href=\"#听英文歌\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"听英文歌\"></a>听英文歌</h2><p>就是为了享受，不是为了学习</p>\n<h3 id=\"听Billboard\"><a href=\"#听Billboard\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"听Billboard\"></a>听Billboard</h3><p>为了能唱K， 听历年Billboard Year End.</p>\n<p>一个月听一年的Billboard Year End.</p>\n<p>找歌单Billboard Year End.</p>\n<h2 id=\"看电影\"><a href=\"#看电影\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"看电影\"></a>看电影</h2><h3 id=\"找电影-百度：变形金刚-ed2k或magnet\"><a href=\"#找电影-百度：变形金刚-ed2k或magnet\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"找电影 百度：变形金刚+ed2k或magnet\"></a>找电影 百度：变形金刚+ed2k或magnet</h3><h3 id=\"关键-无字幕\"><a href=\"#关键-无字幕\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"关键 无字幕\"></a>关键 无字幕</h3><p>无字幕，可以将理解集中听力上，而不是字幕阅读<br>从而打开听力通道，培养听力。</p>\n<h3 id=\"不建议听有声书。\"><a href=\"#不建议听有声书。\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"不建议听有声书。\"></a>不建议听有声书。</h3><p>书就是用来读，不是用来听。<br>书面语录音，不自然，比较难懂。</p>\n<h3 id=\"QQ影音可以给字幕打马赛\"><a href=\"#QQ影音可以给字幕打马赛\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"QQ影音可以给字幕打马赛\"></a>QQ影音可以给字幕打马赛</h3><h3 id=\"不看字幕能懂吗？\"><a href=\"#不看字幕能懂吗？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"不看字幕能懂吗？\"></a>不看字幕能懂吗？</h3><p>看画面，就能懂意思</p>\n<h3 id=\"听力听不懂原因\"><a href=\"#听力听不懂原因\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"听力听不懂原因\"></a>听力听不懂原因</h3><p>听的少，听假英语。</p>\n<p>关键还是听力词汇量太少</p>\n<h3 id=\"Homeword\"><a href=\"#Homeword\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Homeword\"></a>Homeword</h3><p>每天听歌只听美国BILLBOARD HOT 100<br>每周看1部无字幕英文电影×4周<br>每天听电台只听韩国KBS English电台<br>每天看电视只看韩国Arirang电视台<br>每日专题透析一个英文网页  </p>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"如何开始阅读第一本英文原版书--kindle篇","date":"2016-06-27T02:02:00.000Z","_content":"\n如何开始阅读第一本英文原版书--kindle篇\n\n语言是用出来，不是学出来，在过去没有互联网的时候，确实很难找到使用英语的地方，特别是生活在村镇里的朋友，但是那已经是上个世纪的情况，现在各个语言水平的人都通过手机，互联网都可以找到使用语言的途径和方法。\n\n**最简单易行的使用英文地方就是读原版书了。**\n1. 提高英语\n2. 吸收知识\n一举两得，只要你花点心思，任何你感兴趣的原版书你都可以在网上找到。\n\n这里首先，介绍一些英语学习的理论，然后根据这些理论介绍一下我自己正在实践的方法——使用kindle读原版书。\n\n我个人觉得这是一个普通人能够长期坚持，提高英文水平，开阔眼界，不断成长的方法。\n\n## 理论篇\n\n简单阐述一下[Stephen Krashen的语言输入假说](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_hypothesis#Acquisition-learning_hypothesis)部分内容：\n\n###　１.有效性输入\n\n任何语言的使用包括四个方面：听，读，说，写。\n\n语言的输入，就是指语言的听和读了；语言的输出，就是说和写了。\n\n一个输入，一个输出，一进一出，所以语言的使用，必定是听读先行，说和写随后，而一开始一味的追求说和写，是完全不现实的，因为你根本就没有东西可输出。\n\n**而所谓的有效输入，是指你听到的，读到的都是你理解的，你明白的。**\n\n比如你听了半小时英语新闻，没有一条新闻听明白，那就不叫有效输入，你只不过是听了半小时噪音而已。\n\n比如你看英文书，看到第10页，你还不清楚它到底在讲什么，就不要在看下去了。那都不是有效输入。\n\n所以有效输入一定是通过稍稍努力能够看懂，听懂的输入内容。\n\n通过大量的有效性输入，积累大量的正确的语料，才能在需要输出的场合，做到随手拈来，正确表达。\n\n**所以大量的有效性输入（听，读），才正确输出（说、写）的前提，才是一切的开始和基础。**\n\n\n\n### 2. 难度i+1\n\n确定了有效输入是一切的开始和基础，那么该如何确定应该输入的难度呢？\n\n这是个非常关键的问题，为什么关键？因为输入内容太难，读不懂，无效；太简单了，原地踏步， 没有提高。\n\n**正确的难度应该是：稍微超过你目前水平，但又不至于让你无法理解**\n\n假设你目前的水平为i，那么目前你阅读和听力难度应该是i+1, 而不是i-1或i+0，太简单，无法得到提高；也不是i+2或者i+3，太难，不但无效，还产生挫败感。\n\n\n\n### 3. 小范围输入\n\n参考[The Case for Narrow Reading ](http://www.sdkrashen.com/content/articles/narrow.pdf)\n\n**小范围输入，就是将听和读的材料的类型和难度在一定时间内限制在一个小的范围内。**\n\n1. 每一个作者都有自己喜欢的表达和独特的风格；每个主题都有这个主题相关的词汇和表述；小范围大量阅读可以使这些表达、风格、词汇和表述不断的重复，达到不断巩固和加深目的。\n\n2. 背景知识是理解内容的一个重要部分，小范围阅读将让你迅速熟悉这个领域的背景知识，可以进一步去阅读这个领域更有深度的内容。\n\n可以从下面4个方面去缩小阅读范围：\n\n* 兴趣\n\n  兴趣是选择的首要标准，一本书不管它有多精彩，被吹的多么好，你没兴趣，你是看不下去的，最好的办法是，你喜欢看什么领域的中文书，找英文对应的领域的英文书的就好。\n\n   一个人可能有很多兴趣爱好，只选择感兴趣的一个领域。\n\n* 难度\n\n  对于中国人来说，难度主要在于词汇量。一本书，一页超过10个生词，基本就可以放弃了，虽然你可以查字典，勉强读下去，但是生词太多，就会降低阅读的乐趣，没乐趣的事，一般人都坚持不下去，你我都是一般人，别高估自己的毅力。\n\n* 类型\n\n  阅读材料的类型，我分为三大类：\n\n  1. 小说类\n  2. 新闻类\n  3. 专业类\n\n  大类中又分小类，比如 小说类，分童话，爱情，冒险，科幻等等。\n\n  建议从小说类入手，然后过渡到新闻和专业类书籍，这里主要说说最基础小说类-童书类。\n\n  你可能会觉得我都这么大了，读童书多幼稚啊~\n\n  没办法，谁叫我国大多数大学毕业的同学的词汇量就在4K ~5K之间，而美国8岁小孩的词汇已经过万了。\n\n  虽然这些书不会对你的人生起到什么指导作用，或者让你了解其他文化，也不会增加你多少自然人文知识，但是却给你以后读其他有深度的书提供基础。\n\n  这里强烈推荐 [The Chronicles of Narnia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia) 共7本，一本大约15章，一天一章，15天一本，轻轻松松三个月就读完了。\n\n* 作者\n\n  选择同一个作者的作品，比如读了《纳尼亚传奇》，就可以在找找它的作者C.S 路易斯其他作品读一读。\n\n  ​\n\n## 实践篇\n\n### 1. 前提\n\n1. 音标\n\n   48个音标会读\n\n2. 词汇\n\n   至少有1000个，会查字典，\n\n   不知道自己有多少词汇，可以在这里测[TestYourVocab](http://testyourvocab.com/)\n\n3. 语法\n\n   有大概的语法体系在心中，了解主谓宾位置和几大时态，会查语法书。\n\n   语法基础不好可以看看《文法俱乐部》。\n\n### 2. 选书\n\n#### 原则1：必须原版书。\n\n抛弃一切教材，简写书，比如新概念英语、follow me、朗文英语、书虫、床头灯等等。\n\n为什么？所有教材和简写书都不真实世界里的英语，都是经过作者简化设计过的，我们学英语的目的就是为了在真实世界中使用英语，为什么不一开始就从真正的英语开始。\n\n 现在浸泡式英语，国际学校如此流行，不就是提供了一个真实的英语环境而已，在原版书籍在网络上随处可捡的时代，我们为什么还要继续用一些上个世纪英文资源匮乏时的流行的教程来营造一个非真实的环境。\n\n所以非原版不读。\n\n#### 原则2：电子版（mobi、pdf、epud）\n\n纸质版书籍不好吗？\n\n不是不好，而是电子版更好：\n\n1. 方便携带，随处阅读，坐车，排队，等人时都可以看。\n\n2. 方便查词，降低阅读难度，如果用kindle或者多看阅读，完全可以秒译，用手指一按，翻译马上出来。\n\n#### 原则3：难度i+1\n\n* 一页下来，超过15个生词，即可放弃。\n* 10页内，还不知所云，也可放弃\n* 词汇量在4000左右，推荐读[“The Chronicles of Narnia”](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia)  共7本\n* 词汇量小于4000，推荐读[“Diary of a Wimpy Kid”](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid_(series)) 共10本\n\n\n#### 原则3： 小范围输入\n\n尽量选择同一题材，同一作家，词汇范围一致的书籍。\n\n比如读完魔幻类小说[“The Chronicles of Narnia”](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia)  共7本， 可以接着读《哈利波特》、《魔戒》等等。\n\n\n\n### 3. 阅读方法\n\n这里以《纳尼亚传奇》为例\n\n#### 每天阅读量\n\n1. 按页数：每天至少20页，最好40页\n2. 按章节： 每天至少1章节，最好3章\n\n足够多的页数或者至少一章。可以保持每个情节的完整性，可以使整本书的阅读体验连续完整，以阅读乐趣和获取信息为目的，阅读的目的从来就不是提高词汇量，词汇量知识顺便积累下来的。\n\n\n\n#### 每天阅读的时间：\n\n最好能早上有个大于1个小时的阅读时间，然后利用零碎时间阅读。\n\n工作了一天，晚上往往都是疲劳的状态，都是想放松放松的心态，此时不如早睡，把阅读时间换到在早上状态良好时。\n\n其实也是因人而异，有人就是夜猫子，晚上精力好。\n\n\n\n#### 每天实际操作（kindle）：\n\n1. 每天阅读前，先把昨天查过的单词过一遍，不超过10分钟，那么怎么过？\n\n   认识的单词就直接删除；\n\n   不认识的单词就看看意思就好了；\n\n   超过一个星期的单词，直接删除。\n\n在kindle上操作：\n\n\n**1. 点击屏幕上方，调出任务栏**\n![screenshot_2016_06_27T18_07_50+0800.png](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-aac800fafe75982d.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n**2. 点击右上角，在下拉菜单中，点击“Vocabulary Builder”（生词本）**\n\n![screenshot_2016_06_27T18_07_53+0800.png](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-77aa2382b8f139b0.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n**3. 在“Vocabulary Builder”中，看单词回忆单词意思。**\n![screenshot_2016_06_27T18_07_59+0800.png](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-3108690c6da1bcd7.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n\n**4. 将记住的单词删除，没记住的单词，看一下解释，保留**\n![screenshot_2016_06_27T18_08_08+0800.png](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-2271dea53644c516.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n\n\n\n   ​\n\n2. 阅读时，以页为单位，遇到生词和不懂语法结构，可以采用即指即译，查一个放一个的方法。\n\n   既减少了对阅读节奏和乐趣的干扰，又达到积累的目的。\n\n   时间一久，这样在相同难度的书籍，查词，查语法的干扰会越来越少。\n\n在kindle中操作：\n** 1. 阅读一页书中，遇到第一个生词，用手指选中生词（errand）；下一个单词就要放过，但句子的意思一定要脑补全。**\n![screenshot_2016_06_27T18_08_58+0800.png](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-f5fa75e4e2fe8905.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n\n** 2. 在弹出的解释中，找到最贴切的解释，并放该释意到原文中理解，忽略其他解释，千万不要向背单词一样去把所有意思都背下。**\n![screenshot_2016_06_27T18_26_23+0800.png](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-238259ce89ee4bd7.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n**3. 查过的单词，自动会出现在“Vocabulary Builder”中（errand），将来可以复习。**\n![screenshot_2016_06_27T18_09_22+0800.png](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-6c82dd328b2aebfb.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n\n\n\n阅读时，最好能配上两本语法书：《文法俱乐部》+新东方《语法新思维》，遇到不明白的语法结构，两者对照查。\n\n\n\n**我想“有效性输入”，“难度i+1”，“小范围输入”这三个原则，其实大白话就是，在某个领域内，认清自己的实际水平，循序渐进的边学边用。按照它其实可以随意创造自己的学习方法，只要满足这三原则，一般都错不了。而且不单单是语言学习，其他方面也可以使用的。**\n","source":"_posts/english/2016-06-26-如何开始阅读第一本英文原版书--kindle篇.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"如何开始阅读第一本英文原版书--kindle篇\"\ndate: \"2016-06-27 10:02 +0800\"\n---\n\n如何开始阅读第一本英文原版书--kindle篇\n\n语言是用出来，不是学出来，在过去没有互联网的时候，确实很难找到使用英语的地方，特别是生活在村镇里的朋友，但是那已经是上个世纪的情况，现在各个语言水平的人都通过手机，互联网都可以找到使用语言的途径和方法。\n\n**最简单易行的使用英文地方就是读原版书了。**\n1. 提高英语\n2. 吸收知识\n一举两得，只要你花点心思，任何你感兴趣的原版书你都可以在网上找到。\n\n这里首先，介绍一些英语学习的理论，然后根据这些理论介绍一下我自己正在实践的方法——使用kindle读原版书。\n\n我个人觉得这是一个普通人能够长期坚持，提高英文水平，开阔眼界，不断成长的方法。\n\n## 理论篇\n\n简单阐述一下[Stephen Krashen的语言输入假说](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_hypothesis#Acquisition-learning_hypothesis)部分内容：\n\n###　１.有效性输入\n\n任何语言的使用包括四个方面：听，读，说，写。\n\n语言的输入，就是指语言的听和读了；语言的输出，就是说和写了。\n\n一个输入，一个输出，一进一出，所以语言的使用，必定是听读先行，说和写随后，而一开始一味的追求说和写，是完全不现实的，因为你根本就没有东西可输出。\n\n**而所谓的有效输入，是指你听到的，读到的都是你理解的，你明白的。**\n\n比如你听了半小时英语新闻，没有一条新闻听明白，那就不叫有效输入，你只不过是听了半小时噪音而已。\n\n比如你看英文书，看到第10页，你还不清楚它到底在讲什么，就不要在看下去了。那都不是有效输入。\n\n所以有效输入一定是通过稍稍努力能够看懂，听懂的输入内容。\n\n通过大量的有效性输入，积累大量的正确的语料，才能在需要输出的场合，做到随手拈来，正确表达。\n\n**所以大量的有效性输入（听，读），才正确输出（说、写）的前提，才是一切的开始和基础。**\n\n\n\n### 2. 难度i+1\n\n确定了有效输入是一切的开始和基础，那么该如何确定应该输入的难度呢？\n\n这是个非常关键的问题，为什么关键？因为输入内容太难，读不懂，无效；太简单了，原地踏步， 没有提高。\n\n**正确的难度应该是：稍微超过你目前水平，但又不至于让你无法理解**\n\n假设你目前的水平为i，那么目前你阅读和听力难度应该是i+1, 而不是i-1或i+0，太简单，无法得到提高；也不是i+2或者i+3，太难，不但无效，还产生挫败感。\n\n\n\n### 3. 小范围输入\n\n参考[The Case for Narrow Reading ](http://www.sdkrashen.com/content/articles/narrow.pdf)\n\n**小范围输入，就是将听和读的材料的类型和难度在一定时间内限制在一个小的范围内。**\n\n1. 每一个作者都有自己喜欢的表达和独特的风格；每个主题都有这个主题相关的词汇和表述；小范围大量阅读可以使这些表达、风格、词汇和表述不断的重复，达到不断巩固和加深目的。\n\n2. 背景知识是理解内容的一个重要部分，小范围阅读将让你迅速熟悉这个领域的背景知识，可以进一步去阅读这个领域更有深度的内容。\n\n可以从下面4个方面去缩小阅读范围：\n\n* 兴趣\n\n  兴趣是选择的首要标准，一本书不管它有多精彩，被吹的多么好，你没兴趣，你是看不下去的，最好的办法是，你喜欢看什么领域的中文书，找英文对应的领域的英文书的就好。\n\n   一个人可能有很多兴趣爱好，只选择感兴趣的一个领域。\n\n* 难度\n\n  对于中国人来说，难度主要在于词汇量。一本书，一页超过10个生词，基本就可以放弃了，虽然你可以查字典，勉强读下去，但是生词太多，就会降低阅读的乐趣，没乐趣的事，一般人都坚持不下去，你我都是一般人，别高估自己的毅力。\n\n* 类型\n\n  阅读材料的类型，我分为三大类：\n\n  1. 小说类\n  2. 新闻类\n  3. 专业类\n\n  大类中又分小类，比如 小说类，分童话，爱情，冒险，科幻等等。\n\n  建议从小说类入手，然后过渡到新闻和专业类书籍，这里主要说说最基础小说类-童书类。\n\n  你可能会觉得我都这么大了，读童书多幼稚啊~\n\n  没办法，谁叫我国大多数大学毕业的同学的词汇量就在4K ~5K之间，而美国8岁小孩的词汇已经过万了。\n\n  虽然这些书不会对你的人生起到什么指导作用，或者让你了解其他文化，也不会增加你多少自然人文知识，但是却给你以后读其他有深度的书提供基础。\n\n  这里强烈推荐 [The Chronicles of Narnia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia) 共7本，一本大约15章，一天一章，15天一本，轻轻松松三个月就读完了。\n\n* 作者\n\n  选择同一个作者的作品，比如读了《纳尼亚传奇》，就可以在找找它的作者C.S 路易斯其他作品读一读。\n\n  ​\n\n## 实践篇\n\n### 1. 前提\n\n1. 音标\n\n   48个音标会读\n\n2. 词汇\n\n   至少有1000个，会查字典，\n\n   不知道自己有多少词汇，可以在这里测[TestYourVocab](http://testyourvocab.com/)\n\n3. 语法\n\n   有大概的语法体系在心中，了解主谓宾位置和几大时态，会查语法书。\n\n   语法基础不好可以看看《文法俱乐部》。\n\n### 2. 选书\n\n#### 原则1：必须原版书。\n\n抛弃一切教材，简写书，比如新概念英语、follow me、朗文英语、书虫、床头灯等等。\n\n为什么？所有教材和简写书都不真实世界里的英语，都是经过作者简化设计过的，我们学英语的目的就是为了在真实世界中使用英语，为什么不一开始就从真正的英语开始。\n\n 现在浸泡式英语，国际学校如此流行，不就是提供了一个真实的英语环境而已，在原版书籍在网络上随处可捡的时代，我们为什么还要继续用一些上个世纪英文资源匮乏时的流行的教程来营造一个非真实的环境。\n\n所以非原版不读。\n\n#### 原则2：电子版（mobi、pdf、epud）\n\n纸质版书籍不好吗？\n\n不是不好，而是电子版更好：\n\n1. 方便携带，随处阅读，坐车，排队，等人时都可以看。\n\n2. 方便查词，降低阅读难度，如果用kindle或者多看阅读，完全可以秒译，用手指一按，翻译马上出来。\n\n#### 原则3：难度i+1\n\n* 一页下来，超过15个生词，即可放弃。\n* 10页内，还不知所云，也可放弃\n* 词汇量在4000左右，推荐读[“The Chronicles of Narnia”](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia)  共7本\n* 词汇量小于4000，推荐读[“Diary of a Wimpy Kid”](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid_(series)) 共10本\n\n\n#### 原则3： 小范围输入\n\n尽量选择同一题材，同一作家，词汇范围一致的书籍。\n\n比如读完魔幻类小说[“The Chronicles of Narnia”](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia)  共7本， 可以接着读《哈利波特》、《魔戒》等等。\n\n\n\n### 3. 阅读方法\n\n这里以《纳尼亚传奇》为例\n\n#### 每天阅读量\n\n1. 按页数：每天至少20页，最好40页\n2. 按章节： 每天至少1章节，最好3章\n\n足够多的页数或者至少一章。可以保持每个情节的完整性，可以使整本书的阅读体验连续完整，以阅读乐趣和获取信息为目的，阅读的目的从来就不是提高词汇量，词汇量知识顺便积累下来的。\n\n\n\n#### 每天阅读的时间：\n\n最好能早上有个大于1个小时的阅读时间，然后利用零碎时间阅读。\n\n工作了一天，晚上往往都是疲劳的状态，都是想放松放松的心态，此时不如早睡，把阅读时间换到在早上状态良好时。\n\n其实也是因人而异，有人就是夜猫子，晚上精力好。\n\n\n\n#### 每天实际操作（kindle）：\n\n1. 每天阅读前，先把昨天查过的单词过一遍，不超过10分钟，那么怎么过？\n\n   认识的单词就直接删除；\n\n   不认识的单词就看看意思就好了；\n\n   超过一个星期的单词，直接删除。\n\n在kindle上操作：\n\n\n**1. 点击屏幕上方，调出任务栏**\n![screenshot_2016_06_27T18_07_50+0800.png](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-aac800fafe75982d.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n**2. 点击右上角，在下拉菜单中，点击“Vocabulary Builder”（生词本）**\n\n![screenshot_2016_06_27T18_07_53+0800.png](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-77aa2382b8f139b0.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n**3. 在“Vocabulary Builder”中，看单词回忆单词意思。**\n![screenshot_2016_06_27T18_07_59+0800.png](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-3108690c6da1bcd7.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n\n**4. 将记住的单词删除，没记住的单词，看一下解释，保留**\n![screenshot_2016_06_27T18_08_08+0800.png](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-2271dea53644c516.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n\n\n\n   ​\n\n2. 阅读时，以页为单位，遇到生词和不懂语法结构，可以采用即指即译，查一个放一个的方法。\n\n   既减少了对阅读节奏和乐趣的干扰，又达到积累的目的。\n\n   时间一久，这样在相同难度的书籍，查词，查语法的干扰会越来越少。\n\n在kindle中操作：\n** 1. 阅读一页书中，遇到第一个生词，用手指选中生词（errand）；下一个单词就要放过，但句子的意思一定要脑补全。**\n![screenshot_2016_06_27T18_08_58+0800.png](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-f5fa75e4e2fe8905.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n\n** 2. 在弹出的解释中，找到最贴切的解释，并放该释意到原文中理解，忽略其他解释，千万不要向背单词一样去把所有意思都背下。**\n![screenshot_2016_06_27T18_26_23+0800.png](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-238259ce89ee4bd7.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n**3. 查过的单词，自动会出现在“Vocabulary Builder”中（errand），将来可以复习。**\n![screenshot_2016_06_27T18_09_22+0800.png](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-6c82dd328b2aebfb.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n\n\n\n阅读时，最好能配上两本语法书：《文法俱乐部》+新东方《语法新思维》，遇到不明白的语法结构，两者对照查。\n\n\n\n**我想“有效性输入”，“难度i+1”，“小范围输入”这三个原则，其实大白话就是，在某个领域内，认清自己的实际水平，循序渐进的边学边用。按照它其实可以随意创造自己的学习方法，只要满足这三原则，一般都错不了。而且不单单是语言学习，其他方面也可以使用的。**\n","slug":"english/2016-06-26-如何开始阅读第一本英文原版书--kindle篇","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiwn0008mkte5oe7kca8","content":"<p>如何开始阅读第一本英文原版书–kindle篇</p>\n<p>语言是用出来，不是学出来，在过去没有互联网的时候，确实很难找到使用英语的地方，特别是生活在村镇里的朋友，但是那已经是上个世纪的情况，现在各个语言水平的人都通过手机，互联网都可以找到使用语言的途径和方法。</p>\n<p><strong>最简单易行的使用英文地方就是读原版书了。</strong></p>\n<ol>\n<li>提高英语</li>\n<li>吸收知识<br>一举两得，只要你花点心思，任何你感兴趣的原版书你都可以在网上找到。</li>\n</ol>\n<p>这里首先，介绍一些英语学习的理论，然后根据这些理论介绍一下我自己正在实践的方法——使用kindle读原版书。</p>\n<p>我个人觉得这是一个普通人能够长期坚持，提高英文水平，开阔眼界，不断成长的方法。</p>\n<h2 id=\"理论篇\"><a href=\"#理论篇\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"理论篇\"></a>理论篇</h2><p>简单阐述一下<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_hypothesis#Acquisition-learning_hypothesis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">Stephen Krashen的语言输入假说</a>部分内容：</p>\n<p>###　１.有效性输入</p>\n<p>任何语言的使用包括四个方面：听，读，说，写。</p>\n<p>语言的输入，就是指语言的听和读了；语言的输出，就是说和写了。</p>\n<p>一个输入，一个输出，一进一出，所以语言的使用，必定是听读先行，说和写随后，而一开始一味的追求说和写，是完全不现实的，因为你根本就没有东西可输出。</p>\n<p><strong>而所谓的有效输入，是指你听到的，读到的都是你理解的，你明白的。</strong></p>\n<p>比如你听了半小时英语新闻，没有一条新闻听明白，那就不叫有效输入，你只不过是听了半小时噪音而已。</p>\n<p>比如你看英文书，看到第10页，你还不清楚它到底在讲什么，就不要在看下去了。那都不是有效输入。</p>\n<p>所以有效输入一定是通过稍稍努力能够看懂，听懂的输入内容。</p>\n<p>通过大量的有效性输入，积累大量的正确的语料，才能在需要输出的场合，做到随手拈来，正确表达。</p>\n<p><strong>所以大量的有效性输入（听，读），才正确输出（说、写）的前提，才是一切的开始和基础。</strong></p>\n<h3 id=\"2-难度i-1\"><a href=\"#2-难度i-1\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2. 难度i+1\"></a>2. 难度i+1</h3><p>确定了有效输入是一切的开始和基础，那么该如何确定应该输入的难度呢？</p>\n<p>这是个非常关键的问题，为什么关键？因为输入内容太难，读不懂，无效；太简单了，原地踏步， 没有提高。</p>\n<p><strong>正确的难度应该是：稍微超过你目前水平，但又不至于让你无法理解</strong></p>\n<p>假设你目前的水平为i，那么目前你阅读和听力难度应该是i+1, 而不是i-1或i+0，太简单，无法得到提高；也不是i+2或者i+3，太难，不但无效，还产生挫败感。</p>\n<h3 id=\"3-小范围输入\"><a href=\"#3-小范围输入\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"3. 小范围输入\"></a>3. 小范围输入</h3><p>参考<a href=\"http://www.sdkrashen.com/content/articles/narrow.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">The Case for Narrow Reading </a></p>\n<p><strong>小范围输入，就是将听和读的材料的类型和难度在一定时间内限制在一个小的范围内。</strong></p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>每一个作者都有自己喜欢的表达和独特的风格；每个主题都有这个主题相关的词汇和表述；小范围大量阅读可以使这些表达、风格、词汇和表述不断的重复，达到不断巩固和加深目的。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>背景知识是理解内容的一个重要部分，小范围阅读将让你迅速熟悉这个领域的背景知识，可以进一步去阅读这个领域更有深度的内容。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p>可以从下面4个方面去缩小阅读范围：</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>兴趣</p>\n<p>兴趣是选择的首要标准，一本书不管它有多精彩，被吹的多么好，你没兴趣，你是看不下去的，最好的办法是，你喜欢看什么领域的中文书，找英文对应的领域的英文书的就好。</p>\n<p> 一个人可能有很多兴趣爱好，只选择感兴趣的一个领域。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>难度</p>\n<p>对于中国人来说，难度主要在于词汇量。一本书，一页超过10个生词，基本就可以放弃了，虽然你可以查字典，勉强读下去，但是生词太多，就会降低阅读的乐趣，没乐趣的事，一般人都坚持不下去，你我都是一般人，别高估自己的毅力。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>类型</p>\n<p>阅读材料的类型，我分为三大类：</p>\n<ol>\n<li>小说类</li>\n<li>新闻类</li>\n<li>专业类</li>\n</ol>\n<p>大类中又分小类，比如 小说类，分童话，爱情，冒险，科幻等等。</p>\n<p>建议从小说类入手，然后过渡到新闻和专业类书籍，这里主要说说最基础小说类-童书类。</p>\n<p>你可能会觉得我都这么大了，读童书多幼稚啊~</p>\n<p>没办法，谁叫我国大多数大学毕业的同学的词汇量就在4K ~5K之间，而美国8岁小孩的词汇已经过万了。</p>\n<p>虽然这些书不会对你的人生起到什么指导作用，或者让你了解其他文化，也不会增加你多少自然人文知识，但是却给你以后读其他有深度的书提供基础。</p>\n<p>这里强烈推荐 <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">The Chronicles of Narnia</a> 共7本，一本大约15章，一天一章，15天一本，轻轻松松三个月就读完了。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>作者</p>\n<p>选择同一个作者的作品，比如读了《纳尼亚传奇》，就可以在找找它的作者C.S 路易斯其他作品读一读。</p>\n<p>​</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"实践篇\"><a href=\"#实践篇\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"实践篇\"></a>实践篇</h2><h3 id=\"1-前提\"><a href=\"#1-前提\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"1. 前提\"></a>1. 前提</h3><ol>\n<li><p>音标</p>\n<p>48个音标会读</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>词汇</p>\n<p>至少有1000个，会查字典，</p>\n<p>不知道自己有多少词汇，可以在这里测<a href=\"http://testyourvocab.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">TestYourVocab</a></p>\n</li>\n<li><p>语法</p>\n<p>有大概的语法体系在心中，了解主谓宾位置和几大时态，会查语法书。</p>\n<p>语法基础不好可以看看《文法俱乐部》。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"2-选书\"><a href=\"#2-选书\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2. 选书\"></a>2. 选书</h3><h4 id=\"原则1：必须原版书。\"><a href=\"#原则1：必须原版书。\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"原则1：必须原版书。\"></a>原则1：必须原版书。</h4><p>抛弃一切教材，简写书，比如新概念英语、follow me、朗文英语、书虫、床头灯等等。</p>\n<p>为什么？所有教材和简写书都不真实世界里的英语，都是经过作者简化设计过的，我们学英语的目的就是为了在真实世界中使用英语，为什么不一开始就从真正的英语开始。</p>\n<p> 现在浸泡式英语，国际学校如此流行，不就是提供了一个真实的英语环境而已，在原版书籍在网络上随处可捡的时代，我们为什么还要继续用一些上个世纪英文资源匮乏时的流行的教程来营造一个非真实的环境。</p>\n<p>所以非原版不读。</p>\n<h4 id=\"原则2：电子版（mobi、pdf、epud）\"><a href=\"#原则2：电子版（mobi、pdf、epud）\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"原则2：电子版（mobi、pdf、epud）\"></a>原则2：电子版（mobi、pdf、epud）</h4><p>纸质版书籍不好吗？</p>\n<p>不是不好，而是电子版更好：</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>方便携带，随处阅读，坐车，排队，等人时都可以看。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>方便查词，降低阅读难度，如果用kindle或者多看阅读，完全可以秒译，用手指一按，翻译马上出来。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"原则3：难度i-1\"><a href=\"#原则3：难度i-1\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"原则3：难度i+1\"></a>原则3：难度i+1</h4><ul>\n<li>一页下来，超过15个生词，即可放弃。</li>\n<li>10页内，还不知所云，也可放弃</li>\n<li>词汇量在4000左右，推荐读<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">“The Chronicles of Narnia”</a>  共7本</li>\n<li>词汇量小于4000，推荐读<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid_(series\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">“Diary of a Wimpy Kid”</a>) 共10本</li>\n</ul>\n<h4 id=\"原则3：-小范围输入\"><a href=\"#原则3：-小范围输入\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"原则3： 小范围输入\"></a>原则3： 小范围输入</h4><p>尽量选择同一题材，同一作家，词汇范围一致的书籍。</p>\n<p>比如读完魔幻类小说<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">“The Chronicles of Narnia”</a>  共7本， 可以接着读《哈利波特》、《魔戒》等等。</p>\n<h3 id=\"3-阅读方法\"><a href=\"#3-阅读方法\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"3. 阅读方法\"></a>3. 阅读方法</h3><p>这里以《纳尼亚传奇》为例</p>\n<h4 id=\"每天阅读量\"><a href=\"#每天阅读量\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"每天阅读量\"></a>每天阅读量</h4><ol>\n<li>按页数：每天至少20页，最好40页</li>\n<li>按章节： 每天至少1章节，最好3章</li>\n</ol>\n<p>足够多的页数或者至少一章。可以保持每个情节的完整性，可以使整本书的阅读体验连续完整，以阅读乐趣和获取信息为目的，阅读的目的从来就不是提高词汇量，词汇量知识顺便积累下来的。</p>\n<h4 id=\"每天阅读的时间：\"><a href=\"#每天阅读的时间：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"每天阅读的时间：\"></a>每天阅读的时间：</h4><p>最好能早上有个大于1个小时的阅读时间，然后利用零碎时间阅读。</p>\n<p>工作了一天，晚上往往都是疲劳的状态，都是想放松放松的心态，此时不如早睡，把阅读时间换到在早上状态良好时。</p>\n<p>其实也是因人而异，有人就是夜猫子，晚上精力好。</p>\n<h4 id=\"每天实际操作（kindle）：\"><a href=\"#每天实际操作（kindle）：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"每天实际操作（kindle）：\"></a>每天实际操作（kindle）：</h4><ol>\n<li><p>每天阅读前，先把昨天查过的单词过一遍，不超过10分钟，那么怎么过？</p>\n<p>认识的单词就直接删除；</p>\n<p>不认识的单词就看看意思就好了；</p>\n<p>超过一个星期的单词，直接删除。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p>在kindle上操作：</p>\n<p><strong>1. 点击屏幕上方，调出任务栏</strong><br><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-aac800fafe75982d.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"screenshot_2016_06_27T18_07_50+0800.png\"></p>\n<p><strong>2. 点击右上角，在下拉菜单中，点击“Vocabulary Builder”（生词本）</strong></p>\n<p><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-77aa2382b8f139b0.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"screenshot_2016_06_27T18_07_53+0800.png\"></p>\n<p><strong>3. 在“Vocabulary Builder”中，看单词回忆单词意思。</strong><br><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-3108690c6da1bcd7.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"screenshot_2016_06_27T18_07_59+0800.png\"></p>\n<p><strong>4. 将记住的单词删除，没记住的单词，看一下解释，保留</strong><br><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-2271dea53644c516.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"screenshot_2016_06_27T18_08_08+0800.png\"></p>\n<p>   ​</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>阅读时，以页为单位，遇到生词和不懂语法结构，可以采用即指即译，查一个放一个的方法。</p>\n<p>既减少了对阅读节奏和乐趣的干扰，又达到积累的目的。</p>\n<p>时间一久，这样在相同难度的书籍，查词，查语法的干扰会越来越少。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p>在kindle中操作：<br><strong> 1. 阅读一页书中，遇到第一个生词，用手指选中生词（errand）；下一个单词就要放过，但句子的意思一定要脑补全。</strong><br><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-f5fa75e4e2fe8905.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"screenshot_2016_06_27T18_08_58+0800.png\"></p>\n<p><strong> 2. 在弹出的解释中，找到最贴切的解释，并放该释意到原文中理解，忽略其他解释，千万不要向背单词一样去把所有意思都背下。</strong><br><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-238259ce89ee4bd7.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"screenshot_2016_06_27T18_26_23+0800.png\"></p>\n<p><strong>3. 查过的单词，自动会出现在“Vocabulary Builder”中（errand），将来可以复习。</strong><br><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-6c82dd328b2aebfb.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"screenshot_2016_06_27T18_09_22+0800.png\"></p>\n<p>阅读时，最好能配上两本语法书：《文法俱乐部》+新东方《语法新思维》，遇到不明白的语法结构，两者对照查。</p>\n<p><strong>我想“有效性输入”，“难度i+1”，“小范围输入”这三个原则，其实大白话就是，在某个领域内，认清自己的实际水平，循序渐进的边学边用。按照它其实可以随意创造自己的学习方法，只要满足这三原则，一般都错不了。而且不单单是语言学习，其他方面也可以使用的。</strong></p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<p>如何开始阅读第一本英文原版书–kindle篇</p>\n<p>语言是用出来，不是学出来，在过去没有互联网的时候，确实很难找到使用英语的地方，特别是生活在村镇里的朋友，但是那已经是上个世纪的情况，现在各个语言水平的人都通过手机，互联网都可以找到使用语言的途径和方法。</p>\n<p><strong>最简单易行的使用英文地方就是读原版书了。</strong></p>\n<ol>\n<li>提高英语</li>\n<li>吸收知识<br>一举两得，只要你花点心思，任何你感兴趣的原版书你都可以在网上找到。</li>\n</ol>\n<p>这里首先，介绍一些英语学习的理论，然后根据这些理论介绍一下我自己正在实践的方法——使用kindle读原版书。</p>\n<p>我个人觉得这是一个普通人能够长期坚持，提高英文水平，开阔眼界，不断成长的方法。</p>\n<h2 id=\"理论篇\"><a href=\"#理论篇\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"理论篇\"></a>理论篇</h2><p>简单阐述一下<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_hypothesis#Acquisition-learning_hypothesis\">Stephen Krashen的语言输入假说</a>部分内容：</p>\n<p>###　１.有效性输入</p>\n<p>任何语言的使用包括四个方面：听，读，说，写。</p>\n<p>语言的输入，就是指语言的听和读了；语言的输出，就是说和写了。</p>\n<p>一个输入，一个输出，一进一出，所以语言的使用，必定是听读先行，说和写随后，而一开始一味的追求说和写，是完全不现实的，因为你根本就没有东西可输出。</p>\n<p><strong>而所谓的有效输入，是指你听到的，读到的都是你理解的，你明白的。</strong></p>\n<p>比如你听了半小时英语新闻，没有一条新闻听明白，那就不叫有效输入，你只不过是听了半小时噪音而已。</p>\n<p>比如你看英文书，看到第10页，你还不清楚它到底在讲什么，就不要在看下去了。那都不是有效输入。</p>\n<p>所以有效输入一定是通过稍稍努力能够看懂，听懂的输入内容。</p>\n<p>通过大量的有效性输入，积累大量的正确的语料，才能在需要输出的场合，做到随手拈来，正确表达。</p>\n<p><strong>所以大量的有效性输入（听，读），才正确输出（说、写）的前提，才是一切的开始和基础。</strong></p>\n<h3 id=\"2-难度i-1\"><a href=\"#2-难度i-1\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2. 难度i+1\"></a>2. 难度i+1</h3><p>确定了有效输入是一切的开始和基础，那么该如何确定应该输入的难度呢？</p>\n<p>这是个非常关键的问题，为什么关键？因为输入内容太难，读不懂，无效；太简单了，原地踏步， 没有提高。</p>\n<p><strong>正确的难度应该是：稍微超过你目前水平，但又不至于让你无法理解</strong></p>\n<p>假设你目前的水平为i，那么目前你阅读和听力难度应该是i+1, 而不是i-1或i+0，太简单，无法得到提高；也不是i+2或者i+3，太难，不但无效，还产生挫败感。</p>\n<h3 id=\"3-小范围输入\"><a href=\"#3-小范围输入\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"3. 小范围输入\"></a>3. 小范围输入</h3><p>参考<a href=\"http://www.sdkrashen.com/content/articles/narrow.pdf\">The Case for Narrow Reading </a></p>\n<p><strong>小范围输入，就是将听和读的材料的类型和难度在一定时间内限制在一个小的范围内。</strong></p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>每一个作者都有自己喜欢的表达和独特的风格；每个主题都有这个主题相关的词汇和表述；小范围大量阅读可以使这些表达、风格、词汇和表述不断的重复，达到不断巩固和加深目的。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>背景知识是理解内容的一个重要部分，小范围阅读将让你迅速熟悉这个领域的背景知识，可以进一步去阅读这个领域更有深度的内容。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p>可以从下面4个方面去缩小阅读范围：</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>兴趣</p>\n<p>兴趣是选择的首要标准，一本书不管它有多精彩，被吹的多么好，你没兴趣，你是看不下去的，最好的办法是，你喜欢看什么领域的中文书，找英文对应的领域的英文书的就好。</p>\n<p> 一个人可能有很多兴趣爱好，只选择感兴趣的一个领域。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>难度</p>\n<p>对于中国人来说，难度主要在于词汇量。一本书，一页超过10个生词，基本就可以放弃了，虽然你可以查字典，勉强读下去，但是生词太多，就会降低阅读的乐趣，没乐趣的事，一般人都坚持不下去，你我都是一般人，别高估自己的毅力。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>类型</p>\n<p>阅读材料的类型，我分为三大类：</p>\n<ol>\n<li>小说类</li>\n<li>新闻类</li>\n<li>专业类</li>\n</ol>\n<p>大类中又分小类，比如 小说类，分童话，爱情，冒险，科幻等等。</p>\n<p>建议从小说类入手，然后过渡到新闻和专业类书籍，这里主要说说最基础小说类-童书类。</p>\n<p>你可能会觉得我都这么大了，读童书多幼稚啊~</p>\n<p>没办法，谁叫我国大多数大学毕业的同学的词汇量就在4K ~5K之间，而美国8岁小孩的词汇已经过万了。</p>\n<p>虽然这些书不会对你的人生起到什么指导作用，或者让你了解其他文化，也不会增加你多少自然人文知识，但是却给你以后读其他有深度的书提供基础。</p>\n<p>这里强烈推荐 <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia\">The Chronicles of Narnia</a> 共7本，一本大约15章，一天一章，15天一本，轻轻松松三个月就读完了。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>作者</p>\n<p>选择同一个作者的作品，比如读了《纳尼亚传奇》，就可以在找找它的作者C.S 路易斯其他作品读一读。</p>\n<p>​</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"实践篇\"><a href=\"#实践篇\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"实践篇\"></a>实践篇</h2><h3 id=\"1-前提\"><a href=\"#1-前提\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"1. 前提\"></a>1. 前提</h3><ol>\n<li><p>音标</p>\n<p>48个音标会读</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>词汇</p>\n<p>至少有1000个，会查字典，</p>\n<p>不知道自己有多少词汇，可以在这里测<a href=\"http://testyourvocab.com/\">TestYourVocab</a></p>\n</li>\n<li><p>语法</p>\n<p>有大概的语法体系在心中，了解主谓宾位置和几大时态，会查语法书。</p>\n<p>语法基础不好可以看看《文法俱乐部》。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"2-选书\"><a href=\"#2-选书\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2. 选书\"></a>2. 选书</h3><h4 id=\"原则1：必须原版书。\"><a href=\"#原则1：必须原版书。\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"原则1：必须原版书。\"></a>原则1：必须原版书。</h4><p>抛弃一切教材，简写书，比如新概念英语、follow me、朗文英语、书虫、床头灯等等。</p>\n<p>为什么？所有教材和简写书都不真实世界里的英语，都是经过作者简化设计过的，我们学英语的目的就是为了在真实世界中使用英语，为什么不一开始就从真正的英语开始。</p>\n<p> 现在浸泡式英语，国际学校如此流行，不就是提供了一个真实的英语环境而已，在原版书籍在网络上随处可捡的时代，我们为什么还要继续用一些上个世纪英文资源匮乏时的流行的教程来营造一个非真实的环境。</p>\n<p>所以非原版不读。</p>\n<h4 id=\"原则2：电子版（mobi、pdf、epud）\"><a href=\"#原则2：电子版（mobi、pdf、epud）\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"原则2：电子版（mobi、pdf、epud）\"></a>原则2：电子版（mobi、pdf、epud）</h4><p>纸质版书籍不好吗？</p>\n<p>不是不好，而是电子版更好：</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>方便携带，随处阅读，坐车，排队，等人时都可以看。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>方便查词，降低阅读难度，如果用kindle或者多看阅读，完全可以秒译，用手指一按，翻译马上出来。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"原则3：难度i-1\"><a href=\"#原则3：难度i-1\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"原则3：难度i+1\"></a>原则3：难度i+1</h4><ul>\n<li>一页下来，超过15个生词，即可放弃。</li>\n<li>10页内，还不知所云，也可放弃</li>\n<li>词汇量在4000左右，推荐读<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia\">“The Chronicles of Narnia”</a>  共7本</li>\n<li>词汇量小于4000，推荐读<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid_(series\">“Diary of a Wimpy Kid”</a>) 共10本</li>\n</ul>\n<h4 id=\"原则3：-小范围输入\"><a href=\"#原则3：-小范围输入\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"原则3： 小范围输入\"></a>原则3： 小范围输入</h4><p>尽量选择同一题材，同一作家，词汇范围一致的书籍。</p>\n<p>比如读完魔幻类小说<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia\">“The Chronicles of Narnia”</a>  共7本， 可以接着读《哈利波特》、《魔戒》等等。</p>\n<h3 id=\"3-阅读方法\"><a href=\"#3-阅读方法\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"3. 阅读方法\"></a>3. 阅读方法</h3><p>这里以《纳尼亚传奇》为例</p>\n<h4 id=\"每天阅读量\"><a href=\"#每天阅读量\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"每天阅读量\"></a>每天阅读量</h4><ol>\n<li>按页数：每天至少20页，最好40页</li>\n<li>按章节： 每天至少1章节，最好3章</li>\n</ol>\n<p>足够多的页数或者至少一章。可以保持每个情节的完整性，可以使整本书的阅读体验连续完整，以阅读乐趣和获取信息为目的，阅读的目的从来就不是提高词汇量，词汇量知识顺便积累下来的。</p>\n<h4 id=\"每天阅读的时间：\"><a href=\"#每天阅读的时间：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"每天阅读的时间：\"></a>每天阅读的时间：</h4><p>最好能早上有个大于1个小时的阅读时间，然后利用零碎时间阅读。</p>\n<p>工作了一天，晚上往往都是疲劳的状态，都是想放松放松的心态，此时不如早睡，把阅读时间换到在早上状态良好时。</p>\n<p>其实也是因人而异，有人就是夜猫子，晚上精力好。</p>\n<h4 id=\"每天实际操作（kindle）：\"><a href=\"#每天实际操作（kindle）：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"每天实际操作（kindle）：\"></a>每天实际操作（kindle）：</h4><ol>\n<li><p>每天阅读前，先把昨天查过的单词过一遍，不超过10分钟，那么怎么过？</p>\n<p>认识的单词就直接删除；</p>\n<p>不认识的单词就看看意思就好了；</p>\n<p>超过一个星期的单词，直接删除。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p>在kindle上操作：</p>\n<p><strong>1. 点击屏幕上方，调出任务栏</strong><br><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-aac800fafe75982d.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"screenshot_2016_06_27T18_07_50+0800.png\"></p>\n<p><strong>2. 点击右上角，在下拉菜单中，点击“Vocabulary Builder”（生词本）</strong></p>\n<p><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-77aa2382b8f139b0.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"screenshot_2016_06_27T18_07_53+0800.png\"></p>\n<p><strong>3. 在“Vocabulary Builder”中，看单词回忆单词意思。</strong><br><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-3108690c6da1bcd7.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"screenshot_2016_06_27T18_07_59+0800.png\"></p>\n<p><strong>4. 将记住的单词删除，没记住的单词，看一下解释，保留</strong><br><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-2271dea53644c516.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"screenshot_2016_06_27T18_08_08+0800.png\"></p>\n<p>   ​</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>阅读时，以页为单位，遇到生词和不懂语法结构，可以采用即指即译，查一个放一个的方法。</p>\n<p>既减少了对阅读节奏和乐趣的干扰，又达到积累的目的。</p>\n<p>时间一久，这样在相同难度的书籍，查词，查语法的干扰会越来越少。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p>在kindle中操作：<br><strong> 1. 阅读一页书中，遇到第一个生词，用手指选中生词（errand）；下一个单词就要放过，但句子的意思一定要脑补全。</strong><br><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-f5fa75e4e2fe8905.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"screenshot_2016_06_27T18_08_58+0800.png\"></p>\n<p><strong> 2. 在弹出的解释中，找到最贴切的解释，并放该释意到原文中理解，忽略其他解释，千万不要向背单词一样去把所有意思都背下。</strong><br><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-238259ce89ee4bd7.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"screenshot_2016_06_27T18_26_23+0800.png\"></p>\n<p><strong>3. 查过的单词，自动会出现在“Vocabulary Builder”中（errand），将来可以复习。</strong><br><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-6c82dd328b2aebfb.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"screenshot_2016_06_27T18_09_22+0800.png\"></p>\n<p>阅读时，最好能配上两本语法书：《文法俱乐部》+新东方《语法新思维》，遇到不明白的语法结构，两者对照查。</p>\n<p><strong>我想“有效性输入”，“难度i+1”，“小范围输入”这三个原则，其实大白话就是，在某个领域内，认清自己的实际水平，循序渐进的边学边用。按照它其实可以随意创造自己的学习方法，只要满足这三原则，一般都错不了。而且不单单是语言学习，其他方面也可以使用的。</strong></p>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"极简理财—指数基金定投","date":"2016-06-10T11:23:00.000Z","_content":"## 资产配置\n1. 沪深300 25%\n2. 中证500 25%\n3. 美国标普 25%\n4. 短期债券基金 25%\n\n2015年  \n债：6.13%  \n300：1.7%  \n500: 41.45%  \n标普：6.73  \n\n投资收益：14%\n\n2014年 投资收益 28.7%\n\n2013年 投资收益 7.24%\n\n\n\n每年末跌的特别多，第二年提高投资比例\n\n## 资产配置的关键：不相关性\n\n将投资组合分布于几种不相关的资产，这样可以提高收益同时降低风险。\n\n\n\n## 基本投资组合（不相关）\n\n国内大型公司股票+国内小型公司股票+国外大型公司股票+纯债\n\n500ETF 510500\n\n300ETF 510300\n\n国债ETF 511010\n\n标普500 513500\n\n纳指ETF 513100\n\n\n### 每年动态平衡\n比如上面把资金做5等分分别买上面的基金，年末调整保持这个比例，用涨的多去填补涨的不那么厉害的。\n\n### 蛋卷基金原理  \n股票基金为例，在市场呈现明显的风格轮动趋势时，大盘蓝筹基金和中小成长风格基金便会呈现负相关性。  \n但是，当市场处于普涨或者熊市极端，他们就会从负相关性变为正相关；多数情况下，债券基金表现会独立于股票型基金\n\n### 蛋卷20日做一次动态平衡\n\n\n## 问题\n### 定投\n\n1. 避开每月1-8号\n2. 定投2到3只基金，按每月天数平均分开投\n3. 制定好组合，一次性或定投都按比例买，年末调整\n\n### 费用\n场内 <ETF联接 < 场外\n\n### 止损止盈\n\n每年调整，已经解决这个问题\n\n### 用钱时，如何卖出\n保持持有比例卖出。\n\n## 如何设置比例和看相关性\n\n### 风险测试第一步\n1. 客观风险承受能力\n2. 主观风险承受态度\n\n### 根据建议调整比例第二步\n### 实践起来第三步\n1. 预留3~6个月生活费\n2. 按照比例，分配资产\n3. 按照比例，每月定投\n4. 年终投入，动态平衡\n\n## 部分极简\n### 有证券账户怎么买\n\n国内股票指数  \n500ETF 510500  \n300ETF 510300\n\n中国债券  \n国债ETF 511010  \n华夏亚债 001021\n\n外国股票指数  \n标普500 513500  \n纳指ETF 513100\n\n固定收益类\nP2P  \n万能险\n\n### 部分资金做极简\n投资组合管理有两种：  \n1. 主动管理\n\n主题基金：央企改革，一路一带...\n\n2. 被动管理\n\n极简投资\n\n\n### 收益\n从基金成立日开始定投，收益在年化12%\n\n## 投资的第一目标\n1. 尽量保证本金\n2. 确定的收益率\n\n保本就要确定波动率\n\n收益就要确定目标收益率\n\n用最小的波动率获得最大的目标收益率  \n\n资产配置可以在不损失目标收益率的情况下有效减低波动率。  \n\n所以要做资产配置\n\n不同资产之间的相关性越低，配置组合的波动也就越低。  \n\n### 目标配置比率\n通过调整不同资产的配置比率，会得到一个目标收益率和潜在波动率性价比最高的结果。\n\n### 如何确定配置比率\n","source":"_posts/finance/2016-06-10-极简理财—指数基金定投.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"极简理财—指数基金定投\"\ndate: \"2016-06-10 19:23 +0800\"\n---\n## 资产配置\n1. 沪深300 25%\n2. 中证500 25%\n3. 美国标普 25%\n4. 短期债券基金 25%\n\n2015年  \n债：6.13%  \n300：1.7%  \n500: 41.45%  \n标普：6.73  \n\n投资收益：14%\n\n2014年 投资收益 28.7%\n\n2013年 投资收益 7.24%\n\n\n\n每年末跌的特别多，第二年提高投资比例\n\n## 资产配置的关键：不相关性\n\n将投资组合分布于几种不相关的资产，这样可以提高收益同时降低风险。\n\n\n\n## 基本投资组合（不相关）\n\n国内大型公司股票+国内小型公司股票+国外大型公司股票+纯债\n\n500ETF 510500\n\n300ETF 510300\n\n国债ETF 511010\n\n标普500 513500\n\n纳指ETF 513100\n\n\n### 每年动态平衡\n比如上面把资金做5等分分别买上面的基金，年末调整保持这个比例，用涨的多去填补涨的不那么厉害的。\n\n### 蛋卷基金原理  \n股票基金为例，在市场呈现明显的风格轮动趋势时，大盘蓝筹基金和中小成长风格基金便会呈现负相关性。  \n但是，当市场处于普涨或者熊市极端，他们就会从负相关性变为正相关；多数情况下，债券基金表现会独立于股票型基金\n\n### 蛋卷20日做一次动态平衡\n\n\n## 问题\n### 定投\n\n1. 避开每月1-8号\n2. 定投2到3只基金，按每月天数平均分开投\n3. 制定好组合，一次性或定投都按比例买，年末调整\n\n### 费用\n场内 <ETF联接 < 场外\n\n### 止损止盈\n\n每年调整，已经解决这个问题\n\n### 用钱时，如何卖出\n保持持有比例卖出。\n\n## 如何设置比例和看相关性\n\n### 风险测试第一步\n1. 客观风险承受能力\n2. 主观风险承受态度\n\n### 根据建议调整比例第二步\n### 实践起来第三步\n1. 预留3~6个月生活费\n2. 按照比例，分配资产\n3. 按照比例，每月定投\n4. 年终投入，动态平衡\n\n## 部分极简\n### 有证券账户怎么买\n\n国内股票指数  \n500ETF 510500  \n300ETF 510300\n\n中国债券  \n国债ETF 511010  \n华夏亚债 001021\n\n外国股票指数  \n标普500 513500  \n纳指ETF 513100\n\n固定收益类\nP2P  \n万能险\n\n### 部分资金做极简\n投资组合管理有两种：  \n1. 主动管理\n\n主题基金：央企改革，一路一带...\n\n2. 被动管理\n\n极简投资\n\n\n### 收益\n从基金成立日开始定投，收益在年化12%\n\n## 投资的第一目标\n1. 尽量保证本金\n2. 确定的收益率\n\n保本就要确定波动率\n\n收益就要确定目标收益率\n\n用最小的波动率获得最大的目标收益率  \n\n资产配置可以在不损失目标收益率的情况下有效减低波动率。  \n\n所以要做资产配置\n\n不同资产之间的相关性越低，配置组合的波动也就越低。  \n\n### 目标配置比率\n通过调整不同资产的配置比率，会得到一个目标收益率和潜在波动率性价比最高的结果。\n\n### 如何确定配置比率\n","slug":"finance/2016-06-10-极简理财—指数基金定投","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiwp0009mktel5kv59sh","content":"<h2 id=\"资产配置\"><a href=\"#资产配置\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"资产配置\"></a>资产配置</h2><ol>\n<li>沪深300 25%</li>\n<li>中证500 25%</li>\n<li>美国标普 25%</li>\n<li>短期债券基金 25%</li>\n</ol>\n<p>2015年<br>债：6.13%<br>300：1.7%<br>500: 41.45%<br>标普：6.73  </p>\n<p>投资收益：14%</p>\n<p>2014年 投资收益 28.7%</p>\n<p>2013年 投资收益 7.24%</p>\n<p>每年末跌的特别多，第二年提高投资比例</p>\n<h2 id=\"资产配置的关键：不相关性\"><a href=\"#资产配置的关键：不相关性\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"资产配置的关键：不相关性\"></a>资产配置的关键：不相关性</h2><p>将投资组合分布于几种不相关的资产，这样可以提高收益同时降低风险。</p>\n<h2 id=\"基本投资组合（不相关）\"><a href=\"#基本投资组合（不相关）\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"基本投资组合（不相关）\"></a>基本投资组合（不相关）</h2><p>国内大型公司股票+国内小型公司股票+国外大型公司股票+纯债</p>\n<p>500ETF 510500</p>\n<p>300ETF 510300</p>\n<p>国债ETF 511010</p>\n<p>标普500 513500</p>\n<p>纳指ETF 513100</p>\n<h3 id=\"每年动态平衡\"><a href=\"#每年动态平衡\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"每年动态平衡\"></a>每年动态平衡</h3><p>比如上面把资金做5等分分别买上面的基金，年末调整保持这个比例，用涨的多去填补涨的不那么厉害的。</p>\n<h3 id=\"蛋卷基金原理\"><a href=\"#蛋卷基金原理\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"蛋卷基金原理\"></a>蛋卷基金原理</h3><p>股票基金为例，在市场呈现明显的风格轮动趋势时，大盘蓝筹基金和中小成长风格基金便会呈现负相关性。<br>但是，当市场处于普涨或者熊市极端，他们就会从负相关性变为正相关；多数情况下，债券基金表现会独立于股票型基金</p>\n<h3 id=\"蛋卷20日做一次动态平衡\"><a href=\"#蛋卷20日做一次动态平衡\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"蛋卷20日做一次动态平衡\"></a>蛋卷20日做一次动态平衡</h3><h2 id=\"问题\"><a href=\"#问题\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"问题\"></a>问题</h2><h3 id=\"定投\"><a href=\"#定投\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定投\"></a>定投</h3><ol>\n<li>避开每月1-8号</li>\n<li>定投2到3只基金，按每月天数平均分开投</li>\n<li>制定好组合，一次性或定投都按比例买，年末调整</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"费用\"><a href=\"#费用\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"费用\"></a>费用</h3><p>场内 &lt;ETF联接 &lt; 场外</p>\n<h3 id=\"止损止盈\"><a href=\"#止损止盈\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"止损止盈\"></a>止损止盈</h3><p>每年调整，已经解决这个问题</p>\n<h3 id=\"用钱时，如何卖出\"><a href=\"#用钱时，如何卖出\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"用钱时，如何卖出\"></a>用钱时，如何卖出</h3><p>保持持有比例卖出。</p>\n<h2 id=\"如何设置比例和看相关性\"><a href=\"#如何设置比例和看相关性\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如何设置比例和看相关性\"></a>如何设置比例和看相关性</h2><h3 id=\"风险测试第一步\"><a href=\"#风险测试第一步\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"风险测试第一步\"></a>风险测试第一步</h3><ol>\n<li>客观风险承受能力</li>\n<li>主观风险承受态度</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"根据建议调整比例第二步\"><a href=\"#根据建议调整比例第二步\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"根据建议调整比例第二步\"></a>根据建议调整比例第二步</h3><h3 id=\"实践起来第三步\"><a href=\"#实践起来第三步\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"实践起来第三步\"></a>实践起来第三步</h3><ol>\n<li>预留3~6个月生活费</li>\n<li>按照比例，分配资产</li>\n<li>按照比例，每月定投</li>\n<li>年终投入，动态平衡</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"部分极简\"><a href=\"#部分极简\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"部分极简\"></a>部分极简</h2><h3 id=\"有证券账户怎么买\"><a href=\"#有证券账户怎么买\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"有证券账户怎么买\"></a>有证券账户怎么买</h3><p>国内股票指数<br>500ETF 510500<br>300ETF 510300</p>\n<p>中国债券<br>国债ETF 511010<br>华夏亚债 001021</p>\n<p>外国股票指数<br>标普500 513500<br>纳指ETF 513100</p>\n<p>固定收益类<br>P2P<br>万能险</p>\n<h3 id=\"部分资金做极简\"><a href=\"#部分资金做极简\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"部分资金做极简\"></a>部分资金做极简</h3><p>投资组合管理有两种：  </p>\n<ol>\n<li>主动管理</li>\n</ol>\n<p>主题基金：央企改革，一路一带…</p>\n<ol>\n<li>被动管理</li>\n</ol>\n<p>极简投资</p>\n<h3 id=\"收益\"><a href=\"#收益\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"收益\"></a>收益</h3><p>从基金成立日开始定投，收益在年化12%</p>\n<h2 id=\"投资的第一目标\"><a href=\"#投资的第一目标\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"投资的第一目标\"></a>投资的第一目标</h2><ol>\n<li>尽量保证本金</li>\n<li>确定的收益率</li>\n</ol>\n<p>保本就要确定波动率</p>\n<p>收益就要确定目标收益率</p>\n<p>用最小的波动率获得最大的目标收益率  </p>\n<p>资产配置可以在不损失目标收益率的情况下有效减低波动率。  </p>\n<p>所以要做资产配置</p>\n<p>不同资产之间的相关性越低，配置组合的波动也就越低。  </p>\n<h3 id=\"目标配置比率\"><a href=\"#目标配置比率\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"目标配置比率\"></a>目标配置比率</h3><p>通过调整不同资产的配置比率，会得到一个目标收益率和潜在波动率性价比最高的结果。</p>\n<h3 id=\"如何确定配置比率\"><a href=\"#如何确定配置比率\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如何确定配置比率\"></a>如何确定配置比率</h3>","excerpt":"","more":"<h2 id=\"资产配置\"><a href=\"#资产配置\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"资产配置\"></a>资产配置</h2><ol>\n<li>沪深300 25%</li>\n<li>中证500 25%</li>\n<li>美国标普 25%</li>\n<li>短期债券基金 25%</li>\n</ol>\n<p>2015年<br>债：6.13%<br>300：1.7%<br>500: 41.45%<br>标普：6.73  </p>\n<p>投资收益：14%</p>\n<p>2014年 投资收益 28.7%</p>\n<p>2013年 投资收益 7.24%</p>\n<p>每年末跌的特别多，第二年提高投资比例</p>\n<h2 id=\"资产配置的关键：不相关性\"><a href=\"#资产配置的关键：不相关性\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"资产配置的关键：不相关性\"></a>资产配置的关键：不相关性</h2><p>将投资组合分布于几种不相关的资产，这样可以提高收益同时降低风险。</p>\n<h2 id=\"基本投资组合（不相关）\"><a href=\"#基本投资组合（不相关）\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"基本投资组合（不相关）\"></a>基本投资组合（不相关）</h2><p>国内大型公司股票+国内小型公司股票+国外大型公司股票+纯债</p>\n<p>500ETF 510500</p>\n<p>300ETF 510300</p>\n<p>国债ETF 511010</p>\n<p>标普500 513500</p>\n<p>纳指ETF 513100</p>\n<h3 id=\"每年动态平衡\"><a href=\"#每年动态平衡\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"每年动态平衡\"></a>每年动态平衡</h3><p>比如上面把资金做5等分分别买上面的基金，年末调整保持这个比例，用涨的多去填补涨的不那么厉害的。</p>\n<h3 id=\"蛋卷基金原理\"><a href=\"#蛋卷基金原理\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"蛋卷基金原理\"></a>蛋卷基金原理</h3><p>股票基金为例，在市场呈现明显的风格轮动趋势时，大盘蓝筹基金和中小成长风格基金便会呈现负相关性。<br>但是，当市场处于普涨或者熊市极端，他们就会从负相关性变为正相关；多数情况下，债券基金表现会独立于股票型基金</p>\n<h3 id=\"蛋卷20日做一次动态平衡\"><a href=\"#蛋卷20日做一次动态平衡\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"蛋卷20日做一次动态平衡\"></a>蛋卷20日做一次动态平衡</h3><h2 id=\"问题\"><a href=\"#问题\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"问题\"></a>问题</h2><h3 id=\"定投\"><a href=\"#定投\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定投\"></a>定投</h3><ol>\n<li>避开每月1-8号</li>\n<li>定投2到3只基金，按每月天数平均分开投</li>\n<li>制定好组合，一次性或定投都按比例买，年末调整</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"费用\"><a href=\"#费用\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"费用\"></a>费用</h3><p>场内 &lt;ETF联接 &lt; 场外</p>\n<h3 id=\"止损止盈\"><a href=\"#止损止盈\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"止损止盈\"></a>止损止盈</h3><p>每年调整，已经解决这个问题</p>\n<h3 id=\"用钱时，如何卖出\"><a href=\"#用钱时，如何卖出\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"用钱时，如何卖出\"></a>用钱时，如何卖出</h3><p>保持持有比例卖出。</p>\n<h2 id=\"如何设置比例和看相关性\"><a href=\"#如何设置比例和看相关性\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如何设置比例和看相关性\"></a>如何设置比例和看相关性</h2><h3 id=\"风险测试第一步\"><a href=\"#风险测试第一步\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"风险测试第一步\"></a>风险测试第一步</h3><ol>\n<li>客观风险承受能力</li>\n<li>主观风险承受态度</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"根据建议调整比例第二步\"><a href=\"#根据建议调整比例第二步\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"根据建议调整比例第二步\"></a>根据建议调整比例第二步</h3><h3 id=\"实践起来第三步\"><a href=\"#实践起来第三步\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"实践起来第三步\"></a>实践起来第三步</h3><ol>\n<li>预留3~6个月生活费</li>\n<li>按照比例，分配资产</li>\n<li>按照比例，每月定投</li>\n<li>年终投入，动态平衡</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"部分极简\"><a href=\"#部分极简\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"部分极简\"></a>部分极简</h2><h3 id=\"有证券账户怎么买\"><a href=\"#有证券账户怎么买\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"有证券账户怎么买\"></a>有证券账户怎么买</h3><p>国内股票指数<br>500ETF 510500<br>300ETF 510300</p>\n<p>中国债券<br>国债ETF 511010<br>华夏亚债 001021</p>\n<p>外国股票指数<br>标普500 513500<br>纳指ETF 513100</p>\n<p>固定收益类<br>P2P<br>万能险</p>\n<h3 id=\"部分资金做极简\"><a href=\"#部分资金做极简\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"部分资金做极简\"></a>部分资金做极简</h3><p>投资组合管理有两种：  </p>\n<ol>\n<li>主动管理</li>\n</ol>\n<p>主题基金：央企改革，一路一带…</p>\n<ol>\n<li>被动管理</li>\n</ol>\n<p>极简投资</p>\n<h3 id=\"收益\"><a href=\"#收益\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"收益\"></a>收益</h3><p>从基金成立日开始定投，收益在年化12%</p>\n<h2 id=\"投资的第一目标\"><a href=\"#投资的第一目标\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"投资的第一目标\"></a>投资的第一目标</h2><ol>\n<li>尽量保证本金</li>\n<li>确定的收益率</li>\n</ol>\n<p>保本就要确定波动率</p>\n<p>收益就要确定目标收益率</p>\n<p>用最小的波动率获得最大的目标收益率  </p>\n<p>资产配置可以在不损失目标收益率的情况下有效减低波动率。  </p>\n<p>所以要做资产配置</p>\n<p>不同资产之间的相关性越低，配置组合的波动也就越低。  </p>\n<h3 id=\"目标配置比率\"><a href=\"#目标配置比率\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"目标配置比率\"></a>目标配置比率</h3><p>通过调整不同资产的配置比率，会得到一个目标收益率和潜在波动率性价比最高的结果。</p>\n<h3 id=\"如何确定配置比率\"><a href=\"#如何确定配置比率\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如何确定配置比率\"></a>如何确定配置比率</h3>"},{"layout":"post","title":"分词","date":"2016-06-28T13:18:00.000Z","_content":"\n下面两种分词均可视为形容词\n1. 现在分词\n2. 过去分词\n\n## 分词与形容词的比较\n\n形容词位置\n1. 名词短语中\n2. 补语位置\n\n### 一、现在分词作为形容词\nThe black dog doesn't bite\nA **barking** dog doesn't bite\n\n在名词短语中，现在分词barking暗示“正在叫，一直叫”。有”正在进行“”的含义。\n\nThe dog is black.\nThe dog is barking.\nS + V + C\n\n在补语位置中，现在分词barking，暗示“正在叫”。\n\n### 二、过去分词作为形容词\n\nClean water is safe to drink\n**Boiled** water is sate to drink\n\n在名词短语中，过去分词boiled，暗示“被煮过”，有“被动，完成”的意思。\n\nThe water is clean.\nThe water is boiled.\n\n在补语位置上，过去分词boiled，还是解释为“被煮过的”，有“被动”的意思。\n\n### 三、带有“完成”暗示，而非“被动”的过去分词\n\nI cannot find my wallet. It's gone.\n\nIt is gone\nS + V + C\n\ngo是不及物动词，没有被动态，所以过去分词gone是形容词补语，有“完成”的暗示，解释为“跑掉了，不见了”。\n\nThe leaves are all fallen, now that winter is here.\n\nfall也是不及物动词，也没有被动态。\n\nThe leaves are fallen.\nS + V + C\n\nfallen解释为“落下来了”。\n\n\nI’m done. It's all yours.\n\ndo是及物动词，但am done不是被动态，done是带有“完成”意思的形容词补语，解释为“做完了”。\n","source":"_posts/english/2016-06-28-分词.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"分词\"\ndate: \"2016-06-28 21:18 +0800\"\n---\n\n下面两种分词均可视为形容词\n1. 现在分词\n2. 过去分词\n\n## 分词与形容词的比较\n\n形容词位置\n1. 名词短语中\n2. 补语位置\n\n### 一、现在分词作为形容词\nThe black dog doesn't bite\nA **barking** dog doesn't bite\n\n在名词短语中，现在分词barking暗示“正在叫，一直叫”。有”正在进行“”的含义。\n\nThe dog is black.\nThe dog is barking.\nS + V + C\n\n在补语位置中，现在分词barking，暗示“正在叫”。\n\n### 二、过去分词作为形容词\n\nClean water is safe to drink\n**Boiled** water is sate to drink\n\n在名词短语中，过去分词boiled，暗示“被煮过”，有“被动，完成”的意思。\n\nThe water is clean.\nThe water is boiled.\n\n在补语位置上，过去分词boiled，还是解释为“被煮过的”，有“被动”的意思。\n\n### 三、带有“完成”暗示，而非“被动”的过去分词\n\nI cannot find my wallet. It's gone.\n\nIt is gone\nS + V + C\n\ngo是不及物动词，没有被动态，所以过去分词gone是形容词补语，有“完成”的暗示，解释为“跑掉了，不见了”。\n\nThe leaves are all fallen, now that winter is here.\n\nfall也是不及物动词，也没有被动态。\n\nThe leaves are fallen.\nS + V + C\n\nfallen解释为“落下来了”。\n\n\nI’m done. It's all yours.\n\ndo是及物动词，但am done不是被动态，done是带有“完成”意思的形容词补语，解释为“做完了”。\n","slug":"english/2016-06-28-分词","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiws000amkteg6onbylv","content":"<p>下面两种分词均可视为形容词</p>\n<ol>\n<li>现在分词</li>\n<li>过去分词</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"分词与形容词的比较\"><a href=\"#分词与形容词的比较\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"分词与形容词的比较\"></a>分词与形容词的比较</h2><p>形容词位置</p>\n<ol>\n<li>名词短语中</li>\n<li>补语位置</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"一、现在分词作为形容词\"><a href=\"#一、现在分词作为形容词\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"一、现在分词作为形容词\"></a>一、现在分词作为形容词</h3><p>The black dog doesn’t bite<br>A <strong>barking</strong> dog doesn’t bite</p>\n<p>在名词短语中，现在分词barking暗示“正在叫，一直叫”。有”正在进行“”的含义。</p>\n<p>The dog is black.<br>The dog is barking.<br>S + V + C</p>\n<p>在补语位置中，现在分词barking，暗示“正在叫”。</p>\n<h3 id=\"二、过去分词作为形容词\"><a href=\"#二、过去分词作为形容词\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"二、过去分词作为形容词\"></a>二、过去分词作为形容词</h3><p>Clean water is safe to drink<br><strong>Boiled</strong> water is sate to drink</p>\n<p>在名词短语中，过去分词boiled，暗示“被煮过”，有“被动，完成”的意思。</p>\n<p>The water is clean.<br>The water is boiled.</p>\n<p>在补语位置上，过去分词boiled，还是解释为“被煮过的”，有“被动”的意思。</p>\n<h3 id=\"三、带有“完成”暗示，而非“被动”的过去分词\"><a href=\"#三、带有“完成”暗示，而非“被动”的过去分词\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"三、带有“完成”暗示，而非“被动”的过去分词\"></a>三、带有“完成”暗示，而非“被动”的过去分词</h3><p>I cannot find my wallet. It’s gone.</p>\n<p>It is gone<br>S + V + C</p>\n<p>go是不及物动词，没有被动态，所以过去分词gone是形容词补语，有“完成”的暗示，解释为“跑掉了，不见了”。</p>\n<p>The leaves are all fallen, now that winter is here.</p>\n<p>fall也是不及物动词，也没有被动态。</p>\n<p>The leaves are fallen.<br>S + V + C</p>\n<p>fallen解释为“落下来了”。</p>\n<p>I’m done. It’s all yours.</p>\n<p>do是及物动词，但am done不是被动态，done是带有“完成”意思的形容词补语，解释为“做完了”。</p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<p>下面两种分词均可视为形容词</p>\n<ol>\n<li>现在分词</li>\n<li>过去分词</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"分词与形容词的比较\"><a href=\"#分词与形容词的比较\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"分词与形容词的比较\"></a>分词与形容词的比较</h2><p>形容词位置</p>\n<ol>\n<li>名词短语中</li>\n<li>补语位置</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"一、现在分词作为形容词\"><a href=\"#一、现在分词作为形容词\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"一、现在分词作为形容词\"></a>一、现在分词作为形容词</h3><p>The black dog doesn’t bite<br>A <strong>barking</strong> dog doesn’t bite</p>\n<p>在名词短语中，现在分词barking暗示“正在叫，一直叫”。有”正在进行“”的含义。</p>\n<p>The dog is black.<br>The dog is barking.<br>S + V + C</p>\n<p>在补语位置中，现在分词barking，暗示“正在叫”。</p>\n<h3 id=\"二、过去分词作为形容词\"><a href=\"#二、过去分词作为形容词\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"二、过去分词作为形容词\"></a>二、过去分词作为形容词</h3><p>Clean water is safe to drink<br><strong>Boiled</strong> water is sate to drink</p>\n<p>在名词短语中，过去分词boiled，暗示“被煮过”，有“被动，完成”的意思。</p>\n<p>The water is clean.<br>The water is boiled.</p>\n<p>在补语位置上，过去分词boiled，还是解释为“被煮过的”，有“被动”的意思。</p>\n<h3 id=\"三、带有“完成”暗示，而非“被动”的过去分词\"><a href=\"#三、带有“完成”暗示，而非“被动”的过去分词\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"三、带有“完成”暗示，而非“被动”的过去分词\"></a>三、带有“完成”暗示，而非“被动”的过去分词</h3><p>I cannot find my wallet. It’s gone.</p>\n<p>It is gone<br>S + V + C</p>\n<p>go是不及物动词，没有被动态，所以过去分词gone是形容词补语，有“完成”的暗示，解释为“跑掉了，不见了”。</p>\n<p>The leaves are all fallen, now that winter is here.</p>\n<p>fall也是不及物动词，也没有被动态。</p>\n<p>The leaves are fallen.<br>S + V + C</p>\n<p>fallen解释为“落下来了”。</p>\n<p>I’m done. It’s all yours.</p>\n<p>do是及物动词，但am done不是被动态，done是带有“完成”意思的形容词补语，解释为“做完了”。</p>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"指数基金定投","date":"2016-04-16T06:28:00.000Z","_content":"\n## 了解基金\n---\n[TOC]\n\n### 什么是基金\n\n一种投资工具，把投资者的钱集中起来，交给专业基金公司去投资。如果基金盈利，我们也盈利，亏损，我们也亏损。\n\n1. 货币基金\n\n  投资银行存款等短期的、保本的产品。每份1元\n\n1. 债券基金\n\n  投资的是债券。每份价格随着基金的净值的增长而增长。\n\n1. 股票基金\n\n** 投资的是股票。每份价格随着股票的增长而增长。**\n\n### 为什么买基金\n\n可以自己买股票，为什么还要买基金？\n\n1. 有专业的基金经理打理\n\n  可以帮助我们投资我们不熟悉的品种\n\n1. 分散风险\n\n  上证50指数基金，就拥有50只不同成分的股票，投资这只基金等于将资产投资到50只不同的股票上\n\n1. 不必频繁操作，省心省力\n   解放自己，去做自己专业的事情。\n\n### 基金的种类\n* 货币型基金\n* 股票型基金\n* 债券型基金\n* 混合型基金\n* 保本型基金\n* 指数型基金\n\n\n1. 货币型基金\n\n  一般投资于银行间债券等比较安全的品种。\n  风险非常低，收益低。\n\n  代表：余额宝。\n  为什么开始推出余额宝，收益达7%？\n  原因：互联网公司贴钱提高利息\n\n1. 股票型基金\n\n  投资股票的基金，基金有80%以上有做股票投资\n  风险最高，收益也最高。\n\n  获利方式\n* 资本利得\n  通过基金净值的波动来获利。低价买入，高价卖出\n\n* 分红\n  通过基金分红来获利。红利指数基金，每年都会分红。\n\n1. 债券型基金\n\n   投资各种债券的基金，基金有80%以上有做债券投资。\n   风险中等，收益中等\n\n* 国债\n\n  国家发行的债券\n\n* 企业债\n\n  企业发行的债券\n\n   债券的实质就是需要钱的人向有钱人借钱，并承诺给一  定的利息，到期还本。\n\n1. 混合型基金\n   既可以投资股票有可以投资债券的基金。\n\n   风险高，收益也高\n\n2. 保本型基金\n\n   与混合型基金类似，可以同时投资股票和债券。\n\n   但是保本型大多数资产投资于债券，少部分投资于高风险的股票。\n\n   用债券的收益覆盖股票的风险，达到保本的目的。\n\n   收益中等，风险较低。\n\n3. 指数型基金\n\n  主要资产投资于股票，股票的选择不是由基金经理来选择，而是复制某个指数。\n  风险高，收益也高。\n\n### 不同基金的风险与收益率\n\n#### 对于基金投资，有两条通用标准：\n1. 持有时间越长，风险越低，收益越高\n2. 风险越大，收益越大\n\n#### 不亏本概率金字塔\n  半年 62%\n  一年 73%\n  2~3年 81%\n\n即使风险最大的股票基金，只要持有时间越长，风险会越低。\n\n#### 各种基金历年年化收益率：\n* 货币型基金 2.56%\n* 债券型基金 6.4%\n* 混合型基金 13.16%\n* 股票型基金 14.11%\n\n\n不用任何技巧，无脑买入并长期持有，就能取得上面的年化收益率。\n\n#### 投资不能只看收益，也要看取得这种收益所要承担的风险。\n\n1. 货币基金风险\n   收益最小，风险也最小，几乎没有下跌\n\n2. 债券基金的风险\n   收益提升了，但是风险也加大了，期间出现过几次下跌\n\n3. 混合基金的风险\n   收益提升了很多，风险也放大了，最大跌去了将近一半\n\n4. 股票基金的风险\n   收益最高，风险也最大，最大跌去一半多\n   特点，收益高，主要通过暴涨暴跌实现，错误时间进入，比如07年，15年，会承担非常大的亏损。\n\n#### 上面几种基金风险对比\n\n长期来看，股票基金是收益最高的。但是某些短时间片段，股票基金收益并不总是最高，比如2015年股灾到现在，股票基金收益还不如货币基金。\n\n#### 货币增发\n\n最近，国内货币增长速度和通货膨胀等达到10%。\n为保证自己手里货币的购买力，必须取得年化10%以上的收益。\n\n各类型基金历年年化收益率：\n* 货币型基金 2.56%\n* 债券型基金 6.4%\n* 混合型基金 13.16%\n* 股票型基金 14.11%\n\n为了战胜货币增发，必须依靠股票型基金\n\n### 不同基金的投资周期\n#### 货币基金\n现金替代品，余额宝\n\n#### 债券基金\n定期存款的替代品\n适合持有半年至一年以上\n\n#### 保本基金\n定期开放，比如每三年开放一次\n\n#### 股票基金、混合基金、指数基金\n适合持有三年以上\n\n\n## 最佳股票基金——指数基金\n\n### 股神巴菲特买什么股票基金\n指数基金\n\n### 指数基金是什么？\n\n#### 传统股票基金\n由基金经理来选股\n收益情况取决于基金经理的投资能力\n彼得林奇与他的麦哲伦基金， 没有永续性\n\n#### 指数基金\n不由基金经理来选股\n选取某个指数作为模仿对象\n完全复制某个指数来选股\n上证50指数基金\n\n#### 指数基金如何挑选股票？\n指数就是一堆股票的集合\n购买指数基金就是按照指数同时购买这一堆股票\n\n### 指数基金的好处\n#### 两个优势：\n\n1. 长生不老\n     指数基金可以通过吸收新公司替换老公司，实现长生不老。道琼斯指数从成立有20只股票到今天只通用还活着。\n\n  普通股票基金表现取决一基金经理，很少有基金经理能投资30-40年。\n\n1. 长期上涨\n   指数是长期上涨，恒生指数和上涨综指，从开始100点上涨到现在的20000多点和2800多点，一直是上涨的。所以指数基金也跟着长期上涨\n\n#### 规避三大风险：\n\n1. 个股黑天鹅\n   重庆啤酒-乙肝疫苗，关灯吃面，茅台塑化剂\n\n2. 本金永久损失\n   公司倒闭，私有化退市，指数基金只会按指数去买股票，不会选择亏损、财务有问题的公司。\n\n3. 制度风险\n   制度不完善，有老鼠仓、内幕交易。指数规则早就确定好，任何人可查可监督，不会有老鼠仓、利益输送等情况。\n\n### 指数基金的分类\n1. 场内基金\n     可以在股票软件内买卖的基金，和买卖股票一样\n     基金代码一般以159或者510开头，其他则是场外基金\n\n  交易迅速，费用低，但是只能手动买卖，无法自动定投，基金数量比较少\n\n1. 场外基金\n     场外基金需要申购和赎回，申购T+2，赎回：T+1\n\n  交易费用比场内贵，但是品种多\n\n### 手把手教你指数基金如何交易\n\n场内基金交易，和股票交易一样\n\n场外基金交易，银行柜台和网络渠道\n\n## 国内的优秀指数基金\n\n### 常见指数基金有哪些\n\n#### A股\n上证50：主要投资大型企业\n上海股市规模最大50家企业\n\n沪深300 ：主要投资中大型企业\n上证和深证中最大的300家大型企业\n\n中证500：主要投资中小型企业\n先选出前800家规模最大的企业，前300家就是沪深300，后500家就是中证500。\n\n创业板：主要投资小型企业\n规模小盈利不稳定的小企业，风险比较大\n\n红利指数：主要投资高分红企业\n上证中，挑选现金分红最高的50家企业\n\n#### 港股\n恒生指数\nH股指数\n\n#### 美股\n纳斯达克100\n标普500\n\n#### 德股\n德国50\n\n## 全球资产配置：QDII指数基金\n\n### 什么是QDII\n\nQDII：合格境内机构投资者。\n* 可以理解成“代购”：用人民币合法的投资海外市场\n* 主要包括：港股、美股、德股等\n\n### QDII基金的两重风险\n\n#### 风险一：汇率风险\n以美元资产为例，如果人民币相对美元贬值，将人民币换为美元资产可以分散这种风险。\n反过来,如果人民币升值，持有美元资产就会受到损失。\n\n#### 风险二：外汇兑换限制\n国内金融还不成熟，国家政策也经常变化\n2016年2月份，有部分QDII基金暂停申购，但可以赎回。\n\n### 香港股市\n香港股市是一个非常成熟的股票市场，已经存在了半个世纪了。\n在全球股票市场排名前10，处于第7位。\n\n#### 港股是与国内关系最密切的海外市场\n如：腾讯、比亚迪、联想等都是在香港上市交易\n\n#### 投资香港指数基金，可以一定程度上分散人民币风险\n港币的价值是参考美元，香港政府通过持有大量美元外汇实现这一点。\n\n#### 香港股市指数基金\n* 恒生指数\n* 国企指数（H股）\n\n#### 恒生指数基金\n诞生于1969年，收益稳定，估值分布合理，老牌优秀指数。\n最大的50家企业。\n\n#### 恒生指数基金前20大成分股\n1 中国移动\n2 工商银行\n3 腾讯控股\n...\n9 中国石油化工股份\n10 中国人寿\n...\n\n#### 恒生指数半个世纪以来的走势\n52年上涨了508倍\n\n#### 追踪恒生指数的指数基金\n场内：华夏公司的恒生ETF代码：159920\n\n\n#### H股指数基金\n\nH股：中国企业\n\nH股指数：挑选在香港上市的规模最大的国内企业\n\n国内企业：\n* 在国内上市：A股\n* 在香港上市：H股\n\n\n#### H股指数盈利能力排全球前列\n1. 恒生国企质素的盈利能力在2002年后持续高于标普500指数\n2. 恒生国企指数与标普500指数的PB估值对比达到历史最低水平\n\n#### 追踪H股指数的指数基金\n场内：易方达H股ETF代码：510900\n\n### 美国股市\n\n美国股市：\n1. 纳斯达克交易所： 纳斯达克100指数\n   新兴经济，像苹果、微软、facebook\n\n2. 纽约交易所：标普500指数\n   传统企业\n\n#### 纳斯达克100指数基金\n纳斯达克规模最大的100家大型企业\n\n**业绩表现：**\n2010年4月以来，纳斯达克100取得了110%的上涨幅度。\n\n#### 追踪纳斯达克100指数的指数基金\n场内：国泰纳斯达克100ETF代码：513100\n\n#### 标普500指数基金\n美国影响力最大的一个股票指数\n\n巴菲特立下遗属，过世后将继续买入该指数基金\n\n代表美国传统企业，取规模最大的前500家。\n\n#### 标普500指数行业权重\n对比沪深300，标普500行业权重分配合理，可以保证盈利的稳定性。\n\n#### 追踪标普500指数的指数基金\n\n场内：博时标普500ETF代码：513500\n\n### 德国股市\n\n欧洲股市中目前唯一可以在国内购买的\n\n未来可能会有“伦港通”\n\n#### 德国DAX30指数基金\n\n德国大型企业的代表，德国股市规模最大的30家企业。\n\n包括拜耳、戴姆勒、西门子、宝马等\n\n追踪德国DAX30，将会把人民币兑换成欧元在去买入德国股票实现跟踪，是持有欧元的好办法。\n\n#### 追踪DAX30指数的指数基金\n场内：华安德国DAX30ETF代码：513030\n\n## 如何投资指数基金\n\n### 什么是定投？\n\n投资指数基金的两种方式\n1. 单笔投资\n2. 定投\n\n#### 所谓定投，就是定期定额购买基金。\n\n#### 人人都参与的定投\n养老保险和社保\n\n#### 定投三大好处\n1. 我们不需要很多钱\n2. 定投对投资时机要求也不高\n3. 定投可以分摊成本\n\n#### 分摊成本示例\n苹果：\n10块钱买1斤，5块钱买2斤， 平均就是6.7一斤\n\n#### 定投适合人群\n1. 上班族\n2. 大忙人\n3. 低风险投资者\n4. 未来规划者\n\n### 如何制定定投策略？\n定投的两个要素：\n1. 时间\n2. 金额\n\n#### 定投的时间\n选定一个固定的时间\n\n时间一旦确定就不能变，比如发工资的那天。\n\n从历史数据的统计来看，具体选择哪天对最终的收益影响并不大。\n\n#### 定投的金额\n\n指数基金平均投资一轮大约需要3年以上的时间。\n如果定投的钱这三年里会用到，就会影响我们的投资\n\n具体每个月拿出多少钱，取决于每个人的结余。\n* 不要定太高\n* 每月需要留下一定的钱备用\n\n#### 总结\n简单又有效的定投策略：\n每月结余7000，我们可以在每个月1号定投5000元到指数基金。\n\n### 何时可以定投指数基金？\n\n定投可以随时开始吗？\n不可以!!\n\n要在指数基金便宜的时候去买，而不是贵的时候买\n\n那如何判断指数基金是贵还是便宜？\n\n### 盈利收益率\n\n盈利收益率= 公司盈利/公司的市值\n\n一个公司盈利1亿，公司规模8亿，盈利收益率为1/8=12.5%。\n\n盈利收益率就是让我们把股票看作一种特殊的理财产品，盈利收益率就是这只理财产品的收益率。\n\n例如，2016年3月21日，上证50的盈利收益率是10.53%, 那么我们可以把上证50指数看作年息为10.53%的债券，\n\n####使用盈利收益率的优势\n\n**方便与其他产品进行比较，选择更好的一种进行投资**\n可以与下面理财产品横向比较：\n\n* 债券利率\n* 其他指数基金的盈利收益率\n* 房地产的租售比，\n* 银行理财的年收益\n* 等等\n\n例如：2003年，北京某地段房屋租售比6~7%， 而指数基金盈利收益率为4%。\n那肯定是买房出租比较好。\n\n#### 使用盈利收益率的限制\n\n必须得是投资大公司的指数基金才行\n\n盈利收益率 = 公司盈利/公司总市值\n\n分子盈利越稳定，盈利收益率越有效\n\n盈利不稳地的小公司，无法使用这种方法。\n\n可用：上证50，恒生指数基金，H股指数基金\n不可用：中证500，创业板\n\n#### 历史回测各国指数基金\n\n盈利收益率高的时候开始定投，最终收益率很不错。\n\n盈利收益率低的时候开始定投，最终收益会很一般。\n\n#### 在盈利收益率高的时候开始定投，在盈利收益率低的时候停止定投\n\n#### 盈利收益率多高算高，多低算低？\n\n盈利收益率<6.4% 为低\n\n盈利收益率>10% 为高\n\n#### 当盈利收益高于10%\n\n格雷厄姆认为：\n* 盈利收益率要大于10%\n* 盈利收益率要大于十年期国债利率的2倍以上\n\n**总结:指数基金的盈利收益大于10%，就开始定投，如果低于10%，停止定投并持有已经定投的份额。**\n\n#### 当盈利收益低于6.4%\n\n6.4%来源月债券基金，其风险低，平均年化收益率在6.4%\n\n当**指数基金盈利收益<债券平均年化收益率6.4%** 将指数基金卖出，买入债券基金。\n\n\n#### 使用盈利收益率投资指数基金的完整策略\n\n**盈利收益率<6.4%：分批卖出**\n**6.4%<盈利收益率<10%：坚定持有**\n**盈利收益率>10%：定期定额投资**\n\n### 查询盈利收益率的三种方式\n\n方法一：关注微信号：十年定投赚十倍\n每个交易日公布指数估值情况\n\n方法二：中证指数官网\n找到对应指数的“静态市盈率”，求倒数，就得到盈利收益率。\n\n方法三：万得股票APP\n\n### 本策略在股市中的收益率\n\n回顾本策略：\n**盈利收益率<6.4%：分批卖出**\n**6.4%<盈利收益率<10%：坚定持有**\n**盈利收益率>10%：定期定额投资**\n\n#### 本策略在国内的收益率\n\n| 指数基金 |     月均收益率     |     年复合收益率      |     定期最大回撤     |\n| ---- | :-----------: | :-------------: | :------------: |\n|      |   策略定投 无脑定投   |    策略定投 无脑定投    |   策略定投 无脑定投    |\n| 上证50 | 2.16%   0.95% | 29.27%   12.3%  | 11%     11.53% |\n| 红利   | 2.2%    1.03% | 29.9%    13.07% |  14.5%    55%  |\n\n##### 两点结论:\n1. 无脑定投也能取得12%以上的年复合收益率\n2. 配合格雷厄姆的投资策略，年复合收益率提升2倍以上。\n\n这么高的收益率，得益于过去20年中国经济的高速增长，**未来可能没有那么高，大概在15%～20%以上**\n\n回顾历史，上证50和红利指数基金盈利收益率在3%~16%之间波动，我们只要等到10%以上就可以定投了。\n\n#### 本策略在港股的收益率\n恒生指数从1964年开始，盈利收益率在2.5%~20%之间波动，出现5次盈利收益率大于10%的情况。\n\n基本每隔4、5年就能出现一次获得年复合收益率30%的机会，不用担心买不到。\n\n#### 本策略在美股的收益率\n\n在标普500上，这个策略取得平均15%的年复合收益率。低于港股，美国是发达国家，经济增速低于香港，所以从这个角度可以理解。\n\n#### 总结：如何投资指数基金：\n1. 选择定投。\n     我们可以取得年均13%的收益率\n\n2. 配合盈利收益率提升收益。\n     在盈利收益率高时才定投，可以大幅提升指数基金收益。\n\n## 构建属于自己的定投计划\n\n一份完整的定投计划：\n* 需要根据自己的收入和开支，构建合理的每月定投额度；\n* 需要筛选适合投资的品种；\n* 需要设定好买卖区间；\n\n最终计划必须落在纸面上！\n\n这样才能让自己每次投资的时候严格遵守，避免主观情绪干扰。\n\n\n### 第一步：梳理自己的现金流\n\n#### 投资前考虑：\n* 钱将来会用于什么？什么时候用？\n* 自己每月有多少资金进账？\n* 自己每月会花掉多少钱？\n* 使用记账APP，减少不必要的开支\n\n**一般，除去必要生活开支后，剩余资金50%可以用来定投。**\n\n### 第二步：挑好基金\n\n配合我们之前几课学习的，挑出当前盈利收益率高的指数基金\n\nH股指数基金、恒生指数基金、红利指数基金、上证50指数基金\n\n### 第三步：构建定投计划\n* 我们可以选择自己比较熟悉的方式，去投资基金\n  场内购买，月底查估值，大于10%继续定投，定投5000\n\n### 第四步：定期检查优化\n在定投的同时，做好记录，方便我们回顾总结\n\n买入日期、品种、操作、价格、市盈率、盈利收益率等信息。\n\n#### 优化：越低估买入越多\n* 盈利收益率越高，指数基金越值得投资\n* 将定投金额和估值结合起来，越低估买入越多，进而提高收益。\n\n类似的方法有很多，需要不断学习。\n\n###　定投案例\n\n#### 适合养老定投计划的指数基金：\n##### 目的\n  当父母退休后，可以从定投计划中定期去用资金，改善生活。\n##### 资金特征\n* 前期只进不出\n* 等待收益提升直至覆盖所需的支出\n* 积累一定金额后，逐渐提升开支\n\n##### 适合的指数基金：\n* 高分红的指数基金：红利指数基金\n* 2016年6月16日开始，每月定投1500\n* 2024年，总计投入本金15万左右， 基金价值26万左右，\n* 从2024年开始，每年分红1万以上，逐年提高，这部分刚好可以满足生活质量的提高。\n\n  因为指数基金的分红不受股价影响，后期可依靠基金分红，获取稳定的现金支出养老；\n\n##### 具体操作\n1. 挑选高姑息的指数基金，例如红利指数基金\n2. 根据需求，决定定投年限。\n\n   达到年限或，基金每年会现金分红，分红可以用来支出开支\n\n3. 指数基金盈利收益率大于10%开始定投计划。\n\n#### 为自己构建加薪定投计划\n##### 适合人群：年轻上班族，积蓄少、\n\n**年轻上班族投资三原则**\n1. 开始存钱\n2. 减少非必要开支\n3. 越早投资越好\n\n##### 具体操作\n1. 月收入剩余的60%用于定投\n   先省下的钱存入货币基金中，然后定投时一起投入。\n\n2. 选择盈利收益率高的指数基金，H股指数基金。\n\n3. 遵循本课的投资策略\n* 大于10%定投\n* 小于10%停止定投，每个月钱存入债券或货币基金。\n* 小于6.4%，每月赎回10%\n\n### 为子女构建教育定投计划\n什么时候用到，很确定。\n##### 教育定投原则\n1. 首先，要保证资金需要使用的时候可以拿来用\n2. 其次，才是提高收益\n3. 卖出条件要放宽，卖出机会多，卖出后转成保本理财产品。\n   收益是少了点，但是保证要用的时候，可以用到。\n\n#### 具体操作\n1. 挑选高盈利收益率的指数基金\n     H股指数\n2. 遵循本课程投资策略\n* 大于10%，定投。\n* 小于10%，每月赎回，保证积极很快赎回，马上可用。\n\n### 作业\n根据上一课和这一课的内容，结合自己（或家人）的资金流和实际情况，选择期望投资的指数基金，为自己（或家人）列出一份详细的定投计划，将计划和其中的依据或原因一并列出来\n\n#### 家庭成员：\n本人和妻子（待产）\n\n#### 资产情况（不含妻子）：\n现有流动资产40万：\n* 20万做后备资金\n* 10万用于定投基金\n* 10万用于题材股票投资，比如最近区块链概念\n\n\n月收入15000，每月除去开支，剩余7000。\n* 7000用于定投基金\n\n#### 基金选择：\n根据对当前几大指数基金的盈利收益率对比，\n选择盈利收益率最高的H股指数基金\n\n#### 定投金额：\n每月定投1万（7000月结余+存款3000）\n\n#### 定投期限：\n5年\n\n#### 定投策略：\n大于10%定投\n小于10%停止定投，每个月钱存入P2P或货币基金。\n小于6.4%，每月赎回10%\n\n## 指数基金进阶\n\n### 如何让定投收益最大化？\n#### 定期不定额投资\n\n##### 原理：在盈利收益率更高的时候买入更多\n* 记录买入的日期、品种、操作、价格、市盈率、盈利收益率等信息\n* 在15%盈利收益率时就比10%的时候更值得买入\n\n##### 举例\n* 开始定投是1000元每月，从10%的盈利收益开始定投\n* 第二个月盈利收益率达到12.5%\n* 于是，我们可以定投1000*1.25 = 1250元，盈利收益率约高买入越多。\n\n**那么对于我15%盈利收益率是10000元，10%的时候就是6666元。**\n\n####  AH股轮动策略\n此策略专门针对H股指数基金和上证50指数基金\n\n一家大企业上市：\n在国内上市->上证50指数基金\n在香港上市->H股指数基金\n\n\n* 两个指数基金非常相似，但是却又是不同的指数基金，因此涨跌有先有后\n* 有时候H股指数盈利收益率高，有时候上证50指数盈利收益率高\n\n2004年之后，这两个指数多次出现重合又分离的走势\n* 2013~2014年，上证50的盈利收益率高于H股指数，这时候该投资上证50\n* 现在H股指数的盈利收益率比上证高很多，那这时就该投资H股指数\n\n##### 轮动策略\n* H股指数的盈利收益率是上证50指数基金的1.1倍以上时，选择H股指数\n* 低于1.1倍时，选择上证50指数，并把已经买入的H股指数基金按每月10%兑换过去，1.3倍时再兑换回来。\n\nH股指数盈利收益率/上证50指数盈利收益率\n小于1.1 => 定投上证50指数基金，每月10%H股换A股\n大于1.1 => 定投H股指数基金\n大于1.3 => 定投H股指数基金，每月10%A股换H股\n\n#### 举例：\n当前H股指数基金盈利收益率14.95%\n\n当前上证50指数基金盈利收益率11.03%\n\n14.95% / 11.03% = 1.36\n\n此时大于1.3，应该每月定投H股指数基金，并每月将10%上证50指数基金兑换成H股。\n\n### 已有资产怎么投资\n首先，考虑自己的年龄和投资的风险，拿出多少比例比较合适？\n\n配置指数基金的比例= 100-年龄\n\n个人： 100 - 个人年龄31 = 69， 即69%\n\n家庭： 100 - 家庭平均年龄40 = 60， 即60%\n\n#### 举例：\n\n投资资金10万，定投20个月，先存入债券基金或者P2P，然后分成20份，每份5000元，每月定期取出5000元投资指数基金（当前是H股指数基金）。\n\n\n### 如何 “不亏损” 投资指数基金\n\n#### 原理：通过资产配置来降低投资波动\n\n#### CPPI策略\n1. 配置一部分的指数基金\n2. 配置一部分保本理财产品（如货币基金或债券基金）\n\n当指数基金亏损时，保本理财产品的收益弥补回来。\n当指数基金上涨时，总收益会提高。\n\n#### 示例\n\n##### 问题\n有10万，三年后一定会用到\n\n当前H股ETF估值很低，现在投资，三年后大概率会获得不错收益\n\n但仍然有小概率三年后依然保持低估值。\n\n那么如何确保三年后10万本金不亏损？\n\n##### 寻找合适的投资品种\n1. 高风险\n\n  年化15%~20%以上的指数基金\n1. 低风险\n\n  4%的银行保本理财\n\n##### 根据历史数据计算可能的下跌空间（PE计算）\n\n已知情况：\n* H股指数当前6.4PE\n* 历史最低5.5PE\n\n预估情况：\n* 假设H股指数最低能跌到4PE\n\n当前下跌空间：\n(6.4PE - 4PE) / 6.4PE  = 37.5%\n\n##### 根据下跌空间和保本收益计算配置比\n###### 预估情况最大损失\n\n  10万资金中，H股指数基金投资金额：A\n  可能最大损失：A*37.5%\n###### 计算保本理财收益\n\n  10万投资中，保本理财投资金额：10-A\n  保本理财收益：（10-A）* 12% （每年4%，3年）\n\n###### 计算指数基金配额\n  不想亏本，保本理财收益>指数基金最大可能损失， 即：\n(10-A)*12% >= A*37.5%\n\n(10-A)*12 >= a*37.5\n(10-A)/a >= 3.125\n10/a - 1 >= 3.125\n10/a >= 4.125\na <= 10/4.125\nA <= 2.4\n\n##### 结论：\n1. 当H股指数基金6.4PE，盈利收益率15.6%，我们配置24%的H股ETF和76%的年化4%的保本理财产品，3年里可以实现保本收益。\n\n2. 如果H股上涨，收益将比单纯投资保本理财产品大幅放大。\n\n### 常见问题总结\n1. 对于股票，建立自己的投资体系，对股票进行评估\n2. 对于闲置资金，不单单可以放在货币或者P2P，还是可以做分级基金套利\n3. 人生关口，如何调整投资计划？如买房，生育。可以调整定投策略，调整资产配置。\n\n### 作业\n\n1、根据“定期不定额”的投资方法，将上一课中所列的定投计划进行优化。并从以下三种情况任选其一，做个计划：\n\n如果你已人到中年，有了一定的积蓄，该怎样优化定投计划，请列出来。\n\n如果你是一位希望保本的投资者，又该如何配置你的定投计划呢，请列出来。\n\n如果你希望获得高收益并且能够承受一定风险，你打算如何配置自己的定投计划。\n\n 根据“定期不定额”的投资方法，优化定投计划\n\n\n\n#### 根据“定期不定额”优化上节课定投策略：（n是当期盈利收益率）\n\nn=10%时，定投7000元\n\nn大于10%时，定投7000\\*n\\*10\n\nn小于10%停止定投，每个月钱存入P2P或货币基金。\n\nn小于6.4%，每月赎回10%\n\n#### 如果你希望获得高收益并且能够承受一定风险，你打算如何配置自己的定投计划。\n\n1. 提高定投额度\n   1. 开源节流，提高每月结余。\n   2. 提高每月指数基金投资配额。\n\n\n1. 将一定积蓄参与到定投策略中\n\n- 预留半年的生活费到货币基金中，比如每月7000生活费，6个月就是4.2万。\n\n\n- 将剩余积蓄分批加入每月定投中，比如10万，计划定投3年，每月3000左右加入到定投金额中。\n\n1. 采用AH股轮动策略\n\nH/A= H股指数盈利收益率/上证50指数盈利收益率\nH/A小于1.1 => 定投上证50指数基金，每月10%H股换A股\nH/A大于1.1 => 定投H股指数基金\nH/A大于1.3 => 定投H股指数基金，每月10%A股换H股\n\n2、你对课程还有什么意见和建议？\n\n很好，多一些高阶技巧会更好。\n\n请问一下，指数基金历史PE走势图哪里可以查询？\n","source":"_posts/finance/2016-06-11-指数基金定投.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"指数基金定投\"\ndate: \"2016-04-16 14:28 +0800\"\n---\n\n## 了解基金\n---\n[TOC]\n\n### 什么是基金\n\n一种投资工具，把投资者的钱集中起来，交给专业基金公司去投资。如果基金盈利，我们也盈利，亏损，我们也亏损。\n\n1. 货币基金\n\n  投资银行存款等短期的、保本的产品。每份1元\n\n1. 债券基金\n\n  投资的是债券。每份价格随着基金的净值的增长而增长。\n\n1. 股票基金\n\n** 投资的是股票。每份价格随着股票的增长而增长。**\n\n### 为什么买基金\n\n可以自己买股票，为什么还要买基金？\n\n1. 有专业的基金经理打理\n\n  可以帮助我们投资我们不熟悉的品种\n\n1. 分散风险\n\n  上证50指数基金，就拥有50只不同成分的股票，投资这只基金等于将资产投资到50只不同的股票上\n\n1. 不必频繁操作，省心省力\n   解放自己，去做自己专业的事情。\n\n### 基金的种类\n* 货币型基金\n* 股票型基金\n* 债券型基金\n* 混合型基金\n* 保本型基金\n* 指数型基金\n\n\n1. 货币型基金\n\n  一般投资于银行间债券等比较安全的品种。\n  风险非常低，收益低。\n\n  代表：余额宝。\n  为什么开始推出余额宝，收益达7%？\n  原因：互联网公司贴钱提高利息\n\n1. 股票型基金\n\n  投资股票的基金，基金有80%以上有做股票投资\n  风险最高，收益也最高。\n\n  获利方式\n* 资本利得\n  通过基金净值的波动来获利。低价买入，高价卖出\n\n* 分红\n  通过基金分红来获利。红利指数基金，每年都会分红。\n\n1. 债券型基金\n\n   投资各种债券的基金，基金有80%以上有做债券投资。\n   风险中等，收益中等\n\n* 国债\n\n  国家发行的债券\n\n* 企业债\n\n  企业发行的债券\n\n   债券的实质就是需要钱的人向有钱人借钱，并承诺给一  定的利息，到期还本。\n\n1. 混合型基金\n   既可以投资股票有可以投资债券的基金。\n\n   风险高，收益也高\n\n2. 保本型基金\n\n   与混合型基金类似，可以同时投资股票和债券。\n\n   但是保本型大多数资产投资于债券，少部分投资于高风险的股票。\n\n   用债券的收益覆盖股票的风险，达到保本的目的。\n\n   收益中等，风险较低。\n\n3. 指数型基金\n\n  主要资产投资于股票，股票的选择不是由基金经理来选择，而是复制某个指数。\n  风险高，收益也高。\n\n### 不同基金的风险与收益率\n\n#### 对于基金投资，有两条通用标准：\n1. 持有时间越长，风险越低，收益越高\n2. 风险越大，收益越大\n\n#### 不亏本概率金字塔\n  半年 62%\n  一年 73%\n  2~3年 81%\n\n即使风险最大的股票基金，只要持有时间越长，风险会越低。\n\n#### 各种基金历年年化收益率：\n* 货币型基金 2.56%\n* 债券型基金 6.4%\n* 混合型基金 13.16%\n* 股票型基金 14.11%\n\n\n不用任何技巧，无脑买入并长期持有，就能取得上面的年化收益率。\n\n#### 投资不能只看收益，也要看取得这种收益所要承担的风险。\n\n1. 货币基金风险\n   收益最小，风险也最小，几乎没有下跌\n\n2. 债券基金的风险\n   收益提升了，但是风险也加大了，期间出现过几次下跌\n\n3. 混合基金的风险\n   收益提升了很多，风险也放大了，最大跌去了将近一半\n\n4. 股票基金的风险\n   收益最高，风险也最大，最大跌去一半多\n   特点，收益高，主要通过暴涨暴跌实现，错误时间进入，比如07年，15年，会承担非常大的亏损。\n\n#### 上面几种基金风险对比\n\n长期来看，股票基金是收益最高的。但是某些短时间片段，股票基金收益并不总是最高，比如2015年股灾到现在，股票基金收益还不如货币基金。\n\n#### 货币增发\n\n最近，国内货币增长速度和通货膨胀等达到10%。\n为保证自己手里货币的购买力，必须取得年化10%以上的收益。\n\n各类型基金历年年化收益率：\n* 货币型基金 2.56%\n* 债券型基金 6.4%\n* 混合型基金 13.16%\n* 股票型基金 14.11%\n\n为了战胜货币增发，必须依靠股票型基金\n\n### 不同基金的投资周期\n#### 货币基金\n现金替代品，余额宝\n\n#### 债券基金\n定期存款的替代品\n适合持有半年至一年以上\n\n#### 保本基金\n定期开放，比如每三年开放一次\n\n#### 股票基金、混合基金、指数基金\n适合持有三年以上\n\n\n## 最佳股票基金——指数基金\n\n### 股神巴菲特买什么股票基金\n指数基金\n\n### 指数基金是什么？\n\n#### 传统股票基金\n由基金经理来选股\n收益情况取决于基金经理的投资能力\n彼得林奇与他的麦哲伦基金， 没有永续性\n\n#### 指数基金\n不由基金经理来选股\n选取某个指数作为模仿对象\n完全复制某个指数来选股\n上证50指数基金\n\n#### 指数基金如何挑选股票？\n指数就是一堆股票的集合\n购买指数基金就是按照指数同时购买这一堆股票\n\n### 指数基金的好处\n#### 两个优势：\n\n1. 长生不老\n     指数基金可以通过吸收新公司替换老公司，实现长生不老。道琼斯指数从成立有20只股票到今天只通用还活着。\n\n  普通股票基金表现取决一基金经理，很少有基金经理能投资30-40年。\n\n1. 长期上涨\n   指数是长期上涨，恒生指数和上涨综指，从开始100点上涨到现在的20000多点和2800多点，一直是上涨的。所以指数基金也跟着长期上涨\n\n#### 规避三大风险：\n\n1. 个股黑天鹅\n   重庆啤酒-乙肝疫苗，关灯吃面，茅台塑化剂\n\n2. 本金永久损失\n   公司倒闭，私有化退市，指数基金只会按指数去买股票，不会选择亏损、财务有问题的公司。\n\n3. 制度风险\n   制度不完善，有老鼠仓、内幕交易。指数规则早就确定好，任何人可查可监督，不会有老鼠仓、利益输送等情况。\n\n### 指数基金的分类\n1. 场内基金\n     可以在股票软件内买卖的基金，和买卖股票一样\n     基金代码一般以159或者510开头，其他则是场外基金\n\n  交易迅速，费用低，但是只能手动买卖，无法自动定投，基金数量比较少\n\n1. 场外基金\n     场外基金需要申购和赎回，申购T+2，赎回：T+1\n\n  交易费用比场内贵，但是品种多\n\n### 手把手教你指数基金如何交易\n\n场内基金交易，和股票交易一样\n\n场外基金交易，银行柜台和网络渠道\n\n## 国内的优秀指数基金\n\n### 常见指数基金有哪些\n\n#### A股\n上证50：主要投资大型企业\n上海股市规模最大50家企业\n\n沪深300 ：主要投资中大型企业\n上证和深证中最大的300家大型企业\n\n中证500：主要投资中小型企业\n先选出前800家规模最大的企业，前300家就是沪深300，后500家就是中证500。\n\n创业板：主要投资小型企业\n规模小盈利不稳定的小企业，风险比较大\n\n红利指数：主要投资高分红企业\n上证中，挑选现金分红最高的50家企业\n\n#### 港股\n恒生指数\nH股指数\n\n#### 美股\n纳斯达克100\n标普500\n\n#### 德股\n德国50\n\n## 全球资产配置：QDII指数基金\n\n### 什么是QDII\n\nQDII：合格境内机构投资者。\n* 可以理解成“代购”：用人民币合法的投资海外市场\n* 主要包括：港股、美股、德股等\n\n### QDII基金的两重风险\n\n#### 风险一：汇率风险\n以美元资产为例，如果人民币相对美元贬值，将人民币换为美元资产可以分散这种风险。\n反过来,如果人民币升值，持有美元资产就会受到损失。\n\n#### 风险二：外汇兑换限制\n国内金融还不成熟，国家政策也经常变化\n2016年2月份，有部分QDII基金暂停申购，但可以赎回。\n\n### 香港股市\n香港股市是一个非常成熟的股票市场，已经存在了半个世纪了。\n在全球股票市场排名前10，处于第7位。\n\n#### 港股是与国内关系最密切的海外市场\n如：腾讯、比亚迪、联想等都是在香港上市交易\n\n#### 投资香港指数基金，可以一定程度上分散人民币风险\n港币的价值是参考美元，香港政府通过持有大量美元外汇实现这一点。\n\n#### 香港股市指数基金\n* 恒生指数\n* 国企指数（H股）\n\n#### 恒生指数基金\n诞生于1969年，收益稳定，估值分布合理，老牌优秀指数。\n最大的50家企业。\n\n#### 恒生指数基金前20大成分股\n1 中国移动\n2 工商银行\n3 腾讯控股\n...\n9 中国石油化工股份\n10 中国人寿\n...\n\n#### 恒生指数半个世纪以来的走势\n52年上涨了508倍\n\n#### 追踪恒生指数的指数基金\n场内：华夏公司的恒生ETF代码：159920\n\n\n#### H股指数基金\n\nH股：中国企业\n\nH股指数：挑选在香港上市的规模最大的国内企业\n\n国内企业：\n* 在国内上市：A股\n* 在香港上市：H股\n\n\n#### H股指数盈利能力排全球前列\n1. 恒生国企质素的盈利能力在2002年后持续高于标普500指数\n2. 恒生国企指数与标普500指数的PB估值对比达到历史最低水平\n\n#### 追踪H股指数的指数基金\n场内：易方达H股ETF代码：510900\n\n### 美国股市\n\n美国股市：\n1. 纳斯达克交易所： 纳斯达克100指数\n   新兴经济，像苹果、微软、facebook\n\n2. 纽约交易所：标普500指数\n   传统企业\n\n#### 纳斯达克100指数基金\n纳斯达克规模最大的100家大型企业\n\n**业绩表现：**\n2010年4月以来，纳斯达克100取得了110%的上涨幅度。\n\n#### 追踪纳斯达克100指数的指数基金\n场内：国泰纳斯达克100ETF代码：513100\n\n#### 标普500指数基金\n美国影响力最大的一个股票指数\n\n巴菲特立下遗属，过世后将继续买入该指数基金\n\n代表美国传统企业，取规模最大的前500家。\n\n#### 标普500指数行业权重\n对比沪深300，标普500行业权重分配合理，可以保证盈利的稳定性。\n\n#### 追踪标普500指数的指数基金\n\n场内：博时标普500ETF代码：513500\n\n### 德国股市\n\n欧洲股市中目前唯一可以在国内购买的\n\n未来可能会有“伦港通”\n\n#### 德国DAX30指数基金\n\n德国大型企业的代表，德国股市规模最大的30家企业。\n\n包括拜耳、戴姆勒、西门子、宝马等\n\n追踪德国DAX30，将会把人民币兑换成欧元在去买入德国股票实现跟踪，是持有欧元的好办法。\n\n#### 追踪DAX30指数的指数基金\n场内：华安德国DAX30ETF代码：513030\n\n## 如何投资指数基金\n\n### 什么是定投？\n\n投资指数基金的两种方式\n1. 单笔投资\n2. 定投\n\n#### 所谓定投，就是定期定额购买基金。\n\n#### 人人都参与的定投\n养老保险和社保\n\n#### 定投三大好处\n1. 我们不需要很多钱\n2. 定投对投资时机要求也不高\n3. 定投可以分摊成本\n\n#### 分摊成本示例\n苹果：\n10块钱买1斤，5块钱买2斤， 平均就是6.7一斤\n\n#### 定投适合人群\n1. 上班族\n2. 大忙人\n3. 低风险投资者\n4. 未来规划者\n\n### 如何制定定投策略？\n定投的两个要素：\n1. 时间\n2. 金额\n\n#### 定投的时间\n选定一个固定的时间\n\n时间一旦确定就不能变，比如发工资的那天。\n\n从历史数据的统计来看，具体选择哪天对最终的收益影响并不大。\n\n#### 定投的金额\n\n指数基金平均投资一轮大约需要3年以上的时间。\n如果定投的钱这三年里会用到，就会影响我们的投资\n\n具体每个月拿出多少钱，取决于每个人的结余。\n* 不要定太高\n* 每月需要留下一定的钱备用\n\n#### 总结\n简单又有效的定投策略：\n每月结余7000，我们可以在每个月1号定投5000元到指数基金。\n\n### 何时可以定投指数基金？\n\n定投可以随时开始吗？\n不可以!!\n\n要在指数基金便宜的时候去买，而不是贵的时候买\n\n那如何判断指数基金是贵还是便宜？\n\n### 盈利收益率\n\n盈利收益率= 公司盈利/公司的市值\n\n一个公司盈利1亿，公司规模8亿，盈利收益率为1/8=12.5%。\n\n盈利收益率就是让我们把股票看作一种特殊的理财产品，盈利收益率就是这只理财产品的收益率。\n\n例如，2016年3月21日，上证50的盈利收益率是10.53%, 那么我们可以把上证50指数看作年息为10.53%的债券，\n\n####使用盈利收益率的优势\n\n**方便与其他产品进行比较，选择更好的一种进行投资**\n可以与下面理财产品横向比较：\n\n* 债券利率\n* 其他指数基金的盈利收益率\n* 房地产的租售比，\n* 银行理财的年收益\n* 等等\n\n例如：2003年，北京某地段房屋租售比6~7%， 而指数基金盈利收益率为4%。\n那肯定是买房出租比较好。\n\n#### 使用盈利收益率的限制\n\n必须得是投资大公司的指数基金才行\n\n盈利收益率 = 公司盈利/公司总市值\n\n分子盈利越稳定，盈利收益率越有效\n\n盈利不稳地的小公司，无法使用这种方法。\n\n可用：上证50，恒生指数基金，H股指数基金\n不可用：中证500，创业板\n\n#### 历史回测各国指数基金\n\n盈利收益率高的时候开始定投，最终收益率很不错。\n\n盈利收益率低的时候开始定投，最终收益会很一般。\n\n#### 在盈利收益率高的时候开始定投，在盈利收益率低的时候停止定投\n\n#### 盈利收益率多高算高，多低算低？\n\n盈利收益率<6.4% 为低\n\n盈利收益率>10% 为高\n\n#### 当盈利收益高于10%\n\n格雷厄姆认为：\n* 盈利收益率要大于10%\n* 盈利收益率要大于十年期国债利率的2倍以上\n\n**总结:指数基金的盈利收益大于10%，就开始定投，如果低于10%，停止定投并持有已经定投的份额。**\n\n#### 当盈利收益低于6.4%\n\n6.4%来源月债券基金，其风险低，平均年化收益率在6.4%\n\n当**指数基金盈利收益<债券平均年化收益率6.4%** 将指数基金卖出，买入债券基金。\n\n\n#### 使用盈利收益率投资指数基金的完整策略\n\n**盈利收益率<6.4%：分批卖出**\n**6.4%<盈利收益率<10%：坚定持有**\n**盈利收益率>10%：定期定额投资**\n\n### 查询盈利收益率的三种方式\n\n方法一：关注微信号：十年定投赚十倍\n每个交易日公布指数估值情况\n\n方法二：中证指数官网\n找到对应指数的“静态市盈率”，求倒数，就得到盈利收益率。\n\n方法三：万得股票APP\n\n### 本策略在股市中的收益率\n\n回顾本策略：\n**盈利收益率<6.4%：分批卖出**\n**6.4%<盈利收益率<10%：坚定持有**\n**盈利收益率>10%：定期定额投资**\n\n#### 本策略在国内的收益率\n\n| 指数基金 |     月均收益率     |     年复合收益率      |     定期最大回撤     |\n| ---- | :-----------: | :-------------: | :------------: |\n|      |   策略定投 无脑定投   |    策略定投 无脑定投    |   策略定投 无脑定投    |\n| 上证50 | 2.16%   0.95% | 29.27%   12.3%  | 11%     11.53% |\n| 红利   | 2.2%    1.03% | 29.9%    13.07% |  14.5%    55%  |\n\n##### 两点结论:\n1. 无脑定投也能取得12%以上的年复合收益率\n2. 配合格雷厄姆的投资策略，年复合收益率提升2倍以上。\n\n这么高的收益率，得益于过去20年中国经济的高速增长，**未来可能没有那么高，大概在15%～20%以上**\n\n回顾历史，上证50和红利指数基金盈利收益率在3%~16%之间波动，我们只要等到10%以上就可以定投了。\n\n#### 本策略在港股的收益率\n恒生指数从1964年开始，盈利收益率在2.5%~20%之间波动，出现5次盈利收益率大于10%的情况。\n\n基本每隔4、5年就能出现一次获得年复合收益率30%的机会，不用担心买不到。\n\n#### 本策略在美股的收益率\n\n在标普500上，这个策略取得平均15%的年复合收益率。低于港股，美国是发达国家，经济增速低于香港，所以从这个角度可以理解。\n\n#### 总结：如何投资指数基金：\n1. 选择定投。\n     我们可以取得年均13%的收益率\n\n2. 配合盈利收益率提升收益。\n     在盈利收益率高时才定投，可以大幅提升指数基金收益。\n\n## 构建属于自己的定投计划\n\n一份完整的定投计划：\n* 需要根据自己的收入和开支，构建合理的每月定投额度；\n* 需要筛选适合投资的品种；\n* 需要设定好买卖区间；\n\n最终计划必须落在纸面上！\n\n这样才能让自己每次投资的时候严格遵守，避免主观情绪干扰。\n\n\n### 第一步：梳理自己的现金流\n\n#### 投资前考虑：\n* 钱将来会用于什么？什么时候用？\n* 自己每月有多少资金进账？\n* 自己每月会花掉多少钱？\n* 使用记账APP，减少不必要的开支\n\n**一般，除去必要生活开支后，剩余资金50%可以用来定投。**\n\n### 第二步：挑好基金\n\n配合我们之前几课学习的，挑出当前盈利收益率高的指数基金\n\nH股指数基金、恒生指数基金、红利指数基金、上证50指数基金\n\n### 第三步：构建定投计划\n* 我们可以选择自己比较熟悉的方式，去投资基金\n  场内购买，月底查估值，大于10%继续定投，定投5000\n\n### 第四步：定期检查优化\n在定投的同时，做好记录，方便我们回顾总结\n\n买入日期、品种、操作、价格、市盈率、盈利收益率等信息。\n\n#### 优化：越低估买入越多\n* 盈利收益率越高，指数基金越值得投资\n* 将定投金额和估值结合起来，越低估买入越多，进而提高收益。\n\n类似的方法有很多，需要不断学习。\n\n###　定投案例\n\n#### 适合养老定投计划的指数基金：\n##### 目的\n  当父母退休后，可以从定投计划中定期去用资金，改善生活。\n##### 资金特征\n* 前期只进不出\n* 等待收益提升直至覆盖所需的支出\n* 积累一定金额后，逐渐提升开支\n\n##### 适合的指数基金：\n* 高分红的指数基金：红利指数基金\n* 2016年6月16日开始，每月定投1500\n* 2024年，总计投入本金15万左右， 基金价值26万左右，\n* 从2024年开始，每年分红1万以上，逐年提高，这部分刚好可以满足生活质量的提高。\n\n  因为指数基金的分红不受股价影响，后期可依靠基金分红，获取稳定的现金支出养老；\n\n##### 具体操作\n1. 挑选高姑息的指数基金，例如红利指数基金\n2. 根据需求，决定定投年限。\n\n   达到年限或，基金每年会现金分红，分红可以用来支出开支\n\n3. 指数基金盈利收益率大于10%开始定投计划。\n\n#### 为自己构建加薪定投计划\n##### 适合人群：年轻上班族，积蓄少、\n\n**年轻上班族投资三原则**\n1. 开始存钱\n2. 减少非必要开支\n3. 越早投资越好\n\n##### 具体操作\n1. 月收入剩余的60%用于定投\n   先省下的钱存入货币基金中，然后定投时一起投入。\n\n2. 选择盈利收益率高的指数基金，H股指数基金。\n\n3. 遵循本课的投资策略\n* 大于10%定投\n* 小于10%停止定投，每个月钱存入债券或货币基金。\n* 小于6.4%，每月赎回10%\n\n### 为子女构建教育定投计划\n什么时候用到，很确定。\n##### 教育定投原则\n1. 首先，要保证资金需要使用的时候可以拿来用\n2. 其次，才是提高收益\n3. 卖出条件要放宽，卖出机会多，卖出后转成保本理财产品。\n   收益是少了点，但是保证要用的时候，可以用到。\n\n#### 具体操作\n1. 挑选高盈利收益率的指数基金\n     H股指数\n2. 遵循本课程投资策略\n* 大于10%，定投。\n* 小于10%，每月赎回，保证积极很快赎回，马上可用。\n\n### 作业\n根据上一课和这一课的内容，结合自己（或家人）的资金流和实际情况，选择期望投资的指数基金，为自己（或家人）列出一份详细的定投计划，将计划和其中的依据或原因一并列出来\n\n#### 家庭成员：\n本人和妻子（待产）\n\n#### 资产情况（不含妻子）：\n现有流动资产40万：\n* 20万做后备资金\n* 10万用于定投基金\n* 10万用于题材股票投资，比如最近区块链概念\n\n\n月收入15000，每月除去开支，剩余7000。\n* 7000用于定投基金\n\n#### 基金选择：\n根据对当前几大指数基金的盈利收益率对比，\n选择盈利收益率最高的H股指数基金\n\n#### 定投金额：\n每月定投1万（7000月结余+存款3000）\n\n#### 定投期限：\n5年\n\n#### 定投策略：\n大于10%定投\n小于10%停止定投，每个月钱存入P2P或货币基金。\n小于6.4%，每月赎回10%\n\n## 指数基金进阶\n\n### 如何让定投收益最大化？\n#### 定期不定额投资\n\n##### 原理：在盈利收益率更高的时候买入更多\n* 记录买入的日期、品种、操作、价格、市盈率、盈利收益率等信息\n* 在15%盈利收益率时就比10%的时候更值得买入\n\n##### 举例\n* 开始定投是1000元每月，从10%的盈利收益开始定投\n* 第二个月盈利收益率达到12.5%\n* 于是，我们可以定投1000*1.25 = 1250元，盈利收益率约高买入越多。\n\n**那么对于我15%盈利收益率是10000元，10%的时候就是6666元。**\n\n####  AH股轮动策略\n此策略专门针对H股指数基金和上证50指数基金\n\n一家大企业上市：\n在国内上市->上证50指数基金\n在香港上市->H股指数基金\n\n\n* 两个指数基金非常相似，但是却又是不同的指数基金，因此涨跌有先有后\n* 有时候H股指数盈利收益率高，有时候上证50指数盈利收益率高\n\n2004年之后，这两个指数多次出现重合又分离的走势\n* 2013~2014年，上证50的盈利收益率高于H股指数，这时候该投资上证50\n* 现在H股指数的盈利收益率比上证高很多，那这时就该投资H股指数\n\n##### 轮动策略\n* H股指数的盈利收益率是上证50指数基金的1.1倍以上时，选择H股指数\n* 低于1.1倍时，选择上证50指数，并把已经买入的H股指数基金按每月10%兑换过去，1.3倍时再兑换回来。\n\nH股指数盈利收益率/上证50指数盈利收益率\n小于1.1 => 定投上证50指数基金，每月10%H股换A股\n大于1.1 => 定投H股指数基金\n大于1.3 => 定投H股指数基金，每月10%A股换H股\n\n#### 举例：\n当前H股指数基金盈利收益率14.95%\n\n当前上证50指数基金盈利收益率11.03%\n\n14.95% / 11.03% = 1.36\n\n此时大于1.3，应该每月定投H股指数基金，并每月将10%上证50指数基金兑换成H股。\n\n### 已有资产怎么投资\n首先，考虑自己的年龄和投资的风险，拿出多少比例比较合适？\n\n配置指数基金的比例= 100-年龄\n\n个人： 100 - 个人年龄31 = 69， 即69%\n\n家庭： 100 - 家庭平均年龄40 = 60， 即60%\n\n#### 举例：\n\n投资资金10万，定投20个月，先存入债券基金或者P2P，然后分成20份，每份5000元，每月定期取出5000元投资指数基金（当前是H股指数基金）。\n\n\n### 如何 “不亏损” 投资指数基金\n\n#### 原理：通过资产配置来降低投资波动\n\n#### CPPI策略\n1. 配置一部分的指数基金\n2. 配置一部分保本理财产品（如货币基金或债券基金）\n\n当指数基金亏损时，保本理财产品的收益弥补回来。\n当指数基金上涨时，总收益会提高。\n\n#### 示例\n\n##### 问题\n有10万，三年后一定会用到\n\n当前H股ETF估值很低，现在投资，三年后大概率会获得不错收益\n\n但仍然有小概率三年后依然保持低估值。\n\n那么如何确保三年后10万本金不亏损？\n\n##### 寻找合适的投资品种\n1. 高风险\n\n  年化15%~20%以上的指数基金\n1. 低风险\n\n  4%的银行保本理财\n\n##### 根据历史数据计算可能的下跌空间（PE计算）\n\n已知情况：\n* H股指数当前6.4PE\n* 历史最低5.5PE\n\n预估情况：\n* 假设H股指数最低能跌到4PE\n\n当前下跌空间：\n(6.4PE - 4PE) / 6.4PE  = 37.5%\n\n##### 根据下跌空间和保本收益计算配置比\n###### 预估情况最大损失\n\n  10万资金中，H股指数基金投资金额：A\n  可能最大损失：A*37.5%\n###### 计算保本理财收益\n\n  10万投资中，保本理财投资金额：10-A\n  保本理财收益：（10-A）* 12% （每年4%，3年）\n\n###### 计算指数基金配额\n  不想亏本，保本理财收益>指数基金最大可能损失， 即：\n(10-A)*12% >= A*37.5%\n\n(10-A)*12 >= a*37.5\n(10-A)/a >= 3.125\n10/a - 1 >= 3.125\n10/a >= 4.125\na <= 10/4.125\nA <= 2.4\n\n##### 结论：\n1. 当H股指数基金6.4PE，盈利收益率15.6%，我们配置24%的H股ETF和76%的年化4%的保本理财产品，3年里可以实现保本收益。\n\n2. 如果H股上涨，收益将比单纯投资保本理财产品大幅放大。\n\n### 常见问题总结\n1. 对于股票，建立自己的投资体系，对股票进行评估\n2. 对于闲置资金，不单单可以放在货币或者P2P，还是可以做分级基金套利\n3. 人生关口，如何调整投资计划？如买房，生育。可以调整定投策略，调整资产配置。\n\n### 作业\n\n1、根据“定期不定额”的投资方法，将上一课中所列的定投计划进行优化。并从以下三种情况任选其一，做个计划：\n\n如果你已人到中年，有了一定的积蓄，该怎样优化定投计划，请列出来。\n\n如果你是一位希望保本的投资者，又该如何配置你的定投计划呢，请列出来。\n\n如果你希望获得高收益并且能够承受一定风险，你打算如何配置自己的定投计划。\n\n 根据“定期不定额”的投资方法，优化定投计划\n\n\n\n#### 根据“定期不定额”优化上节课定投策略：（n是当期盈利收益率）\n\nn=10%时，定投7000元\n\nn大于10%时，定投7000\\*n\\*10\n\nn小于10%停止定投，每个月钱存入P2P或货币基金。\n\nn小于6.4%，每月赎回10%\n\n#### 如果你希望获得高收益并且能够承受一定风险，你打算如何配置自己的定投计划。\n\n1. 提高定投额度\n   1. 开源节流，提高每月结余。\n   2. 提高每月指数基金投资配额。\n\n\n1. 将一定积蓄参与到定投策略中\n\n- 预留半年的生活费到货币基金中，比如每月7000生活费，6个月就是4.2万。\n\n\n- 将剩余积蓄分批加入每月定投中，比如10万，计划定投3年，每月3000左右加入到定投金额中。\n\n1. 采用AH股轮动策略\n\nH/A= H股指数盈利收益率/上证50指数盈利收益率\nH/A小于1.1 => 定投上证50指数基金，每月10%H股换A股\nH/A大于1.1 => 定投H股指数基金\nH/A大于1.3 => 定投H股指数基金，每月10%A股换H股\n\n2、你对课程还有什么意见和建议？\n\n很好，多一些高阶技巧会更好。\n\n请问一下，指数基金历史PE走势图哪里可以查询？\n","slug":"finance/2016-06-11-指数基金定投","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiwt000bmktehydxj5ca","content":"<h2 id=\"了解基金\"><a href=\"#了解基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"了解基金\"></a>了解基金</h2><hr>\n<p>[TOC]</p>\n<h3 id=\"什么是基金\"><a href=\"#什么是基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么是基金\"></a>什么是基金</h3><p>一种投资工具，把投资者的钱集中起来，交给专业基金公司去投资。如果基金盈利，我们也盈利，亏损，我们也亏损。</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>货币基金</p>\n<p>投资银行存款等短期的、保本的产品。每份1元</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>债券基金</p>\n<p>投资的是债券。每份价格随着基金的净值的增长而增长。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>股票基金</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p><strong> 投资的是股票。每份价格随着股票的增长而增长。</strong></p>\n<h3 id=\"为什么买基金\"><a href=\"#为什么买基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"为什么买基金\"></a>为什么买基金</h3><p>可以自己买股票，为什么还要买基金？</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>有专业的基金经理打理</p>\n<p>可以帮助我们投资我们不熟悉的品种</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>分散风险</p>\n<p>上证50指数基金，就拥有50只不同成分的股票，投资这只基金等于将资产投资到50只不同的股票上</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>不必频繁操作，省心省力<br>解放自己，去做自己专业的事情。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"基金的种类\"><a href=\"#基金的种类\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"基金的种类\"></a>基金的种类</h3><ul>\n<li>货币型基金</li>\n<li>股票型基金</li>\n<li>债券型基金</li>\n<li>混合型基金</li>\n<li>保本型基金</li>\n<li>指数型基金</li>\n</ul>\n<ol>\n<li><p>货币型基金</p>\n<p>一般投资于银行间债券等比较安全的品种。<br>风险非常低，收益低。</p>\n<p>代表：余额宝。<br>为什么开始推出余额宝，收益达7%？<br>原因：互联网公司贴钱提高利息</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>股票型基金</p>\n<p>投资股票的基金，基金有80%以上有做股票投资<br>风险最高，收益也最高。</p>\n<p>获利方式</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li><p>资本利得<br>通过基金净值的波动来获利。低价买入，高价卖出</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>分红<br>通过基金分红来获利。红利指数基金，每年都会分红。</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ol>\n<li><p>债券型基金</p>\n<p>投资各种债券的基金，基金有80%以上有做债券投资。<br>风险中等，收益中等</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li><p>国债</p>\n<p>国家发行的债券</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>企业债</p>\n<p>企业发行的债券</p>\n<p> 债券的实质就是需要钱的人向有钱人借钱，并承诺给一  定的利息，到期还本。</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ol>\n<li><p>混合型基金<br>既可以投资股票有可以投资债券的基金。</p>\n<p>风险高，收益也高</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>保本型基金</p>\n<p>与混合型基金类似，可以同时投资股票和债券。</p>\n<p>但是保本型大多数资产投资于债券，少部分投资于高风险的股票。</p>\n<p>用债券的收益覆盖股票的风险，达到保本的目的。</p>\n<p>收益中等，风险较低。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>指数型基金</p>\n<p>主要资产投资于股票，股票的选择不是由基金经理来选择，而是复制某个指数。<br>风险高，收益也高。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"不同基金的风险与收益率\"><a href=\"#不同基金的风险与收益率\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"不同基金的风险与收益率\"></a>不同基金的风险与收益率</h3><h4 id=\"对于基金投资，有两条通用标准：\"><a href=\"#对于基金投资，有两条通用标准：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"对于基金投资，有两条通用标准：\"></a>对于基金投资，有两条通用标准：</h4><ol>\n<li>持有时间越长，风险越低，收益越高</li>\n<li>风险越大，收益越大</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"不亏本概率金字塔\"><a href=\"#不亏本概率金字塔\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"不亏本概率金字塔\"></a>不亏本概率金字塔</h4><p>  半年 62%<br>  一年 73%<br>  2~3年 81%</p>\n<p>即使风险最大的股票基金，只要持有时间越长，风险会越低。</p>\n<h4 id=\"各种基金历年年化收益率：\"><a href=\"#各种基金历年年化收益率：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"各种基金历年年化收益率：\"></a>各种基金历年年化收益率：</h4><ul>\n<li>货币型基金 2.56%</li>\n<li>债券型基金 6.4%</li>\n<li>混合型基金 13.16%</li>\n<li>股票型基金 14.11%</li>\n</ul>\n<p>不用任何技巧，无脑买入并长期持有，就能取得上面的年化收益率。</p>\n<h4 id=\"投资不能只看收益，也要看取得这种收益所要承担的风险。\"><a href=\"#投资不能只看收益，也要看取得这种收益所要承担的风险。\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"投资不能只看收益，也要看取得这种收益所要承担的风险。\"></a>投资不能只看收益，也要看取得这种收益所要承担的风险。</h4><ol>\n<li><p>货币基金风险<br>收益最小，风险也最小，几乎没有下跌</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>债券基金的风险<br>收益提升了，但是风险也加大了，期间出现过几次下跌</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>混合基金的风险<br>收益提升了很多，风险也放大了，最大跌去了将近一半</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>股票基金的风险<br>收益最高，风险也最大，最大跌去一半多<br>特点，收益高，主要通过暴涨暴跌实现，错误时间进入，比如07年，15年，会承担非常大的亏损。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"上面几种基金风险对比\"><a href=\"#上面几种基金风险对比\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"上面几种基金风险对比\"></a>上面几种基金风险对比</h4><p>长期来看，股票基金是收益最高的。但是某些短时间片段，股票基金收益并不总是最高，比如2015年股灾到现在，股票基金收益还不如货币基金。</p>\n<h4 id=\"货币增发\"><a href=\"#货币增发\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"货币增发\"></a>货币增发</h4><p>最近，国内货币增长速度和通货膨胀等达到10%。<br>为保证自己手里货币的购买力，必须取得年化10%以上的收益。</p>\n<p>各类型基金历年年化收益率：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>货币型基金 2.56%</li>\n<li>债券型基金 6.4%</li>\n<li>混合型基金 13.16%</li>\n<li>股票型基金 14.11%</li>\n</ul>\n<p>为了战胜货币增发，必须依靠股票型基金</p>\n<h3 id=\"不同基金的投资周期\"><a href=\"#不同基金的投资周期\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"不同基金的投资周期\"></a>不同基金的投资周期</h3><h4 id=\"货币基金\"><a href=\"#货币基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"货币基金\"></a>货币基金</h4><p>现金替代品，余额宝</p>\n<h4 id=\"债券基金\"><a href=\"#债券基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"债券基金\"></a>债券基金</h4><p>定期存款的替代品<br>适合持有半年至一年以上</p>\n<h4 id=\"保本基金\"><a href=\"#保本基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"保本基金\"></a>保本基金</h4><p>定期开放，比如每三年开放一次</p>\n<h4 id=\"股票基金、混合基金、指数基金\"><a href=\"#股票基金、混合基金、指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"股票基金、混合基金、指数基金\"></a>股票基金、混合基金、指数基金</h4><p>适合持有三年以上</p>\n<h2 id=\"最佳股票基金——指数基金\"><a href=\"#最佳股票基金——指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"最佳股票基金——指数基金\"></a>最佳股票基金——指数基金</h2><h3 id=\"股神巴菲特买什么股票基金\"><a href=\"#股神巴菲特买什么股票基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"股神巴菲特买什么股票基金\"></a>股神巴菲特买什么股票基金</h3><p>指数基金</p>\n<h3 id=\"指数基金是什么？\"><a href=\"#指数基金是什么？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"指数基金是什么？\"></a>指数基金是什么？</h3><h4 id=\"传统股票基金\"><a href=\"#传统股票基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"传统股票基金\"></a>传统股票基金</h4><p>由基金经理来选股<br>收益情况取决于基金经理的投资能力<br>彼得林奇与他的麦哲伦基金， 没有永续性</p>\n<h4 id=\"指数基金\"><a href=\"#指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"指数基金\"></a>指数基金</h4><p>不由基金经理来选股<br>选取某个指数作为模仿对象<br>完全复制某个指数来选股<br>上证50指数基金</p>\n<h4 id=\"指数基金如何挑选股票？\"><a href=\"#指数基金如何挑选股票？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"指数基金如何挑选股票？\"></a>指数基金如何挑选股票？</h4><p>指数就是一堆股票的集合<br>购买指数基金就是按照指数同时购买这一堆股票</p>\n<h3 id=\"指数基金的好处\"><a href=\"#指数基金的好处\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"指数基金的好处\"></a>指数基金的好处</h3><h4 id=\"两个优势：\"><a href=\"#两个优势：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"两个优势：\"></a>两个优势：</h4><ol>\n<li><p>长生不老<br>  指数基金可以通过吸收新公司替换老公司，实现长生不老。道琼斯指数从成立有20只股票到今天只通用还活着。</p>\n<p>普通股票基金表现取决一基金经理，很少有基金经理能投资30-40年。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>长期上涨<br>指数是长期上涨，恒生指数和上涨综指，从开始100点上涨到现在的20000多点和2800多点，一直是上涨的。所以指数基金也跟着长期上涨</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"规避三大风险：\"><a href=\"#规避三大风险：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"规避三大风险：\"></a>规避三大风险：</h4><ol>\n<li><p>个股黑天鹅<br>重庆啤酒-乙肝疫苗，关灯吃面，茅台塑化剂</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>本金永久损失<br>公司倒闭，私有化退市，指数基金只会按指数去买股票，不会选择亏损、财务有问题的公司。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>制度风险<br>制度不完善，有老鼠仓、内幕交易。指数规则早就确定好，任何人可查可监督，不会有老鼠仓、利益输送等情况。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"指数基金的分类\"><a href=\"#指数基金的分类\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"指数基金的分类\"></a>指数基金的分类</h3><ol>\n<li><p>场内基金<br>  可以在股票软件内买卖的基金，和买卖股票一样<br>  基金代码一般以159或者510开头，其他则是场外基金</p>\n<p>交易迅速，费用低，但是只能手动买卖，无法自动定投，基金数量比较少</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>场外基金<br>  场外基金需要申购和赎回，申购T+2，赎回：T+1</p>\n<p>交易费用比场内贵，但是品种多</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"手把手教你指数基金如何交易\"><a href=\"#手把手教你指数基金如何交易\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"手把手教你指数基金如何交易\"></a>手把手教你指数基金如何交易</h3><p>场内基金交易，和股票交易一样</p>\n<p>场外基金交易，银行柜台和网络渠道</p>\n<h2 id=\"国内的优秀指数基金\"><a href=\"#国内的优秀指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"国内的优秀指数基金\"></a>国内的优秀指数基金</h2><h3 id=\"常见指数基金有哪些\"><a href=\"#常见指数基金有哪些\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"常见指数基金有哪些\"></a>常见指数基金有哪些</h3><h4 id=\"A股\"><a href=\"#A股\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"A股\"></a>A股</h4><p>上证50：主要投资大型企业<br>上海股市规模最大50家企业</p>\n<p>沪深300 ：主要投资中大型企业<br>上证和深证中最大的300家大型企业</p>\n<p>中证500：主要投资中小型企业<br>先选出前800家规模最大的企业，前300家就是沪深300，后500家就是中证500。</p>\n<p>创业板：主要投资小型企业<br>规模小盈利不稳定的小企业，风险比较大</p>\n<p>红利指数：主要投资高分红企业<br>上证中，挑选现金分红最高的50家企业</p>\n<h4 id=\"港股\"><a href=\"#港股\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"港股\"></a>港股</h4><p>恒生指数<br>H股指数</p>\n<h4 id=\"美股\"><a href=\"#美股\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"美股\"></a>美股</h4><p>纳斯达克100<br>标普500</p>\n<h4 id=\"德股\"><a href=\"#德股\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"德股\"></a>德股</h4><p>德国50</p>\n<h2 id=\"全球资产配置：QDII指数基金\"><a href=\"#全球资产配置：QDII指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"全球资产配置：QDII指数基金\"></a>全球资产配置：QDII指数基金</h2><h3 id=\"什么是QDII\"><a href=\"#什么是QDII\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么是QDII\"></a>什么是QDII</h3><p>QDII：合格境内机构投资者。</p>\n<ul>\n<li>可以理解成“代购”：用人民币合法的投资海外市场</li>\n<li>主要包括：港股、美股、德股等</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"QDII基金的两重风险\"><a href=\"#QDII基金的两重风险\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"QDII基金的两重风险\"></a>QDII基金的两重风险</h3><h4 id=\"风险一：汇率风险\"><a href=\"#风险一：汇率风险\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"风险一：汇率风险\"></a>风险一：汇率风险</h4><p>以美元资产为例，如果人民币相对美元贬值，将人民币换为美元资产可以分散这种风险。<br>反过来,如果人民币升值，持有美元资产就会受到损失。</p>\n<h4 id=\"风险二：外汇兑换限制\"><a href=\"#风险二：外汇兑换限制\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"风险二：外汇兑换限制\"></a>风险二：外汇兑换限制</h4><p>国内金融还不成熟，国家政策也经常变化<br>2016年2月份，有部分QDII基金暂停申购，但可以赎回。</p>\n<h3 id=\"香港股市\"><a href=\"#香港股市\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"香港股市\"></a>香港股市</h3><p>香港股市是一个非常成熟的股票市场，已经存在了半个世纪了。<br>在全球股票市场排名前10，处于第7位。</p>\n<h4 id=\"港股是与国内关系最密切的海外市场\"><a href=\"#港股是与国内关系最密切的海外市场\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"港股是与国内关系最密切的海外市场\"></a>港股是与国内关系最密切的海外市场</h4><p>如：腾讯、比亚迪、联想等都是在香港上市交易</p>\n<h4 id=\"投资香港指数基金，可以一定程度上分散人民币风险\"><a href=\"#投资香港指数基金，可以一定程度上分散人民币风险\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"投资香港指数基金，可以一定程度上分散人民币风险\"></a>投资香港指数基金，可以一定程度上分散人民币风险</h4><p>港币的价值是参考美元，香港政府通过持有大量美元外汇实现这一点。</p>\n<h4 id=\"香港股市指数基金\"><a href=\"#香港股市指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"香港股市指数基金\"></a>香港股市指数基金</h4><ul>\n<li>恒生指数</li>\n<li>国企指数（H股）</li>\n</ul>\n<h4 id=\"恒生指数基金\"><a href=\"#恒生指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"恒生指数基金\"></a>恒生指数基金</h4><p>诞生于1969年，收益稳定，估值分布合理，老牌优秀指数。<br>最大的50家企业。</p>\n<h4 id=\"恒生指数基金前20大成分股\"><a href=\"#恒生指数基金前20大成分股\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"恒生指数基金前20大成分股\"></a>恒生指数基金前20大成分股</h4><p>1 中国移动<br>2 工商银行<br>3 腾讯控股<br>…<br>9 中国石油化工股份<br>10 中国人寿<br>…</p>\n<h4 id=\"恒生指数半个世纪以来的走势\"><a href=\"#恒生指数半个世纪以来的走势\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"恒生指数半个世纪以来的走势\"></a>恒生指数半个世纪以来的走势</h4><p>52年上涨了508倍</p>\n<h4 id=\"追踪恒生指数的指数基金\"><a href=\"#追踪恒生指数的指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"追踪恒生指数的指数基金\"></a>追踪恒生指数的指数基金</h4><p>场内：华夏公司的恒生ETF代码：159920</p>\n<h4 id=\"H股指数基金\"><a href=\"#H股指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"H股指数基金\"></a>H股指数基金</h4><p>H股：中国企业</p>\n<p>H股指数：挑选在香港上市的规模最大的国内企业</p>\n<p>国内企业：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>在国内上市：A股</li>\n<li>在香港上市：H股</li>\n</ul>\n<h4 id=\"H股指数盈利能力排全球前列\"><a href=\"#H股指数盈利能力排全球前列\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"H股指数盈利能力排全球前列\"></a>H股指数盈利能力排全球前列</h4><ol>\n<li>恒生国企质素的盈利能力在2002年后持续高于标普500指数</li>\n<li>恒生国企指数与标普500指数的PB估值对比达到历史最低水平</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"追踪H股指数的指数基金\"><a href=\"#追踪H股指数的指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"追踪H股指数的指数基金\"></a>追踪H股指数的指数基金</h4><p>场内：易方达H股ETF代码：510900</p>\n<h3 id=\"美国股市\"><a href=\"#美国股市\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"美国股市\"></a>美国股市</h3><p>美国股市：</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>纳斯达克交易所： 纳斯达克100指数<br>新兴经济，像苹果、微软、facebook</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>纽约交易所：标普500指数<br>传统企业</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"纳斯达克100指数基金\"><a href=\"#纳斯达克100指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"纳斯达克100指数基金\"></a>纳斯达克100指数基金</h4><p>纳斯达克规模最大的100家大型企业</p>\n<p><strong>业绩表现：</strong><br>2010年4月以来，纳斯达克100取得了110%的上涨幅度。</p>\n<h4 id=\"追踪纳斯达克100指数的指数基金\"><a href=\"#追踪纳斯达克100指数的指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"追踪纳斯达克100指数的指数基金\"></a>追踪纳斯达克100指数的指数基金</h4><p>场内：国泰纳斯达克100ETF代码：513100</p>\n<h4 id=\"标普500指数基金\"><a href=\"#标普500指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"标普500指数基金\"></a>标普500指数基金</h4><p>美国影响力最大的一个股票指数</p>\n<p>巴菲特立下遗属，过世后将继续买入该指数基金</p>\n<p>代表美国传统企业，取规模最大的前500家。</p>\n<h4 id=\"标普500指数行业权重\"><a href=\"#标普500指数行业权重\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"标普500指数行业权重\"></a>标普500指数行业权重</h4><p>对比沪深300，标普500行业权重分配合理，可以保证盈利的稳定性。</p>\n<h4 id=\"追踪标普500指数的指数基金\"><a href=\"#追踪标普500指数的指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"追踪标普500指数的指数基金\"></a>追踪标普500指数的指数基金</h4><p>场内：博时标普500ETF代码：513500</p>\n<h3 id=\"德国股市\"><a href=\"#德国股市\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"德国股市\"></a>德国股市</h3><p>欧洲股市中目前唯一可以在国内购买的</p>\n<p>未来可能会有“伦港通”</p>\n<h4 id=\"德国DAX30指数基金\"><a href=\"#德国DAX30指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"德国DAX30指数基金\"></a>德国DAX30指数基金</h4><p>德国大型企业的代表，德国股市规模最大的30家企业。</p>\n<p>包括拜耳、戴姆勒、西门子、宝马等</p>\n<p>追踪德国DAX30，将会把人民币兑换成欧元在去买入德国股票实现跟踪，是持有欧元的好办法。</p>\n<h4 id=\"追踪DAX30指数的指数基金\"><a href=\"#追踪DAX30指数的指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"追踪DAX30指数的指数基金\"></a>追踪DAX30指数的指数基金</h4><p>场内：华安德国DAX30ETF代码：513030</p>\n<h2 id=\"如何投资指数基金\"><a href=\"#如何投资指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如何投资指数基金\"></a>如何投资指数基金</h2><h3 id=\"什么是定投？\"><a href=\"#什么是定投？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么是定投？\"></a>什么是定投？</h3><p>投资指数基金的两种方式</p>\n<ol>\n<li>单笔投资</li>\n<li>定投</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"所谓定投，就是定期定额购买基金。\"><a href=\"#所谓定投，就是定期定额购买基金。\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"所谓定投，就是定期定额购买基金。\"></a>所谓定投，就是定期定额购买基金。</h4><h4 id=\"人人都参与的定投\"><a href=\"#人人都参与的定投\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"人人都参与的定投\"></a>人人都参与的定投</h4><p>养老保险和社保</p>\n<h4 id=\"定投三大好处\"><a href=\"#定投三大好处\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定投三大好处\"></a>定投三大好处</h4><ol>\n<li>我们不需要很多钱</li>\n<li>定投对投资时机要求也不高</li>\n<li>定投可以分摊成本</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"分摊成本示例\"><a href=\"#分摊成本示例\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"分摊成本示例\"></a>分摊成本示例</h4><p>苹果：<br>10块钱买1斤，5块钱买2斤， 平均就是6.7一斤</p>\n<h4 id=\"定投适合人群\"><a href=\"#定投适合人群\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定投适合人群\"></a>定投适合人群</h4><ol>\n<li>上班族</li>\n<li>大忙人</li>\n<li>低风险投资者</li>\n<li>未来规划者</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"如何制定定投策略？\"><a href=\"#如何制定定投策略？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如何制定定投策略？\"></a>如何制定定投策略？</h3><p>定投的两个要素：</p>\n<ol>\n<li>时间</li>\n<li>金额</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"定投的时间\"><a href=\"#定投的时间\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定投的时间\"></a>定投的时间</h4><p>选定一个固定的时间</p>\n<p>时间一旦确定就不能变，比如发工资的那天。</p>\n<p>从历史数据的统计来看，具体选择哪天对最终的收益影响并不大。</p>\n<h4 id=\"定投的金额\"><a href=\"#定投的金额\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定投的金额\"></a>定投的金额</h4><p>指数基金平均投资一轮大约需要3年以上的时间。<br>如果定投的钱这三年里会用到，就会影响我们的投资</p>\n<p>具体每个月拿出多少钱，取决于每个人的结余。</p>\n<ul>\n<li>不要定太高</li>\n<li>每月需要留下一定的钱备用</li>\n</ul>\n<h4 id=\"总结\"><a href=\"#总结\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"总结\"></a>总结</h4><p>简单又有效的定投策略：<br>每月结余7000，我们可以在每个月1号定投5000元到指数基金。</p>\n<h3 id=\"何时可以定投指数基金？\"><a href=\"#何时可以定投指数基金？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"何时可以定投指数基金？\"></a>何时可以定投指数基金？</h3><p>定投可以随时开始吗？<br>不可以!!</p>\n<p>要在指数基金便宜的时候去买，而不是贵的时候买</p>\n<p>那如何判断指数基金是贵还是便宜？</p>\n<h3 id=\"盈利收益率\"><a href=\"#盈利收益率\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"盈利收益率\"></a>盈利收益率</h3><p>盈利收益率= 公司盈利/公司的市值</p>\n<p>一个公司盈利1亿，公司规模8亿，盈利收益率为1/8=12.5%。</p>\n<p>盈利收益率就是让我们把股票看作一种特殊的理财产品，盈利收益率就是这只理财产品的收益率。</p>\n<p>例如，2016年3月21日，上证50的盈利收益率是10.53%, 那么我们可以把上证50指数看作年息为10.53%的债券，</p>\n<p>####使用盈利收益率的优势</p>\n<p><strong>方便与其他产品进行比较，选择更好的一种进行投资</strong><br>可以与下面理财产品横向比较：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>债券利率</li>\n<li>其他指数基金的盈利收益率</li>\n<li>房地产的租售比，</li>\n<li>银行理财的年收益</li>\n<li>等等</li>\n</ul>\n<p>例如：2003年，北京某地段房屋租售比6~7%， 而指数基金盈利收益率为4%。<br>那肯定是买房出租比较好。</p>\n<h4 id=\"使用盈利收益率的限制\"><a href=\"#使用盈利收益率的限制\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"使用盈利收益率的限制\"></a>使用盈利收益率的限制</h4><p>必须得是投资大公司的指数基金才行</p>\n<p>盈利收益率 = 公司盈利/公司总市值</p>\n<p>分子盈利越稳定，盈利收益率越有效</p>\n<p>盈利不稳地的小公司，无法使用这种方法。</p>\n<p>可用：上证50，恒生指数基金，H股指数基金<br>不可用：中证500，创业板</p>\n<h4 id=\"历史回测各国指数基金\"><a href=\"#历史回测各国指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"历史回测各国指数基金\"></a>历史回测各国指数基金</h4><p>盈利收益率高的时候开始定投，最终收益率很不错。</p>\n<p>盈利收益率低的时候开始定投，最终收益会很一般。</p>\n<h4 id=\"在盈利收益率高的时候开始定投，在盈利收益率低的时候停止定投\"><a href=\"#在盈利收益率高的时候开始定投，在盈利收益率低的时候停止定投\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"在盈利收益率高的时候开始定投，在盈利收益率低的时候停止定投\"></a>在盈利收益率高的时候开始定投，在盈利收益率低的时候停止定投</h4><h4 id=\"盈利收益率多高算高，多低算低？\"><a href=\"#盈利收益率多高算高，多低算低？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"盈利收益率多高算高，多低算低？\"></a>盈利收益率多高算高，多低算低？</h4><p>盈利收益率&lt;6.4% 为低</p>\n<p>盈利收益率&gt;10% 为高</p>\n<h4 id=\"当盈利收益高于10\"><a href=\"#当盈利收益高于10\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"当盈利收益高于10%\"></a>当盈利收益高于10%</h4><p>格雷厄姆认为：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>盈利收益率要大于10%</li>\n<li>盈利收益率要大于十年期国债利率的2倍以上</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>总结:指数基金的盈利收益大于10%，就开始定投，如果低于10%，停止定投并持有已经定投的份额。</strong></p>\n<h4 id=\"当盈利收益低于6-4\"><a href=\"#当盈利收益低于6-4\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"当盈利收益低于6.4%\"></a>当盈利收益低于6.4%</h4><p>6.4%来源月债券基金，其风险低，平均年化收益率在6.4%</p>\n<p>当<strong>指数基金盈利收益&lt;债券平均年化收益率6.4%</strong> 将指数基金卖出，买入债券基金。</p>\n<h4 id=\"使用盈利收益率投资指数基金的完整策略\"><a href=\"#使用盈利收益率投资指数基金的完整策略\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"使用盈利收益率投资指数基金的完整策略\"></a>使用盈利收益率投资指数基金的完整策略</h4><p><strong>盈利收益率&lt;6.4%：分批卖出</strong><br><strong>6.4%&lt;盈利收益率&lt;10%：坚定持有</strong><br><strong>盈利收益率&gt;10%：定期定额投资</strong></p>\n<h3 id=\"查询盈利收益率的三种方式\"><a href=\"#查询盈利收益率的三种方式\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"查询盈利收益率的三种方式\"></a>查询盈利收益率的三种方式</h3><p>方法一：关注微信号：十年定投赚十倍<br>每个交易日公布指数估值情况</p>\n<p>方法二：中证指数官网<br>找到对应指数的“静态市盈率”，求倒数，就得到盈利收益率。</p>\n<p>方法三：万得股票APP</p>\n<h3 id=\"本策略在股市中的收益率\"><a href=\"#本策略在股市中的收益率\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"本策略在股市中的收益率\"></a>本策略在股市中的收益率</h3><p>回顾本策略：<br><strong>盈利收益率&lt;6.4%：分批卖出</strong><br><strong>6.4%&lt;盈利收益率&lt;10%：坚定持有</strong><br><strong>盈利收益率&gt;10%：定期定额投资</strong></p>\n<h4 id=\"本策略在国内的收益率\"><a href=\"#本策略在国内的收益率\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"本策略在国内的收益率\"></a>本策略在国内的收益率</h4><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>指数基金</th>\n<th style=\"text-align:center\">月均收益率</th>\n<th style=\"text-align:center\">年复合收益率</th>\n<th style=\"text-align:center\">定期最大回撤</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">策略定投 无脑定投</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">策略定投 无脑定投</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">策略定投 无脑定投</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>上证50</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">2.16%   0.95%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">29.27%   12.3%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">11%     11.53%</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>红利</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">2.2%    1.03%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">29.9%    13.07%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">14.5%    55%</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h5 id=\"两点结论\"><a href=\"#两点结论\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"两点结论:\"></a>两点结论:</h5><ol>\n<li>无脑定投也能取得12%以上的年复合收益率</li>\n<li>配合格雷厄姆的投资策略，年复合收益率提升2倍以上。</li>\n</ol>\n<p>这么高的收益率，得益于过去20年中国经济的高速增长，<strong>未来可能没有那么高，大概在15%～20%以上</strong></p>\n<p>回顾历史，上证50和红利指数基金盈利收益率在3%~16%之间波动，我们只要等到10%以上就可以定投了。</p>\n<h4 id=\"本策略在港股的收益率\"><a href=\"#本策略在港股的收益率\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"本策略在港股的收益率\"></a>本策略在港股的收益率</h4><p>恒生指数从1964年开始，盈利收益率在2.5%~20%之间波动，出现5次盈利收益率大于10%的情况。</p>\n<p>基本每隔4、5年就能出现一次获得年复合收益率30%的机会，不用担心买不到。</p>\n<h4 id=\"本策略在美股的收益率\"><a href=\"#本策略在美股的收益率\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"本策略在美股的收益率\"></a>本策略在美股的收益率</h4><p>在标普500上，这个策略取得平均15%的年复合收益率。低于港股，美国是发达国家，经济增速低于香港，所以从这个角度可以理解。</p>\n<h4 id=\"总结：如何投资指数基金：\"><a href=\"#总结：如何投资指数基金：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"总结：如何投资指数基金：\"></a>总结：如何投资指数基金：</h4><ol>\n<li><p>选择定投。<br>  我们可以取得年均13%的收益率</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>配合盈利收益率提升收益。<br>  在盈利收益率高时才定投，可以大幅提升指数基金收益。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"构建属于自己的定投计划\"><a href=\"#构建属于自己的定投计划\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"构建属于自己的定投计划\"></a>构建属于自己的定投计划</h2><p>一份完整的定投计划：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>需要根据自己的收入和开支，构建合理的每月定投额度；</li>\n<li>需要筛选适合投资的品种；</li>\n<li>需要设定好买卖区间；</li>\n</ul>\n<p>最终计划必须落在纸面上！</p>\n<p>这样才能让自己每次投资的时候严格遵守，避免主观情绪干扰。</p>\n<h3 id=\"第一步：梳理自己的现金流\"><a href=\"#第一步：梳理自己的现金流\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第一步：梳理自己的现金流\"></a>第一步：梳理自己的现金流</h3><h4 id=\"投资前考虑：\"><a href=\"#投资前考虑：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"投资前考虑：\"></a>投资前考虑：</h4><ul>\n<li>钱将来会用于什么？什么时候用？</li>\n<li>自己每月有多少资金进账？</li>\n<li>自己每月会花掉多少钱？</li>\n<li>使用记账APP，减少不必要的开支</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>一般，除去必要生活开支后，剩余资金50%可以用来定投。</strong></p>\n<h3 id=\"第二步：挑好基金\"><a href=\"#第二步：挑好基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第二步：挑好基金\"></a>第二步：挑好基金</h3><p>配合我们之前几课学习的，挑出当前盈利收益率高的指数基金</p>\n<p>H股指数基金、恒生指数基金、红利指数基金、上证50指数基金</p>\n<h3 id=\"第三步：构建定投计划\"><a href=\"#第三步：构建定投计划\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第三步：构建定投计划\"></a>第三步：构建定投计划</h3><ul>\n<li>我们可以选择自己比较熟悉的方式，去投资基金<br>场内购买，月底查估值，大于10%继续定投，定投5000</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"第四步：定期检查优化\"><a href=\"#第四步：定期检查优化\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第四步：定期检查优化\"></a>第四步：定期检查优化</h3><p>在定投的同时，做好记录，方便我们回顾总结</p>\n<p>买入日期、品种、操作、价格、市盈率、盈利收益率等信息。</p>\n<h4 id=\"优化：越低估买入越多\"><a href=\"#优化：越低估买入越多\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"优化：越低估买入越多\"></a>优化：越低估买入越多</h4><ul>\n<li>盈利收益率越高，指数基金越值得投资</li>\n<li>将定投金额和估值结合起来，越低估买入越多，进而提高收益。</li>\n</ul>\n<p>类似的方法有很多，需要不断学习。</p>\n<p>###　定投案例</p>\n<h4 id=\"适合养老定投计划的指数基金：\"><a href=\"#适合养老定投计划的指数基金：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"适合养老定投计划的指数基金：\"></a>适合养老定投计划的指数基金：</h4><h5 id=\"目的\"><a href=\"#目的\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"目的\"></a>目的</h5><p>  当父母退休后，可以从定投计划中定期去用资金，改善生活。</p>\n<h5 id=\"资金特征\"><a href=\"#资金特征\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"资金特征\"></a>资金特征</h5><ul>\n<li>前期只进不出</li>\n<li>等待收益提升直至覆盖所需的支出</li>\n<li>积累一定金额后，逐渐提升开支</li>\n</ul>\n<h5 id=\"适合的指数基金：\"><a href=\"#适合的指数基金：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"适合的指数基金：\"></a>适合的指数基金：</h5><ul>\n<li>高分红的指数基金：红利指数基金</li>\n<li>2016年6月16日开始，每月定投1500</li>\n<li>2024年，总计投入本金15万左右， 基金价值26万左右，</li>\n<li><p>从2024年开始，每年分红1万以上，逐年提高，这部分刚好可以满足生活质量的提高。</p>\n<p>因为指数基金的分红不受股价影响，后期可依靠基金分红，获取稳定的现金支出养老；</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h5 id=\"具体操作\"><a href=\"#具体操作\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"具体操作\"></a>具体操作</h5><ol>\n<li>挑选高姑息的指数基金，例如红利指数基金</li>\n<li><p>根据需求，决定定投年限。</p>\n<p>达到年限或，基金每年会现金分红，分红可以用来支出开支</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>指数基金盈利收益率大于10%开始定投计划。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"为自己构建加薪定投计划\"><a href=\"#为自己构建加薪定投计划\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"为自己构建加薪定投计划\"></a>为自己构建加薪定投计划</h4><h5 id=\"适合人群：年轻上班族，积蓄少、\"><a href=\"#适合人群：年轻上班族，积蓄少、\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"适合人群：年轻上班族，积蓄少、\"></a>适合人群：年轻上班族，积蓄少、</h5><p><strong>年轻上班族投资三原则</strong></p>\n<ol>\n<li>开始存钱</li>\n<li>减少非必要开支</li>\n<li>越早投资越好</li>\n</ol>\n<h5 id=\"具体操作-1\"><a href=\"#具体操作-1\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"具体操作\"></a>具体操作</h5><ol>\n<li><p>月收入剩余的60%用于定投<br>先省下的钱存入货币基金中，然后定投时一起投入。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>选择盈利收益率高的指数基金，H股指数基金。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>遵循本课的投资策略</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li>大于10%定投</li>\n<li>小于10%停止定投，每个月钱存入债券或货币基金。</li>\n<li>小于6.4%，每月赎回10%</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"为子女构建教育定投计划\"><a href=\"#为子女构建教育定投计划\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"为子女构建教育定投计划\"></a>为子女构建教育定投计划</h3><p>什么时候用到，很确定。</p>\n<h5 id=\"教育定投原则\"><a href=\"#教育定投原则\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"教育定投原则\"></a>教育定投原则</h5><ol>\n<li>首先，要保证资金需要使用的时候可以拿来用</li>\n<li>其次，才是提高收益</li>\n<li>卖出条件要放宽，卖出机会多，卖出后转成保本理财产品。<br>收益是少了点，但是保证要用的时候，可以用到。</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"具体操作-2\"><a href=\"#具体操作-2\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"具体操作\"></a>具体操作</h4><ol>\n<li>挑选高盈利收益率的指数基金<br>  H股指数</li>\n<li>遵循本课程投资策略</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li>大于10%，定投。</li>\n<li>小于10%，每月赎回，保证积极很快赎回，马上可用。</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"作业\"><a href=\"#作业\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"作业\"></a>作业</h3><p>根据上一课和这一课的内容，结合自己（或家人）的资金流和实际情况，选择期望投资的指数基金，为自己（或家人）列出一份详细的定投计划，将计划和其中的依据或原因一并列出来</p>\n<h4 id=\"家庭成员：\"><a href=\"#家庭成员：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"家庭成员：\"></a>家庭成员：</h4><p>本人和妻子（待产）</p>\n<h4 id=\"资产情况（不含妻子）：\"><a href=\"#资产情况（不含妻子）：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"资产情况（不含妻子）：\"></a>资产情况（不含妻子）：</h4><p>现有流动资产40万：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>20万做后备资金</li>\n<li>10万用于定投基金</li>\n<li>10万用于题材股票投资，比如最近区块链概念</li>\n</ul>\n<p>月收入15000，每月除去开支，剩余7000。</p>\n<ul>\n<li>7000用于定投基金</li>\n</ul>\n<h4 id=\"基金选择：\"><a href=\"#基金选择：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"基金选择：\"></a>基金选择：</h4><p>根据对当前几大指数基金的盈利收益率对比，<br>选择盈利收益率最高的H股指数基金</p>\n<h4 id=\"定投金额：\"><a href=\"#定投金额：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定投金额：\"></a>定投金额：</h4><p>每月定投1万（7000月结余+存款3000）</p>\n<h4 id=\"定投期限：\"><a href=\"#定投期限：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定投期限：\"></a>定投期限：</h4><p>5年</p>\n<h4 id=\"定投策略：\"><a href=\"#定投策略：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定投策略：\"></a>定投策略：</h4><p>大于10%定投<br>小于10%停止定投，每个月钱存入P2P或货币基金。<br>小于6.4%，每月赎回10%</p>\n<h2 id=\"指数基金进阶\"><a href=\"#指数基金进阶\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"指数基金进阶\"></a>指数基金进阶</h2><h3 id=\"如何让定投收益最大化？\"><a href=\"#如何让定投收益最大化？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如何让定投收益最大化？\"></a>如何让定投收益最大化？</h3><h4 id=\"定期不定额投资\"><a href=\"#定期不定额投资\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定期不定额投资\"></a>定期不定额投资</h4><h5 id=\"原理：在盈利收益率更高的时候买入更多\"><a href=\"#原理：在盈利收益率更高的时候买入更多\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"原理：在盈利收益率更高的时候买入更多\"></a>原理：在盈利收益率更高的时候买入更多</h5><ul>\n<li>记录买入的日期、品种、操作、价格、市盈率、盈利收益率等信息</li>\n<li>在15%盈利收益率时就比10%的时候更值得买入</li>\n</ul>\n<h5 id=\"举例\"><a href=\"#举例\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"举例\"></a>举例</h5><ul>\n<li>开始定投是1000元每月，从10%的盈利收益开始定投</li>\n<li>第二个月盈利收益率达到12.5%</li>\n<li>于是，我们可以定投1000*1.25 = 1250元，盈利收益率约高买入越多。</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>那么对于我15%盈利收益率是10000元，10%的时候就是6666元。</strong></p>\n<h4 id=\"AH股轮动策略\"><a href=\"#AH股轮动策略\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"AH股轮动策略\"></a>AH股轮动策略</h4><p>此策略专门针对H股指数基金和上证50指数基金</p>\n<p>一家大企业上市：<br>在国内上市-&gt;上证50指数基金<br>在香港上市-&gt;H股指数基金</p>\n<ul>\n<li>两个指数基金非常相似，但是却又是不同的指数基金，因此涨跌有先有后</li>\n<li>有时候H股指数盈利收益率高，有时候上证50指数盈利收益率高</li>\n</ul>\n<p>2004年之后，这两个指数多次出现重合又分离的走势</p>\n<ul>\n<li>2013~2014年，上证50的盈利收益率高于H股指数，这时候该投资上证50</li>\n<li>现在H股指数的盈利收益率比上证高很多，那这时就该投资H股指数</li>\n</ul>\n<h5 id=\"轮动策略\"><a href=\"#轮动策略\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"轮动策略\"></a>轮动策略</h5><ul>\n<li>H股指数的盈利收益率是上证50指数基金的1.1倍以上时，选择H股指数</li>\n<li>低于1.1倍时，选择上证50指数，并把已经买入的H股指数基金按每月10%兑换过去，1.3倍时再兑换回来。</li>\n</ul>\n<p>H股指数盈利收益率/上证50指数盈利收益率<br>小于1.1 =&gt; 定投上证50指数基金，每月10%H股换A股<br>大于1.1 =&gt; 定投H股指数基金<br>大于1.3 =&gt; 定投H股指数基金，每月10%A股换H股</p>\n<h4 id=\"举例：\"><a href=\"#举例：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"举例：\"></a>举例：</h4><p>当前H股指数基金盈利收益率14.95%</p>\n<p>当前上证50指数基金盈利收益率11.03%</p>\n<p>14.95% / 11.03% = 1.36</p>\n<p>此时大于1.3，应该每月定投H股指数基金，并每月将10%上证50指数基金兑换成H股。</p>\n<h3 id=\"已有资产怎么投资\"><a href=\"#已有资产怎么投资\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"已有资产怎么投资\"></a>已有资产怎么投资</h3><p>首先，考虑自己的年龄和投资的风险，拿出多少比例比较合适？</p>\n<p>配置指数基金的比例= 100-年龄</p>\n<p>个人： 100 - 个人年龄31 = 69， 即69%</p>\n<p>家庭： 100 - 家庭平均年龄40 = 60， 即60%</p>\n<h4 id=\"举例：-1\"><a href=\"#举例：-1\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"举例：\"></a>举例：</h4><p>投资资金10万，定投20个月，先存入债券基金或者P2P，然后分成20份，每份5000元，每月定期取出5000元投资指数基金（当前是H股指数基金）。</p>\n<h3 id=\"如何-“不亏损”-投资指数基金\"><a href=\"#如何-“不亏损”-投资指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如何 “不亏损” 投资指数基金\"></a>如何 “不亏损” 投资指数基金</h3><h4 id=\"原理：通过资产配置来降低投资波动\"><a href=\"#原理：通过资产配置来降低投资波动\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"原理：通过资产配置来降低投资波动\"></a>原理：通过资产配置来降低投资波动</h4><h4 id=\"CPPI策略\"><a href=\"#CPPI策略\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"CPPI策略\"></a>CPPI策略</h4><ol>\n<li>配置一部分的指数基金</li>\n<li>配置一部分保本理财产品（如货币基金或债券基金）</li>\n</ol>\n<p>当指数基金亏损时，保本理财产品的收益弥补回来。<br>当指数基金上涨时，总收益会提高。</p>\n<h4 id=\"示例\"><a href=\"#示例\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"示例\"></a>示例</h4><h5 id=\"问题\"><a href=\"#问题\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"问题\"></a>问题</h5><p>有10万，三年后一定会用到</p>\n<p>当前H股ETF估值很低，现在投资，三年后大概率会获得不错收益</p>\n<p>但仍然有小概率三年后依然保持低估值。</p>\n<p>那么如何确保三年后10万本金不亏损？</p>\n<h5 id=\"寻找合适的投资品种\"><a href=\"#寻找合适的投资品种\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"寻找合适的投资品种\"></a>寻找合适的投资品种</h5><ol>\n<li><p>高风险</p>\n<p>年化15%~20%以上的指数基金</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>低风险</p>\n<p>4%的银行保本理财</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h5 id=\"根据历史数据计算可能的下跌空间（PE计算）\"><a href=\"#根据历史数据计算可能的下跌空间（PE计算）\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"根据历史数据计算可能的下跌空间（PE计算）\"></a>根据历史数据计算可能的下跌空间（PE计算）</h5><p>已知情况：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>H股指数当前6.4PE</li>\n<li>历史最低5.5PE</li>\n</ul>\n<p>预估情况：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>假设H股指数最低能跌到4PE</li>\n</ul>\n<p>当前下跌空间：<br>(6.4PE - 4PE) / 6.4PE  = 37.5%</p>\n<h5 id=\"根据下跌空间和保本收益计算配置比\"><a href=\"#根据下跌空间和保本收益计算配置比\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"根据下跌空间和保本收益计算配置比\"></a>根据下跌空间和保本收益计算配置比</h5><h6 id=\"预估情况最大损失\"><a href=\"#预估情况最大损失\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"预估情况最大损失\"></a>预估情况最大损失</h6><p>  10万资金中，H股指数基金投资金额：A<br>  可能最大损失：A*37.5%</p>\n<h6 id=\"计算保本理财收益\"><a href=\"#计算保本理财收益\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"计算保本理财收益\"></a>计算保本理财收益</h6><p>  10万投资中，保本理财投资金额：10-A<br>  保本理财收益：（10-A）* 12% （每年4%，3年）</p>\n<h6 id=\"计算指数基金配额\"><a href=\"#计算指数基金配额\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"计算指数基金配额\"></a>计算指数基金配额</h6><p>  不想亏本，保本理财收益&gt;指数基金最大可能损失， 即：<br>(10-A)<em>12% &gt;= A</em>37.5%</p>\n<p>(10-A)<em>12 &gt;= a</em>37.5<br>(10-A)/a &gt;= 3.125<br>10/a - 1 &gt;= 3.125<br>10/a &gt;= 4.125<br>a &lt;= 10/4.125<br>A &lt;= 2.4</p>\n<h5 id=\"结论：\"><a href=\"#结论：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"结论：\"></a>结论：</h5><ol>\n<li><p>当H股指数基金6.4PE，盈利收益率15.6%，我们配置24%的H股ETF和76%的年化4%的保本理财产品，3年里可以实现保本收益。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>如果H股上涨，收益将比单纯投资保本理财产品大幅放大。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"常见问题总结\"><a href=\"#常见问题总结\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"常见问题总结\"></a>常见问题总结</h3><ol>\n<li>对于股票，建立自己的投资体系，对股票进行评估</li>\n<li>对于闲置资金，不单单可以放在货币或者P2P，还是可以做分级基金套利</li>\n<li>人生关口，如何调整投资计划？如买房，生育。可以调整定投策略，调整资产配置。</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"作业-1\"><a href=\"#作业-1\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"作业\"></a>作业</h3><p>1、根据“定期不定额”的投资方法，将上一课中所列的定投计划进行优化。并从以下三种情况任选其一，做个计划：</p>\n<p>如果你已人到中年，有了一定的积蓄，该怎样优化定投计划，请列出来。</p>\n<p>如果你是一位希望保本的投资者，又该如何配置你的定投计划呢，请列出来。</p>\n<p>如果你希望获得高收益并且能够承受一定风险，你打算如何配置自己的定投计划。</p>\n<p> 根据“定期不定额”的投资方法，优化定投计划</p>\n<h4 id=\"根据“定期不定额”优化上节课定投策略：（n是当期盈利收益率）\"><a href=\"#根据“定期不定额”优化上节课定投策略：（n是当期盈利收益率）\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"根据“定期不定额”优化上节课定投策略：（n是当期盈利收益率）\"></a>根据“定期不定额”优化上节课定投策略：（n是当期盈利收益率）</h4><p>n=10%时，定投7000元</p>\n<p>n大于10%时，定投7000*n*10</p>\n<p>n小于10%停止定投，每个月钱存入P2P或货币基金。</p>\n<p>n小于6.4%，每月赎回10%</p>\n<h4 id=\"如果你希望获得高收益并且能够承受一定风险，你打算如何配置自己的定投计划。\"><a href=\"#如果你希望获得高收益并且能够承受一定风险，你打算如何配置自己的定投计划。\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如果你希望获得高收益并且能够承受一定风险，你打算如何配置自己的定投计划。\"></a>如果你希望获得高收益并且能够承受一定风险，你打算如何配置自己的定投计划。</h4><ol>\n<li>提高定投额度<ol>\n<li>开源节流，提高每月结余。</li>\n<li>提高每月指数基金投资配额。</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<ol>\n<li>将一定积蓄参与到定投策略中</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li>预留半年的生活费到货币基金中，比如每月7000生活费，6个月就是4.2万。</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>将剩余积蓄分批加入每月定投中，比如10万，计划定投3年，每月3000左右加入到定投金额中。</li>\n</ul>\n<ol>\n<li>采用AH股轮动策略</li>\n</ol>\n<p>H/A= H股指数盈利收益率/上证50指数盈利收益率<br>H/A小于1.1 =&gt; 定投上证50指数基金，每月10%H股换A股<br>H/A大于1.1 =&gt; 定投H股指数基金<br>H/A大于1.3 =&gt; 定投H股指数基金，每月10%A股换H股</p>\n<p>2、你对课程还有什么意见和建议？</p>\n<p>很好，多一些高阶技巧会更好。</p>\n<p>请问一下，指数基金历史PE走势图哪里可以查询？</p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<h2 id=\"了解基金\"><a href=\"#了解基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"了解基金\"></a>了解基金</h2><hr>\n<p>[TOC]</p>\n<h3 id=\"什么是基金\"><a href=\"#什么是基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么是基金\"></a>什么是基金</h3><p>一种投资工具，把投资者的钱集中起来，交给专业基金公司去投资。如果基金盈利，我们也盈利，亏损，我们也亏损。</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>货币基金</p>\n<p>投资银行存款等短期的、保本的产品。每份1元</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>债券基金</p>\n<p>投资的是债券。每份价格随着基金的净值的增长而增长。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>股票基金</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p><strong> 投资的是股票。每份价格随着股票的增长而增长。</strong></p>\n<h3 id=\"为什么买基金\"><a href=\"#为什么买基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"为什么买基金\"></a>为什么买基金</h3><p>可以自己买股票，为什么还要买基金？</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>有专业的基金经理打理</p>\n<p>可以帮助我们投资我们不熟悉的品种</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>分散风险</p>\n<p>上证50指数基金，就拥有50只不同成分的股票，投资这只基金等于将资产投资到50只不同的股票上</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>不必频繁操作，省心省力<br>解放自己，去做自己专业的事情。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"基金的种类\"><a href=\"#基金的种类\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"基金的种类\"></a>基金的种类</h3><ul>\n<li>货币型基金</li>\n<li>股票型基金</li>\n<li>债券型基金</li>\n<li>混合型基金</li>\n<li>保本型基金</li>\n<li>指数型基金</li>\n</ul>\n<ol>\n<li><p>货币型基金</p>\n<p>一般投资于银行间债券等比较安全的品种。<br>风险非常低，收益低。</p>\n<p>代表：余额宝。<br>为什么开始推出余额宝，收益达7%？<br>原因：互联网公司贴钱提高利息</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>股票型基金</p>\n<p>投资股票的基金，基金有80%以上有做股票投资<br>风险最高，收益也最高。</p>\n<p>获利方式</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li><p>资本利得<br>通过基金净值的波动来获利。低价买入，高价卖出</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>分红<br>通过基金分红来获利。红利指数基金，每年都会分红。</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ol>\n<li><p>债券型基金</p>\n<p>投资各种债券的基金，基金有80%以上有做债券投资。<br>风险中等，收益中等</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li><p>国债</p>\n<p>国家发行的债券</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>企业债</p>\n<p>企业发行的债券</p>\n<p> 债券的实质就是需要钱的人向有钱人借钱，并承诺给一  定的利息，到期还本。</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ol>\n<li><p>混合型基金<br>既可以投资股票有可以投资债券的基金。</p>\n<p>风险高，收益也高</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>保本型基金</p>\n<p>与混合型基金类似，可以同时投资股票和债券。</p>\n<p>但是保本型大多数资产投资于债券，少部分投资于高风险的股票。</p>\n<p>用债券的收益覆盖股票的风险，达到保本的目的。</p>\n<p>收益中等，风险较低。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>指数型基金</p>\n<p>主要资产投资于股票，股票的选择不是由基金经理来选择，而是复制某个指数。<br>风险高，收益也高。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"不同基金的风险与收益率\"><a href=\"#不同基金的风险与收益率\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"不同基金的风险与收益率\"></a>不同基金的风险与收益率</h3><h4 id=\"对于基金投资，有两条通用标准：\"><a href=\"#对于基金投资，有两条通用标准：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"对于基金投资，有两条通用标准：\"></a>对于基金投资，有两条通用标准：</h4><ol>\n<li>持有时间越长，风险越低，收益越高</li>\n<li>风险越大，收益越大</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"不亏本概率金字塔\"><a href=\"#不亏本概率金字塔\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"不亏本概率金字塔\"></a>不亏本概率金字塔</h4><p>  半年 62%<br>  一年 73%<br>  2~3年 81%</p>\n<p>即使风险最大的股票基金，只要持有时间越长，风险会越低。</p>\n<h4 id=\"各种基金历年年化收益率：\"><a href=\"#各种基金历年年化收益率：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"各种基金历年年化收益率：\"></a>各种基金历年年化收益率：</h4><ul>\n<li>货币型基金 2.56%</li>\n<li>债券型基金 6.4%</li>\n<li>混合型基金 13.16%</li>\n<li>股票型基金 14.11%</li>\n</ul>\n<p>不用任何技巧，无脑买入并长期持有，就能取得上面的年化收益率。</p>\n<h4 id=\"投资不能只看收益，也要看取得这种收益所要承担的风险。\"><a href=\"#投资不能只看收益，也要看取得这种收益所要承担的风险。\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"投资不能只看收益，也要看取得这种收益所要承担的风险。\"></a>投资不能只看收益，也要看取得这种收益所要承担的风险。</h4><ol>\n<li><p>货币基金风险<br>收益最小，风险也最小，几乎没有下跌</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>债券基金的风险<br>收益提升了，但是风险也加大了，期间出现过几次下跌</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>混合基金的风险<br>收益提升了很多，风险也放大了，最大跌去了将近一半</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>股票基金的风险<br>收益最高，风险也最大，最大跌去一半多<br>特点，收益高，主要通过暴涨暴跌实现，错误时间进入，比如07年，15年，会承担非常大的亏损。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"上面几种基金风险对比\"><a href=\"#上面几种基金风险对比\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"上面几种基金风险对比\"></a>上面几种基金风险对比</h4><p>长期来看，股票基金是收益最高的。但是某些短时间片段，股票基金收益并不总是最高，比如2015年股灾到现在，股票基金收益还不如货币基金。</p>\n<h4 id=\"货币增发\"><a href=\"#货币增发\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"货币增发\"></a>货币增发</h4><p>最近，国内货币增长速度和通货膨胀等达到10%。<br>为保证自己手里货币的购买力，必须取得年化10%以上的收益。</p>\n<p>各类型基金历年年化收益率：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>货币型基金 2.56%</li>\n<li>债券型基金 6.4%</li>\n<li>混合型基金 13.16%</li>\n<li>股票型基金 14.11%</li>\n</ul>\n<p>为了战胜货币增发，必须依靠股票型基金</p>\n<h3 id=\"不同基金的投资周期\"><a href=\"#不同基金的投资周期\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"不同基金的投资周期\"></a>不同基金的投资周期</h3><h4 id=\"货币基金\"><a href=\"#货币基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"货币基金\"></a>货币基金</h4><p>现金替代品，余额宝</p>\n<h4 id=\"债券基金\"><a href=\"#债券基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"债券基金\"></a>债券基金</h4><p>定期存款的替代品<br>适合持有半年至一年以上</p>\n<h4 id=\"保本基金\"><a href=\"#保本基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"保本基金\"></a>保本基金</h4><p>定期开放，比如每三年开放一次</p>\n<h4 id=\"股票基金、混合基金、指数基金\"><a href=\"#股票基金、混合基金、指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"股票基金、混合基金、指数基金\"></a>股票基金、混合基金、指数基金</h4><p>适合持有三年以上</p>\n<h2 id=\"最佳股票基金——指数基金\"><a href=\"#最佳股票基金——指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"最佳股票基金——指数基金\"></a>最佳股票基金——指数基金</h2><h3 id=\"股神巴菲特买什么股票基金\"><a href=\"#股神巴菲特买什么股票基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"股神巴菲特买什么股票基金\"></a>股神巴菲特买什么股票基金</h3><p>指数基金</p>\n<h3 id=\"指数基金是什么？\"><a href=\"#指数基金是什么？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"指数基金是什么？\"></a>指数基金是什么？</h3><h4 id=\"传统股票基金\"><a href=\"#传统股票基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"传统股票基金\"></a>传统股票基金</h4><p>由基金经理来选股<br>收益情况取决于基金经理的投资能力<br>彼得林奇与他的麦哲伦基金， 没有永续性</p>\n<h4 id=\"指数基金\"><a href=\"#指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"指数基金\"></a>指数基金</h4><p>不由基金经理来选股<br>选取某个指数作为模仿对象<br>完全复制某个指数来选股<br>上证50指数基金</p>\n<h4 id=\"指数基金如何挑选股票？\"><a href=\"#指数基金如何挑选股票？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"指数基金如何挑选股票？\"></a>指数基金如何挑选股票？</h4><p>指数就是一堆股票的集合<br>购买指数基金就是按照指数同时购买这一堆股票</p>\n<h3 id=\"指数基金的好处\"><a href=\"#指数基金的好处\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"指数基金的好处\"></a>指数基金的好处</h3><h4 id=\"两个优势：\"><a href=\"#两个优势：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"两个优势：\"></a>两个优势：</h4><ol>\n<li><p>长生不老<br>  指数基金可以通过吸收新公司替换老公司，实现长生不老。道琼斯指数从成立有20只股票到今天只通用还活着。</p>\n<p>普通股票基金表现取决一基金经理，很少有基金经理能投资30-40年。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>长期上涨<br>指数是长期上涨，恒生指数和上涨综指，从开始100点上涨到现在的20000多点和2800多点，一直是上涨的。所以指数基金也跟着长期上涨</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"规避三大风险：\"><a href=\"#规避三大风险：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"规避三大风险：\"></a>规避三大风险：</h4><ol>\n<li><p>个股黑天鹅<br>重庆啤酒-乙肝疫苗，关灯吃面，茅台塑化剂</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>本金永久损失<br>公司倒闭，私有化退市，指数基金只会按指数去买股票，不会选择亏损、财务有问题的公司。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>制度风险<br>制度不完善，有老鼠仓、内幕交易。指数规则早就确定好，任何人可查可监督，不会有老鼠仓、利益输送等情况。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"指数基金的分类\"><a href=\"#指数基金的分类\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"指数基金的分类\"></a>指数基金的分类</h3><ol>\n<li><p>场内基金<br>  可以在股票软件内买卖的基金，和买卖股票一样<br>  基金代码一般以159或者510开头，其他则是场外基金</p>\n<p>交易迅速，费用低，但是只能手动买卖，无法自动定投，基金数量比较少</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>场外基金<br>  场外基金需要申购和赎回，申购T+2，赎回：T+1</p>\n<p>交易费用比场内贵，但是品种多</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"手把手教你指数基金如何交易\"><a href=\"#手把手教你指数基金如何交易\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"手把手教你指数基金如何交易\"></a>手把手教你指数基金如何交易</h3><p>场内基金交易，和股票交易一样</p>\n<p>场外基金交易，银行柜台和网络渠道</p>\n<h2 id=\"国内的优秀指数基金\"><a href=\"#国内的优秀指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"国内的优秀指数基金\"></a>国内的优秀指数基金</h2><h3 id=\"常见指数基金有哪些\"><a href=\"#常见指数基金有哪些\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"常见指数基金有哪些\"></a>常见指数基金有哪些</h3><h4 id=\"A股\"><a href=\"#A股\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"A股\"></a>A股</h4><p>上证50：主要投资大型企业<br>上海股市规模最大50家企业</p>\n<p>沪深300 ：主要投资中大型企业<br>上证和深证中最大的300家大型企业</p>\n<p>中证500：主要投资中小型企业<br>先选出前800家规模最大的企业，前300家就是沪深300，后500家就是中证500。</p>\n<p>创业板：主要投资小型企业<br>规模小盈利不稳定的小企业，风险比较大</p>\n<p>红利指数：主要投资高分红企业<br>上证中，挑选现金分红最高的50家企业</p>\n<h4 id=\"港股\"><a href=\"#港股\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"港股\"></a>港股</h4><p>恒生指数<br>H股指数</p>\n<h4 id=\"美股\"><a href=\"#美股\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"美股\"></a>美股</h4><p>纳斯达克100<br>标普500</p>\n<h4 id=\"德股\"><a href=\"#德股\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"德股\"></a>德股</h4><p>德国50</p>\n<h2 id=\"全球资产配置：QDII指数基金\"><a href=\"#全球资产配置：QDII指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"全球资产配置：QDII指数基金\"></a>全球资产配置：QDII指数基金</h2><h3 id=\"什么是QDII\"><a href=\"#什么是QDII\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么是QDII\"></a>什么是QDII</h3><p>QDII：合格境内机构投资者。</p>\n<ul>\n<li>可以理解成“代购”：用人民币合法的投资海外市场</li>\n<li>主要包括：港股、美股、德股等</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"QDII基金的两重风险\"><a href=\"#QDII基金的两重风险\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"QDII基金的两重风险\"></a>QDII基金的两重风险</h3><h4 id=\"风险一：汇率风险\"><a href=\"#风险一：汇率风险\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"风险一：汇率风险\"></a>风险一：汇率风险</h4><p>以美元资产为例，如果人民币相对美元贬值，将人民币换为美元资产可以分散这种风险。<br>反过来,如果人民币升值，持有美元资产就会受到损失。</p>\n<h4 id=\"风险二：外汇兑换限制\"><a href=\"#风险二：外汇兑换限制\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"风险二：外汇兑换限制\"></a>风险二：外汇兑换限制</h4><p>国内金融还不成熟，国家政策也经常变化<br>2016年2月份，有部分QDII基金暂停申购，但可以赎回。</p>\n<h3 id=\"香港股市\"><a href=\"#香港股市\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"香港股市\"></a>香港股市</h3><p>香港股市是一个非常成熟的股票市场，已经存在了半个世纪了。<br>在全球股票市场排名前10，处于第7位。</p>\n<h4 id=\"港股是与国内关系最密切的海外市场\"><a href=\"#港股是与国内关系最密切的海外市场\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"港股是与国内关系最密切的海外市场\"></a>港股是与国内关系最密切的海外市场</h4><p>如：腾讯、比亚迪、联想等都是在香港上市交易</p>\n<h4 id=\"投资香港指数基金，可以一定程度上分散人民币风险\"><a href=\"#投资香港指数基金，可以一定程度上分散人民币风险\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"投资香港指数基金，可以一定程度上分散人民币风险\"></a>投资香港指数基金，可以一定程度上分散人民币风险</h4><p>港币的价值是参考美元，香港政府通过持有大量美元外汇实现这一点。</p>\n<h4 id=\"香港股市指数基金\"><a href=\"#香港股市指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"香港股市指数基金\"></a>香港股市指数基金</h4><ul>\n<li>恒生指数</li>\n<li>国企指数（H股）</li>\n</ul>\n<h4 id=\"恒生指数基金\"><a href=\"#恒生指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"恒生指数基金\"></a>恒生指数基金</h4><p>诞生于1969年，收益稳定，估值分布合理，老牌优秀指数。<br>最大的50家企业。</p>\n<h4 id=\"恒生指数基金前20大成分股\"><a href=\"#恒生指数基金前20大成分股\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"恒生指数基金前20大成分股\"></a>恒生指数基金前20大成分股</h4><p>1 中国移动<br>2 工商银行<br>3 腾讯控股<br>…<br>9 中国石油化工股份<br>10 中国人寿<br>…</p>\n<h4 id=\"恒生指数半个世纪以来的走势\"><a href=\"#恒生指数半个世纪以来的走势\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"恒生指数半个世纪以来的走势\"></a>恒生指数半个世纪以来的走势</h4><p>52年上涨了508倍</p>\n<h4 id=\"追踪恒生指数的指数基金\"><a href=\"#追踪恒生指数的指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"追踪恒生指数的指数基金\"></a>追踪恒生指数的指数基金</h4><p>场内：华夏公司的恒生ETF代码：159920</p>\n<h4 id=\"H股指数基金\"><a href=\"#H股指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"H股指数基金\"></a>H股指数基金</h4><p>H股：中国企业</p>\n<p>H股指数：挑选在香港上市的规模最大的国内企业</p>\n<p>国内企业：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>在国内上市：A股</li>\n<li>在香港上市：H股</li>\n</ul>\n<h4 id=\"H股指数盈利能力排全球前列\"><a href=\"#H股指数盈利能力排全球前列\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"H股指数盈利能力排全球前列\"></a>H股指数盈利能力排全球前列</h4><ol>\n<li>恒生国企质素的盈利能力在2002年后持续高于标普500指数</li>\n<li>恒生国企指数与标普500指数的PB估值对比达到历史最低水平</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"追踪H股指数的指数基金\"><a href=\"#追踪H股指数的指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"追踪H股指数的指数基金\"></a>追踪H股指数的指数基金</h4><p>场内：易方达H股ETF代码：510900</p>\n<h3 id=\"美国股市\"><a href=\"#美国股市\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"美国股市\"></a>美国股市</h3><p>美国股市：</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>纳斯达克交易所： 纳斯达克100指数<br>新兴经济，像苹果、微软、facebook</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>纽约交易所：标普500指数<br>传统企业</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"纳斯达克100指数基金\"><a href=\"#纳斯达克100指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"纳斯达克100指数基金\"></a>纳斯达克100指数基金</h4><p>纳斯达克规模最大的100家大型企业</p>\n<p><strong>业绩表现：</strong><br>2010年4月以来，纳斯达克100取得了110%的上涨幅度。</p>\n<h4 id=\"追踪纳斯达克100指数的指数基金\"><a href=\"#追踪纳斯达克100指数的指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"追踪纳斯达克100指数的指数基金\"></a>追踪纳斯达克100指数的指数基金</h4><p>场内：国泰纳斯达克100ETF代码：513100</p>\n<h4 id=\"标普500指数基金\"><a href=\"#标普500指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"标普500指数基金\"></a>标普500指数基金</h4><p>美国影响力最大的一个股票指数</p>\n<p>巴菲特立下遗属，过世后将继续买入该指数基金</p>\n<p>代表美国传统企业，取规模最大的前500家。</p>\n<h4 id=\"标普500指数行业权重\"><a href=\"#标普500指数行业权重\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"标普500指数行业权重\"></a>标普500指数行业权重</h4><p>对比沪深300，标普500行业权重分配合理，可以保证盈利的稳定性。</p>\n<h4 id=\"追踪标普500指数的指数基金\"><a href=\"#追踪标普500指数的指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"追踪标普500指数的指数基金\"></a>追踪标普500指数的指数基金</h4><p>场内：博时标普500ETF代码：513500</p>\n<h3 id=\"德国股市\"><a href=\"#德国股市\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"德国股市\"></a>德国股市</h3><p>欧洲股市中目前唯一可以在国内购买的</p>\n<p>未来可能会有“伦港通”</p>\n<h4 id=\"德国DAX30指数基金\"><a href=\"#德国DAX30指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"德国DAX30指数基金\"></a>德国DAX30指数基金</h4><p>德国大型企业的代表，德国股市规模最大的30家企业。</p>\n<p>包括拜耳、戴姆勒、西门子、宝马等</p>\n<p>追踪德国DAX30，将会把人民币兑换成欧元在去买入德国股票实现跟踪，是持有欧元的好办法。</p>\n<h4 id=\"追踪DAX30指数的指数基金\"><a href=\"#追踪DAX30指数的指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"追踪DAX30指数的指数基金\"></a>追踪DAX30指数的指数基金</h4><p>场内：华安德国DAX30ETF代码：513030</p>\n<h2 id=\"如何投资指数基金\"><a href=\"#如何投资指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如何投资指数基金\"></a>如何投资指数基金</h2><h3 id=\"什么是定投？\"><a href=\"#什么是定投？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么是定投？\"></a>什么是定投？</h3><p>投资指数基金的两种方式</p>\n<ol>\n<li>单笔投资</li>\n<li>定投</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"所谓定投，就是定期定额购买基金。\"><a href=\"#所谓定投，就是定期定额购买基金。\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"所谓定投，就是定期定额购买基金。\"></a>所谓定投，就是定期定额购买基金。</h4><h4 id=\"人人都参与的定投\"><a href=\"#人人都参与的定投\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"人人都参与的定投\"></a>人人都参与的定投</h4><p>养老保险和社保</p>\n<h4 id=\"定投三大好处\"><a href=\"#定投三大好处\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定投三大好处\"></a>定投三大好处</h4><ol>\n<li>我们不需要很多钱</li>\n<li>定投对投资时机要求也不高</li>\n<li>定投可以分摊成本</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"分摊成本示例\"><a href=\"#分摊成本示例\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"分摊成本示例\"></a>分摊成本示例</h4><p>苹果：<br>10块钱买1斤，5块钱买2斤， 平均就是6.7一斤</p>\n<h4 id=\"定投适合人群\"><a href=\"#定投适合人群\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定投适合人群\"></a>定投适合人群</h4><ol>\n<li>上班族</li>\n<li>大忙人</li>\n<li>低风险投资者</li>\n<li>未来规划者</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"如何制定定投策略？\"><a href=\"#如何制定定投策略？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如何制定定投策略？\"></a>如何制定定投策略？</h3><p>定投的两个要素：</p>\n<ol>\n<li>时间</li>\n<li>金额</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"定投的时间\"><a href=\"#定投的时间\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定投的时间\"></a>定投的时间</h4><p>选定一个固定的时间</p>\n<p>时间一旦确定就不能变，比如发工资的那天。</p>\n<p>从历史数据的统计来看，具体选择哪天对最终的收益影响并不大。</p>\n<h4 id=\"定投的金额\"><a href=\"#定投的金额\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定投的金额\"></a>定投的金额</h4><p>指数基金平均投资一轮大约需要3年以上的时间。<br>如果定投的钱这三年里会用到，就会影响我们的投资</p>\n<p>具体每个月拿出多少钱，取决于每个人的结余。</p>\n<ul>\n<li>不要定太高</li>\n<li>每月需要留下一定的钱备用</li>\n</ul>\n<h4 id=\"总结\"><a href=\"#总结\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"总结\"></a>总结</h4><p>简单又有效的定投策略：<br>每月结余7000，我们可以在每个月1号定投5000元到指数基金。</p>\n<h3 id=\"何时可以定投指数基金？\"><a href=\"#何时可以定投指数基金？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"何时可以定投指数基金？\"></a>何时可以定投指数基金？</h3><p>定投可以随时开始吗？<br>不可以!!</p>\n<p>要在指数基金便宜的时候去买，而不是贵的时候买</p>\n<p>那如何判断指数基金是贵还是便宜？</p>\n<h3 id=\"盈利收益率\"><a href=\"#盈利收益率\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"盈利收益率\"></a>盈利收益率</h3><p>盈利收益率= 公司盈利/公司的市值</p>\n<p>一个公司盈利1亿，公司规模8亿，盈利收益率为1/8=12.5%。</p>\n<p>盈利收益率就是让我们把股票看作一种特殊的理财产品，盈利收益率就是这只理财产品的收益率。</p>\n<p>例如，2016年3月21日，上证50的盈利收益率是10.53%, 那么我们可以把上证50指数看作年息为10.53%的债券，</p>\n<p>####使用盈利收益率的优势</p>\n<p><strong>方便与其他产品进行比较，选择更好的一种进行投资</strong><br>可以与下面理财产品横向比较：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>债券利率</li>\n<li>其他指数基金的盈利收益率</li>\n<li>房地产的租售比，</li>\n<li>银行理财的年收益</li>\n<li>等等</li>\n</ul>\n<p>例如：2003年，北京某地段房屋租售比6~7%， 而指数基金盈利收益率为4%。<br>那肯定是买房出租比较好。</p>\n<h4 id=\"使用盈利收益率的限制\"><a href=\"#使用盈利收益率的限制\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"使用盈利收益率的限制\"></a>使用盈利收益率的限制</h4><p>必须得是投资大公司的指数基金才行</p>\n<p>盈利收益率 = 公司盈利/公司总市值</p>\n<p>分子盈利越稳定，盈利收益率越有效</p>\n<p>盈利不稳地的小公司，无法使用这种方法。</p>\n<p>可用：上证50，恒生指数基金，H股指数基金<br>不可用：中证500，创业板</p>\n<h4 id=\"历史回测各国指数基金\"><a href=\"#历史回测各国指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"历史回测各国指数基金\"></a>历史回测各国指数基金</h4><p>盈利收益率高的时候开始定投，最终收益率很不错。</p>\n<p>盈利收益率低的时候开始定投，最终收益会很一般。</p>\n<h4 id=\"在盈利收益率高的时候开始定投，在盈利收益率低的时候停止定投\"><a href=\"#在盈利收益率高的时候开始定投，在盈利收益率低的时候停止定投\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"在盈利收益率高的时候开始定投，在盈利收益率低的时候停止定投\"></a>在盈利收益率高的时候开始定投，在盈利收益率低的时候停止定投</h4><h4 id=\"盈利收益率多高算高，多低算低？\"><a href=\"#盈利收益率多高算高，多低算低？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"盈利收益率多高算高，多低算低？\"></a>盈利收益率多高算高，多低算低？</h4><p>盈利收益率&lt;6.4% 为低</p>\n<p>盈利收益率&gt;10% 为高</p>\n<h4 id=\"当盈利收益高于10\"><a href=\"#当盈利收益高于10\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"当盈利收益高于10%\"></a>当盈利收益高于10%</h4><p>格雷厄姆认为：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>盈利收益率要大于10%</li>\n<li>盈利收益率要大于十年期国债利率的2倍以上</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>总结:指数基金的盈利收益大于10%，就开始定投，如果低于10%，停止定投并持有已经定投的份额。</strong></p>\n<h4 id=\"当盈利收益低于6-4\"><a href=\"#当盈利收益低于6-4\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"当盈利收益低于6.4%\"></a>当盈利收益低于6.4%</h4><p>6.4%来源月债券基金，其风险低，平均年化收益率在6.4%</p>\n<p>当<strong>指数基金盈利收益&lt;债券平均年化收益率6.4%</strong> 将指数基金卖出，买入债券基金。</p>\n<h4 id=\"使用盈利收益率投资指数基金的完整策略\"><a href=\"#使用盈利收益率投资指数基金的完整策略\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"使用盈利收益率投资指数基金的完整策略\"></a>使用盈利收益率投资指数基金的完整策略</h4><p><strong>盈利收益率&lt;6.4%：分批卖出</strong><br><strong>6.4%&lt;盈利收益率&lt;10%：坚定持有</strong><br><strong>盈利收益率&gt;10%：定期定额投资</strong></p>\n<h3 id=\"查询盈利收益率的三种方式\"><a href=\"#查询盈利收益率的三种方式\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"查询盈利收益率的三种方式\"></a>查询盈利收益率的三种方式</h3><p>方法一：关注微信号：十年定投赚十倍<br>每个交易日公布指数估值情况</p>\n<p>方法二：中证指数官网<br>找到对应指数的“静态市盈率”，求倒数，就得到盈利收益率。</p>\n<p>方法三：万得股票APP</p>\n<h3 id=\"本策略在股市中的收益率\"><a href=\"#本策略在股市中的收益率\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"本策略在股市中的收益率\"></a>本策略在股市中的收益率</h3><p>回顾本策略：<br><strong>盈利收益率&lt;6.4%：分批卖出</strong><br><strong>6.4%&lt;盈利收益率&lt;10%：坚定持有</strong><br><strong>盈利收益率&gt;10%：定期定额投资</strong></p>\n<h4 id=\"本策略在国内的收益率\"><a href=\"#本策略在国内的收益率\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"本策略在国内的收益率\"></a>本策略在国内的收益率</h4><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>指数基金</th>\n<th style=\"text-align:center\">月均收益率</th>\n<th style=\"text-align:center\">年复合收益率</th>\n<th style=\"text-align:center\">定期最大回撤</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">策略定投 无脑定投</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">策略定投 无脑定投</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">策略定投 无脑定投</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>上证50</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">2.16%   0.95%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">29.27%   12.3%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">11%     11.53%</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>红利</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">2.2%    1.03%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">29.9%    13.07%</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center\">14.5%    55%</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h5 id=\"两点结论\"><a href=\"#两点结论\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"两点结论:\"></a>两点结论:</h5><ol>\n<li>无脑定投也能取得12%以上的年复合收益率</li>\n<li>配合格雷厄姆的投资策略，年复合收益率提升2倍以上。</li>\n</ol>\n<p>这么高的收益率，得益于过去20年中国经济的高速增长，<strong>未来可能没有那么高，大概在15%～20%以上</strong></p>\n<p>回顾历史，上证50和红利指数基金盈利收益率在3%~16%之间波动，我们只要等到10%以上就可以定投了。</p>\n<h4 id=\"本策略在港股的收益率\"><a href=\"#本策略在港股的收益率\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"本策略在港股的收益率\"></a>本策略在港股的收益率</h4><p>恒生指数从1964年开始，盈利收益率在2.5%~20%之间波动，出现5次盈利收益率大于10%的情况。</p>\n<p>基本每隔4、5年就能出现一次获得年复合收益率30%的机会，不用担心买不到。</p>\n<h4 id=\"本策略在美股的收益率\"><a href=\"#本策略在美股的收益率\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"本策略在美股的收益率\"></a>本策略在美股的收益率</h4><p>在标普500上，这个策略取得平均15%的年复合收益率。低于港股，美国是发达国家，经济增速低于香港，所以从这个角度可以理解。</p>\n<h4 id=\"总结：如何投资指数基金：\"><a href=\"#总结：如何投资指数基金：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"总结：如何投资指数基金：\"></a>总结：如何投资指数基金：</h4><ol>\n<li><p>选择定投。<br>  我们可以取得年均13%的收益率</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>配合盈利收益率提升收益。<br>  在盈利收益率高时才定投，可以大幅提升指数基金收益。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"构建属于自己的定投计划\"><a href=\"#构建属于自己的定投计划\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"构建属于自己的定投计划\"></a>构建属于自己的定投计划</h2><p>一份完整的定投计划：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>需要根据自己的收入和开支，构建合理的每月定投额度；</li>\n<li>需要筛选适合投资的品种；</li>\n<li>需要设定好买卖区间；</li>\n</ul>\n<p>最终计划必须落在纸面上！</p>\n<p>这样才能让自己每次投资的时候严格遵守，避免主观情绪干扰。</p>\n<h3 id=\"第一步：梳理自己的现金流\"><a href=\"#第一步：梳理自己的现金流\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第一步：梳理自己的现金流\"></a>第一步：梳理自己的现金流</h3><h4 id=\"投资前考虑：\"><a href=\"#投资前考虑：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"投资前考虑：\"></a>投资前考虑：</h4><ul>\n<li>钱将来会用于什么？什么时候用？</li>\n<li>自己每月有多少资金进账？</li>\n<li>自己每月会花掉多少钱？</li>\n<li>使用记账APP，减少不必要的开支</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>一般，除去必要生活开支后，剩余资金50%可以用来定投。</strong></p>\n<h3 id=\"第二步：挑好基金\"><a href=\"#第二步：挑好基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第二步：挑好基金\"></a>第二步：挑好基金</h3><p>配合我们之前几课学习的，挑出当前盈利收益率高的指数基金</p>\n<p>H股指数基金、恒生指数基金、红利指数基金、上证50指数基金</p>\n<h3 id=\"第三步：构建定投计划\"><a href=\"#第三步：构建定投计划\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第三步：构建定投计划\"></a>第三步：构建定投计划</h3><ul>\n<li>我们可以选择自己比较熟悉的方式，去投资基金<br>场内购买，月底查估值，大于10%继续定投，定投5000</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"第四步：定期检查优化\"><a href=\"#第四步：定期检查优化\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第四步：定期检查优化\"></a>第四步：定期检查优化</h3><p>在定投的同时，做好记录，方便我们回顾总结</p>\n<p>买入日期、品种、操作、价格、市盈率、盈利收益率等信息。</p>\n<h4 id=\"优化：越低估买入越多\"><a href=\"#优化：越低估买入越多\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"优化：越低估买入越多\"></a>优化：越低估买入越多</h4><ul>\n<li>盈利收益率越高，指数基金越值得投资</li>\n<li>将定投金额和估值结合起来，越低估买入越多，进而提高收益。</li>\n</ul>\n<p>类似的方法有很多，需要不断学习。</p>\n<p>###　定投案例</p>\n<h4 id=\"适合养老定投计划的指数基金：\"><a href=\"#适合养老定投计划的指数基金：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"适合养老定投计划的指数基金：\"></a>适合养老定投计划的指数基金：</h4><h5 id=\"目的\"><a href=\"#目的\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"目的\"></a>目的</h5><p>  当父母退休后，可以从定投计划中定期去用资金，改善生活。</p>\n<h5 id=\"资金特征\"><a href=\"#资金特征\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"资金特征\"></a>资金特征</h5><ul>\n<li>前期只进不出</li>\n<li>等待收益提升直至覆盖所需的支出</li>\n<li>积累一定金额后，逐渐提升开支</li>\n</ul>\n<h5 id=\"适合的指数基金：\"><a href=\"#适合的指数基金：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"适合的指数基金：\"></a>适合的指数基金：</h5><ul>\n<li>高分红的指数基金：红利指数基金</li>\n<li>2016年6月16日开始，每月定投1500</li>\n<li>2024年，总计投入本金15万左右， 基金价值26万左右，</li>\n<li><p>从2024年开始，每年分红1万以上，逐年提高，这部分刚好可以满足生活质量的提高。</p>\n<p>因为指数基金的分红不受股价影响，后期可依靠基金分红，获取稳定的现金支出养老；</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h5 id=\"具体操作\"><a href=\"#具体操作\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"具体操作\"></a>具体操作</h5><ol>\n<li>挑选高姑息的指数基金，例如红利指数基金</li>\n<li><p>根据需求，决定定投年限。</p>\n<p>达到年限或，基金每年会现金分红，分红可以用来支出开支</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>指数基金盈利收益率大于10%开始定投计划。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"为自己构建加薪定投计划\"><a href=\"#为自己构建加薪定投计划\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"为自己构建加薪定投计划\"></a>为自己构建加薪定投计划</h4><h5 id=\"适合人群：年轻上班族，积蓄少、\"><a href=\"#适合人群：年轻上班族，积蓄少、\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"适合人群：年轻上班族，积蓄少、\"></a>适合人群：年轻上班族，积蓄少、</h5><p><strong>年轻上班族投资三原则</strong></p>\n<ol>\n<li>开始存钱</li>\n<li>减少非必要开支</li>\n<li>越早投资越好</li>\n</ol>\n<h5 id=\"具体操作-1\"><a href=\"#具体操作-1\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"具体操作\"></a>具体操作</h5><ol>\n<li><p>月收入剩余的60%用于定投<br>先省下的钱存入货币基金中，然后定投时一起投入。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>选择盈利收益率高的指数基金，H股指数基金。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>遵循本课的投资策略</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li>大于10%定投</li>\n<li>小于10%停止定投，每个月钱存入债券或货币基金。</li>\n<li>小于6.4%，每月赎回10%</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"为子女构建教育定投计划\"><a href=\"#为子女构建教育定投计划\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"为子女构建教育定投计划\"></a>为子女构建教育定投计划</h3><p>什么时候用到，很确定。</p>\n<h5 id=\"教育定投原则\"><a href=\"#教育定投原则\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"教育定投原则\"></a>教育定投原则</h5><ol>\n<li>首先，要保证资金需要使用的时候可以拿来用</li>\n<li>其次，才是提高收益</li>\n<li>卖出条件要放宽，卖出机会多，卖出后转成保本理财产品。<br>收益是少了点，但是保证要用的时候，可以用到。</li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"具体操作-2\"><a href=\"#具体操作-2\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"具体操作\"></a>具体操作</h4><ol>\n<li>挑选高盈利收益率的指数基金<br>  H股指数</li>\n<li>遵循本课程投资策略</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li>大于10%，定投。</li>\n<li>小于10%，每月赎回，保证积极很快赎回，马上可用。</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"作业\"><a href=\"#作业\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"作业\"></a>作业</h3><p>根据上一课和这一课的内容，结合自己（或家人）的资金流和实际情况，选择期望投资的指数基金，为自己（或家人）列出一份详细的定投计划，将计划和其中的依据或原因一并列出来</p>\n<h4 id=\"家庭成员：\"><a href=\"#家庭成员：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"家庭成员：\"></a>家庭成员：</h4><p>本人和妻子（待产）</p>\n<h4 id=\"资产情况（不含妻子）：\"><a href=\"#资产情况（不含妻子）：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"资产情况（不含妻子）：\"></a>资产情况（不含妻子）：</h4><p>现有流动资产40万：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>20万做后备资金</li>\n<li>10万用于定投基金</li>\n<li>10万用于题材股票投资，比如最近区块链概念</li>\n</ul>\n<p>月收入15000，每月除去开支，剩余7000。</p>\n<ul>\n<li>7000用于定投基金</li>\n</ul>\n<h4 id=\"基金选择：\"><a href=\"#基金选择：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"基金选择：\"></a>基金选择：</h4><p>根据对当前几大指数基金的盈利收益率对比，<br>选择盈利收益率最高的H股指数基金</p>\n<h4 id=\"定投金额：\"><a href=\"#定投金额：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定投金额：\"></a>定投金额：</h4><p>每月定投1万（7000月结余+存款3000）</p>\n<h4 id=\"定投期限：\"><a href=\"#定投期限：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定投期限：\"></a>定投期限：</h4><p>5年</p>\n<h4 id=\"定投策略：\"><a href=\"#定投策略：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定投策略：\"></a>定投策略：</h4><p>大于10%定投<br>小于10%停止定投，每个月钱存入P2P或货币基金。<br>小于6.4%，每月赎回10%</p>\n<h2 id=\"指数基金进阶\"><a href=\"#指数基金进阶\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"指数基金进阶\"></a>指数基金进阶</h2><h3 id=\"如何让定投收益最大化？\"><a href=\"#如何让定投收益最大化？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如何让定投收益最大化？\"></a>如何让定投收益最大化？</h3><h4 id=\"定期不定额投资\"><a href=\"#定期不定额投资\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"定期不定额投资\"></a>定期不定额投资</h4><h5 id=\"原理：在盈利收益率更高的时候买入更多\"><a href=\"#原理：在盈利收益率更高的时候买入更多\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"原理：在盈利收益率更高的时候买入更多\"></a>原理：在盈利收益率更高的时候买入更多</h5><ul>\n<li>记录买入的日期、品种、操作、价格、市盈率、盈利收益率等信息</li>\n<li>在15%盈利收益率时就比10%的时候更值得买入</li>\n</ul>\n<h5 id=\"举例\"><a href=\"#举例\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"举例\"></a>举例</h5><ul>\n<li>开始定投是1000元每月，从10%的盈利收益开始定投</li>\n<li>第二个月盈利收益率达到12.5%</li>\n<li>于是，我们可以定投1000*1.25 = 1250元，盈利收益率约高买入越多。</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>那么对于我15%盈利收益率是10000元，10%的时候就是6666元。</strong></p>\n<h4 id=\"AH股轮动策略\"><a href=\"#AH股轮动策略\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"AH股轮动策略\"></a>AH股轮动策略</h4><p>此策略专门针对H股指数基金和上证50指数基金</p>\n<p>一家大企业上市：<br>在国内上市-&gt;上证50指数基金<br>在香港上市-&gt;H股指数基金</p>\n<ul>\n<li>两个指数基金非常相似，但是却又是不同的指数基金，因此涨跌有先有后</li>\n<li>有时候H股指数盈利收益率高，有时候上证50指数盈利收益率高</li>\n</ul>\n<p>2004年之后，这两个指数多次出现重合又分离的走势</p>\n<ul>\n<li>2013~2014年，上证50的盈利收益率高于H股指数，这时候该投资上证50</li>\n<li>现在H股指数的盈利收益率比上证高很多，那这时就该投资H股指数</li>\n</ul>\n<h5 id=\"轮动策略\"><a href=\"#轮动策略\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"轮动策略\"></a>轮动策略</h5><ul>\n<li>H股指数的盈利收益率是上证50指数基金的1.1倍以上时，选择H股指数</li>\n<li>低于1.1倍时，选择上证50指数，并把已经买入的H股指数基金按每月10%兑换过去，1.3倍时再兑换回来。</li>\n</ul>\n<p>H股指数盈利收益率/上证50指数盈利收益率<br>小于1.1 =&gt; 定投上证50指数基金，每月10%H股换A股<br>大于1.1 =&gt; 定投H股指数基金<br>大于1.3 =&gt; 定投H股指数基金，每月10%A股换H股</p>\n<h4 id=\"举例：\"><a href=\"#举例：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"举例：\"></a>举例：</h4><p>当前H股指数基金盈利收益率14.95%</p>\n<p>当前上证50指数基金盈利收益率11.03%</p>\n<p>14.95% / 11.03% = 1.36</p>\n<p>此时大于1.3，应该每月定投H股指数基金，并每月将10%上证50指数基金兑换成H股。</p>\n<h3 id=\"已有资产怎么投资\"><a href=\"#已有资产怎么投资\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"已有资产怎么投资\"></a>已有资产怎么投资</h3><p>首先，考虑自己的年龄和投资的风险，拿出多少比例比较合适？</p>\n<p>配置指数基金的比例= 100-年龄</p>\n<p>个人： 100 - 个人年龄31 = 69， 即69%</p>\n<p>家庭： 100 - 家庭平均年龄40 = 60， 即60%</p>\n<h4 id=\"举例：-1\"><a href=\"#举例：-1\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"举例：\"></a>举例：</h4><p>投资资金10万，定投20个月，先存入债券基金或者P2P，然后分成20份，每份5000元，每月定期取出5000元投资指数基金（当前是H股指数基金）。</p>\n<h3 id=\"如何-“不亏损”-投资指数基金\"><a href=\"#如何-“不亏损”-投资指数基金\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如何 “不亏损” 投资指数基金\"></a>如何 “不亏损” 投资指数基金</h3><h4 id=\"原理：通过资产配置来降低投资波动\"><a href=\"#原理：通过资产配置来降低投资波动\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"原理：通过资产配置来降低投资波动\"></a>原理：通过资产配置来降低投资波动</h4><h4 id=\"CPPI策略\"><a href=\"#CPPI策略\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"CPPI策略\"></a>CPPI策略</h4><ol>\n<li>配置一部分的指数基金</li>\n<li>配置一部分保本理财产品（如货币基金或债券基金）</li>\n</ol>\n<p>当指数基金亏损时，保本理财产品的收益弥补回来。<br>当指数基金上涨时，总收益会提高。</p>\n<h4 id=\"示例\"><a href=\"#示例\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"示例\"></a>示例</h4><h5 id=\"问题\"><a href=\"#问题\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"问题\"></a>问题</h5><p>有10万，三年后一定会用到</p>\n<p>当前H股ETF估值很低，现在投资，三年后大概率会获得不错收益</p>\n<p>但仍然有小概率三年后依然保持低估值。</p>\n<p>那么如何确保三年后10万本金不亏损？</p>\n<h5 id=\"寻找合适的投资品种\"><a href=\"#寻找合适的投资品种\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"寻找合适的投资品种\"></a>寻找合适的投资品种</h5><ol>\n<li><p>高风险</p>\n<p>年化15%~20%以上的指数基金</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>低风险</p>\n<p>4%的银行保本理财</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h5 id=\"根据历史数据计算可能的下跌空间（PE计算）\"><a href=\"#根据历史数据计算可能的下跌空间（PE计算）\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"根据历史数据计算可能的下跌空间（PE计算）\"></a>根据历史数据计算可能的下跌空间（PE计算）</h5><p>已知情况：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>H股指数当前6.4PE</li>\n<li>历史最低5.5PE</li>\n</ul>\n<p>预估情况：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>假设H股指数最低能跌到4PE</li>\n</ul>\n<p>当前下跌空间：<br>(6.4PE - 4PE) / 6.4PE  = 37.5%</p>\n<h5 id=\"根据下跌空间和保本收益计算配置比\"><a href=\"#根据下跌空间和保本收益计算配置比\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"根据下跌空间和保本收益计算配置比\"></a>根据下跌空间和保本收益计算配置比</h5><h6 id=\"预估情况最大损失\"><a href=\"#预估情况最大损失\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"预估情况最大损失\"></a>预估情况最大损失</h6><p>  10万资金中，H股指数基金投资金额：A<br>  可能最大损失：A*37.5%</p>\n<h6 id=\"计算保本理财收益\"><a href=\"#计算保本理财收益\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"计算保本理财收益\"></a>计算保本理财收益</h6><p>  10万投资中，保本理财投资金额：10-A<br>  保本理财收益：（10-A）* 12% （每年4%，3年）</p>\n<h6 id=\"计算指数基金配额\"><a href=\"#计算指数基金配额\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"计算指数基金配额\"></a>计算指数基金配额</h6><p>  不想亏本，保本理财收益&gt;指数基金最大可能损失， 即：<br>(10-A)<em>12% &gt;= A</em>37.5%</p>\n<p>(10-A)<em>12 &gt;= a</em>37.5<br>(10-A)/a &gt;= 3.125<br>10/a - 1 &gt;= 3.125<br>10/a &gt;= 4.125<br>a &lt;= 10/4.125<br>A &lt;= 2.4</p>\n<h5 id=\"结论：\"><a href=\"#结论：\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"结论：\"></a>结论：</h5><ol>\n<li><p>当H股指数基金6.4PE，盈利收益率15.6%，我们配置24%的H股ETF和76%的年化4%的保本理财产品，3年里可以实现保本收益。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>如果H股上涨，收益将比单纯投资保本理财产品大幅放大。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"常见问题总结\"><a href=\"#常见问题总结\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"常见问题总结\"></a>常见问题总结</h3><ol>\n<li>对于股票，建立自己的投资体系，对股票进行评估</li>\n<li>对于闲置资金，不单单可以放在货币或者P2P，还是可以做分级基金套利</li>\n<li>人生关口，如何调整投资计划？如买房，生育。可以调整定投策略，调整资产配置。</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"作业-1\"><a href=\"#作业-1\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"作业\"></a>作业</h3><p>1、根据“定期不定额”的投资方法，将上一课中所列的定投计划进行优化。并从以下三种情况任选其一，做个计划：</p>\n<p>如果你已人到中年，有了一定的积蓄，该怎样优化定投计划，请列出来。</p>\n<p>如果你是一位希望保本的投资者，又该如何配置你的定投计划呢，请列出来。</p>\n<p>如果你希望获得高收益并且能够承受一定风险，你打算如何配置自己的定投计划。</p>\n<p> 根据“定期不定额”的投资方法，优化定投计划</p>\n<h4 id=\"根据“定期不定额”优化上节课定投策略：（n是当期盈利收益率）\"><a href=\"#根据“定期不定额”优化上节课定投策略：（n是当期盈利收益率）\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"根据“定期不定额”优化上节课定投策略：（n是当期盈利收益率）\"></a>根据“定期不定额”优化上节课定投策略：（n是当期盈利收益率）</h4><p>n=10%时，定投7000元</p>\n<p>n大于10%时，定投7000*n*10</p>\n<p>n小于10%停止定投，每个月钱存入P2P或货币基金。</p>\n<p>n小于6.4%，每月赎回10%</p>\n<h4 id=\"如果你希望获得高收益并且能够承受一定风险，你打算如何配置自己的定投计划。\"><a href=\"#如果你希望获得高收益并且能够承受一定风险，你打算如何配置自己的定投计划。\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如果你希望获得高收益并且能够承受一定风险，你打算如何配置自己的定投计划。\"></a>如果你希望获得高收益并且能够承受一定风险，你打算如何配置自己的定投计划。</h4><ol>\n<li>提高定投额度<ol>\n<li>开源节流，提高每月结余。</li>\n<li>提高每月指数基金投资配额。</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<ol>\n<li>将一定积蓄参与到定投策略中</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li>预留半年的生活费到货币基金中，比如每月7000生活费，6个月就是4.2万。</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>将剩余积蓄分批加入每月定投中，比如10万，计划定投3年，每月3000左右加入到定投金额中。</li>\n</ul>\n<ol>\n<li>采用AH股轮动策略</li>\n</ol>\n<p>H/A= H股指数盈利收益率/上证50指数盈利收益率<br>H/A小于1.1 =&gt; 定投上证50指数基金，每月10%H股换A股<br>H/A大于1.1 =&gt; 定投H股指数基金<br>H/A大于1.3 =&gt; 定投H股指数基金，每月10%A股换H股</p>\n<p>2、你对课程还有什么意见和建议？</p>\n<p>很好，多一些高阶技巧会更好。</p>\n<p>请问一下，指数基金历史PE走势图哪里可以查询？</p>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"如何低风险实现资产的指数级增长—复利","date":"2016-07-02T12:00:00.000Z","_content":"\n大多数人认为：“低风险低收益，高风险高收益”，\n\n**实际上，低风险和高收益并不矛盾，因为大家忽略了复利的威力。**\n\n假设你在30岁时有10万，每年本息保持10%的年收益，到你60岁退休时这10万连本带息是多少？\n\n这里先说明一下为什么是10%年收益：\n\n下面各种基金历年年化收益率：\n* 货币型基金 2.56%\n* 债券型基金 6.4%\n* 混合型基金 13.16%\n* 股票型基金 14.11%\n\n也就是说，不用任何技巧，长期持有，就能获得上面的收益率。\n当然入场时间还是很重要的。。。。不要一进去发现在山顶了。\n\n所以10%的年化收益率通过学习一些简单的投资理财技巧，是比较容易实现的。\n\n对比股票，甚至股票型基金，在这个收益率左右的投资理财产品绝对是低风险的！\n\n另外不要看不起这10%的年收益，对现在比余额宝2.4%的七日年化收益率，即使是最开始阿里贴利息，最高也就7%左右。\n\n所以在10%年收益是绝对可以长期实现的低风险投资。\n\n回到之前的问题，我们需要先了解**世界第八大奇迹——复利**，这是爱因斯坦说的，绝对不是我说的,下面是原话。\n\n>“Compound interest is the eighth wonder of the world. He wo understand it, earns it ... he who doesn't .. pays it.” 复利是世界第八大奇迹。知之者赚，不知者被坑。\n\n我相信大多数人和我一样，在初中学习过复利，做过几道复利的计算题，但是都没有在实际生活中用过。\n\n**起始本金*（1+利率）^n = 复利终值**\n\nn是复利的结算次数，如果一年结算一次，就是年复利，如果一个月结算一次，就是月复利。\n\n按这个公式计算年复利,本金为10万，年收益为10%，那么n年后连本带利是多少钱?\n为了方便大家理解这个公式，我一年一年算：\n\n第一年：\n10万 \\* (1+10%) = 11万\n\n即 10万 \\* (1+15%)^1 = 11万\n\n第二年：\n10万 \\* (1+10%) \\* （1+10%） = 12.1万\n\n即 10万 \\* (1+10%)^2 = 12.1万\n\n第n年:\n10万 \\* (1+10%) \\* (1+10%)...(1+10%)\n\n即 10万 \\* (1+15%)^n\n\n\n现在我们可以回答之前的问题了\n60岁退休，n=30年，那么10万本金最后就是：\n10万 \\* (1+10%)^30 = 174.5万\n\n30年大约17倍。\n\n假设你60岁退休后能活到100岁，那么每月你就有约3600元/月的额外养老金，加上社保养老金，可以过上不错的养老生活了。\n\n年轻时，小小的10万，通过复利的积累，成为30年后的生活的保障，这是多么神奇的事。这个小小例子，并不能完全展现复利的威力，下面从数学分析上看一下复利的威力和要点。\n\n回到复利公式：\n\n起始本金*（1+利率）^n = 复利终值\n\n这个公式有3个变量，\n* 起始本金\n* 利率\n* 年限\n\n我们分析一下，改变这个三个变量中其中一个，而其他两个变量不变的情况。\n1. 只改变起始本金——可以看成线性函数f(x)=x(1+10%)^30，x是本金，f(x)是线性增长\n2. 只改变利率——可以看成幂函数f(x)=10(1+x)^30，x是利率，f(x)是幂增长\n3. 只改变年限——可以看成指数函数f(x)=10(1+10%)^x，x是时间，f(x)是指数增长\n\n从维基百科上，找了一张描述指数增长（绿色）如何超过线性增长（红色）和幂增长（蓝色）的图。\n\n![指数增长（绿色）如何超过线性增长（红色）和幂增长（蓝色）](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Exponential.svg)\n从上图，我们看到越到最后，指数增长越陡峭，远远超过另外两个增长函数，所以：\n\n\n**复利公式中，第一重要的是时间，第二重要的是利率，最后才是起始本金。**\n\n我们把时间拉长来看，从1到100年，下面的图告诉我们，越到后面越陡峭。\n\n![n=1~100](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-fd606bffc19ed73c.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n\n**从复利的角度，把时间拉的足够长，低风险所带来的稳定收益，通过复利的指数级增长，最终的回报是非常可观的。**\n\n可能有人会觉，足够长的时间，那等我死了，也享用不了这份积累。\n**所以越早开始利用复利越好。** 再说，你不还有下一代吗？你不学会运用复利去积累财富，你的子孙也学的不会，因为复利的威力是建立在时间之上的。为什么有人说“三代人的努力才能出一个贵族”，都是一个道理。\n","source":"_posts/finance/2016-06-30-如何低风险实现资产的指数级增长—复利.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"如何低风险实现资产的指数级增长—复利\"\ndate: \"2016-07-02 20:00 +0800\"\n---\n\n大多数人认为：“低风险低收益，高风险高收益”，\n\n**实际上，低风险和高收益并不矛盾，因为大家忽略了复利的威力。**\n\n假设你在30岁时有10万，每年本息保持10%的年收益，到你60岁退休时这10万连本带息是多少？\n\n这里先说明一下为什么是10%年收益：\n\n下面各种基金历年年化收益率：\n* 货币型基金 2.56%\n* 债券型基金 6.4%\n* 混合型基金 13.16%\n* 股票型基金 14.11%\n\n也就是说，不用任何技巧，长期持有，就能获得上面的收益率。\n当然入场时间还是很重要的。。。。不要一进去发现在山顶了。\n\n所以10%的年化收益率通过学习一些简单的投资理财技巧，是比较容易实现的。\n\n对比股票，甚至股票型基金，在这个收益率左右的投资理财产品绝对是低风险的！\n\n另外不要看不起这10%的年收益，对现在比余额宝2.4%的七日年化收益率，即使是最开始阿里贴利息，最高也就7%左右。\n\n所以在10%年收益是绝对可以长期实现的低风险投资。\n\n回到之前的问题，我们需要先了解**世界第八大奇迹——复利**，这是爱因斯坦说的，绝对不是我说的,下面是原话。\n\n>“Compound interest is the eighth wonder of the world. He wo understand it, earns it ... he who doesn't .. pays it.” 复利是世界第八大奇迹。知之者赚，不知者被坑。\n\n我相信大多数人和我一样，在初中学习过复利，做过几道复利的计算题，但是都没有在实际生活中用过。\n\n**起始本金*（1+利率）^n = 复利终值**\n\nn是复利的结算次数，如果一年结算一次，就是年复利，如果一个月结算一次，就是月复利。\n\n按这个公式计算年复利,本金为10万，年收益为10%，那么n年后连本带利是多少钱?\n为了方便大家理解这个公式，我一年一年算：\n\n第一年：\n10万 \\* (1+10%) = 11万\n\n即 10万 \\* (1+15%)^1 = 11万\n\n第二年：\n10万 \\* (1+10%) \\* （1+10%） = 12.1万\n\n即 10万 \\* (1+10%)^2 = 12.1万\n\n第n年:\n10万 \\* (1+10%) \\* (1+10%)...(1+10%)\n\n即 10万 \\* (1+15%)^n\n\n\n现在我们可以回答之前的问题了\n60岁退休，n=30年，那么10万本金最后就是：\n10万 \\* (1+10%)^30 = 174.5万\n\n30年大约17倍。\n\n假设你60岁退休后能活到100岁，那么每月你就有约3600元/月的额外养老金，加上社保养老金，可以过上不错的养老生活了。\n\n年轻时，小小的10万，通过复利的积累，成为30年后的生活的保障，这是多么神奇的事。这个小小例子，并不能完全展现复利的威力，下面从数学分析上看一下复利的威力和要点。\n\n回到复利公式：\n\n起始本金*（1+利率）^n = 复利终值\n\n这个公式有3个变量，\n* 起始本金\n* 利率\n* 年限\n\n我们分析一下，改变这个三个变量中其中一个，而其他两个变量不变的情况。\n1. 只改变起始本金——可以看成线性函数f(x)=x(1+10%)^30，x是本金，f(x)是线性增长\n2. 只改变利率——可以看成幂函数f(x)=10(1+x)^30，x是利率，f(x)是幂增长\n3. 只改变年限——可以看成指数函数f(x)=10(1+10%)^x，x是时间，f(x)是指数增长\n\n从维基百科上，找了一张描述指数增长（绿色）如何超过线性增长（红色）和幂增长（蓝色）的图。\n\n![指数增长（绿色）如何超过线性增长（红色）和幂增长（蓝色）](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Exponential.svg)\n从上图，我们看到越到最后，指数增长越陡峭，远远超过另外两个增长函数，所以：\n\n\n**复利公式中，第一重要的是时间，第二重要的是利率，最后才是起始本金。**\n\n我们把时间拉长来看，从1到100年，下面的图告诉我们，越到后面越陡峭。\n\n![n=1~100](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-fd606bffc19ed73c.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n\n**从复利的角度，把时间拉的足够长，低风险所带来的稳定收益，通过复利的指数级增长，最终的回报是非常可观的。**\n\n可能有人会觉，足够长的时间，那等我死了，也享用不了这份积累。\n**所以越早开始利用复利越好。** 再说，你不还有下一代吗？你不学会运用复利去积累财富，你的子孙也学的不会，因为复利的威力是建立在时间之上的。为什么有人说“三代人的努力才能出一个贵族”，都是一个道理。\n","slug":"finance/2016-06-30-如何低风险实现资产的指数级增长—复利","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T13:03:02.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiwv000cmkte4nxtfir3","content":"<p>大多数人认为：“低风险低收益，高风险高收益”，</p>\n<p><strong>实际上，低风险和高收益并不矛盾，因为大家忽略了复利的威力。</strong></p>\n<p>假设你在30岁时有10万，每年本息保持10%的年收益，到你60岁退休时这10万连本带息是多少？</p>\n<p>这里先说明一下为什么是10%年收益：</p>\n<p>下面各种基金历年年化收益率：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>货币型基金 2.56%</li>\n<li>债券型基金 6.4%</li>\n<li>混合型基金 13.16%</li>\n<li>股票型基金 14.11%</li>\n</ul>\n<p>也就是说，不用任何技巧，长期持有，就能获得上面的收益率。<br>当然入场时间还是很重要的。。。。不要一进去发现在山顶了。</p>\n<p>所以10%的年化收益率通过学习一些简单的投资理财技巧，是比较容易实现的。</p>\n<p>对比股票，甚至股票型基金，在这个收益率左右的投资理财产品绝对是低风险的！</p>\n<p>另外不要看不起这10%的年收益，对现在比余额宝2.4%的七日年化收益率，即使是最开始阿里贴利息，最高也就7%左右。</p>\n<p>所以在10%年收益是绝对可以长期实现的低风险投资。</p>\n<p>回到之前的问题，我们需要先了解<strong>世界第八大奇迹——复利</strong>，这是爱因斯坦说的，绝对不是我说的,下面是原话。</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>“Compound interest is the eighth wonder of the world. He wo understand it, earns it … he who doesn’t .. pays it.” 复利是世界第八大奇迹。知之者赚，不知者被坑。</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>我相信大多数人和我一样，在初中学习过复利，做过几道复利的计算题，但是都没有在实际生活中用过。</p>\n<p><strong>起始本金*（1+利率）^n = 复利终值</strong></p>\n<p>n是复利的结算次数，如果一年结算一次，就是年复利，如果一个月结算一次，就是月复利。</p>\n<p>按这个公式计算年复利,本金为10万，年收益为10%，那么n年后连本带利是多少钱?<br>为了方便大家理解这个公式，我一年一年算：</p>\n<p>第一年：<br>10万 * (1+10%) = 11万</p>\n<p>即 10万 * (1+15%)^1 = 11万</p>\n<p>第二年：<br>10万 * (1+10%) * （1+10%） = 12.1万</p>\n<p>即 10万 * (1+10%)^2 = 12.1万</p>\n<p>第n年:<br>10万 * (1+10%) * (1+10%)…(1+10%)</p>\n<p>即 10万 * (1+15%)^n</p>\n<p>现在我们可以回答之前的问题了<br>60岁退休，n=30年，那么10万本金最后就是：<br>10万 * (1+10%)^30 = 174.5万</p>\n<p>30年大约17倍。</p>\n<p>假设你60岁退休后能活到100岁，那么每月你就有约3600元/月的额外养老金，加上社保养老金，可以过上不错的养老生活了。</p>\n<p>年轻时，小小的10万，通过复利的积累，成为30年后的生活的保障，这是多么神奇的事。这个小小例子，并不能完全展现复利的威力，下面从数学分析上看一下复利的威力和要点。</p>\n<p>回到复利公式：</p>\n<p>起始本金*（1+利率）^n = 复利终值</p>\n<p>这个公式有3个变量，</p>\n<ul>\n<li>起始本金</li>\n<li>利率</li>\n<li>年限</li>\n</ul>\n<p>我们分析一下，改变这个三个变量中其中一个，而其他两个变量不变的情况。</p>\n<ol>\n<li>只改变起始本金——可以看成线性函数f(x)=x(1+10%)^30，x是本金，f(x)是线性增长</li>\n<li>只改变利率——可以看成幂函数f(x)=10(1+x)^30，x是利率，f(x)是幂增长</li>\n<li>只改变年限——可以看成指数函数f(x)=10(1+10%)^x，x是时间，f(x)是指数增长</li>\n</ol>\n<p>从维基百科上，找了一张描述指数增长（绿色）如何超过线性增长（红色）和幂增长（蓝色）的图。</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Exponential.svg\" alt=\"指数增长（绿色）如何超过线性增长（红色）和幂增长（蓝色）\"><br>从上图，我们看到越到最后，指数增长越陡峭，远远超过另外两个增长函数，所以：</p>\n<p><strong>复利公式中，第一重要的是时间，第二重要的是利率，最后才是起始本金。</strong></p>\n<p>我们把时间拉长来看，从1到100年，下面的图告诉我们，越到后面越陡峭。</p>\n<p><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-fd606bffc19ed73c.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"n=1~100\"></p>\n<p><strong>从复利的角度，把时间拉的足够长，低风险所带来的稳定收益，通过复利的指数级增长，最终的回报是非常可观的。</strong></p>\n<p>可能有人会觉，足够长的时间，那等我死了，也享用不了这份积累。<br><strong>所以越早开始利用复利越好。</strong> 再说，你不还有下一代吗？你不学会运用复利去积累财富，你的子孙也学的不会，因为复利的威力是建立在时间之上的。为什么有人说“三代人的努力才能出一个贵族”，都是一个道理。</p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<p>大多数人认为：“低风险低收益，高风险高收益”，</p>\n<p><strong>实际上，低风险和高收益并不矛盾，因为大家忽略了复利的威力。</strong></p>\n<p>假设你在30岁时有10万，每年本息保持10%的年收益，到你60岁退休时这10万连本带息是多少？</p>\n<p>这里先说明一下为什么是10%年收益：</p>\n<p>下面各种基金历年年化收益率：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>货币型基金 2.56%</li>\n<li>债券型基金 6.4%</li>\n<li>混合型基金 13.16%</li>\n<li>股票型基金 14.11%</li>\n</ul>\n<p>也就是说，不用任何技巧，长期持有，就能获得上面的收益率。<br>当然入场时间还是很重要的。。。。不要一进去发现在山顶了。</p>\n<p>所以10%的年化收益率通过学习一些简单的投资理财技巧，是比较容易实现的。</p>\n<p>对比股票，甚至股票型基金，在这个收益率左右的投资理财产品绝对是低风险的！</p>\n<p>另外不要看不起这10%的年收益，对现在比余额宝2.4%的七日年化收益率，即使是最开始阿里贴利息，最高也就7%左右。</p>\n<p>所以在10%年收益是绝对可以长期实现的低风险投资。</p>\n<p>回到之前的问题，我们需要先了解<strong>世界第八大奇迹——复利</strong>，这是爱因斯坦说的，绝对不是我说的,下面是原话。</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>“Compound interest is the eighth wonder of the world. He wo understand it, earns it … he who doesn’t .. pays it.” 复利是世界第八大奇迹。知之者赚，不知者被坑。</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>我相信大多数人和我一样，在初中学习过复利，做过几道复利的计算题，但是都没有在实际生活中用过。</p>\n<p><strong>起始本金*（1+利率）^n = 复利终值</strong></p>\n<p>n是复利的结算次数，如果一年结算一次，就是年复利，如果一个月结算一次，就是月复利。</p>\n<p>按这个公式计算年复利,本金为10万，年收益为10%，那么n年后连本带利是多少钱?<br>为了方便大家理解这个公式，我一年一年算：</p>\n<p>第一年：<br>10万 * (1+10%) = 11万</p>\n<p>即 10万 * (1+15%)^1 = 11万</p>\n<p>第二年：<br>10万 * (1+10%) * （1+10%） = 12.1万</p>\n<p>即 10万 * (1+10%)^2 = 12.1万</p>\n<p>第n年:<br>10万 * (1+10%) * (1+10%)…(1+10%)</p>\n<p>即 10万 * (1+15%)^n</p>\n<p>现在我们可以回答之前的问题了<br>60岁退休，n=30年，那么10万本金最后就是：<br>10万 * (1+10%)^30 = 174.5万</p>\n<p>30年大约17倍。</p>\n<p>假设你60岁退休后能活到100岁，那么每月你就有约3600元/月的额外养老金，加上社保养老金，可以过上不错的养老生活了。</p>\n<p>年轻时，小小的10万，通过复利的积累，成为30年后的生活的保障，这是多么神奇的事。这个小小例子，并不能完全展现复利的威力，下面从数学分析上看一下复利的威力和要点。</p>\n<p>回到复利公式：</p>\n<p>起始本金*（1+利率）^n = 复利终值</p>\n<p>这个公式有3个变量，</p>\n<ul>\n<li>起始本金</li>\n<li>利率</li>\n<li>年限</li>\n</ul>\n<p>我们分析一下，改变这个三个变量中其中一个，而其他两个变量不变的情况。</p>\n<ol>\n<li>只改变起始本金——可以看成线性函数f(x)=x(1+10%)^30，x是本金，f(x)是线性增长</li>\n<li>只改变利率——可以看成幂函数f(x)=10(1+x)^30，x是利率，f(x)是幂增长</li>\n<li>只改变年限——可以看成指数函数f(x)=10(1+10%)^x，x是时间，f(x)是指数增长</li>\n</ol>\n<p>从维基百科上，找了一张描述指数增长（绿色）如何超过线性增长（红色）和幂增长（蓝色）的图。</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Exponential.svg\" alt=\"指数增长（绿色）如何超过线性增长（红色）和幂增长（蓝色）\"><br>从上图，我们看到越到最后，指数增长越陡峭，远远超过另外两个增长函数，所以：</p>\n<p><strong>复利公式中，第一重要的是时间，第二重要的是利率，最后才是起始本金。</strong></p>\n<p>我们把时间拉长来看，从1到100年，下面的图告诉我们，越到后面越陡峭。</p>\n<p><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-fd606bffc19ed73c.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"n=1~100\"></p>\n<p><strong>从复利的角度，把时间拉的足够长，低风险所带来的稳定收益，通过复利的指数级增长，最终的回报是非常可观的。</strong></p>\n<p>可能有人会觉，足够长的时间，那等我死了，也享用不了这份积累。<br><strong>所以越早开始利用复利越好。</strong> 再说，你不还有下一代吗？你不学会运用复利去积累财富，你的子孙也学的不会，因为复利的威力是建立在时间之上的。为什么有人说“三代人的努力才能出一个贵族”，都是一个道理。</p>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"低风险高收益","date":"2016-07-02T09:07:00.000Z","_content":"人们说，“想发财，就得会钱生钱”。\n\n作为一个做梦都想发财的人，从听到这句话开始，就琢磨怎么样“钱生钱”。可惜没那个命，到现在还没琢磨出来。\n\n至于“钱生钱”的意思，就是投资，也不知道是那个聪明人想到的“钱生钱”这个这么生动易懂的说法。\n\n对于投资，人们常说，“低风险低收益，高收益高风险”。\n\n想想好像是这个道理。今天那我就拿出质疑的力量，刨根问底一下，“不一定吧？难道就没有低风险高收益的事么？”\n\n那确实还真有，不过那些事一般都到不了我等普通人身上。\n\n难道就没有普通人也做的低风险高收益的投资了。\n\n好吧，我已经想破脑袋了，确实没有了 -_-*.\n\n其实大多数人普通人和我一样，很久以来忽略了复利的力量。\n\n从复利这个角度，把时间拉足够长来，其实有很多低风险高收益的投资在身边。低风险所带来的稳定收益，通过复利的积累，最终的回报是非常可观的。反观，高收益高风险，收益虽高，但是高风险所带来的一次致命打击是我们这些普通人生命中无法承受的。\n\n本金*（1+利率） N次方 = 复利终值\n\nN是复利计算次数，如果一年结算一次，就是年数。\n\n假设投资10万，年收益10%，20年有6.7倍收益，赚67万元；年收益20%，20年有38.3倍收益，赚383万元。\n\n我觉得，年收益10%的投资模型比较容易实现，年收益20%的投资模型比较难，年收益30%，我不敢想，具体怎么做，我现在不知道- _-*\n\n等我研究10%和20%的收益率的可行性和投资模型之后，再写另一篇。\n\n复利的概念非常重要，据说犹太人就是掌握了复利的力量才成为世界上最富有的民族，然后遭到极端的迫害。。。最后还是屹立不倒。\n\n“钱生钱” ，金钱投资是这个道理，除了金钱上投资，还一个人们常说投资，就是投资自己，学知识学技能长见识。那么在投资自己上，会不会也有复利的神奇力量？如果有，它是怎么样产生的？和金钱投资所产生的复利有什么不同？\n\n我也不知道。等我研究明白了，开另一篇继续写。\n","source":"_posts/finance/2016-07-02-低风险高收益.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"低风险高收益\"\ndate: \"2016-07-02 17:07 +0800\"\n---\n人们说，“想发财，就得会钱生钱”。\n\n作为一个做梦都想发财的人，从听到这句话开始，就琢磨怎么样“钱生钱”。可惜没那个命，到现在还没琢磨出来。\n\n至于“钱生钱”的意思，就是投资，也不知道是那个聪明人想到的“钱生钱”这个这么生动易懂的说法。\n\n对于投资，人们常说，“低风险低收益，高收益高风险”。\n\n想想好像是这个道理。今天那我就拿出质疑的力量，刨根问底一下，“不一定吧？难道就没有低风险高收益的事么？”\n\n那确实还真有，不过那些事一般都到不了我等普通人身上。\n\n难道就没有普通人也做的低风险高收益的投资了。\n\n好吧，我已经想破脑袋了，确实没有了 -_-*.\n\n其实大多数人普通人和我一样，很久以来忽略了复利的力量。\n\n从复利这个角度，把时间拉足够长来，其实有很多低风险高收益的投资在身边。低风险所带来的稳定收益，通过复利的积累，最终的回报是非常可观的。反观，高收益高风险，收益虽高，但是高风险所带来的一次致命打击是我们这些普通人生命中无法承受的。\n\n本金*（1+利率） N次方 = 复利终值\n\nN是复利计算次数，如果一年结算一次，就是年数。\n\n假设投资10万，年收益10%，20年有6.7倍收益，赚67万元；年收益20%，20年有38.3倍收益，赚383万元。\n\n我觉得，年收益10%的投资模型比较容易实现，年收益20%的投资模型比较难，年收益30%，我不敢想，具体怎么做，我现在不知道- _-*\n\n等我研究10%和20%的收益率的可行性和投资模型之后，再写另一篇。\n\n复利的概念非常重要，据说犹太人就是掌握了复利的力量才成为世界上最富有的民族，然后遭到极端的迫害。。。最后还是屹立不倒。\n\n“钱生钱” ，金钱投资是这个道理，除了金钱上投资，还一个人们常说投资，就是投资自己，学知识学技能长见识。那么在投资自己上，会不会也有复利的神奇力量？如果有，它是怎么样产生的？和金钱投资所产生的复利有什么不同？\n\n我也不知道。等我研究明白了，开另一篇继续写。\n","slug":"finance/2016-07-02-低风险高收益","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiww000dmkte5u6r1u89","content":"<p>人们说，“想发财，就得会钱生钱”。</p>\n<p>作为一个做梦都想发财的人，从听到这句话开始，就琢磨怎么样“钱生钱”。可惜没那个命，到现在还没琢磨出来。</p>\n<p>至于“钱生钱”的意思，就是投资，也不知道是那个聪明人想到的“钱生钱”这个这么生动易懂的说法。</p>\n<p>对于投资，人们常说，“低风险低收益，高收益高风险”。</p>\n<p>想想好像是这个道理。今天那我就拿出质疑的力量，刨根问底一下，“不一定吧？难道就没有低风险高收益的事么？”</p>\n<p>那确实还真有，不过那些事一般都到不了我等普通人身上。</p>\n<p>难道就没有普通人也做的低风险高收益的投资了。</p>\n<p>好吧，我已经想破脑袋了，确实没有了 -_-*.</p>\n<p>其实大多数人普通人和我一样，很久以来忽略了复利的力量。</p>\n<p>从复利这个角度，把时间拉足够长来，其实有很多低风险高收益的投资在身边。低风险所带来的稳定收益，通过复利的积累，最终的回报是非常可观的。反观，高收益高风险，收益虽高，但是高风险所带来的一次致命打击是我们这些普通人生命中无法承受的。</p>\n<p>本金*（1+利率） N次方 = 复利终值</p>\n<p>N是复利计算次数，如果一年结算一次，就是年数。</p>\n<p>假设投资10万，年收益10%，20年有6.7倍收益，赚67万元；年收益20%，20年有38.3倍收益，赚383万元。</p>\n<p>我觉得，年收益10%的投资模型比较容易实现，年收益20%的投资模型比较难，年收益30%，我不敢想，具体怎么做，我现在不知道- _-*</p>\n<p>等我研究10%和20%的收益率的可行性和投资模型之后，再写另一篇。</p>\n<p>复利的概念非常重要，据说犹太人就是掌握了复利的力量才成为世界上最富有的民族，然后遭到极端的迫害。。。最后还是屹立不倒。</p>\n<p>“钱生钱” ，金钱投资是这个道理，除了金钱上投资，还一个人们常说投资，就是投资自己，学知识学技能长见识。那么在投资自己上，会不会也有复利的神奇力量？如果有，它是怎么样产生的？和金钱投资所产生的复利有什么不同？</p>\n<p>我也不知道。等我研究明白了，开另一篇继续写。</p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<p>人们说，“想发财，就得会钱生钱”。</p>\n<p>作为一个做梦都想发财的人，从听到这句话开始，就琢磨怎么样“钱生钱”。可惜没那个命，到现在还没琢磨出来。</p>\n<p>至于“钱生钱”的意思，就是投资，也不知道是那个聪明人想到的“钱生钱”这个这么生动易懂的说法。</p>\n<p>对于投资，人们常说，“低风险低收益，高收益高风险”。</p>\n<p>想想好像是这个道理。今天那我就拿出质疑的力量，刨根问底一下，“不一定吧？难道就没有低风险高收益的事么？”</p>\n<p>那确实还真有，不过那些事一般都到不了我等普通人身上。</p>\n<p>难道就没有普通人也做的低风险高收益的投资了。</p>\n<p>好吧，我已经想破脑袋了，确实没有了 -_-*.</p>\n<p>其实大多数人普通人和我一样，很久以来忽略了复利的力量。</p>\n<p>从复利这个角度，把时间拉足够长来，其实有很多低风险高收益的投资在身边。低风险所带来的稳定收益，通过复利的积累，最终的回报是非常可观的。反观，高收益高风险，收益虽高，但是高风险所带来的一次致命打击是我们这些普通人生命中无法承受的。</p>\n<p>本金*（1+利率） N次方 = 复利终值</p>\n<p>N是复利计算次数，如果一年结算一次，就是年数。</p>\n<p>假设投资10万，年收益10%，20年有6.7倍收益，赚67万元；年收益20%，20年有38.3倍收益，赚383万元。</p>\n<p>我觉得，年收益10%的投资模型比较容易实现，年收益20%的投资模型比较难，年收益30%，我不敢想，具体怎么做，我现在不知道- _-*</p>\n<p>等我研究10%和20%的收益率的可行性和投资模型之后，再写另一篇。</p>\n<p>复利的概念非常重要，据说犹太人就是掌握了复利的力量才成为世界上最富有的民族，然后遭到极端的迫害。。。最后还是屹立不倒。</p>\n<p>“钱生钱” ，金钱投资是这个道理，除了金钱上投资，还一个人们常说投资，就是投资自己，学知识学技能长见识。那么在投资自己上，会不会也有复利的神奇力量？如果有，它是怎么样产生的？和金钱投资所产生的复利有什么不同？</p>\n<p>我也不知道。等我研究明白了，开另一篇继续写。</p>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"比特币系统是如何运作的?","date":"2016-07-02T09:08:00.000Z","_content":"\n比特币最火的时候，我没弄明白比特币到底是什么，就稀里糊涂的买了3个币，结果比特币就从6000多元一直跌倒1000多元。期间因为换了电脑，那3个币也不知道到底被自己藏到那个犄角旮旯去了，想着本来想留给子孙后代的，就这么不见了，多少还是有些不甘心。\n最近终于下决心把它们找回来，从旧电脑把比特币钱包备份给找出了，花了一个星期的时间把钱包恢复出来（主要是下载所有的交易记录花了很多时间）。\n\n做对事的前提，就是先把自己要做的事情自己研究透了，这样才不会做不该做事或者把该做的事做错。\n我这次就算把以前的功课给补了，希望自己以后不要在做自己不明白的事了。\n\n当然必要的计算机知识还是要有的：\n参考[比特币 (Bitcoin) 系统是如何运行的？King Matrix的回答](https://www.zhihu.com/question/20941124/answer/20411491)\n\n>1. 首先你要知道公钥和私钥的概念（已经懂的不用看这部分了）公钥私钥是现代密码学分支非对称性加密里面的名词，通常都是用公钥加密信息，用私钥解密信息，为什么要这样？ 因为你看电视剧的时候，发电报那种都是对称性加密，这种加密方式缺点是显而易见的，如果被人知道了密钥和加密方法，于是按照加密方法反着来就能解密。 一直到非对称性加密这种情况才有所改观，公钥就是可以对全世界公开的密钥，比如你和google通讯，用google给的1024位的公钥加密，送到google那里只有他有对应的私钥，只有他能解密，于是就保证了通讯安全\n\n>2. 比特币主要用了ECDSA，也就是椭圆曲线签名算法，这个算法有两个特性，注意这两点对下面至关重要a.只要知道私钥，可以算出相应的公钥；b.你用私钥签名过的东西，可以用公钥算一下是不是你签的；\n\n下面这张图是我见过的把比特币解释的通俗生动且不失准确的一张图。\n![how-bitcoin-works.jpg](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-4441073a41d2d2b2.jpg?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n## 背景\nBob是一个微商，他决定开始接受比特币支付。\nAlice是一个买家，她有些比特币，刚好她想从Bob那里买些东西。\n\n## 钱包和地址\nBob和Alice都有比特币钱包在他们的电脑里。[钱包软件下载](https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet)。\n\n### 钱包\n钱包是一个特殊文件，通过它可以访问比特币地址。\n\n### 地址\n地址是一串由字母和数字组成的字符串，例如\"1DwunA9otZZQyhkVvkLJ8DV1tuSwMF7r3v\"。\n每一个地址都拥有属于该地址比特币数额。\n\n## 创建一个地址 （Bob）\nBob创建了一个新的比特币地址用于接收Alice的比特币付款。\n\n当Bob创建一个地址时，实际上他是创建了一对密钥对（由公钥和私钥组成）。\n如果你用私钥（只有你自己知道）签名一个消息，这个消息可以用公钥（所有人都可以知道）验证是不是你发送的消息。  \n**Bob的新比特币地址就是一个公钥,对应的私钥存储在他的钱包里，公钥允许任何人利用它去验证一条消息是不是用有效私钥签名的。**\n\n## 提交一个支付 （Alice）\nAlice通过他的比特币客户端向Bob发送比特币到Bob的地址。\n\n### 私钥签名\nAlice的钱包保存着她的所有地址的私钥。比特币客户端用她准备用来支付的地址对应的私钥对她的支付交易请求进行签名。\n\n### 公钥验证\n比特币网络中的任意一个人都能用她的公钥（地址）验证这个交易请求是否来之一个合法账户的拥有者。\n\n## 验证交易 （矿工）\n矿工的电脑将过去10分钟的交易记录打包到一个新的“交易区块”。\n矿工的电脑被用来计算用于加密的哈希函数。\n\n### 加密哈希\n加密哈希函数将数据变成固定长度字符串，称之为哈希值。即使源数据有很小的改变都会在结果哈希值上发生巨大的变化。所以根本不可能预测到什么样的初始数据会得到什么样的哈希值。\n\n### 随机数\n为了从相同的数据得到不同的哈希值，比特币用了随机数，在计算哈希值之前，随机数被加入数据。改变随机数将得到不同的哈希值\n\n矿机基于之前的哈希值、新的交易区块和随机数计算新的哈希值。\n\n哈希值+新交易区块+随机数= 新哈希值。\n新哈希值+新新的交易区块+随机数 = 新新的哈希值\n新新哈希值+新新新的交易区块+随机数 = 新新新的哈希值\n...\n如此重复\n\n哈希值的计算是非常简单，但是比特币系统要求新的哈希值必须满足特定格式—必须以特定数量的0开始。\n\n矿工们没办法预测什么随机数会生成以特定个0开头的哈希值，所以他们不得不用不同的随机数生成许多的哈希值直到得到正确的哈希值。\n\n每一个区块包含了一个叫“coinbase”的交易，这笔交易将付给这个胜出的矿工Gary 50个比特币，一个拥有50个比特币新的地址将被创建在这个矿工的钱包里。\n\n##交易验证\n一段时间过去后，Alice的给Bob的交易记录在被其他最近的交易所埋蔽。任何人修改交易细节，他将不得不做Gary所做的事，因为任何改变都要求一个完全不同的且符合要求的随机数，然后所有的在这之后的矿工所做的工作都要重做，这样伪造交易基本不可能。\n\n找了张翻译过的，哈哈哈。\n![bitcoin_cn.jpg](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-11d6535dc6797a38.jpg?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n","source":"_posts/finance/2016-07-02-比特币系统是如何运作的.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"比特币系统是如何运作的?\"\ndate: \"2016-07-02 17:08 +0800\"\n---\n\n比特币最火的时候，我没弄明白比特币到底是什么，就稀里糊涂的买了3个币，结果比特币就从6000多元一直跌倒1000多元。期间因为换了电脑，那3个币也不知道到底被自己藏到那个犄角旮旯去了，想着本来想留给子孙后代的，就这么不见了，多少还是有些不甘心。\n最近终于下决心把它们找回来，从旧电脑把比特币钱包备份给找出了，花了一个星期的时间把钱包恢复出来（主要是下载所有的交易记录花了很多时间）。\n\n做对事的前提，就是先把自己要做的事情自己研究透了，这样才不会做不该做事或者把该做的事做错。\n我这次就算把以前的功课给补了，希望自己以后不要在做自己不明白的事了。\n\n当然必要的计算机知识还是要有的：\n参考[比特币 (Bitcoin) 系统是如何运行的？King Matrix的回答](https://www.zhihu.com/question/20941124/answer/20411491)\n\n>1. 首先你要知道公钥和私钥的概念（已经懂的不用看这部分了）公钥私钥是现代密码学分支非对称性加密里面的名词，通常都是用公钥加密信息，用私钥解密信息，为什么要这样？ 因为你看电视剧的时候，发电报那种都是对称性加密，这种加密方式缺点是显而易见的，如果被人知道了密钥和加密方法，于是按照加密方法反着来就能解密。 一直到非对称性加密这种情况才有所改观，公钥就是可以对全世界公开的密钥，比如你和google通讯，用google给的1024位的公钥加密，送到google那里只有他有对应的私钥，只有他能解密，于是就保证了通讯安全\n\n>2. 比特币主要用了ECDSA，也就是椭圆曲线签名算法，这个算法有两个特性，注意这两点对下面至关重要a.只要知道私钥，可以算出相应的公钥；b.你用私钥签名过的东西，可以用公钥算一下是不是你签的；\n\n下面这张图是我见过的把比特币解释的通俗生动且不失准确的一张图。\n![how-bitcoin-works.jpg](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-4441073a41d2d2b2.jpg?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n## 背景\nBob是一个微商，他决定开始接受比特币支付。\nAlice是一个买家，她有些比特币，刚好她想从Bob那里买些东西。\n\n## 钱包和地址\nBob和Alice都有比特币钱包在他们的电脑里。[钱包软件下载](https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet)。\n\n### 钱包\n钱包是一个特殊文件，通过它可以访问比特币地址。\n\n### 地址\n地址是一串由字母和数字组成的字符串，例如\"1DwunA9otZZQyhkVvkLJ8DV1tuSwMF7r3v\"。\n每一个地址都拥有属于该地址比特币数额。\n\n## 创建一个地址 （Bob）\nBob创建了一个新的比特币地址用于接收Alice的比特币付款。\n\n当Bob创建一个地址时，实际上他是创建了一对密钥对（由公钥和私钥组成）。\n如果你用私钥（只有你自己知道）签名一个消息，这个消息可以用公钥（所有人都可以知道）验证是不是你发送的消息。  \n**Bob的新比特币地址就是一个公钥,对应的私钥存储在他的钱包里，公钥允许任何人利用它去验证一条消息是不是用有效私钥签名的。**\n\n## 提交一个支付 （Alice）\nAlice通过他的比特币客户端向Bob发送比特币到Bob的地址。\n\n### 私钥签名\nAlice的钱包保存着她的所有地址的私钥。比特币客户端用她准备用来支付的地址对应的私钥对她的支付交易请求进行签名。\n\n### 公钥验证\n比特币网络中的任意一个人都能用她的公钥（地址）验证这个交易请求是否来之一个合法账户的拥有者。\n\n## 验证交易 （矿工）\n矿工的电脑将过去10分钟的交易记录打包到一个新的“交易区块”。\n矿工的电脑被用来计算用于加密的哈希函数。\n\n### 加密哈希\n加密哈希函数将数据变成固定长度字符串，称之为哈希值。即使源数据有很小的改变都会在结果哈希值上发生巨大的变化。所以根本不可能预测到什么样的初始数据会得到什么样的哈希值。\n\n### 随机数\n为了从相同的数据得到不同的哈希值，比特币用了随机数，在计算哈希值之前，随机数被加入数据。改变随机数将得到不同的哈希值\n\n矿机基于之前的哈希值、新的交易区块和随机数计算新的哈希值。\n\n哈希值+新交易区块+随机数= 新哈希值。\n新哈希值+新新的交易区块+随机数 = 新新的哈希值\n新新哈希值+新新新的交易区块+随机数 = 新新新的哈希值\n...\n如此重复\n\n哈希值的计算是非常简单，但是比特币系统要求新的哈希值必须满足特定格式—必须以特定数量的0开始。\n\n矿工们没办法预测什么随机数会生成以特定个0开头的哈希值，所以他们不得不用不同的随机数生成许多的哈希值直到得到正确的哈希值。\n\n每一个区块包含了一个叫“coinbase”的交易，这笔交易将付给这个胜出的矿工Gary 50个比特币，一个拥有50个比特币新的地址将被创建在这个矿工的钱包里。\n\n##交易验证\n一段时间过去后，Alice的给Bob的交易记录在被其他最近的交易所埋蔽。任何人修改交易细节，他将不得不做Gary所做的事，因为任何改变都要求一个完全不同的且符合要求的随机数，然后所有的在这之后的矿工所做的工作都要重做，这样伪造交易基本不可能。\n\n找了张翻译过的，哈哈哈。\n![bitcoin_cn.jpg](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-11d6535dc6797a38.jpg?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n","slug":"finance/2016-07-02-比特币系统是如何运作的","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiww000emkteeorh2byi","content":"<p>比特币最火的时候，我没弄明白比特币到底是什么，就稀里糊涂的买了3个币，结果比特币就从6000多元一直跌倒1000多元。期间因为换了电脑，那3个币也不知道到底被自己藏到那个犄角旮旯去了，想着本来想留给子孙后代的，就这么不见了，多少还是有些不甘心。<br>最近终于下决心把它们找回来，从旧电脑把比特币钱包备份给找出了，花了一个星期的时间把钱包恢复出来（主要是下载所有的交易记录花了很多时间）。</p>\n<p>做对事的前提，就是先把自己要做的事情自己研究透了，这样才不会做不该做事或者把该做的事做错。<br>我这次就算把以前的功课给补了，希望自己以后不要在做自己不明白的事了。</p>\n<p>当然必要的计算机知识还是要有的：<br>参考<a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/20941124/answer/20411491\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">比特币 (Bitcoin) 系统是如何运行的？King Matrix的回答</a></p>\n<blockquote>\n<ol>\n<li><p>首先你要知道公钥和私钥的概念（已经懂的不用看这部分了）公钥私钥是现代密码学分支非对称性加密里面的名词，通常都是用公钥加密信息，用私钥解密信息，为什么要这样？ 因为你看电视剧的时候，发电报那种都是对称性加密，这种加密方式缺点是显而易见的，如果被人知道了密钥和加密方法，于是按照加密方法反着来就能解密。 一直到非对称性加密这种情况才有所改观，公钥就是可以对全世界公开的密钥，比如你和google通讯，用google给的1024位的公钥加密，送到google那里只有他有对应的私钥，只有他能解密，于是就保证了通讯安全</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>比特币主要用了ECDSA，也就是椭圆曲线签名算法，这个算法有两个特性，注意这两点对下面至关重要a.只要知道私钥，可以算出相应的公钥；b.你用私钥签名过的东西，可以用公钥算一下是不是你签的；</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</blockquote>\n<p>下面这张图是我见过的把比特币解释的通俗生动且不失准确的一张图。<br><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-4441073a41d2d2b2.jpg?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"how-bitcoin-works.jpg\"></p>\n<h2 id=\"背景\"><a href=\"#背景\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"背景\"></a>背景</h2><p>Bob是一个微商，他决定开始接受比特币支付。<br>Alice是一个买家，她有些比特币，刚好她想从Bob那里买些东西。</p>\n<h2 id=\"钱包和地址\"><a href=\"#钱包和地址\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"钱包和地址\"></a>钱包和地址</h2><p>Bob和Alice都有比特币钱包在他们的电脑里。<a href=\"https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">钱包软件下载</a>。</p>\n<h3 id=\"钱包\"><a href=\"#钱包\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"钱包\"></a>钱包</h3><p>钱包是一个特殊文件，通过它可以访问比特币地址。</p>\n<h3 id=\"地址\"><a href=\"#地址\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"地址\"></a>地址</h3><p>地址是一串由字母和数字组成的字符串，例如”1DwunA9otZZQyhkVvkLJ8DV1tuSwMF7r3v”。<br>每一个地址都拥有属于该地址比特币数额。</p>\n<h2 id=\"创建一个地址-（Bob）\"><a href=\"#创建一个地址-（Bob）\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"创建一个地址 （Bob）\"></a>创建一个地址 （Bob）</h2><p>Bob创建了一个新的比特币地址用于接收Alice的比特币付款。</p>\n<p>当Bob创建一个地址时，实际上他是创建了一对密钥对（由公钥和私钥组成）。<br>如果你用私钥（只有你自己知道）签名一个消息，这个消息可以用公钥（所有人都可以知道）验证是不是你发送的消息。<br><strong>Bob的新比特币地址就是一个公钥,对应的私钥存储在他的钱包里，公钥允许任何人利用它去验证一条消息是不是用有效私钥签名的。</strong></p>\n<h2 id=\"提交一个支付-（Alice）\"><a href=\"#提交一个支付-（Alice）\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"提交一个支付 （Alice）\"></a>提交一个支付 （Alice）</h2><p>Alice通过他的比特币客户端向Bob发送比特币到Bob的地址。</p>\n<h3 id=\"私钥签名\"><a href=\"#私钥签名\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"私钥签名\"></a>私钥签名</h3><p>Alice的钱包保存着她的所有地址的私钥。比特币客户端用她准备用来支付的地址对应的私钥对她的支付交易请求进行签名。</p>\n<h3 id=\"公钥验证\"><a href=\"#公钥验证\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"公钥验证\"></a>公钥验证</h3><p>比特币网络中的任意一个人都能用她的公钥（地址）验证这个交易请求是否来之一个合法账户的拥有者。</p>\n<h2 id=\"验证交易-（矿工）\"><a href=\"#验证交易-（矿工）\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"验证交易 （矿工）\"></a>验证交易 （矿工）</h2><p>矿工的电脑将过去10分钟的交易记录打包到一个新的“交易区块”。<br>矿工的电脑被用来计算用于加密的哈希函数。</p>\n<h3 id=\"加密哈希\"><a href=\"#加密哈希\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"加密哈希\"></a>加密哈希</h3><p>加密哈希函数将数据变成固定长度字符串，称之为哈希值。即使源数据有很小的改变都会在结果哈希值上发生巨大的变化。所以根本不可能预测到什么样的初始数据会得到什么样的哈希值。</p>\n<h3 id=\"随机数\"><a href=\"#随机数\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"随机数\"></a>随机数</h3><p>为了从相同的数据得到不同的哈希值，比特币用了随机数，在计算哈希值之前，随机数被加入数据。改变随机数将得到不同的哈希值</p>\n<p>矿机基于之前的哈希值、新的交易区块和随机数计算新的哈希值。</p>\n<p>哈希值+新交易区块+随机数= 新哈希值。<br>新哈希值+新新的交易区块+随机数 = 新新的哈希值<br>新新哈希值+新新新的交易区块+随机数 = 新新新的哈希值<br>…<br>如此重复</p>\n<p>哈希值的计算是非常简单，但是比特币系统要求新的哈希值必须满足特定格式—必须以特定数量的0开始。</p>\n<p>矿工们没办法预测什么随机数会生成以特定个0开头的哈希值，所以他们不得不用不同的随机数生成许多的哈希值直到得到正确的哈希值。</p>\n<p>每一个区块包含了一个叫“coinbase”的交易，这笔交易将付给这个胜出的矿工Gary 50个比特币，一个拥有50个比特币新的地址将被创建在这个矿工的钱包里。</p>\n<p>##交易验证<br>一段时间过去后，Alice的给Bob的交易记录在被其他最近的交易所埋蔽。任何人修改交易细节，他将不得不做Gary所做的事，因为任何改变都要求一个完全不同的且符合要求的随机数，然后所有的在这之后的矿工所做的工作都要重做，这样伪造交易基本不可能。</p>\n<p>找了张翻译过的，哈哈哈。<br><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-11d6535dc6797a38.jpg?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"bitcoin_cn.jpg\"></p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<p>比特币最火的时候，我没弄明白比特币到底是什么，就稀里糊涂的买了3个币，结果比特币就从6000多元一直跌倒1000多元。期间因为换了电脑，那3个币也不知道到底被自己藏到那个犄角旮旯去了，想着本来想留给子孙后代的，就这么不见了，多少还是有些不甘心。<br>最近终于下决心把它们找回来，从旧电脑把比特币钱包备份给找出了，花了一个星期的时间把钱包恢复出来（主要是下载所有的交易记录花了很多时间）。</p>\n<p>做对事的前提，就是先把自己要做的事情自己研究透了，这样才不会做不该做事或者把该做的事做错。<br>我这次就算把以前的功课给补了，希望自己以后不要在做自己不明白的事了。</p>\n<p>当然必要的计算机知识还是要有的：<br>参考<a href=\"https://www.zhihu.com/question/20941124/answer/20411491\">比特币 (Bitcoin) 系统是如何运行的？King Matrix的回答</a></p>\n<blockquote>\n<ol>\n<li><p>首先你要知道公钥和私钥的概念（已经懂的不用看这部分了）公钥私钥是现代密码学分支非对称性加密里面的名词，通常都是用公钥加密信息，用私钥解密信息，为什么要这样？ 因为你看电视剧的时候，发电报那种都是对称性加密，这种加密方式缺点是显而易见的，如果被人知道了密钥和加密方法，于是按照加密方法反着来就能解密。 一直到非对称性加密这种情况才有所改观，公钥就是可以对全世界公开的密钥，比如你和google通讯，用google给的1024位的公钥加密，送到google那里只有他有对应的私钥，只有他能解密，于是就保证了通讯安全</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>比特币主要用了ECDSA，也就是椭圆曲线签名算法，这个算法有两个特性，注意这两点对下面至关重要a.只要知道私钥，可以算出相应的公钥；b.你用私钥签名过的东西，可以用公钥算一下是不是你签的；</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</blockquote>\n<p>下面这张图是我见过的把比特币解释的通俗生动且不失准确的一张图。<br><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-4441073a41d2d2b2.jpg?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"how-bitcoin-works.jpg\"></p>\n<h2 id=\"背景\"><a href=\"#背景\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"背景\"></a>背景</h2><p>Bob是一个微商，他决定开始接受比特币支付。<br>Alice是一个买家，她有些比特币，刚好她想从Bob那里买些东西。</p>\n<h2 id=\"钱包和地址\"><a href=\"#钱包和地址\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"钱包和地址\"></a>钱包和地址</h2><p>Bob和Alice都有比特币钱包在他们的电脑里。<a href=\"https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet\">钱包软件下载</a>。</p>\n<h3 id=\"钱包\"><a href=\"#钱包\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"钱包\"></a>钱包</h3><p>钱包是一个特殊文件，通过它可以访问比特币地址。</p>\n<h3 id=\"地址\"><a href=\"#地址\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"地址\"></a>地址</h3><p>地址是一串由字母和数字组成的字符串，例如”1DwunA9otZZQyhkVvkLJ8DV1tuSwMF7r3v”。<br>每一个地址都拥有属于该地址比特币数额。</p>\n<h2 id=\"创建一个地址-（Bob）\"><a href=\"#创建一个地址-（Bob）\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"创建一个地址 （Bob）\"></a>创建一个地址 （Bob）</h2><p>Bob创建了一个新的比特币地址用于接收Alice的比特币付款。</p>\n<p>当Bob创建一个地址时，实际上他是创建了一对密钥对（由公钥和私钥组成）。<br>如果你用私钥（只有你自己知道）签名一个消息，这个消息可以用公钥（所有人都可以知道）验证是不是你发送的消息。<br><strong>Bob的新比特币地址就是一个公钥,对应的私钥存储在他的钱包里，公钥允许任何人利用它去验证一条消息是不是用有效私钥签名的。</strong></p>\n<h2 id=\"提交一个支付-（Alice）\"><a href=\"#提交一个支付-（Alice）\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"提交一个支付 （Alice）\"></a>提交一个支付 （Alice）</h2><p>Alice通过他的比特币客户端向Bob发送比特币到Bob的地址。</p>\n<h3 id=\"私钥签名\"><a href=\"#私钥签名\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"私钥签名\"></a>私钥签名</h3><p>Alice的钱包保存着她的所有地址的私钥。比特币客户端用她准备用来支付的地址对应的私钥对她的支付交易请求进行签名。</p>\n<h3 id=\"公钥验证\"><a href=\"#公钥验证\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"公钥验证\"></a>公钥验证</h3><p>比特币网络中的任意一个人都能用她的公钥（地址）验证这个交易请求是否来之一个合法账户的拥有者。</p>\n<h2 id=\"验证交易-（矿工）\"><a href=\"#验证交易-（矿工）\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"验证交易 （矿工）\"></a>验证交易 （矿工）</h2><p>矿工的电脑将过去10分钟的交易记录打包到一个新的“交易区块”。<br>矿工的电脑被用来计算用于加密的哈希函数。</p>\n<h3 id=\"加密哈希\"><a href=\"#加密哈希\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"加密哈希\"></a>加密哈希</h3><p>加密哈希函数将数据变成固定长度字符串，称之为哈希值。即使源数据有很小的改变都会在结果哈希值上发生巨大的变化。所以根本不可能预测到什么样的初始数据会得到什么样的哈希值。</p>\n<h3 id=\"随机数\"><a href=\"#随机数\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"随机数\"></a>随机数</h3><p>为了从相同的数据得到不同的哈希值，比特币用了随机数，在计算哈希值之前，随机数被加入数据。改变随机数将得到不同的哈希值</p>\n<p>矿机基于之前的哈希值、新的交易区块和随机数计算新的哈希值。</p>\n<p>哈希值+新交易区块+随机数= 新哈希值。<br>新哈希值+新新的交易区块+随机数 = 新新的哈希值<br>新新哈希值+新新新的交易区块+随机数 = 新新新的哈希值<br>…<br>如此重复</p>\n<p>哈希值的计算是非常简单，但是比特币系统要求新的哈希值必须满足特定格式—必须以特定数量的0开始。</p>\n<p>矿工们没办法预测什么随机数会生成以特定个0开头的哈希值，所以他们不得不用不同的随机数生成许多的哈希值直到得到正确的哈希值。</p>\n<p>每一个区块包含了一个叫“coinbase”的交易，这笔交易将付给这个胜出的矿工Gary 50个比特币，一个拥有50个比特币新的地址将被创建在这个矿工的钱包里。</p>\n<p>##交易验证<br>一段时间过去后，Alice的给Bob的交易记录在被其他最近的交易所埋蔽。任何人修改交易细节，他将不得不做Gary所做的事，因为任何改变都要求一个完全不同的且符合要求的随机数，然后所有的在这之后的矿工所做的工作都要重做，这样伪造交易基本不可能。</p>\n<p>找了张翻译过的，哈哈哈。<br><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-11d6535dc6797a38.jpg?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"bitcoin_cn.jpg\"></p>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"我的新概念学习方法","date":"2016-05-11T23:11:00.000Z","_content":"# 我的新概念学习方法\n\n## 读懂课文\n\n画出不懂单词和句子，查字典和语法书或者请教别人。\n\n## 熟读成诵\n\n尽可能地多朗读。大量朗读会潜移默化的将英文的“模式”印在脑里。\n\n1. 自问自答\n2. 尝试背诵\n\n## 课后练习\n1. Summary writing & Composition 手写回答\n2. 其他练习口头回答\n\n## 复述仿写课文\n\n至少两个角度\n\n1. 复述课文。\n\n2. 然后仿写。\n只是口头复述也可以，但是写下来，以后可以通过修改来提高自己的表达--看复习部分。\n\n## 摘抄一个单词和一个句型\n\n一个单词，一个句型\n\n## 复习\n\n1. 第二天，尝试回忆第一天课文。\n2. 零碎时间，听录音\n3. 每天5分钟，复习摘抄的单词和句型。\n4. 一个月后，拿出仿写内容修改。\n\n## 计划\n\n1. 早上6点开始\n2. 晚上11点睡觉\n","source":"_posts/nce/我的新概念学习方法.md","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"我的新概念学习方法\"\ndate: \"2016-05-12 07:11 +0800\"\n---\n# 我的新概念学习方法\n\n## 读懂课文\n\n画出不懂单词和句子，查字典和语法书或者请教别人。\n\n## 熟读成诵\n\n尽可能地多朗读。大量朗读会潜移默化的将英文的“模式”印在脑里。\n\n1. 自问自答\n2. 尝试背诵\n\n## 课后练习\n1. Summary writing & Composition 手写回答\n2. 其他练习口头回答\n\n## 复述仿写课文\n\n至少两个角度\n\n1. 复述课文。\n\n2. 然后仿写。\n只是口头复述也可以，但是写下来，以后可以通过修改来提高自己的表达--看复习部分。\n\n## 摘抄一个单词和一个句型\n\n一个单词，一个句型\n\n## 复习\n\n1. 第二天，尝试回忆第一天课文。\n2. 零碎时间，听录音\n3. 每天5分钟，复习摘抄的单词和句型。\n4. 一个月后，拿出仿写内容修改。\n\n## 计划\n\n1. 早上6点开始\n2. 晚上11点睡觉\n","slug":"nce/我的新概念学习方法","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiwx000fmktez9h2t8ld","content":"<h1 id=\"我的新概念学习方法\"><a href=\"#我的新概念学习方法\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"我的新概念学习方法\"></a>我的新概念学习方法</h1><h2 id=\"读懂课文\"><a href=\"#读懂课文\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"读懂课文\"></a>读懂课文</h2><p>画出不懂单词和句子，查字典和语法书或者请教别人。</p>\n<h2 id=\"熟读成诵\"><a href=\"#熟读成诵\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"熟读成诵\"></a>熟读成诵</h2><p>尽可能地多朗读。大量朗读会潜移默化的将英文的“模式”印在脑里。</p>\n<ol>\n<li>自问自答</li>\n<li>尝试背诵</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"课后练习\"><a href=\"#课后练习\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"课后练习\"></a>课后练习</h2><ol>\n<li>Summary writing &amp; Composition 手写回答</li>\n<li>其他练习口头回答</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"复述仿写课文\"><a href=\"#复述仿写课文\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"复述仿写课文\"></a>复述仿写课文</h2><p>至少两个角度</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>复述课文。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>然后仿写。<br>只是口头复述也可以，但是写下来，以后可以通过修改来提高自己的表达–看复习部分。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"摘抄一个单词和一个句型\"><a href=\"#摘抄一个单词和一个句型\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"摘抄一个单词和一个句型\"></a>摘抄一个单词和一个句型</h2><p>一个单词，一个句型</p>\n<h2 id=\"复习\"><a href=\"#复习\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"复习\"></a>复习</h2><ol>\n<li>第二天，尝试回忆第一天课文。</li>\n<li>零碎时间，听录音</li>\n<li>每天5分钟，复习摘抄的单词和句型。</li>\n<li>一个月后，拿出仿写内容修改。</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"计划\"><a href=\"#计划\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"计划\"></a>计划</h2><ol>\n<li>早上6点开始</li>\n<li>晚上11点睡觉</li>\n</ol>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<h1 id=\"我的新概念学习方法\"><a href=\"#我的新概念学习方法\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"我的新概念学习方法\"></a>我的新概念学习方法</h1><h2 id=\"读懂课文\"><a href=\"#读懂课文\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"读懂课文\"></a>读懂课文</h2><p>画出不懂单词和句子，查字典和语法书或者请教别人。</p>\n<h2 id=\"熟读成诵\"><a href=\"#熟读成诵\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"熟读成诵\"></a>熟读成诵</h2><p>尽可能地多朗读。大量朗读会潜移默化的将英文的“模式”印在脑里。</p>\n<ol>\n<li>自问自答</li>\n<li>尝试背诵</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"课后练习\"><a href=\"#课后练习\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"课后练习\"></a>课后练习</h2><ol>\n<li>Summary writing &amp; Composition 手写回答</li>\n<li>其他练习口头回答</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"复述仿写课文\"><a href=\"#复述仿写课文\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"复述仿写课文\"></a>复述仿写课文</h2><p>至少两个角度</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>复述课文。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>然后仿写。<br>只是口头复述也可以，但是写下来，以后可以通过修改来提高自己的表达–看复习部分。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"摘抄一个单词和一个句型\"><a href=\"#摘抄一个单词和一个句型\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"摘抄一个单词和一个句型\"></a>摘抄一个单词和一个句型</h2><p>一个单词，一个句型</p>\n<h2 id=\"复习\"><a href=\"#复习\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"复习\"></a>复习</h2><ol>\n<li>第二天，尝试回忆第一天课文。</li>\n<li>零碎时间，听录音</li>\n<li>每天5分钟，复习摘抄的单词和句型。</li>\n<li>一个月后，拿出仿写内容修改。</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"计划\"><a href=\"#计划\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"计划\"></a>计划</h2><ol>\n<li>早上6点开始</li>\n<li>晚上11点睡觉</li>\n</ol>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"我的新概念英语练习","date":"2016-05-11T23:11:00.000Z","_content":"## Lesson 69\n### Summary writing\nWhen Mr.Eames had driven successfully in heavy traffic during his third driving test, the examiner instructed him to drive out of town.\nHe told him to suppose that a child would cross the road in front of him.\nMr.eames would have to stop the car within five feet when the examiner tapped on the window.\nThough he tapped loudly, Mr.Eames did not react quickly eough and ~~he~~ was told that he had just killed that child.\n\n## Composition\nThree months later Eames appeared for his fourth test, while driving, he was told to stop again. as soon as he heard the tap, he pressed the brake padel very hard. the examiner was thrown forward, but the child's life was save, Eames passed his test, but the examiner said,'you almost killed me this time!'.\n\n## Lesson 68\n### Summary writing\n\nEven thought Elizabeth tried to avoid meeting Nigel, she was not able to so.\n\nAs he always insists on accompanying her, she had to think of a way preventing him from following her all morning.\n\nWhen she told him she wa going to the dentist, he sain he would come with her because there's always plenty to read in the waiting room.\n\n### Composition\nAs there was a dentist nearby whome she knew well. Elizabeth decided to go there in order to explan what had happened.\n\nWhile Nigel was in the waiting room. Elizabeth spoke to the dentist and he told her leave at once through another door.\n\nafter Elizabeth left, the dentist went into  the waiting room and asked Nigel if he wanted his teeth examined.\n\n## Lesson 67\n\n### Summary writing\nTazieff, the Polish scientist, went to lake Kivu to observe a new volcano which he called Kiturou.\nafter he took photographs, he had to leave almost at once because a river of liquid rocks threatened to surround him.\nHe escaped just in time but he returned two days later when the volcano had become queit.\nHe climed into the mouth of the volcano this time in order to take photographs and measure temperatures.\n\n### Composition\nTazieff went into the mouth of Kituro.\nhe saw the boiling red centre with ash and lumps of rock shooting up.\nIn great danger, he took photographs and then return to camp.\n\n## Lesson 60\n\n### Summary writing\n\nThe writer visited a fortune-teller at a village fair who she told him that a relation was coming to see him.\n\nshe added that a woman he knows well would speak to him and he would follow her out of the fair.\n\nthis came true because his wift spoke to him when he went outside.\n\nshe told him they had to meet his sister at the station and lead him out of the fare.\n\n### Composition\n1 Fortune-teller always tell the truth because they speak in general terms.\n\n2 If they say you will go on a journey or you will meet a friend, the are right, because we often does these things.\n\n## Lesson 61\n\n### Summary writing\nWhen the Hubble was lauched into space on April 20,1990, the pictures it sent us were dispointing because its main mirror was faulty.\nthe four astronauts from the shullte Endeavour will be repairing the Hubble, and evntually the Hubbl will tell us about the age and size of the universe.\n\n### Composition\nThere was trouble with the Hubble, because the main mirror was faulty. the pictures it sent us were very dispointing. Now the shullte Endeavour will take four astronauts to make the neccessary repaires. The Hubble will soon send the clearest pictures we have ever seen.\n\n## Lesson 62\n### Summary writing\nIt took the firemen nearly three weeks to get the forest fire under control. Now that all the trees had been burnt, the heavy rain would cause the serious floods which would destroy the surrounding villages. To prevent this the forest authorites ordered grass-seed which was sprayed over the ground for nearly a month by planes. By the time that it began to rain, the grass seed had taken root in the blackened soil.\n\n## Composition\n\n1. the firemen cut down trees in order to prevent the fire from spreading.\n2. ~~The fire which caused millions of pounds' worth of damage raged for two weeks.~~\nThe fire ,which raged for two weeks, caused millions of pounds's worth of damage.\n3. The forest worker planted young trees quickly so that the whole area would not become a desert.\n\n## Lesson 63\n\n### Summary writing\nWhen Jeremy was invited to a wedding party, he immediately agree to do so, who is admired for his great sense of humour. since the speech contained a lot of funny stories, it was a great success. when his six-year-old daughter, Jenny, wanted to go home after his speech, he was dispointed. she did not enjoy it because she did not like to see so many people laughing at him.\n\n### Composition\nJeremy was amused by Jenney's answer. he explained why everybody laughed. some time later there was an another reception, Jeremy was invite to make a speech too, but this time the speech was not funy. as soon as he finished, jenny asked him why no one laughed.\n\n## Lesson 65\n\n### Summary writing\nafter having decide to take some presents to a children's hospital, the circus owner, Jimmy Gates, dressed up as Father Christmas and set off down the main street of the city riding an elephant called Jumbo.\nOn being told that he was holding up the traffic, Jimmy agreed to go a side street, but Jumbo refused to move, so fifteen policemen had to push him off the main street.\nas he had a good record, however, Jumbo was not arrested.\n\n### Composition\nThe children were waiting at the hospital, When Jimmy and the guard of honour arrived, the children gave them  a great welome. Jimmy gave presents to the childrens, they rode on Jumbo, it was time to leave, Jumbo refused to move again.\n\n## Lesson 66\n### Summary writting\nthe Lancaster bomber was not badly damaged when it crashed on a remote island in the south Pacific.\nThen the wreck remained undisturbed until it was accidentally rediscovered.\nThe French authorities had the plane packaged and moved in parts back to France where a group of enthusiasts will be having it restored.\nThey will have to have three engines rebuilt, but the fourth engine still in perfect condition because a colony of bees had turned the engine into a hive and it was totally perserved in beeswax.\n\n### Composition\nWhen the Lancaster bomber crashed it was not too badly damaged, but the island was so remote that the plane remained undisturbed for more than twenty years.\nNow some enthusiasts who are absolutely delighted in France plan to have the plane restored.\nThey will only need to have three of engines rebuilt because the forth engine is preserved in beeswax and it is still sweet as honey.\n","source":"_posts/nce/我的新概念英语练习.md","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"我的新概念英语练习\"\ndate: \"2016-05-12 07:11 +0800\"\n---\n## Lesson 69\n### Summary writing\nWhen Mr.Eames had driven successfully in heavy traffic during his third driving test, the examiner instructed him to drive out of town.\nHe told him to suppose that a child would cross the road in front of him.\nMr.eames would have to stop the car within five feet when the examiner tapped on the window.\nThough he tapped loudly, Mr.Eames did not react quickly eough and ~~he~~ was told that he had just killed that child.\n\n## Composition\nThree months later Eames appeared for his fourth test, while driving, he was told to stop again. as soon as he heard the tap, he pressed the brake padel very hard. the examiner was thrown forward, but the child's life was save, Eames passed his test, but the examiner said,'you almost killed me this time!'.\n\n## Lesson 68\n### Summary writing\n\nEven thought Elizabeth tried to avoid meeting Nigel, she was not able to so.\n\nAs he always insists on accompanying her, she had to think of a way preventing him from following her all morning.\n\nWhen she told him she wa going to the dentist, he sain he would come with her because there's always plenty to read in the waiting room.\n\n### Composition\nAs there was a dentist nearby whome she knew well. Elizabeth decided to go there in order to explan what had happened.\n\nWhile Nigel was in the waiting room. Elizabeth spoke to the dentist and he told her leave at once through another door.\n\nafter Elizabeth left, the dentist went into  the waiting room and asked Nigel if he wanted his teeth examined.\n\n## Lesson 67\n\n### Summary writing\nTazieff, the Polish scientist, went to lake Kivu to observe a new volcano which he called Kiturou.\nafter he took photographs, he had to leave almost at once because a river of liquid rocks threatened to surround him.\nHe escaped just in time but he returned two days later when the volcano had become queit.\nHe climed into the mouth of the volcano this time in order to take photographs and measure temperatures.\n\n### Composition\nTazieff went into the mouth of Kituro.\nhe saw the boiling red centre with ash and lumps of rock shooting up.\nIn great danger, he took photographs and then return to camp.\n\n## Lesson 60\n\n### Summary writing\n\nThe writer visited a fortune-teller at a village fair who she told him that a relation was coming to see him.\n\nshe added that a woman he knows well would speak to him and he would follow her out of the fair.\n\nthis came true because his wift spoke to him when he went outside.\n\nshe told him they had to meet his sister at the station and lead him out of the fare.\n\n### Composition\n1 Fortune-teller always tell the truth because they speak in general terms.\n\n2 If they say you will go on a journey or you will meet a friend, the are right, because we often does these things.\n\n## Lesson 61\n\n### Summary writing\nWhen the Hubble was lauched into space on April 20,1990, the pictures it sent us were dispointing because its main mirror was faulty.\nthe four astronauts from the shullte Endeavour will be repairing the Hubble, and evntually the Hubbl will tell us about the age and size of the universe.\n\n### Composition\nThere was trouble with the Hubble, because the main mirror was faulty. the pictures it sent us were very dispointing. Now the shullte Endeavour will take four astronauts to make the neccessary repaires. The Hubble will soon send the clearest pictures we have ever seen.\n\n## Lesson 62\n### Summary writing\nIt took the firemen nearly three weeks to get the forest fire under control. Now that all the trees had been burnt, the heavy rain would cause the serious floods which would destroy the surrounding villages. To prevent this the forest authorites ordered grass-seed which was sprayed over the ground for nearly a month by planes. By the time that it began to rain, the grass seed had taken root in the blackened soil.\n\n## Composition\n\n1. the firemen cut down trees in order to prevent the fire from spreading.\n2. ~~The fire which caused millions of pounds' worth of damage raged for two weeks.~~\nThe fire ,which raged for two weeks, caused millions of pounds's worth of damage.\n3. The forest worker planted young trees quickly so that the whole area would not become a desert.\n\n## Lesson 63\n\n### Summary writing\nWhen Jeremy was invited to a wedding party, he immediately agree to do so, who is admired for his great sense of humour. since the speech contained a lot of funny stories, it was a great success. when his six-year-old daughter, Jenny, wanted to go home after his speech, he was dispointed. she did not enjoy it because she did not like to see so many people laughing at him.\n\n### Composition\nJeremy was amused by Jenney's answer. he explained why everybody laughed. some time later there was an another reception, Jeremy was invite to make a speech too, but this time the speech was not funy. as soon as he finished, jenny asked him why no one laughed.\n\n## Lesson 65\n\n### Summary writing\nafter having decide to take some presents to a children's hospital, the circus owner, Jimmy Gates, dressed up as Father Christmas and set off down the main street of the city riding an elephant called Jumbo.\nOn being told that he was holding up the traffic, Jimmy agreed to go a side street, but Jumbo refused to move, so fifteen policemen had to push him off the main street.\nas he had a good record, however, Jumbo was not arrested.\n\n### Composition\nThe children were waiting at the hospital, When Jimmy and the guard of honour arrived, the children gave them  a great welome. Jimmy gave presents to the childrens, they rode on Jumbo, it was time to leave, Jumbo refused to move again.\n\n## Lesson 66\n### Summary writting\nthe Lancaster bomber was not badly damaged when it crashed on a remote island in the south Pacific.\nThen the wreck remained undisturbed until it was accidentally rediscovered.\nThe French authorities had the plane packaged and moved in parts back to France where a group of enthusiasts will be having it restored.\nThey will have to have three engines rebuilt, but the fourth engine still in perfect condition because a colony of bees had turned the engine into a hive and it was totally perserved in beeswax.\n\n### Composition\nWhen the Lancaster bomber crashed it was not too badly damaged, but the island was so remote that the plane remained undisturbed for more than twenty years.\nNow some enthusiasts who are absolutely delighted in France plan to have the plane restored.\nThey will only need to have three of engines rebuilt because the forth engine is preserved in beeswax and it is still sweet as honey.\n","slug":"nce/我的新概念英语练习","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiwy000gmktev7orv2bz","content":"<h2 id=\"Lesson-69\"><a href=\"#Lesson-69\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 69\"></a>Lesson 69</h2><h3 id=\"Summary-writing\"><a href=\"#Summary-writing\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Summary writing\"></a>Summary writing</h3><p>When Mr.Eames had driven successfully in heavy traffic during his third driving test, the examiner instructed him to drive out of town.<br>He told him to suppose that a child would cross the road in front of him.<br>Mr.eames would have to stop the car within five feet when the examiner tapped on the window.<br>Though he tapped loudly, Mr.Eames did not react quickly eough and <del>he</del> was told that he had just killed that child.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Composition\"><a href=\"#Composition\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Composition\"></a>Composition</h2><p>Three months later Eames appeared for his fourth test, while driving, he was told to stop again. as soon as he heard the tap, he pressed the brake padel very hard. the examiner was thrown forward, but the child’s life was save, Eames passed his test, but the examiner said,’you almost killed me this time!’.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-68\"><a href=\"#Lesson-68\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 68\"></a>Lesson 68</h2><h3 id=\"Summary-writing-1\"><a href=\"#Summary-writing-1\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Summary writing\"></a>Summary writing</h3><p>Even thought Elizabeth tried to avoid meeting Nigel, she was not able to so.</p>\n<p>As he always insists on accompanying her, she had to think of a way preventing him from following her all morning.</p>\n<p>When she told him she wa going to the dentist, he sain he would come with her because there’s always plenty to read in the waiting room.</p>\n<h3 id=\"Composition-1\"><a href=\"#Composition-1\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Composition\"></a>Composition</h3><p>As there was a dentist nearby whome she knew well. Elizabeth decided to go there in order to explan what had happened.</p>\n<p>While Nigel was in the waiting room. Elizabeth spoke to the dentist and he told her leave at once through another door.</p>\n<p>after Elizabeth left, the dentist went into  the waiting room and asked Nigel if he wanted his teeth examined.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-67\"><a href=\"#Lesson-67\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 67\"></a>Lesson 67</h2><h3 id=\"Summary-writing-2\"><a href=\"#Summary-writing-2\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Summary writing\"></a>Summary writing</h3><p>Tazieff, the Polish scientist, went to lake Kivu to observe a new volcano which he called Kiturou.<br>after he took photographs, he had to leave almost at once because a river of liquid rocks threatened to surround him.<br>He escaped just in time but he returned two days later when the volcano had become queit.<br>He climed into the mouth of the volcano this time in order to take photographs and measure temperatures.</p>\n<h3 id=\"Composition-2\"><a href=\"#Composition-2\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Composition\"></a>Composition</h3><p>Tazieff went into the mouth of Kituro.<br>he saw the boiling red centre with ash and lumps of rock shooting up.<br>In great danger, he took photographs and then return to camp.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-60\"><a href=\"#Lesson-60\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 60\"></a>Lesson 60</h2><h3 id=\"Summary-writing-3\"><a href=\"#Summary-writing-3\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Summary writing\"></a>Summary writing</h3><p>The writer visited a fortune-teller at a village fair who she told him that a relation was coming to see him.</p>\n<p>she added that a woman he knows well would speak to him and he would follow her out of the fair.</p>\n<p>this came true because his wift spoke to him when he went outside.</p>\n<p>she told him they had to meet his sister at the station and lead him out of the fare.</p>\n<h3 id=\"Composition-3\"><a href=\"#Composition-3\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Composition\"></a>Composition</h3><p>1 Fortune-teller always tell the truth because they speak in general terms.</p>\n<p>2 If they say you will go on a journey or you will meet a friend, the are right, because we often does these things.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-61\"><a href=\"#Lesson-61\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 61\"></a>Lesson 61</h2><h3 id=\"Summary-writing-4\"><a href=\"#Summary-writing-4\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Summary writing\"></a>Summary writing</h3><p>When the Hubble was lauched into space on April 20,1990, the pictures it sent us were dispointing because its main mirror was faulty.<br>the four astronauts from the shullte Endeavour will be repairing the Hubble, and evntually the Hubbl will tell us about the age and size of the universe.</p>\n<h3 id=\"Composition-4\"><a href=\"#Composition-4\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Composition\"></a>Composition</h3><p>There was trouble with the Hubble, because the main mirror was faulty. the pictures it sent us were very dispointing. Now the shullte Endeavour will take four astronauts to make the neccessary repaires. The Hubble will soon send the clearest pictures we have ever seen.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-62\"><a href=\"#Lesson-62\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 62\"></a>Lesson 62</h2><h3 id=\"Summary-writing-5\"><a href=\"#Summary-writing-5\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Summary writing\"></a>Summary writing</h3><p>It took the firemen nearly three weeks to get the forest fire under control. Now that all the trees had been burnt, the heavy rain would cause the serious floods which would destroy the surrounding villages. To prevent this the forest authorites ordered grass-seed which was sprayed over the ground for nearly a month by planes. By the time that it began to rain, the grass seed had taken root in the blackened soil.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Composition-5\"><a href=\"#Composition-5\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Composition\"></a>Composition</h2><ol>\n<li>the firemen cut down trees in order to prevent the fire from spreading.</li>\n<li><del>The fire which caused millions of pounds’ worth of damage raged for two weeks.</del><br>The fire ,which raged for two weeks, caused millions of pounds’s worth of damage.</li>\n<li>The forest worker planted young trees quickly so that the whole area would not become a desert.</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-63\"><a href=\"#Lesson-63\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 63\"></a>Lesson 63</h2><h3 id=\"Summary-writing-6\"><a href=\"#Summary-writing-6\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Summary writing\"></a>Summary writing</h3><p>When Jeremy was invited to a wedding party, he immediately agree to do so, who is admired for his great sense of humour. since the speech contained a lot of funny stories, it was a great success. when his six-year-old daughter, Jenny, wanted to go home after his speech, he was dispointed. she did not enjoy it because she did not like to see so many people laughing at him.</p>\n<h3 id=\"Composition-6\"><a href=\"#Composition-6\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Composition\"></a>Composition</h3><p>Jeremy was amused by Jenney’s answer. he explained why everybody laughed. some time later there was an another reception, Jeremy was invite to make a speech too, but this time the speech was not funy. as soon as he finished, jenny asked him why no one laughed.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-65\"><a href=\"#Lesson-65\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 65\"></a>Lesson 65</h2><h3 id=\"Summary-writing-7\"><a href=\"#Summary-writing-7\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Summary writing\"></a>Summary writing</h3><p>after having decide to take some presents to a children’s hospital, the circus owner, Jimmy Gates, dressed up as Father Christmas and set off down the main street of the city riding an elephant called Jumbo.<br>On being told that he was holding up the traffic, Jimmy agreed to go a side street, but Jumbo refused to move, so fifteen policemen had to push him off the main street.<br>as he had a good record, however, Jumbo was not arrested.</p>\n<h3 id=\"Composition-7\"><a href=\"#Composition-7\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Composition\"></a>Composition</h3><p>The children were waiting at the hospital, When Jimmy and the guard of honour arrived, the children gave them  a great welome. Jimmy gave presents to the childrens, they rode on Jumbo, it was time to leave, Jumbo refused to move again.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-66\"><a href=\"#Lesson-66\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 66\"></a>Lesson 66</h2><h3 id=\"Summary-writting\"><a href=\"#Summary-writting\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Summary writting\"></a>Summary writting</h3><p>the Lancaster bomber was not badly damaged when it crashed on a remote island in the south Pacific.<br>Then the wreck remained undisturbed until it was accidentally rediscovered.<br>The French authorities had the plane packaged and moved in parts back to France where a group of enthusiasts will be having it restored.<br>They will have to have three engines rebuilt, but the fourth engine still in perfect condition because a colony of bees had turned the engine into a hive and it was totally perserved in beeswax.</p>\n<h3 id=\"Composition-8\"><a href=\"#Composition-8\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Composition\"></a>Composition</h3><p>When the Lancaster bomber crashed it was not too badly damaged, but the island was so remote that the plane remained undisturbed for more than twenty years.<br>Now some enthusiasts who are absolutely delighted in France plan to have the plane restored.<br>They will only need to have three of engines rebuilt because the forth engine is preserved in beeswax and it is still sweet as honey.</p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<h2 id=\"Lesson-69\"><a href=\"#Lesson-69\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 69\"></a>Lesson 69</h2><h3 id=\"Summary-writing\"><a href=\"#Summary-writing\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Summary writing\"></a>Summary writing</h3><p>When Mr.Eames had driven successfully in heavy traffic during his third driving test, the examiner instructed him to drive out of town.<br>He told him to suppose that a child would cross the road in front of him.<br>Mr.eames would have to stop the car within five feet when the examiner tapped on the window.<br>Though he tapped loudly, Mr.Eames did not react quickly eough and <del>he</del> was told that he had just killed that child.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Composition\"><a href=\"#Composition\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Composition\"></a>Composition</h2><p>Three months later Eames appeared for his fourth test, while driving, he was told to stop again. as soon as he heard the tap, he pressed the brake padel very hard. the examiner was thrown forward, but the child’s life was save, Eames passed his test, but the examiner said,’you almost killed me this time!’.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-68\"><a href=\"#Lesson-68\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 68\"></a>Lesson 68</h2><h3 id=\"Summary-writing-1\"><a href=\"#Summary-writing-1\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Summary writing\"></a>Summary writing</h3><p>Even thought Elizabeth tried to avoid meeting Nigel, she was not able to so.</p>\n<p>As he always insists on accompanying her, she had to think of a way preventing him from following her all morning.</p>\n<p>When she told him she wa going to the dentist, he sain he would come with her because there’s always plenty to read in the waiting room.</p>\n<h3 id=\"Composition-1\"><a href=\"#Composition-1\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Composition\"></a>Composition</h3><p>As there was a dentist nearby whome she knew well. Elizabeth decided to go there in order to explan what had happened.</p>\n<p>While Nigel was in the waiting room. Elizabeth spoke to the dentist and he told her leave at once through another door.</p>\n<p>after Elizabeth left, the dentist went into  the waiting room and asked Nigel if he wanted his teeth examined.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-67\"><a href=\"#Lesson-67\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 67\"></a>Lesson 67</h2><h3 id=\"Summary-writing-2\"><a href=\"#Summary-writing-2\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Summary writing\"></a>Summary writing</h3><p>Tazieff, the Polish scientist, went to lake Kivu to observe a new volcano which he called Kiturou.<br>after he took photographs, he had to leave almost at once because a river of liquid rocks threatened to surround him.<br>He escaped just in time but he returned two days later when the volcano had become queit.<br>He climed into the mouth of the volcano this time in order to take photographs and measure temperatures.</p>\n<h3 id=\"Composition-2\"><a href=\"#Composition-2\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Composition\"></a>Composition</h3><p>Tazieff went into the mouth of Kituro.<br>he saw the boiling red centre with ash and lumps of rock shooting up.<br>In great danger, he took photographs and then return to camp.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-60\"><a href=\"#Lesson-60\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 60\"></a>Lesson 60</h2><h3 id=\"Summary-writing-3\"><a href=\"#Summary-writing-3\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Summary writing\"></a>Summary writing</h3><p>The writer visited a fortune-teller at a village fair who she told him that a relation was coming to see him.</p>\n<p>she added that a woman he knows well would speak to him and he would follow her out of the fair.</p>\n<p>this came true because his wift spoke to him when he went outside.</p>\n<p>she told him they had to meet his sister at the station and lead him out of the fare.</p>\n<h3 id=\"Composition-3\"><a href=\"#Composition-3\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Composition\"></a>Composition</h3><p>1 Fortune-teller always tell the truth because they speak in general terms.</p>\n<p>2 If they say you will go on a journey or you will meet a friend, the are right, because we often does these things.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-61\"><a href=\"#Lesson-61\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 61\"></a>Lesson 61</h2><h3 id=\"Summary-writing-4\"><a href=\"#Summary-writing-4\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Summary writing\"></a>Summary writing</h3><p>When the Hubble was lauched into space on April 20,1990, the pictures it sent us were dispointing because its main mirror was faulty.<br>the four astronauts from the shullte Endeavour will be repairing the Hubble, and evntually the Hubbl will tell us about the age and size of the universe.</p>\n<h3 id=\"Composition-4\"><a href=\"#Composition-4\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Composition\"></a>Composition</h3><p>There was trouble with the Hubble, because the main mirror was faulty. the pictures it sent us were very dispointing. Now the shullte Endeavour will take four astronauts to make the neccessary repaires. The Hubble will soon send the clearest pictures we have ever seen.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-62\"><a href=\"#Lesson-62\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 62\"></a>Lesson 62</h2><h3 id=\"Summary-writing-5\"><a href=\"#Summary-writing-5\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Summary writing\"></a>Summary writing</h3><p>It took the firemen nearly three weeks to get the forest fire under control. Now that all the trees had been burnt, the heavy rain would cause the serious floods which would destroy the surrounding villages. To prevent this the forest authorites ordered grass-seed which was sprayed over the ground for nearly a month by planes. By the time that it began to rain, the grass seed had taken root in the blackened soil.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Composition-5\"><a href=\"#Composition-5\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Composition\"></a>Composition</h2><ol>\n<li>the firemen cut down trees in order to prevent the fire from spreading.</li>\n<li><del>The fire which caused millions of pounds’ worth of damage raged for two weeks.</del><br>The fire ,which raged for two weeks, caused millions of pounds’s worth of damage.</li>\n<li>The forest worker planted young trees quickly so that the whole area would not become a desert.</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-63\"><a href=\"#Lesson-63\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 63\"></a>Lesson 63</h2><h3 id=\"Summary-writing-6\"><a href=\"#Summary-writing-6\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Summary writing\"></a>Summary writing</h3><p>When Jeremy was invited to a wedding party, he immediately agree to do so, who is admired for his great sense of humour. since the speech contained a lot of funny stories, it was a great success. when his six-year-old daughter, Jenny, wanted to go home after his speech, he was dispointed. she did not enjoy it because she did not like to see so many people laughing at him.</p>\n<h3 id=\"Composition-6\"><a href=\"#Composition-6\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Composition\"></a>Composition</h3><p>Jeremy was amused by Jenney’s answer. he explained why everybody laughed. some time later there was an another reception, Jeremy was invite to make a speech too, but this time the speech was not funy. as soon as he finished, jenny asked him why no one laughed.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-65\"><a href=\"#Lesson-65\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 65\"></a>Lesson 65</h2><h3 id=\"Summary-writing-7\"><a href=\"#Summary-writing-7\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Summary writing\"></a>Summary writing</h3><p>after having decide to take some presents to a children’s hospital, the circus owner, Jimmy Gates, dressed up as Father Christmas and set off down the main street of the city riding an elephant called Jumbo.<br>On being told that he was holding up the traffic, Jimmy agreed to go a side street, but Jumbo refused to move, so fifteen policemen had to push him off the main street.<br>as he had a good record, however, Jumbo was not arrested.</p>\n<h3 id=\"Composition-7\"><a href=\"#Composition-7\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Composition\"></a>Composition</h3><p>The children were waiting at the hospital, When Jimmy and the guard of honour arrived, the children gave them  a great welome. Jimmy gave presents to the childrens, they rode on Jumbo, it was time to leave, Jumbo refused to move again.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-66\"><a href=\"#Lesson-66\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 66\"></a>Lesson 66</h2><h3 id=\"Summary-writting\"><a href=\"#Summary-writting\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Summary writting\"></a>Summary writting</h3><p>the Lancaster bomber was not badly damaged when it crashed on a remote island in the south Pacific.<br>Then the wreck remained undisturbed until it was accidentally rediscovered.<br>The French authorities had the plane packaged and moved in parts back to France where a group of enthusiasts will be having it restored.<br>They will have to have three engines rebuilt, but the fourth engine still in perfect condition because a colony of bees had turned the engine into a hive and it was totally perserved in beeswax.</p>\n<h3 id=\"Composition-8\"><a href=\"#Composition-8\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Composition\"></a>Composition</h3><p>When the Lancaster bomber crashed it was not too badly damaged, but the island was so remote that the plane remained undisturbed for more than twenty years.<br>Now some enthusiasts who are absolutely delighted in France plan to have the plane restored.<br>They will only need to have three of engines rebuilt because the forth engine is preserved in beeswax and it is still sweet as honey.</p>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"怎么样在github pages上搭建Jekyll博客？","date":"2016-04-02T12:37:55.000Z","_content":"\n### 0. 最终效果\n\n 请看[JekyII blog]( http://duranchen.github.io) http://duranchen.github.io\n\n博客的主要是是功能：\n1. 写博客\n2. 可评论\n\n下面先建立博客，然后加评论功能。\n\n\n### 1. 在github上创建一个Repo\n\n   在浏览中登陆github，创建一个新Repo，命名为'username.github.io'，这里username就是你在github的账户名。\n\n### 2. 安装JekyII\n\n请参考[setting-up-your-github-pages-site-locally-with-jekyll](https://help.github.com/articles/setting-up-your-github-pages-site-locally-with-jekyll/)\n\n如果有错误，需要安装ruby DevKit，请参考https://github.com/oneclick/rubyinstaller/wiki/Development-Kit\n\n### 3. 配置 Jekyll\n\n请参考https://help.github.com/articles/configuring-jekyll/\n\n```yaml\n github: [metadata]\n kramdown:\n   input: GFM # Enable GitHub Flavored Markdown (fenced code blocks)\n   hard_wrap: false\n gems:\n   - jekyll-coffeescript\n   - jekyll-paginate\n```\n\n特别注意\n**input: GFM # Enable GitHub Flavored Markdown (fenced code blocks)**\n\n### 4. 如何写博客\n\n1. Jekyll Post Format, 请参考[http://jekyllrb.com/docs/frontmatter/](http://jekyllrb.com/docs/frontmatter/)\n\n   ```\n   ---\n   title: This is my title\n   layout: post\n   ---\n\n   Here is my page (GitHub Flavored Markdown ).\n   ```\n\n2. Post内容写法，请参考GitHub Flavored Markdown写法。https://guides.github.com/features/mastering-markdown/\n\n### 5. 添加comments功能\n\n请参考https://help.disqus.com/customer/portal/articles/472138-jekyll-installation-instructions\n\n1. 在https://disqus.com/admin/signup/ 注册一个账户和讨论站点。\n\n2. Add a variable called `comments` to the [YAML Front Matter](https://github.com/mojombo/jekyll/wiki/YAML-Front-Matter) and set its value to `true`. A sample front matter might look like:\n\n  ```\n  ...\n  layout: default\n  comments: true\n  # other options\n  ...\n  ```\n\n1. In between a `{% if post.comments %}` and a `{% endif %}` tag, add the[Universal Embed Code](http://docs.disqus.com/developers/universal/) in the appropriate template where you'd like Disqus to load.\n\n   *Comments can be disabled per-page by setting `comments: false` or by not including the `comments` option at all.*\n\n### 6.本地预览\n ```shell\n $ bundle exec jekyll serve\n ```\n","source":"_posts/programming/2016-04-02-怎么样在github pages上搭建Jekyll博客.md","raw":"---\nlayout: post\ntitle:  \"怎么样在github pages上搭建Jekyll博客？\"\ndate:   2016-04-02 20:37:55 +0800\ncategories: method\n---\n\n### 0. 最终效果\n\n 请看[JekyII blog]( http://duranchen.github.io) http://duranchen.github.io\n\n博客的主要是是功能：\n1. 写博客\n2. 可评论\n\n下面先建立博客，然后加评论功能。\n\n\n### 1. 在github上创建一个Repo\n\n   在浏览中登陆github，创建一个新Repo，命名为'username.github.io'，这里username就是你在github的账户名。\n\n### 2. 安装JekyII\n\n请参考[setting-up-your-github-pages-site-locally-with-jekyll](https://help.github.com/articles/setting-up-your-github-pages-site-locally-with-jekyll/)\n\n如果有错误，需要安装ruby DevKit，请参考https://github.com/oneclick/rubyinstaller/wiki/Development-Kit\n\n### 3. 配置 Jekyll\n\n请参考https://help.github.com/articles/configuring-jekyll/\n\n```yaml\n github: [metadata]\n kramdown:\n   input: GFM # Enable GitHub Flavored Markdown (fenced code blocks)\n   hard_wrap: false\n gems:\n   - jekyll-coffeescript\n   - jekyll-paginate\n```\n\n特别注意\n**input: GFM # Enable GitHub Flavored Markdown (fenced code blocks)**\n\n### 4. 如何写博客\n\n1. Jekyll Post Format, 请参考[http://jekyllrb.com/docs/frontmatter/](http://jekyllrb.com/docs/frontmatter/)\n\n   ```\n   ---\n   title: This is my title\n   layout: post\n   ---\n\n   Here is my page (GitHub Flavored Markdown ).\n   ```\n\n2. Post内容写法，请参考GitHub Flavored Markdown写法。https://guides.github.com/features/mastering-markdown/\n\n### 5. 添加comments功能\n\n请参考https://help.disqus.com/customer/portal/articles/472138-jekyll-installation-instructions\n\n1. 在https://disqus.com/admin/signup/ 注册一个账户和讨论站点。\n\n2. Add a variable called `comments` to the [YAML Front Matter](https://github.com/mojombo/jekyll/wiki/YAML-Front-Matter) and set its value to `true`. A sample front matter might look like:\n\n  ```\n  ...\n  layout: default\n  comments: true\n  # other options\n  ...\n  ```\n\n1. In between a `{% if post.comments %}` and a `{% endif %}` tag, add the[Universal Embed Code](http://docs.disqus.com/developers/universal/) in the appropriate template where you'd like Disqus to load.\n\n   *Comments can be disabled per-page by setting `comments: false` or by not including the `comments` option at all.*\n\n### 6.本地预览\n ```shell\n $ bundle exec jekyll serve\n ```\n","slug":"programming/2016-04-02-怎么样在github pages上搭建Jekyll博客","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyix1000hmktebkr614jk","content":"<h3 id=\"0-最终效果\"><a href=\"#0-最终效果\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"0. 最终效果\"></a>0. 最终效果</h3><p> 请看<a href=\"http://duranchen.github.io\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">JekyII blog</a> <a href=\"http://duranchen.github.io\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">http://duranchen.github.io</a></p>\n<p>博客的主要是是功能：</p>\n<ol>\n<li>写博客</li>\n<li>可评论</li>\n</ol>\n<p>下面先建立博客，然后加评论功能。</p>\n<h3 id=\"1-在github上创建一个Repo\"><a href=\"#1-在github上创建一个Repo\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"1. 在github上创建一个Repo\"></a>1. 在github上创建一个Repo</h3><p>   在浏览中登陆github，创建一个新Repo，命名为’username.github.io’，这里username就是你在github的账户名。</p>\n<h3 id=\"2-安装JekyII\"><a href=\"#2-安装JekyII\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2. 安装JekyII\"></a>2. 安装JekyII</h3><p>请参考<a href=\"https://help.github.com/articles/setting-up-your-github-pages-site-locally-with-jekyll/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">setting-up-your-github-pages-site-locally-with-jekyll</a></p>\n<p>如果有错误，需要安装ruby DevKit，请参考<a href=\"https://github.com/oneclick/rubyinstaller/wiki/Development-Kit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">https://github.com/oneclick/rubyinstaller/wiki/Development-Kit</a></p>\n<h3 id=\"3-配置-Jekyll\"><a href=\"#3-配置-Jekyll\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"3. 配置 Jekyll\"></a>3. 配置 Jekyll</h3><p>请参考<a href=\"https://help.github.com/articles/configuring-jekyll/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">https://help.github.com/articles/configuring-jekyll/</a></p>\n<figure class=\"highlight yaml\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"attr\">github:</span> [metadata]</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"attr\">kramdown:</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"attr\">  input:</span> GFM <span class=\"comment\"># Enable GitHub Flavored Markdown (fenced code blocks)</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"attr\">  hard_wrap:</span> <span class=\"literal\">false</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"attr\">gems:</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"bullet\">  -</span> jekyll-coffeescript</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"bullet\">  -</span> jekyll-paginate</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>特别注意<br><strong>input: GFM # Enable GitHub Flavored Markdown (fenced code blocks)</strong></p>\n<h3 id=\"4-如何写博客\"><a href=\"#4-如何写博客\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"4. 如何写博客\"></a>4. 如何写博客</h3><ol>\n<li><p>Jekyll Post Format, 请参考<a href=\"http://jekyllrb.com/docs/frontmatter/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">http://jekyllrb.com/docs/frontmatter/</a></p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">---</div><div class=\"line\">title: This is my title</div><div class=\"line\">layout: post</div><div class=\"line\">---</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">Here is my page (GitHub Flavored Markdown ).</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n<li><p>Post内容写法，请参考GitHub Flavored Markdown写法。<a href=\"https://guides.github.com/features/mastering-markdown/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">https://guides.github.com/features/mastering-markdown/</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"5-添加comments功能\"><a href=\"#5-添加comments功能\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"5. 添加comments功能\"></a>5. 添加comments功能</h3><p>请参考<a href=\"https://help.disqus.com/customer/portal/articles/472138-jekyll-installation-instructions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">https://help.disqus.com/customer/portal/articles/472138-jekyll-installation-instructions</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>在<a href=\"https://disqus.com/admin/signup/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">https://disqus.com/admin/signup/</a> 注册一个账户和讨论站点。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Add a variable called <code>comments</code> to the <a href=\"https://github.com/mojombo/jekyll/wiki/YAML-Front-Matter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">YAML Front Matter</a> and set its value to <code>true</code>. A sample front matter might look like:</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">...</div><div class=\"line\">layout: default</div><div class=\"line\">comments: true</div><div class=\"line\"># other options</div><div class=\"line\">...</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n<li><p>In between a <code></code> tag, add the<a href=\"http://docs.disqus.com/developers/universal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">Universal Embed Code</a> in the appropriate template where you’d like Disqus to load.</p>\n<p><em>Comments can be disabled per-page by setting <code>comments: false</code> or by not including the <code>comments</code> option at all.</em></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"6-本地预览\"><a href=\"#6-本地预览\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"6.本地预览\"></a>6.本地预览</h3> <figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$ bundle exec jekyll serve</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<h3 id=\"0-最终效果\"><a href=\"#0-最终效果\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"0. 最终效果\"></a>0. 最终效果</h3><p> 请看<a href=\"http://duranchen.github.io\">JekyII blog</a> <a href=\"http://duranchen.github.io\">http://duranchen.github.io</a></p>\n<p>博客的主要是是功能：</p>\n<ol>\n<li>写博客</li>\n<li>可评论</li>\n</ol>\n<p>下面先建立博客，然后加评论功能。</p>\n<h3 id=\"1-在github上创建一个Repo\"><a href=\"#1-在github上创建一个Repo\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"1. 在github上创建一个Repo\"></a>1. 在github上创建一个Repo</h3><p>   在浏览中登陆github，创建一个新Repo，命名为’username.github.io’，这里username就是你在github的账户名。</p>\n<h3 id=\"2-安装JekyII\"><a href=\"#2-安装JekyII\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2. 安装JekyII\"></a>2. 安装JekyII</h3><p>请参考<a href=\"https://help.github.com/articles/setting-up-your-github-pages-site-locally-with-jekyll/\">setting-up-your-github-pages-site-locally-with-jekyll</a></p>\n<p>如果有错误，需要安装ruby DevKit，请参考<a href=\"https://github.com/oneclick/rubyinstaller/wiki/Development-Kit\">https://github.com/oneclick/rubyinstaller/wiki/Development-Kit</a></p>\n<h3 id=\"3-配置-Jekyll\"><a href=\"#3-配置-Jekyll\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"3. 配置 Jekyll\"></a>3. 配置 Jekyll</h3><p>请参考<a href=\"https://help.github.com/articles/configuring-jekyll/\">https://help.github.com/articles/configuring-jekyll/</a></p>\n<figure class=\"highlight yaml\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"attr\">github:</span> [metadata]</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"attr\">kramdown:</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"attr\">  input:</span> GFM <span class=\"comment\"># Enable GitHub Flavored Markdown (fenced code blocks)</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"attr\">  hard_wrap:</span> <span class=\"literal\">false</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"attr\">gems:</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"bullet\">  -</span> jekyll-coffeescript</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"bullet\">  -</span> jekyll-paginate</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>特别注意<br><strong>input: GFM # Enable GitHub Flavored Markdown (fenced code blocks)</strong></p>\n<h3 id=\"4-如何写博客\"><a href=\"#4-如何写博客\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"4. 如何写博客\"></a>4. 如何写博客</h3><ol>\n<li><p>Jekyll Post Format, 请参考<a href=\"http://jekyllrb.com/docs/frontmatter/\">http://jekyllrb.com/docs/frontmatter/</a></p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">---</div><div class=\"line\">title: This is my title</div><div class=\"line\">layout: post</div><div class=\"line\">---</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">Here is my page (GitHub Flavored Markdown ).</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n<li><p>Post内容写法，请参考GitHub Flavored Markdown写法。<a href=\"https://guides.github.com/features/mastering-markdown/\">https://guides.github.com/features/mastering-markdown/</a></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"5-添加comments功能\"><a href=\"#5-添加comments功能\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"5. 添加comments功能\"></a>5. 添加comments功能</h3><p>请参考<a href=\"https://help.disqus.com/customer/portal/articles/472138-jekyll-installation-instructions\">https://help.disqus.com/customer/portal/articles/472138-jekyll-installation-instructions</a></p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>在<a href=\"https://disqus.com/admin/signup/\">https://disqus.com/admin/signup/</a> 注册一个账户和讨论站点。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Add a variable called <code>comments</code> to the <a href=\"https://github.com/mojombo/jekyll/wiki/YAML-Front-Matter\">YAML Front Matter</a> and set its value to <code>true</code>. A sample front matter might look like:</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">...</div><div class=\"line\">layout: default</div><div class=\"line\">comments: true</div><div class=\"line\"># other options</div><div class=\"line\">...</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n<li><p>In between a <code></code> tag, add the<a href=\"http://docs.disqus.com/developers/universal/\">Universal Embed Code</a> in the appropriate template where you’d like Disqus to load.</p>\n<p><em>Comments can be disabled per-page by setting <code>comments: false</code> or by not including the <code>comments</code> option at all.</em></p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"6-本地预览\"><a href=\"#6-本地预览\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"6.本地预览\"></a>6.本地预览</h3> <figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$ bundle exec jekyll serve</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"How to Use Git","date":"2016-04-02T12:37:55.000Z","_content":"\n本文参考[阮一峰 - Git 使用规范流程](http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2015/08/git-use-process.html)\n\n团队开发中，遵循一个合理、清晰的Git使用流程，是非常重要的。\n\n否则，每个人都提交一堆杂乱无章的commit，项目很快就会变得难以协调和维护。\n\n## 第零步：克隆远程仓库\n\n```shell\n$ git clone git@gitlab.moodle.nordanglia.com:moodle/school.git\n```\n\n## 第一步：新建issue和分支\n\n首先，每次开发新功能或者修复bug，都应该新建一个issue和一个单独的分支。\n\n分支命名应该以issue number开头，例如1-feature-isams-integration，24-bug-require-parameter。\n\n```shell\n# 获取production最新代码\n$ git checkout production_29\n$ git pull\n\n# 新建一个开发分支1-feature-name，\n$ git checkout -b 1-feature-name\n```\n\n## 第二步：提交分支commit\n\n分支修改后，就可以提交commit了。\n\n```shell\n$ git add .\n$ git status\n$ git commit --verbose\n```\n\ngit status 命令，用来查看发生变动的文件。\ngit diff  命令，用来查看详细改动。  \ngit commit 命令的verbose参数，会列出 diff 的结果。  \n\n## 第三步：撰写提交信息\n\n提交commit时，必须给出完整扼要的提交信息，下面是一个范本。\n\n```shell\nPresent-tense summary under 50 characters\n\nMore information about commit (under 72 characters).\n\nissue name  #issue number\n```\n\n第一行是不超过50个字的提要，然后空一行，罗列出改动原因、主要变动、以及需要注意的问题。\n\n最后，提供对应的issue的name和number（比如iSAMS integration #1）。\n\n## 第四步：与主干同步\n\n分支的开发过程中，要经常与主干保持同步。\n\n```shell\n# 获取远程production最新代码\n$ git fetch origin\n\n# 本地合并production的到当前分支，并把你的commits放在最后面。\n$ git rebase origin/production_29\n```\n\n## 第五步：合并commit\n\n分支开发完成后，很可能有一堆commit，但是合并到主干的时候，往往希望只有一个（或最多两三个）commit，这样不仅清晰，也容易管理。\n\n那么，怎样才能将多个commit合并呢？这就要用到 git rebase 命令。\n　\n```shell\n$ git rebase -i origin/production_29\n```\n\ngit rebase命令的i参数表示互动（interactive），这时git会打开一个互动界面，进行下一步操作。\n\n下面采用[Tute Costa](https://robots.thoughtbot.com/git-interactive-rebase-squash-amend-rewriting-history)的例子，来解释怎么合并commit。\n\n```shell\npick 07c5abd Introduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage\npick de9b1eb Fix PostChecker::Post#urls\npick 3e7ee36 Hey kids, stop all the highlighting\npick fa20af3 git interactive rebase, squash, amend\n\n# Rebase 8db7e8b..fa20af3 onto 8db7e8b\n#\n# Commands:\n#  p, pick = use commit\n#  r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message\n#  e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending\n#  s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit\n#  f, fixup = like \"squash\", but discard this commit's log message\n#  x, exec = run command (the rest of the line) using shell\n#\n# These lines can be re-ordered; they are executed from top to bottom.\n#\n# If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST.\n#\n# However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted.\n#\n# Note that empty commits are commented out\n```\n\n上面的互动界面，先列出当前分支最新的4个commit（越下面越新）。\n\n每个commit前面有一个操作命令，默认是pick，表示该行commit被选中，要进行rebase操作。\n\n4个commit的下面是一大堆注释，列出可以使用的命令。\n\npick：正常选中  \nreword：选中，并且修改提交信息；  \nedit：选中，rebase时会暂停，允许你修改这个commit（参考这里）  \nsquash：选中，会将当前commit与上一个commit合并  \nfixup：与squash相同，但不会保存当前commit的提交信息  \nexec：执行其他shell命令　　\n\n上面这6个命令当中，squash和fixup可以用来合并commit。\n\n先把需要合并的commit前面的动词，改成squash（或者s）。　　\n\n```shell\npick 07c5abd Introduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage\ns de9b1eb Fix PostChecker::Post#urls\ns 3e7ee36 Hey kids, stop all the highlighting\npick fa20af3 git interactive rebase, squash, amend\n```\n\n这样一改，执行后，当前分支只会剩下两个commit。\n\n第二行和第三行的commit，都会合并到第一行的commit。提交信息会同时包含，这三个commit的提交信息。  \n\n```shell\n# This is a combination of 3 commits.\n# The first commit's message is:\nIntroduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage\n\n# This is the 2nd commit message:\nFix PostChecker::Post#urls\n\n# This is the 3rd commit message:\nHey kids, stop all the highlighting\n```\n\n如果将第三行的squash命令改成fixup命令。\n\n```shell\npick 07c5abd Introduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage\ns de9b1eb Fix PostChecker::Post#urls\nf 3e7ee36 Hey kids, stop all the highlighting\npick fa20af3 git interactive rebase, squash, amend\n```\n\n运行结果相同，还是会生成两个commit，第二行和第三行的commit，都合并到第一行的commit。\n\n但是，新的提交信息里面，第三行commit的提交信息，会被注释掉。  \n\n```shell\n# This is a combination of 3 commits.\n# The first commit's message is:\nIntroduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage\n\n# This is the 2nd commit message:\nFix PostChecker::Post#urls\n\n# This is the 3rd commit message:\n# Hey kids, stop all the highlighting\n```\n\n## 第六步：推送到远程仓库\n\n合并commit后，就可以推送当前分支到远程仓库了。\n\n```shell\n$ git push --force origin 1-feature-name\n```\n\ngit push命令要加上force参数，因为rebase以后，分支历史改变了，跟远程分支不一定兼容，有可能要强行推送（参见这里）。\n\n## 第七步：发出Merge Request\n\n提交到远程仓库以后，就可以发出 Merge Request 到Production_29分支，然后请求别人进行代码review，并部署到Staging Server测试。\n\n## 第八步： 部署\n部署到Production Server。\n\n如果一切顺利，合并到Production_29，如果有问题，用production_29的代码回滚。\n","source":"_posts/programming/2016-04-13-how-to-use-git.md","raw":"---\nlayout: post\ntitle:  \"How to Use Git\"\ndate:   2016-04-02 20:37:55 +0800\ncategories: method\n---\n\n本文参考[阮一峰 - Git 使用规范流程](http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2015/08/git-use-process.html)\n\n团队开发中，遵循一个合理、清晰的Git使用流程，是非常重要的。\n\n否则，每个人都提交一堆杂乱无章的commit，项目很快就会变得难以协调和维护。\n\n## 第零步：克隆远程仓库\n\n```shell\n$ git clone git@gitlab.moodle.nordanglia.com:moodle/school.git\n```\n\n## 第一步：新建issue和分支\n\n首先，每次开发新功能或者修复bug，都应该新建一个issue和一个单独的分支。\n\n分支命名应该以issue number开头，例如1-feature-isams-integration，24-bug-require-parameter。\n\n```shell\n# 获取production最新代码\n$ git checkout production_29\n$ git pull\n\n# 新建一个开发分支1-feature-name，\n$ git checkout -b 1-feature-name\n```\n\n## 第二步：提交分支commit\n\n分支修改后，就可以提交commit了。\n\n```shell\n$ git add .\n$ git status\n$ git commit --verbose\n```\n\ngit status 命令，用来查看发生变动的文件。\ngit diff  命令，用来查看详细改动。  \ngit commit 命令的verbose参数，会列出 diff 的结果。  \n\n## 第三步：撰写提交信息\n\n提交commit时，必须给出完整扼要的提交信息，下面是一个范本。\n\n```shell\nPresent-tense summary under 50 characters\n\nMore information about commit (under 72 characters).\n\nissue name  #issue number\n```\n\n第一行是不超过50个字的提要，然后空一行，罗列出改动原因、主要变动、以及需要注意的问题。\n\n最后，提供对应的issue的name和number（比如iSAMS integration #1）。\n\n## 第四步：与主干同步\n\n分支的开发过程中，要经常与主干保持同步。\n\n```shell\n# 获取远程production最新代码\n$ git fetch origin\n\n# 本地合并production的到当前分支，并把你的commits放在最后面。\n$ git rebase origin/production_29\n```\n\n## 第五步：合并commit\n\n分支开发完成后，很可能有一堆commit，但是合并到主干的时候，往往希望只有一个（或最多两三个）commit，这样不仅清晰，也容易管理。\n\n那么，怎样才能将多个commit合并呢？这就要用到 git rebase 命令。\n　\n```shell\n$ git rebase -i origin/production_29\n```\n\ngit rebase命令的i参数表示互动（interactive），这时git会打开一个互动界面，进行下一步操作。\n\n下面采用[Tute Costa](https://robots.thoughtbot.com/git-interactive-rebase-squash-amend-rewriting-history)的例子，来解释怎么合并commit。\n\n```shell\npick 07c5abd Introduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage\npick de9b1eb Fix PostChecker::Post#urls\npick 3e7ee36 Hey kids, stop all the highlighting\npick fa20af3 git interactive rebase, squash, amend\n\n# Rebase 8db7e8b..fa20af3 onto 8db7e8b\n#\n# Commands:\n#  p, pick = use commit\n#  r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message\n#  e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending\n#  s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit\n#  f, fixup = like \"squash\", but discard this commit's log message\n#  x, exec = run command (the rest of the line) using shell\n#\n# These lines can be re-ordered; they are executed from top to bottom.\n#\n# If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST.\n#\n# However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted.\n#\n# Note that empty commits are commented out\n```\n\n上面的互动界面，先列出当前分支最新的4个commit（越下面越新）。\n\n每个commit前面有一个操作命令，默认是pick，表示该行commit被选中，要进行rebase操作。\n\n4个commit的下面是一大堆注释，列出可以使用的命令。\n\npick：正常选中  \nreword：选中，并且修改提交信息；  \nedit：选中，rebase时会暂停，允许你修改这个commit（参考这里）  \nsquash：选中，会将当前commit与上一个commit合并  \nfixup：与squash相同，但不会保存当前commit的提交信息  \nexec：执行其他shell命令　　\n\n上面这6个命令当中，squash和fixup可以用来合并commit。\n\n先把需要合并的commit前面的动词，改成squash（或者s）。　　\n\n```shell\npick 07c5abd Introduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage\ns de9b1eb Fix PostChecker::Post#urls\ns 3e7ee36 Hey kids, stop all the highlighting\npick fa20af3 git interactive rebase, squash, amend\n```\n\n这样一改，执行后，当前分支只会剩下两个commit。\n\n第二行和第三行的commit，都会合并到第一行的commit。提交信息会同时包含，这三个commit的提交信息。  \n\n```shell\n# This is a combination of 3 commits.\n# The first commit's message is:\nIntroduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage\n\n# This is the 2nd commit message:\nFix PostChecker::Post#urls\n\n# This is the 3rd commit message:\nHey kids, stop all the highlighting\n```\n\n如果将第三行的squash命令改成fixup命令。\n\n```shell\npick 07c5abd Introduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage\ns de9b1eb Fix PostChecker::Post#urls\nf 3e7ee36 Hey kids, stop all the highlighting\npick fa20af3 git interactive rebase, squash, amend\n```\n\n运行结果相同，还是会生成两个commit，第二行和第三行的commit，都合并到第一行的commit。\n\n但是，新的提交信息里面，第三行commit的提交信息，会被注释掉。  \n\n```shell\n# This is a combination of 3 commits.\n# The first commit's message is:\nIntroduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage\n\n# This is the 2nd commit message:\nFix PostChecker::Post#urls\n\n# This is the 3rd commit message:\n# Hey kids, stop all the highlighting\n```\n\n## 第六步：推送到远程仓库\n\n合并commit后，就可以推送当前分支到远程仓库了。\n\n```shell\n$ git push --force origin 1-feature-name\n```\n\ngit push命令要加上force参数，因为rebase以后，分支历史改变了，跟远程分支不一定兼容，有可能要强行推送（参见这里）。\n\n## 第七步：发出Merge Request\n\n提交到远程仓库以后，就可以发出 Merge Request 到Production_29分支，然后请求别人进行代码review，并部署到Staging Server测试。\n\n## 第八步： 部署\n部署到Production Server。\n\n如果一切顺利，合并到Production_29，如果有问题，用production_29的代码回滚。\n","slug":"programming/2016-04-13-how-to-use-git","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyix3000imkte2qrjxrbt","content":"<p>本文参考<a href=\"http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2015/08/git-use-process.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">阮一峰 - Git 使用规范流程</a></p>\n<p>团队开发中，遵循一个合理、清晰的Git使用流程，是非常重要的。</p>\n<p>否则，每个人都提交一堆杂乱无章的commit，项目很快就会变得难以协调和维护。</p>\n<h2 id=\"第零步：克隆远程仓库\"><a href=\"#第零步：克隆远程仓库\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第零步：克隆远程仓库\"></a>第零步：克隆远程仓库</h2><figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$ git clone git@gitlab.moodle.nordanglia.com:moodle/school.git</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<h2 id=\"第一步：新建issue和分支\"><a href=\"#第一步：新建issue和分支\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第一步：新建issue和分支\"></a>第一步：新建issue和分支</h2><p>首先，每次开发新功能或者修复bug，都应该新建一个issue和一个单独的分支。</p>\n<p>分支命名应该以issue number开头，例如1-feature-isams-integration，24-bug-require-parameter。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"># 获取production最新代码</div><div class=\"line\">$ git checkout production_29</div><div class=\"line\">$ git pull</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"># 新建一个开发分支1-feature-name，</div><div class=\"line\">$ git checkout -b 1-feature-name</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<h2 id=\"第二步：提交分支commit\"><a href=\"#第二步：提交分支commit\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第二步：提交分支commit\"></a>第二步：提交分支commit</h2><p>分支修改后，就可以提交commit了。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$ git add .</div><div class=\"line\">$ git status</div><div class=\"line\">$ git commit --verbose</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>git status 命令，用来查看发生变动的文件。<br>git diff  命令，用来查看详细改动。<br>git commit 命令的verbose参数，会列出 diff 的结果。  </p>\n<h2 id=\"第三步：撰写提交信息\"><a href=\"#第三步：撰写提交信息\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第三步：撰写提交信息\"></a>第三步：撰写提交信息</h2><p>提交commit时，必须给出完整扼要的提交信息，下面是一个范本。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">Present-tense summary under 50 characters</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">More information about commit (under 72 characters).</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">issue name  #issue number</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>第一行是不超过50个字的提要，然后空一行，罗列出改动原因、主要变动、以及需要注意的问题。</p>\n<p>最后，提供对应的issue的name和number（比如iSAMS integration #1）。</p>\n<h2 id=\"第四步：与主干同步\"><a href=\"#第四步：与主干同步\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第四步：与主干同步\"></a>第四步：与主干同步</h2><p>分支的开发过程中，要经常与主干保持同步。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"># 获取远程production最新代码</div><div class=\"line\">$ git fetch origin</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"># 本地合并production的到当前分支，并把你的commits放在最后面。</div><div class=\"line\">$ git rebase origin/production_29</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<h2 id=\"第五步：合并commit\"><a href=\"#第五步：合并commit\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第五步：合并commit\"></a>第五步：合并commit</h2><p>分支开发完成后，很可能有一堆commit，但是合并到主干的时候，往往希望只有一个（或最多两三个）commit，这样不仅清晰，也容易管理。</p>\n<p>那么，怎样才能将多个commit合并呢？这就要用到 git rebase 命令。<br>　<br><figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$ git rebase -i origin/production_29</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n<p>git rebase命令的i参数表示互动（interactive），这时git会打开一个互动界面，进行下一步操作。</p>\n<p>下面采用<a href=\"https://robots.thoughtbot.com/git-interactive-rebase-squash-amend-rewriting-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">Tute Costa</a>的例子，来解释怎么合并commit。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div><div class=\"line\">10</div><div class=\"line\">11</div><div class=\"line\">12</div><div class=\"line\">13</div><div class=\"line\">14</div><div class=\"line\">15</div><div class=\"line\">16</div><div class=\"line\">17</div><div class=\"line\">18</div><div class=\"line\">19</div><div class=\"line\">20</div><div class=\"line\">21</div><div class=\"line\">22</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">pick 07c5abd Introduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage</div><div class=\"line\">pick de9b1eb Fix PostChecker::Post#urls</div><div class=\"line\">pick 3e7ee36 Hey kids, stop all the highlighting</div><div class=\"line\">pick fa20af3 git interactive rebase, squash, amend</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"># Rebase 8db7e8b..fa20af3 onto 8db7e8b</div><div class=\"line\">#</div><div class=\"line\"># Commands:</div><div class=\"line\">#  p, pick = use commit</div><div class=\"line\">#  r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message</div><div class=\"line\">#  e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending</div><div class=\"line\">#  s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit</div><div class=\"line\">#  f, fixup = like &quot;squash&quot;, but discard this commit&apos;s log message</div><div class=\"line\">#  x, exec = run command (the rest of the line) using shell</div><div class=\"line\">#</div><div class=\"line\"># These lines can be re-ordered; they are executed from top to bottom.</div><div class=\"line\">#</div><div class=\"line\"># If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST.</div><div class=\"line\">#</div><div class=\"line\"># However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted.</div><div class=\"line\">#</div><div class=\"line\"># Note that empty commits are commented out</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>上面的互动界面，先列出当前分支最新的4个commit（越下面越新）。</p>\n<p>每个commit前面有一个操作命令，默认是pick，表示该行commit被选中，要进行rebase操作。</p>\n<p>4个commit的下面是一大堆注释，列出可以使用的命令。</p>\n<p>pick：正常选中<br>reword：选中，并且修改提交信息；<br>edit：选中，rebase时会暂停，允许你修改这个commit（参考这里）<br>squash：选中，会将当前commit与上一个commit合并<br>fixup：与squash相同，但不会保存当前commit的提交信息<br>exec：执行其他shell命令　　</p>\n<p>上面这6个命令当中，squash和fixup可以用来合并commit。</p>\n<p>先把需要合并的commit前面的动词，改成squash（或者s）。　　</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">pick 07c5abd Introduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage</div><div class=\"line\">s de9b1eb Fix PostChecker::Post#urls</div><div class=\"line\">s 3e7ee36 Hey kids, stop all the highlighting</div><div class=\"line\">pick fa20af3 git interactive rebase, squash, amend</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>这样一改，执行后，当前分支只会剩下两个commit。</p>\n<p>第二行和第三行的commit，都会合并到第一行的commit。提交信息会同时包含，这三个commit的提交信息。  </p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"># This is a combination of 3 commits.</div><div class=\"line\"># The first commit&apos;s message is:</div><div class=\"line\">Introduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"># This is the 2nd commit message:</div><div class=\"line\">Fix PostChecker::Post#urls</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"># This is the 3rd commit message:</div><div class=\"line\">Hey kids, stop all the highlighting</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>如果将第三行的squash命令改成fixup命令。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">pick 07c5abd Introduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage</div><div class=\"line\">s de9b1eb Fix PostChecker::Post#urls</div><div class=\"line\">f 3e7ee36 Hey kids, stop all the highlighting</div><div class=\"line\">pick fa20af3 git interactive rebase, squash, amend</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>运行结果相同，还是会生成两个commit，第二行和第三行的commit，都合并到第一行的commit。</p>\n<p>但是，新的提交信息里面，第三行commit的提交信息，会被注释掉。  </p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"># This is a combination of 3 commits.</div><div class=\"line\"># The first commit&apos;s message is:</div><div class=\"line\">Introduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"># This is the 2nd commit message:</div><div class=\"line\">Fix PostChecker::Post#urls</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"># This is the 3rd commit message:</div><div class=\"line\"># Hey kids, stop all the highlighting</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<h2 id=\"第六步：推送到远程仓库\"><a href=\"#第六步：推送到远程仓库\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第六步：推送到远程仓库\"></a>第六步：推送到远程仓库</h2><p>合并commit后，就可以推送当前分支到远程仓库了。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$ git push --force origin 1-feature-name</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>git push命令要加上force参数，因为rebase以后，分支历史改变了，跟远程分支不一定兼容，有可能要强行推送（参见这里）。</p>\n<h2 id=\"第七步：发出Merge-Request\"><a href=\"#第七步：发出Merge-Request\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第七步：发出Merge Request\"></a>第七步：发出Merge Request</h2><p>提交到远程仓库以后，就可以发出 Merge Request 到Production_29分支，然后请求别人进行代码review，并部署到Staging Server测试。</p>\n<h2 id=\"第八步：-部署\"><a href=\"#第八步：-部署\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第八步： 部署\"></a>第八步： 部署</h2><p>部署到Production Server。</p>\n<p>如果一切顺利，合并到Production_29，如果有问题，用production_29的代码回滚。</p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<p>本文参考<a href=\"http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2015/08/git-use-process.html\">阮一峰 - Git 使用规范流程</a></p>\n<p>团队开发中，遵循一个合理、清晰的Git使用流程，是非常重要的。</p>\n<p>否则，每个人都提交一堆杂乱无章的commit，项目很快就会变得难以协调和维护。</p>\n<h2 id=\"第零步：克隆远程仓库\"><a href=\"#第零步：克隆远程仓库\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第零步：克隆远程仓库\"></a>第零步：克隆远程仓库</h2><figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$ git clone git@gitlab.moodle.nordanglia.com:moodle/school.git</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<h2 id=\"第一步：新建issue和分支\"><a href=\"#第一步：新建issue和分支\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第一步：新建issue和分支\"></a>第一步：新建issue和分支</h2><p>首先，每次开发新功能或者修复bug，都应该新建一个issue和一个单独的分支。</p>\n<p>分支命名应该以issue number开头，例如1-feature-isams-integration，24-bug-require-parameter。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"># 获取production最新代码</div><div class=\"line\">$ git checkout production_29</div><div class=\"line\">$ git pull</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"># 新建一个开发分支1-feature-name，</div><div class=\"line\">$ git checkout -b 1-feature-name</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<h2 id=\"第二步：提交分支commit\"><a href=\"#第二步：提交分支commit\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第二步：提交分支commit\"></a>第二步：提交分支commit</h2><p>分支修改后，就可以提交commit了。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$ git add .</div><div class=\"line\">$ git status</div><div class=\"line\">$ git commit --verbose</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>git status 命令，用来查看发生变动的文件。<br>git diff  命令，用来查看详细改动。<br>git commit 命令的verbose参数，会列出 diff 的结果。  </p>\n<h2 id=\"第三步：撰写提交信息\"><a href=\"#第三步：撰写提交信息\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第三步：撰写提交信息\"></a>第三步：撰写提交信息</h2><p>提交commit时，必须给出完整扼要的提交信息，下面是一个范本。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">Present-tense summary under 50 characters</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">More information about commit (under 72 characters).</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">issue name  #issue number</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>第一行是不超过50个字的提要，然后空一行，罗列出改动原因、主要变动、以及需要注意的问题。</p>\n<p>最后，提供对应的issue的name和number（比如iSAMS integration #1）。</p>\n<h2 id=\"第四步：与主干同步\"><a href=\"#第四步：与主干同步\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第四步：与主干同步\"></a>第四步：与主干同步</h2><p>分支的开发过程中，要经常与主干保持同步。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"># 获取远程production最新代码</div><div class=\"line\">$ git fetch origin</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"># 本地合并production的到当前分支，并把你的commits放在最后面。</div><div class=\"line\">$ git rebase origin/production_29</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<h2 id=\"第五步：合并commit\"><a href=\"#第五步：合并commit\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第五步：合并commit\"></a>第五步：合并commit</h2><p>分支开发完成后，很可能有一堆commit，但是合并到主干的时候，往往希望只有一个（或最多两三个）commit，这样不仅清晰，也容易管理。</p>\n<p>那么，怎样才能将多个commit合并呢？这就要用到 git rebase 命令。<br>　<br><figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$ git rebase -i origin/production_29</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n<p>git rebase命令的i参数表示互动（interactive），这时git会打开一个互动界面，进行下一步操作。</p>\n<p>下面采用<a href=\"https://robots.thoughtbot.com/git-interactive-rebase-squash-amend-rewriting-history\">Tute Costa</a>的例子，来解释怎么合并commit。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div><div class=\"line\">10</div><div class=\"line\">11</div><div class=\"line\">12</div><div class=\"line\">13</div><div class=\"line\">14</div><div class=\"line\">15</div><div class=\"line\">16</div><div class=\"line\">17</div><div class=\"line\">18</div><div class=\"line\">19</div><div class=\"line\">20</div><div class=\"line\">21</div><div class=\"line\">22</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">pick 07c5abd Introduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage</div><div class=\"line\">pick de9b1eb Fix PostChecker::Post#urls</div><div class=\"line\">pick 3e7ee36 Hey kids, stop all the highlighting</div><div class=\"line\">pick fa20af3 git interactive rebase, squash, amend</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"># Rebase 8db7e8b..fa20af3 onto 8db7e8b</div><div class=\"line\">#</div><div class=\"line\"># Commands:</div><div class=\"line\">#  p, pick = use commit</div><div class=\"line\">#  r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message</div><div class=\"line\">#  e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending</div><div class=\"line\">#  s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit</div><div class=\"line\">#  f, fixup = like &quot;squash&quot;, but discard this commit&apos;s log message</div><div class=\"line\">#  x, exec = run command (the rest of the line) using shell</div><div class=\"line\">#</div><div class=\"line\"># These lines can be re-ordered; they are executed from top to bottom.</div><div class=\"line\">#</div><div class=\"line\"># If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST.</div><div class=\"line\">#</div><div class=\"line\"># However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted.</div><div class=\"line\">#</div><div class=\"line\"># Note that empty commits are commented out</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>上面的互动界面，先列出当前分支最新的4个commit（越下面越新）。</p>\n<p>每个commit前面有一个操作命令，默认是pick，表示该行commit被选中，要进行rebase操作。</p>\n<p>4个commit的下面是一大堆注释，列出可以使用的命令。</p>\n<p>pick：正常选中<br>reword：选中，并且修改提交信息；<br>edit：选中，rebase时会暂停，允许你修改这个commit（参考这里）<br>squash：选中，会将当前commit与上一个commit合并<br>fixup：与squash相同，但不会保存当前commit的提交信息<br>exec：执行其他shell命令　　</p>\n<p>上面这6个命令当中，squash和fixup可以用来合并commit。</p>\n<p>先把需要合并的commit前面的动词，改成squash（或者s）。　　</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">pick 07c5abd Introduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage</div><div class=\"line\">s de9b1eb Fix PostChecker::Post#urls</div><div class=\"line\">s 3e7ee36 Hey kids, stop all the highlighting</div><div class=\"line\">pick fa20af3 git interactive rebase, squash, amend</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>这样一改，执行后，当前分支只会剩下两个commit。</p>\n<p>第二行和第三行的commit，都会合并到第一行的commit。提交信息会同时包含，这三个commit的提交信息。  </p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"># This is a combination of 3 commits.</div><div class=\"line\"># The first commit&apos;s message is:</div><div class=\"line\">Introduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"># This is the 2nd commit message:</div><div class=\"line\">Fix PostChecker::Post#urls</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"># This is the 3rd commit message:</div><div class=\"line\">Hey kids, stop all the highlighting</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>如果将第三行的squash命令改成fixup命令。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">pick 07c5abd Introduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage</div><div class=\"line\">s de9b1eb Fix PostChecker::Post#urls</div><div class=\"line\">f 3e7ee36 Hey kids, stop all the highlighting</div><div class=\"line\">pick fa20af3 git interactive rebase, squash, amend</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>运行结果相同，还是会生成两个commit，第二行和第三行的commit，都合并到第一行的commit。</p>\n<p>但是，新的提交信息里面，第三行commit的提交信息，会被注释掉。  </p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"># This is a combination of 3 commits.</div><div class=\"line\"># The first commit&apos;s message is:</div><div class=\"line\">Introduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"># This is the 2nd commit message:</div><div class=\"line\">Fix PostChecker::Post#urls</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"># This is the 3rd commit message:</div><div class=\"line\"># Hey kids, stop all the highlighting</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<h2 id=\"第六步：推送到远程仓库\"><a href=\"#第六步：推送到远程仓库\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第六步：推送到远程仓库\"></a>第六步：推送到远程仓库</h2><p>合并commit后，就可以推送当前分支到远程仓库了。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$ git push --force origin 1-feature-name</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>git push命令要加上force参数，因为rebase以后，分支历史改变了，跟远程分支不一定兼容，有可能要强行推送（参见这里）。</p>\n<h2 id=\"第七步：发出Merge-Request\"><a href=\"#第七步：发出Merge-Request\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第七步：发出Merge Request\"></a>第七步：发出Merge Request</h2><p>提交到远程仓库以后，就可以发出 Merge Request 到Production_29分支，然后请求别人进行代码review，并部署到Staging Server测试。</p>\n<h2 id=\"第八步：-部署\"><a href=\"#第八步：-部署\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"第八步： 部署\"></a>第八步： 部署</h2><p>部署到Production Server。</p>\n<p>如果一切顺利，合并到Production_29，如果有问题，用production_29的代码回滚。</p>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"Moodle javascript Module","date":"2016-04-16T06:28:00.000Z","_content":"## 1 Javascript Modules\n\nReference： https://docs.moodle.org/dev/Javascript_Modules\n\n### 1.1 What is a Javascript module?\n\nA collection of Javascript code\n\n### 1.2 Why should I package my code as a module?\n\nTo break your code up to smaller reusable pieces\n\n* easy to understand\n* easy to test\n* easy to reuse\n\n## 2 How do I write a Javascript module in Moodle?\n\nJavascript Mouldes is written by using the Asynchronnous Module Definition API.\n\nTo edit or create an AMD module in Moodle you need to do a couple of things below.\n\n### 2.1 Install grunt\n\n1. install [nodejs](https://nodejs.org/en/)\n2. install npm and grunt in terminal\n\n```\nnpm install\nnpm install -g grunt-cli\n```\n\n\n### 2.2 Running grunt\n\nEnter into the root of moodle document and run grunt command\n\n```\ncd moodle/\ngrunt jshint uglify\n```\n\n### 2.3 \"Hello World\" I am a Javascript Module\n\n1. creat block_nae_board.\n2. put the js file under 'blocks/block_nae_board/amd/src/helloworld.js'.\n3. put the following code in helloworld.js\n\n\n```javascript\ndefine(['jquery', 'core/log'], function($, log) {\n    return {\n        init: function() {\n            $(document).ready(function($) {\n                alert('hello,World!');\n            });\n            log.debug('helloword AMD init');\n        }\n    };\n});\n```\n```\ndefine(['jquery', 'core/log'], function($, log) {\n```\nThe first argument to \"define\" is the list of dependencies for the module. This argument can be an array.\n\nThe second argument to \"define\" is the function that defines the module. The arguments are from the first argument with the same order.\n\n```\n  return {\n        init: function() {\n            $(document).ready(function($) {\n                alert('hello,World!');\n            });\n            log.debug('Essential jBreadCrumb AMD init');\n        }\n    };\n```\n\nThe code returns a Object which includes a method called 'init'. the rest of the code are jQurey code, which will pop a warning 'hello,World!'.\n\n\n\n### 2.4 Embedding AMD code in a page\n\nUsing \"js_call_amd\" to call a single function from an AMD module with parameter\n```\n$PAGE->requires->js_call_amd($modulename, $functionname, $params);\n```\n\n```\n$this->page->requires->js_call_amd('block_nae_board/helloworld','init');\n```\nit means calling the function 'init' in the module'block_nae_board/helloworld'\n\n### 2.5 But I have a mega JS file I don't want loaded on every page?\n\nYou can rename the javascript file to end with the suffix \"-lazy.js\" which indicates that the module will not be loaded by default, it will be requested the first time it is used.\n","source":"_posts/programming/2016-04-16-moodle-javascript-module.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"Moodle javascript Module\"\ndate: \"2016-04-16 14:28 +0800\"\n---\n## 1 Javascript Modules\n\nReference： https://docs.moodle.org/dev/Javascript_Modules\n\n### 1.1 What is a Javascript module?\n\nA collection of Javascript code\n\n### 1.2 Why should I package my code as a module?\n\nTo break your code up to smaller reusable pieces\n\n* easy to understand\n* easy to test\n* easy to reuse\n\n## 2 How do I write a Javascript module in Moodle?\n\nJavascript Mouldes is written by using the Asynchronnous Module Definition API.\n\nTo edit or create an AMD module in Moodle you need to do a couple of things below.\n\n### 2.1 Install grunt\n\n1. install [nodejs](https://nodejs.org/en/)\n2. install npm and grunt in terminal\n\n```\nnpm install\nnpm install -g grunt-cli\n```\n\n\n### 2.2 Running grunt\n\nEnter into the root of moodle document and run grunt command\n\n```\ncd moodle/\ngrunt jshint uglify\n```\n\n### 2.3 \"Hello World\" I am a Javascript Module\n\n1. creat block_nae_board.\n2. put the js file under 'blocks/block_nae_board/amd/src/helloworld.js'.\n3. put the following code in helloworld.js\n\n\n```javascript\ndefine(['jquery', 'core/log'], function($, log) {\n    return {\n        init: function() {\n            $(document).ready(function($) {\n                alert('hello,World!');\n            });\n            log.debug('helloword AMD init');\n        }\n    };\n});\n```\n```\ndefine(['jquery', 'core/log'], function($, log) {\n```\nThe first argument to \"define\" is the list of dependencies for the module. This argument can be an array.\n\nThe second argument to \"define\" is the function that defines the module. The arguments are from the first argument with the same order.\n\n```\n  return {\n        init: function() {\n            $(document).ready(function($) {\n                alert('hello,World!');\n            });\n            log.debug('Essential jBreadCrumb AMD init');\n        }\n    };\n```\n\nThe code returns a Object which includes a method called 'init'. the rest of the code are jQurey code, which will pop a warning 'hello,World!'.\n\n\n\n### 2.4 Embedding AMD code in a page\n\nUsing \"js_call_amd\" to call a single function from an AMD module with parameter\n```\n$PAGE->requires->js_call_amd($modulename, $functionname, $params);\n```\n\n```\n$this->page->requires->js_call_amd('block_nae_board/helloworld','init');\n```\nit means calling the function 'init' in the module'block_nae_board/helloworld'\n\n### 2.5 But I have a mega JS file I don't want loaded on every page?\n\nYou can rename the javascript file to end with the suffix \"-lazy.js\" which indicates that the module will not be loaded by default, it will be requested the first time it is used.\n","slug":"programming/2016-04-16-moodle-javascript-module","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyixg000kmkteimuyt9l2","content":"<h2 id=\"1-Javascript-Modules\"><a href=\"#1-Javascript-Modules\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"1 Javascript Modules\"></a>1 Javascript Modules</h2><p>Reference： <a href=\"https://docs.moodle.org/dev/Javascript_Modules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">https://docs.moodle.org/dev/Javascript_Modules</a></p>\n<h3 id=\"1-1-What-is-a-Javascript-module\"><a href=\"#1-1-What-is-a-Javascript-module\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"1.1 What is a Javascript module?\"></a>1.1 What is a Javascript module?</h3><p>A collection of Javascript code</p>\n<h3 id=\"1-2-Why-should-I-package-my-code-as-a-module\"><a href=\"#1-2-Why-should-I-package-my-code-as-a-module\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"1.2 Why should I package my code as a module?\"></a>1.2 Why should I package my code as a module?</h3><p>To break your code up to smaller reusable pieces</p>\n<ul>\n<li>easy to understand</li>\n<li>easy to test</li>\n<li>easy to reuse</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"2-How-do-I-write-a-Javascript-module-in-Moodle\"><a href=\"#2-How-do-I-write-a-Javascript-module-in-Moodle\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2 How do I write a Javascript module in Moodle?\"></a>2 How do I write a Javascript module in Moodle?</h2><p>Javascript Mouldes is written by using the Asynchronnous Module Definition API.</p>\n<p>To edit or create an AMD module in Moodle you need to do a couple of things below.</p>\n<h3 id=\"2-1-Install-grunt\"><a href=\"#2-1-Install-grunt\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2.1 Install grunt\"></a>2.1 Install grunt</h3><ol>\n<li>install <a href=\"https://nodejs.org/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">nodejs</a></li>\n<li>install npm and grunt in terminal</li>\n</ol>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">npm install</div><div class=\"line\">npm install -g grunt-cli</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<h3 id=\"2-2-Running-grunt\"><a href=\"#2-2-Running-grunt\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2.2 Running grunt\"></a>2.2 Running grunt</h3><p>Enter into the root of moodle document and run grunt command</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">cd moodle/</div><div class=\"line\">grunt jshint uglify</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<h3 id=\"2-3-“Hello-World”-I-am-a-Javascript-Module\"><a href=\"#2-3-“Hello-World”-I-am-a-Javascript-Module\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2.3 “Hello World” I am a Javascript Module\"></a>2.3 “Hello World” I am a Javascript Module</h3><ol>\n<li>creat block_nae_board.</li>\n<li>put the js file under ‘blocks/block_nae_board/amd/src/helloworld.js’.</li>\n<li>put the following code in helloworld.js</li>\n</ol>\n<figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div><div class=\"line\">10</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">define([<span class=\"string\">'jquery'</span>, <span class=\"string\">'core/log'</span>], <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\">$, log</span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">    <span class=\"keyword\">return</span> &#123;</div><div class=\"line\">        init: <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">            $(<span class=\"built_in\">document</span>).ready(<span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\">$</span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">                alert(<span class=\"string\">'hello,World!'</span>);</div><div class=\"line\">            &#125;);</div><div class=\"line\">            log.debug(<span class=\"string\">'helloword AMD init'</span>);</div><div class=\"line\">        &#125;</div><div class=\"line\">    &#125;;</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;);</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">define([&apos;jquery&apos;, &apos;core/log&apos;], function($, log) &#123;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>The first argument to “define” is the list of dependencies for the module. This argument can be an array.</p>\n<p>The second argument to “define” is the function that defines the module. The arguments are from the first argument with the same order.</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">return &#123;</div><div class=\"line\">      init: function() &#123;</div><div class=\"line\">          $(document).ready(function($) &#123;</div><div class=\"line\">              alert(&apos;hello,World!&apos;);</div><div class=\"line\">          &#125;);</div><div class=\"line\">          log.debug(&apos;Essential jBreadCrumb AMD init&apos;);</div><div class=\"line\">      &#125;</div><div class=\"line\">  &#125;;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>The code returns a Object which includes a method called ‘init’. the rest of the code are jQurey code, which will pop a warning ‘hello,World!’.</p>\n<h3 id=\"2-4-Embedding-AMD-code-in-a-page\"><a href=\"#2-4-Embedding-AMD-code-in-a-page\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2.4 Embedding AMD code in a page\"></a>2.4 Embedding AMD code in a page</h3><p>Using “js_call_amd” to call a single function from an AMD module with parameter<br><figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$PAGE-&gt;requires-&gt;js_call_amd($modulename, $functionname, $params);</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$this-&gt;page-&gt;requires-&gt;js_call_amd(&apos;block_nae_board/helloworld&apos;,&apos;init&apos;);</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>it means calling the function ‘init’ in the module’block_nae_board/helloworld’</p>\n<h3 id=\"2-5-But-I-have-a-mega-JS-file-I-don’t-want-loaded-on-every-page\"><a href=\"#2-5-But-I-have-a-mega-JS-file-I-don’t-want-loaded-on-every-page\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2.5 But I have a mega JS file I don’t want loaded on every page?\"></a>2.5 But I have a mega JS file I don’t want loaded on every page?</h3><p>You can rename the javascript file to end with the suffix “-lazy.js” which indicates that the module will not be loaded by default, it will be requested the first time it is used.</p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<h2 id=\"1-Javascript-Modules\"><a href=\"#1-Javascript-Modules\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"1 Javascript Modules\"></a>1 Javascript Modules</h2><p>Reference： <a href=\"https://docs.moodle.org/dev/Javascript_Modules\">https://docs.moodle.org/dev/Javascript_Modules</a></p>\n<h3 id=\"1-1-What-is-a-Javascript-module\"><a href=\"#1-1-What-is-a-Javascript-module\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"1.1 What is a Javascript module?\"></a>1.1 What is a Javascript module?</h3><p>A collection of Javascript code</p>\n<h3 id=\"1-2-Why-should-I-package-my-code-as-a-module\"><a href=\"#1-2-Why-should-I-package-my-code-as-a-module\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"1.2 Why should I package my code as a module?\"></a>1.2 Why should I package my code as a module?</h3><p>To break your code up to smaller reusable pieces</p>\n<ul>\n<li>easy to understand</li>\n<li>easy to test</li>\n<li>easy to reuse</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"2-How-do-I-write-a-Javascript-module-in-Moodle\"><a href=\"#2-How-do-I-write-a-Javascript-module-in-Moodle\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2 How do I write a Javascript module in Moodle?\"></a>2 How do I write a Javascript module in Moodle?</h2><p>Javascript Mouldes is written by using the Asynchronnous Module Definition API.</p>\n<p>To edit or create an AMD module in Moodle you need to do a couple of things below.</p>\n<h3 id=\"2-1-Install-grunt\"><a href=\"#2-1-Install-grunt\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2.1 Install grunt\"></a>2.1 Install grunt</h3><ol>\n<li>install <a href=\"https://nodejs.org/en/\">nodejs</a></li>\n<li>install npm and grunt in terminal</li>\n</ol>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">npm install</div><div class=\"line\">npm install -g grunt-cli</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<h3 id=\"2-2-Running-grunt\"><a href=\"#2-2-Running-grunt\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2.2 Running grunt\"></a>2.2 Running grunt</h3><p>Enter into the root of moodle document and run grunt command</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">cd moodle/</div><div class=\"line\">grunt jshint uglify</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<h3 id=\"2-3-“Hello-World”-I-am-a-Javascript-Module\"><a href=\"#2-3-“Hello-World”-I-am-a-Javascript-Module\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2.3 “Hello World” I am a Javascript Module\"></a>2.3 “Hello World” I am a Javascript Module</h3><ol>\n<li>creat block_nae_board.</li>\n<li>put the js file under ‘blocks/block_nae_board/amd/src/helloworld.js’.</li>\n<li>put the following code in helloworld.js</li>\n</ol>\n<figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div><div class=\"line\">10</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">define([<span class=\"string\">'jquery'</span>, <span class=\"string\">'core/log'</span>], <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\">$, log</span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">    <span class=\"keyword\">return</span> &#123;</div><div class=\"line\">        init: <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">            $(<span class=\"built_in\">document</span>).ready(<span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\">$</span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">                alert(<span class=\"string\">'hello,World!'</span>);</div><div class=\"line\">            &#125;);</div><div class=\"line\">            log.debug(<span class=\"string\">'helloword AMD init'</span>);</div><div class=\"line\">        &#125;</div><div class=\"line\">    &#125;;</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;);</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">define([&apos;jquery&apos;, &apos;core/log&apos;], function($, log) &#123;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>The first argument to “define” is the list of dependencies for the module. This argument can be an array.</p>\n<p>The second argument to “define” is the function that defines the module. The arguments are from the first argument with the same order.</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">return &#123;</div><div class=\"line\">      init: function() &#123;</div><div class=\"line\">          $(document).ready(function($) &#123;</div><div class=\"line\">              alert(&apos;hello,World!&apos;);</div><div class=\"line\">          &#125;);</div><div class=\"line\">          log.debug(&apos;Essential jBreadCrumb AMD init&apos;);</div><div class=\"line\">      &#125;</div><div class=\"line\">  &#125;;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>The code returns a Object which includes a method called ‘init’. the rest of the code are jQurey code, which will pop a warning ‘hello,World!’.</p>\n<h3 id=\"2-4-Embedding-AMD-code-in-a-page\"><a href=\"#2-4-Embedding-AMD-code-in-a-page\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2.4 Embedding AMD code in a page\"></a>2.4 Embedding AMD code in a page</h3><p>Using “js_call_amd” to call a single function from an AMD module with parameter<br><figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$PAGE-&gt;requires-&gt;js_call_amd($modulename, $functionname, $params);</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">$this-&gt;page-&gt;requires-&gt;js_call_amd(&apos;block_nae_board/helloworld&apos;,&apos;init&apos;);</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>it means calling the function ‘init’ in the module’block_nae_board/helloworld’</p>\n<h3 id=\"2-5-But-I-have-a-mega-JS-file-I-don’t-want-loaded-on-every-page\"><a href=\"#2-5-But-I-have-a-mega-JS-file-I-don’t-want-loaded-on-every-page\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2.5 But I have a mega JS file I don’t want loaded on every page?\"></a>2.5 But I have a mega JS file I don’t want loaded on every page?</h3><p>You can rename the javascript file to end with the suffix “-lazy.js” which indicates that the module will not be loaded by default, it will be requested the first time it is used.</p>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"我的新概念英语写作","date":"2016-05-11T23:11:00.000Z","_content":"# MY NCE Journal\n\n## Lesson 58\n\n**Did he** take the reward?\n\nit **was** offerd **to him, but he didn't** take.\n\n## Lesson 59\n\n### 1. Word and Pattern\n\nlatch\n\nHe ran to the station, He wanted to catch the train\n\nHe ran to the station **to** catch the train.\n\n### 2. Writing\n\n#### 1. dog veiw\n\n I am a dog, My name is Rex.I used to live in a big house with a large garden.I liked to sit outside the front and bark.everytime I wanted to come into the garden I would bark until someone opened the gate.  As the neighbours complained about my barks. My master spent weeks training me to press my paw on the latch to let myself in.I am very smart, I soon became an expert at opening the gate.but comparing opening the gate, I prefer to bark for someone to open the gate.so I found another way to do it.as soon as I opens the gate, I comes into the garden and waits until the gate shuts. Then I sits and barks until someone lets me outside, after this I immediately  lets myself in and begins barking again.this gave me a great deal of pleasure.but soon my master's wife found my secret, when she went outside shoping last week.she told this to my master, and then my master removed the gate.I got very anonyed, everytime I barked, no one would open the gate.I was very dissatifeid and left the big house and never come back.\n\n#### 2. Neighbours view\n\nOur neighbour, Max,  raised a dog years ago, it was call Rex, Rex used to sit outside the front gate and bark, evertime he wanted to come into the garden he would bark until someone opened the gate, even in the middlenight, I complained of the noisy many times to Max, he gave me a promise that he would sovle this. he spent weeks teaching Rex to open the gate by pressing his paw on the latch. Rex was a smart dog,  he soon became an expert at opening the gate.However when I went by the Max's house last week. I noticed that Rex was barking again, this time he was in the garden and waiting someone to let  him outside!  I immidately told Max about it. Max got anoyed , he removed the gate.  Rex could never bark for someone to open the gate. Rex got anoyed, since then I have never seen Rex.\n\n## Lesson 60\n\nforetell\n\nI **am visiting** Mary this evenint\n\n#### fortune-teller view\nI am a fortune-teller, people call me Madam Bellinsky. I set up a tent in a village fair to make money.\nyesterday a man visited me, he came into my tent and I told him to sit down. after he had put some money in my bowl, I looked into a crystal ball and tell him that a relative of his was coming to see him, she would be arriving this eveing and intends to stay for a few days. the moment he went outside, a beautifull woman he knows well  would rush toward him, she would speak to him and lead him out of this plase, that is all I said to him.\n\nas soon as he went outside, I totally forgot him and what I said. the following morning, he returned to my tent and told me all I had foretold correctly, as soon as he went outside, his wife hurried towards to him and asked him where he had been hiding, she had been looking for him all the afternoon, she told him that his sister would be here in less than an hour, they had to be at the station to meet her. they were late already. as she walked away, he followed her out of the fare.\n\n#### writer's wife view\nmy husband believes that fortune can be known by fortune-teller. a few days ago he visited a fortune-teller called Madam Bellinsky at a village fair. he went into the tent. it was dark inside. the fortune-teller told him to sit down, after he had given her some money, she asked him to keep queit while she was working,then she looked into a crystal ball and said: a relative of yours is comming to see you, she will be arriving this eveninng. she intends to stay for a few days. the moment you leave this tent, a woman you know well will rush toward you and speak to you. She will lead you out of this place. that is all.  as soon as he went outside, he forgot all about Madam Bellinsky because I hurried towards to him, I had been looking for him for all the afternoon.\"where have you been hiding\" I asked impationtly. 'your sister will be here in less than an hour, we must be at the station to meet her. we are late already'. as I walked away, he followed me out of the fair.\n\n## Lesson 61\n**distant**\nthat is a distant thing, I can not remember.\n\nHow many projects **have you completed** now?\nwhen I **have finished** this one, I **will have completed** ten.\nHow many books have you read now?\nwhen I have read this one, I will have read 2 books.\n\n### astronaut's view.\n\nI'm an astronaut in USA, I am working at NASA, recently NASA lauched a telescope called Hubble into space. since then there was a trouble wiht the Hublle. the main mirror was fautly, the pictures it sent us were dispointing. so NASA is going to send four astronauts to repair it. the astronauts will take the shuttle Endeavour to the Hubble. the Endeavour will grab and hold the Hubble by a robot-arm while the astronauts repaires the Hubble.of course, the Hubble is outside of the earth's atmosphere, so it will send us the clearest pictures of the stars and distant galaxies that we have ever seen. it will tell us about the age and size of the universe. by the time your read this, the Hubble will have sent us thousands and thousands of wonderful pictures.\n\n### NASA's View\nThe Hubble was lauched into space on april 20, 1990, since then it has sent us thousands and thousands of wonderful pictures. The hubble is above the earth's atmophere, so the pictures of the stars and distant galaxies are clearer than we have ever seen. our scientist can figure out the age and size of universe by these pictures. but there was a trouble with the Hubble right from the start, its main mirror has some problems since it was sent into space. so soon we sent four astronauts to repairs it.the shuttle Endeavour took the astronauts to the hubble. While the astronauts was making the neccessary repaires, the shuttle grabed and hold the Hubble.\n\n## lessson 62\ndesolate\nsome places are desolate in the west of china.\n\nI had been studying for years befor I got this job.\n\n### villager's view\nI was living in a tiny village. one year, the forest fire started near our village. the firemen soon came to fight it. the fire was very fiere. after three weeks, the fire finally was under control by the firemen's effort. but the great trees, which had been covering the ground for miles around, was burnt down, now smoke rose up from the ground over the hills.\nthe winter was coming, as the rain was heavy in the season, the hills threatoned our village with destruction, for the heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause floods as well. when the fire had been put out, the forest authorites ordered several tons of a sepecail type of grass seed which would grow quickly. the seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quatities by planes. the planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain, however, the grass had already taken root. in places of the great tree which had been growing there for centuries, pacthes of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.\n\n### firemen's view\nlast year we recived a call, there was a fire in the countryside. as soon as we had arrived, we began to fight the fire, the fire was firce. before we could get the fire under control, we had been fighting it for nearly three weeks. this is the longest fire time I had ever seen.\nsmoke rose up from the groud over the hills. there had been great tree for mils around befor the fire began. the winter was comming, the rain would be very heavy so that the floods would be caused. when we had at last put out the fire, the forest authorites ordered several tons of a special tpye of grass seed. the seed could grow quickly. the seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quatities by planes. the planes had been planting for nearly a month when it began to rain. In place of the great trees which had been growing for centuries, patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.\n\n## Lesson 63\n\nJeremy's view\n\nI have a large circle of friends and I am very popular at parties. everybody admires me for my great sense of humour. everybody, that is. Except my six-year-old daughter, rencently I was asked to make a speech at a wedding reception by one of my closest freinds. this is the sort of thing I love, I prepared the speech carefully and went to the party with Jenny. I had included a large number of funny stories in the speech and, of course, it was great success. as soon as I had finished, Jenny told me that she wanted to go home, I was a little dispointed by this but I did as my daughter asked. on the way home, I asked her if she had enjoyed the speech. to my suprise, she said she hadn't, then I asked why this was so, she told me that she did not like to see so many people laughing at me.\n\nJenny's View\n\nmy father has a large circle of freinds and is very popular at parties. everybody admires him for his great sense of humour. except me. recentlly. one of his closest freinds asked him to make a speech at a wedding party, this is the sort of thing he loves. he prepared the speech carefully and went  to the party with me. He had included a large number of funny stories and, of course, it was great success. but I felt very embarrassed, everbody had been laughing from the start. as soon as he had finshed, I told him that I wanted to go home. he was a little dispointed by this but he did as I asked. On the way home, he asked me if I had enjoyed the speech, I said I hadn't, he was so suprise, then asked me why this was so, I told him that I did not like to see so many people laughing at him.\n\n## Lesson 64\n\nAime's view\n\nI am Aime from french. I am engneer. in 1858, I arrived in England. I had a plan for a twenty-one miles tunnel under the English Channel. in this plan a platform was possible to build in the center of the tunnel. it would serve as a port and railway station. the tall chimneys would be built above the sea level to make the tunnel well-ventilated. but the british thought my plas was not good enough. two year later, a better plan was put forwardd by an Englishman, Williams Low. He said a double railway shoud be built. it would sovle the problem of ventilation. for when a train enterd the tunnel. it would draw in fresh air behind it. though the plan was perfect, the tunnel was actually begun forty two years later. soon it was stoped, for the war began, the british feard the invasion. until I died I could not see the tunnel was begun again.\n\nWilliam's View.\n\nThe Engish Channel is twenty-tow miles from Britain to French. It was possible to build a tunnel under it. recenlty  a French engneer called Aime came to English with a plan for the tunnel. He suggested that it would be possible to build a platform in the centre of the Channel. Tall chemneys above the sea level would be built to sovle the problems of the ventilation. but the british did not agree the plan, for it is not posibble to build a lot of chimneys above the sea. Based on Aime's plan, I designed another plan. in my plan I suggested that we should built a double railways. it would  make the tunnel well-ventilated. because the trains would bring fresh air into the tunnel when it entered the tunnnel. but they refused my plan neither. forty-two years later a tunnel was begun, if the warfare had not begun and the british had not been afraid of the invasion, it would have been completed and conneted Britain and the European continent.\n\n## lesson 66\ntwenty-six years ago, a Lancaster bomber crashed on Wallis island in the south Pacific, the island is remote and a long way west of Samoa.\nbut over the years. the crash was forgotten and the wreck remained undisturbed. but the plane was accidentally rediscovered in an aerial survey of the island. By this time, a Lancaster bomber in reasonalbe condition was rare and worth rescueing. The French authorities had the plane packaged and moved in parts back to France. a group of enthusiasts are going to have the plane restored, it has four Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, but the group will need to have only three of them rebuilt. Imagine thier suprise and delight when they broke open the packing cases, the fourth engine was sweet as honey-- still in perfect condition, a colony of bees had turned the engine into a hive and it was tottaly preserved in beeswax.\n","source":"_posts/nce/我的新概念英语写作.md","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"我的新概念英语写作\"\ndate: \"2016-05-12 07:11 +0800\"\n---\n# MY NCE Journal\n\n## Lesson 58\n\n**Did he** take the reward?\n\nit **was** offerd **to him, but he didn't** take.\n\n## Lesson 59\n\n### 1. Word and Pattern\n\nlatch\n\nHe ran to the station, He wanted to catch the train\n\nHe ran to the station **to** catch the train.\n\n### 2. Writing\n\n#### 1. dog veiw\n\n I am a dog, My name is Rex.I used to live in a big house with a large garden.I liked to sit outside the front and bark.everytime I wanted to come into the garden I would bark until someone opened the gate.  As the neighbours complained about my barks. My master spent weeks training me to press my paw on the latch to let myself in.I am very smart, I soon became an expert at opening the gate.but comparing opening the gate, I prefer to bark for someone to open the gate.so I found another way to do it.as soon as I opens the gate, I comes into the garden and waits until the gate shuts. Then I sits and barks until someone lets me outside, after this I immediately  lets myself in and begins barking again.this gave me a great deal of pleasure.but soon my master's wife found my secret, when she went outside shoping last week.she told this to my master, and then my master removed the gate.I got very anonyed, everytime I barked, no one would open the gate.I was very dissatifeid and left the big house and never come back.\n\n#### 2. Neighbours view\n\nOur neighbour, Max,  raised a dog years ago, it was call Rex, Rex used to sit outside the front gate and bark, evertime he wanted to come into the garden he would bark until someone opened the gate, even in the middlenight, I complained of the noisy many times to Max, he gave me a promise that he would sovle this. he spent weeks teaching Rex to open the gate by pressing his paw on the latch. Rex was a smart dog,  he soon became an expert at opening the gate.However when I went by the Max's house last week. I noticed that Rex was barking again, this time he was in the garden and waiting someone to let  him outside!  I immidately told Max about it. Max got anoyed , he removed the gate.  Rex could never bark for someone to open the gate. Rex got anoyed, since then I have never seen Rex.\n\n## Lesson 60\n\nforetell\n\nI **am visiting** Mary this evenint\n\n#### fortune-teller view\nI am a fortune-teller, people call me Madam Bellinsky. I set up a tent in a village fair to make money.\nyesterday a man visited me, he came into my tent and I told him to sit down. after he had put some money in my bowl, I looked into a crystal ball and tell him that a relative of his was coming to see him, she would be arriving this eveing and intends to stay for a few days. the moment he went outside, a beautifull woman he knows well  would rush toward him, she would speak to him and lead him out of this plase, that is all I said to him.\n\nas soon as he went outside, I totally forgot him and what I said. the following morning, he returned to my tent and told me all I had foretold correctly, as soon as he went outside, his wife hurried towards to him and asked him where he had been hiding, she had been looking for him all the afternoon, she told him that his sister would be here in less than an hour, they had to be at the station to meet her. they were late already. as she walked away, he followed her out of the fare.\n\n#### writer's wife view\nmy husband believes that fortune can be known by fortune-teller. a few days ago he visited a fortune-teller called Madam Bellinsky at a village fair. he went into the tent. it was dark inside. the fortune-teller told him to sit down, after he had given her some money, she asked him to keep queit while she was working,then she looked into a crystal ball and said: a relative of yours is comming to see you, she will be arriving this eveninng. she intends to stay for a few days. the moment you leave this tent, a woman you know well will rush toward you and speak to you. She will lead you out of this place. that is all.  as soon as he went outside, he forgot all about Madam Bellinsky because I hurried towards to him, I had been looking for him for all the afternoon.\"where have you been hiding\" I asked impationtly. 'your sister will be here in less than an hour, we must be at the station to meet her. we are late already'. as I walked away, he followed me out of the fair.\n\n## Lesson 61\n**distant**\nthat is a distant thing, I can not remember.\n\nHow many projects **have you completed** now?\nwhen I **have finished** this one, I **will have completed** ten.\nHow many books have you read now?\nwhen I have read this one, I will have read 2 books.\n\n### astronaut's view.\n\nI'm an astronaut in USA, I am working at NASA, recently NASA lauched a telescope called Hubble into space. since then there was a trouble wiht the Hublle. the main mirror was fautly, the pictures it sent us were dispointing. so NASA is going to send four astronauts to repair it. the astronauts will take the shuttle Endeavour to the Hubble. the Endeavour will grab and hold the Hubble by a robot-arm while the astronauts repaires the Hubble.of course, the Hubble is outside of the earth's atmosphere, so it will send us the clearest pictures of the stars and distant galaxies that we have ever seen. it will tell us about the age and size of the universe. by the time your read this, the Hubble will have sent us thousands and thousands of wonderful pictures.\n\n### NASA's View\nThe Hubble was lauched into space on april 20, 1990, since then it has sent us thousands and thousands of wonderful pictures. The hubble is above the earth's atmophere, so the pictures of the stars and distant galaxies are clearer than we have ever seen. our scientist can figure out the age and size of universe by these pictures. but there was a trouble with the Hubble right from the start, its main mirror has some problems since it was sent into space. so soon we sent four astronauts to repairs it.the shuttle Endeavour took the astronauts to the hubble. While the astronauts was making the neccessary repaires, the shuttle grabed and hold the Hubble.\n\n## lessson 62\ndesolate\nsome places are desolate in the west of china.\n\nI had been studying for years befor I got this job.\n\n### villager's view\nI was living in a tiny village. one year, the forest fire started near our village. the firemen soon came to fight it. the fire was very fiere. after three weeks, the fire finally was under control by the firemen's effort. but the great trees, which had been covering the ground for miles around, was burnt down, now smoke rose up from the ground over the hills.\nthe winter was coming, as the rain was heavy in the season, the hills threatoned our village with destruction, for the heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause floods as well. when the fire had been put out, the forest authorites ordered several tons of a sepecail type of grass seed which would grow quickly. the seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quatities by planes. the planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain, however, the grass had already taken root. in places of the great tree which had been growing there for centuries, pacthes of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.\n\n### firemen's view\nlast year we recived a call, there was a fire in the countryside. as soon as we had arrived, we began to fight the fire, the fire was firce. before we could get the fire under control, we had been fighting it for nearly three weeks. this is the longest fire time I had ever seen.\nsmoke rose up from the groud over the hills. there had been great tree for mils around befor the fire began. the winter was comming, the rain would be very heavy so that the floods would be caused. when we had at last put out the fire, the forest authorites ordered several tons of a special tpye of grass seed. the seed could grow quickly. the seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quatities by planes. the planes had been planting for nearly a month when it began to rain. In place of the great trees which had been growing for centuries, patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.\n\n## Lesson 63\n\nJeremy's view\n\nI have a large circle of friends and I am very popular at parties. everybody admires me for my great sense of humour. everybody, that is. Except my six-year-old daughter, rencently I was asked to make a speech at a wedding reception by one of my closest freinds. this is the sort of thing I love, I prepared the speech carefully and went to the party with Jenny. I had included a large number of funny stories in the speech and, of course, it was great success. as soon as I had finished, Jenny told me that she wanted to go home, I was a little dispointed by this but I did as my daughter asked. on the way home, I asked her if she had enjoyed the speech. to my suprise, she said she hadn't, then I asked why this was so, she told me that she did not like to see so many people laughing at me.\n\nJenny's View\n\nmy father has a large circle of freinds and is very popular at parties. everybody admires him for his great sense of humour. except me. recentlly. one of his closest freinds asked him to make a speech at a wedding party, this is the sort of thing he loves. he prepared the speech carefully and went  to the party with me. He had included a large number of funny stories and, of course, it was great success. but I felt very embarrassed, everbody had been laughing from the start. as soon as he had finshed, I told him that I wanted to go home. he was a little dispointed by this but he did as I asked. On the way home, he asked me if I had enjoyed the speech, I said I hadn't, he was so suprise, then asked me why this was so, I told him that I did not like to see so many people laughing at him.\n\n## Lesson 64\n\nAime's view\n\nI am Aime from french. I am engneer. in 1858, I arrived in England. I had a plan for a twenty-one miles tunnel under the English Channel. in this plan a platform was possible to build in the center of the tunnel. it would serve as a port and railway station. the tall chimneys would be built above the sea level to make the tunnel well-ventilated. but the british thought my plas was not good enough. two year later, a better plan was put forwardd by an Englishman, Williams Low. He said a double railway shoud be built. it would sovle the problem of ventilation. for when a train enterd the tunnel. it would draw in fresh air behind it. though the plan was perfect, the tunnel was actually begun forty two years later. soon it was stoped, for the war began, the british feard the invasion. until I died I could not see the tunnel was begun again.\n\nWilliam's View.\n\nThe Engish Channel is twenty-tow miles from Britain to French. It was possible to build a tunnel under it. recenlty  a French engneer called Aime came to English with a plan for the tunnel. He suggested that it would be possible to build a platform in the centre of the Channel. Tall chemneys above the sea level would be built to sovle the problems of the ventilation. but the british did not agree the plan, for it is not posibble to build a lot of chimneys above the sea. Based on Aime's plan, I designed another plan. in my plan I suggested that we should built a double railways. it would  make the tunnel well-ventilated. because the trains would bring fresh air into the tunnel when it entered the tunnnel. but they refused my plan neither. forty-two years later a tunnel was begun, if the warfare had not begun and the british had not been afraid of the invasion, it would have been completed and conneted Britain and the European continent.\n\n## lesson 66\ntwenty-six years ago, a Lancaster bomber crashed on Wallis island in the south Pacific, the island is remote and a long way west of Samoa.\nbut over the years. the crash was forgotten and the wreck remained undisturbed. but the plane was accidentally rediscovered in an aerial survey of the island. By this time, a Lancaster bomber in reasonalbe condition was rare and worth rescueing. The French authorities had the plane packaged and moved in parts back to France. a group of enthusiasts are going to have the plane restored, it has four Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, but the group will need to have only three of them rebuilt. Imagine thier suprise and delight when they broke open the packing cases, the fourth engine was sweet as honey-- still in perfect condition, a colony of bees had turned the engine into a hive and it was tottaly preserved in beeswax.\n","slug":"nce/我的新概念英语写作","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyixh000lmktehuinqovf","content":"<h1 id=\"MY-NCE-Journal\"><a href=\"#MY-NCE-Journal\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"MY NCE Journal\"></a>MY NCE Journal</h1><h2 id=\"Lesson-58\"><a href=\"#Lesson-58\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 58\"></a>Lesson 58</h2><p><strong>Did he</strong> take the reward?</p>\n<p>it <strong>was</strong> offerd <strong>to him, but he didn’t</strong> take.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-59\"><a href=\"#Lesson-59\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 59\"></a>Lesson 59</h2><h3 id=\"1-Word-and-Pattern\"><a href=\"#1-Word-and-Pattern\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"1. Word and Pattern\"></a>1. Word and Pattern</h3><p>latch</p>\n<p>He ran to the station, He wanted to catch the train</p>\n<p>He ran to the station <strong>to</strong> catch the train.</p>\n<h3 id=\"2-Writing\"><a href=\"#2-Writing\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2. Writing\"></a>2. Writing</h3><h4 id=\"1-dog-veiw\"><a href=\"#1-dog-veiw\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"1. dog veiw\"></a>1. dog veiw</h4><p> I am a dog, My name is Rex.I used to live in a big house with a large garden.I liked to sit outside the front and bark.everytime I wanted to come into the garden I would bark until someone opened the gate.  As the neighbours complained about my barks. My master spent weeks training me to press my paw on the latch to let myself in.I am very smart, I soon became an expert at opening the gate.but comparing opening the gate, I prefer to bark for someone to open the gate.so I found another way to do it.as soon as I opens the gate, I comes into the garden and waits until the gate shuts. Then I sits and barks until someone lets me outside, after this I immediately  lets myself in and begins barking again.this gave me a great deal of pleasure.but soon my master’s wife found my secret, when she went outside shoping last week.she told this to my master, and then my master removed the gate.I got very anonyed, everytime I barked, no one would open the gate.I was very dissatifeid and left the big house and never come back.</p>\n<h4 id=\"2-Neighbours-view\"><a href=\"#2-Neighbours-view\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2. Neighbours view\"></a>2. Neighbours view</h4><p>Our neighbour, Max,  raised a dog years ago, it was call Rex, Rex used to sit outside the front gate and bark, evertime he wanted to come into the garden he would bark until someone opened the gate, even in the middlenight, I complained of the noisy many times to Max, he gave me a promise that he would sovle this. he spent weeks teaching Rex to open the gate by pressing his paw on the latch. Rex was a smart dog,  he soon became an expert at opening the gate.However when I went by the Max’s house last week. I noticed that Rex was barking again, this time he was in the garden and waiting someone to let  him outside!  I immidately told Max about it. Max got anoyed , he removed the gate.  Rex could never bark for someone to open the gate. Rex got anoyed, since then I have never seen Rex.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-60\"><a href=\"#Lesson-60\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 60\"></a>Lesson 60</h2><p>foretell</p>\n<p>I <strong>am visiting</strong> Mary this evenint</p>\n<h4 id=\"fortune-teller-view\"><a href=\"#fortune-teller-view\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"fortune-teller view\"></a>fortune-teller view</h4><p>I am a fortune-teller, people call me Madam Bellinsky. I set up a tent in a village fair to make money.<br>yesterday a man visited me, he came into my tent and I told him to sit down. after he had put some money in my bowl, I looked into a crystal ball and tell him that a relative of his was coming to see him, she would be arriving this eveing and intends to stay for a few days. the moment he went outside, a beautifull woman he knows well  would rush toward him, she would speak to him and lead him out of this plase, that is all I said to him.</p>\n<p>as soon as he went outside, I totally forgot him and what I said. the following morning, he returned to my tent and told me all I had foretold correctly, as soon as he went outside, his wife hurried towards to him and asked him where he had been hiding, she had been looking for him all the afternoon, she told him that his sister would be here in less than an hour, they had to be at the station to meet her. they were late already. as she walked away, he followed her out of the fare.</p>\n<h4 id=\"writer’s-wife-view\"><a href=\"#writer’s-wife-view\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"writer’s wife view\"></a>writer’s wife view</h4><p>my husband believes that fortune can be known by fortune-teller. a few days ago he visited a fortune-teller called Madam Bellinsky at a village fair. he went into the tent. it was dark inside. the fortune-teller told him to sit down, after he had given her some money, she asked him to keep queit while she was working,then she looked into a crystal ball and said: a relative of yours is comming to see you, she will be arriving this eveninng. she intends to stay for a few days. the moment you leave this tent, a woman you know well will rush toward you and speak to you. She will lead you out of this place. that is all.  as soon as he went outside, he forgot all about Madam Bellinsky because I hurried towards to him, I had been looking for him for all the afternoon.”where have you been hiding” I asked impationtly. ‘your sister will be here in less than an hour, we must be at the station to meet her. we are late already’. as I walked away, he followed me out of the fair.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-61\"><a href=\"#Lesson-61\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 61\"></a>Lesson 61</h2><p><strong>distant</strong><br>that is a distant thing, I can not remember.</p>\n<p>How many projects <strong>have you completed</strong> now?<br>when I <strong>have finished</strong> this one, I <strong>will have completed</strong> ten.<br>How many books have you read now?<br>when I have read this one, I will have read 2 books.</p>\n<h3 id=\"astronaut’s-view\"><a href=\"#astronaut’s-view\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"astronaut’s view.\"></a>astronaut’s view.</h3><p>I’m an astronaut in USA, I am working at NASA, recently NASA lauched a telescope called Hubble into space. since then there was a trouble wiht the Hublle. the main mirror was fautly, the pictures it sent us were dispointing. so NASA is going to send four astronauts to repair it. the astronauts will take the shuttle Endeavour to the Hubble. the Endeavour will grab and hold the Hubble by a robot-arm while the astronauts repaires the Hubble.of course, the Hubble is outside of the earth’s atmosphere, so it will send us the clearest pictures of the stars and distant galaxies that we have ever seen. it will tell us about the age and size of the universe. by the time your read this, the Hubble will have sent us thousands and thousands of wonderful pictures.</p>\n<h3 id=\"NASA’s-View\"><a href=\"#NASA’s-View\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"NASA’s View\"></a>NASA’s View</h3><p>The Hubble was lauched into space on april 20, 1990, since then it has sent us thousands and thousands of wonderful pictures. The hubble is above the earth’s atmophere, so the pictures of the stars and distant galaxies are clearer than we have ever seen. our scientist can figure out the age and size of universe by these pictures. but there was a trouble with the Hubble right from the start, its main mirror has some problems since it was sent into space. so soon we sent four astronauts to repairs it.the shuttle Endeavour took the astronauts to the hubble. While the astronauts was making the neccessary repaires, the shuttle grabed and hold the Hubble.</p>\n<h2 id=\"lessson-62\"><a href=\"#lessson-62\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"lessson 62\"></a>lessson 62</h2><p>desolate<br>some places are desolate in the west of china.</p>\n<p>I had been studying for years befor I got this job.</p>\n<h3 id=\"villager’s-view\"><a href=\"#villager’s-view\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"villager’s view\"></a>villager’s view</h3><p>I was living in a tiny village. one year, the forest fire started near our village. the firemen soon came to fight it. the fire was very fiere. after three weeks, the fire finally was under control by the firemen’s effort. but the great trees, which had been covering the ground for miles around, was burnt down, now smoke rose up from the ground over the hills.<br>the winter was coming, as the rain was heavy in the season, the hills threatoned our village with destruction, for the heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause floods as well. when the fire had been put out, the forest authorites ordered several tons of a sepecail type of grass seed which would grow quickly. the seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quatities by planes. the planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain, however, the grass had already taken root. in places of the great tree which had been growing there for centuries, pacthes of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.</p>\n<h3 id=\"firemen’s-view\"><a href=\"#firemen’s-view\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"firemen’s view\"></a>firemen’s view</h3><p>last year we recived a call, there was a fire in the countryside. as soon as we had arrived, we began to fight the fire, the fire was firce. before we could get the fire under control, we had been fighting it for nearly three weeks. this is the longest fire time I had ever seen.<br>smoke rose up from the groud over the hills. there had been great tree for mils around befor the fire began. the winter was comming, the rain would be very heavy so that the floods would be caused. when we had at last put out the fire, the forest authorites ordered several tons of a special tpye of grass seed. the seed could grow quickly. the seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quatities by planes. the planes had been planting for nearly a month when it began to rain. In place of the great trees which had been growing for centuries, patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-63\"><a href=\"#Lesson-63\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 63\"></a>Lesson 63</h2><p>Jeremy’s view</p>\n<p>I have a large circle of friends and I am very popular at parties. everybody admires me for my great sense of humour. everybody, that is. Except my six-year-old daughter, rencently I was asked to make a speech at a wedding reception by one of my closest freinds. this is the sort of thing I love, I prepared the speech carefully and went to the party with Jenny. I had included a large number of funny stories in the speech and, of course, it was great success. as soon as I had finished, Jenny told me that she wanted to go home, I was a little dispointed by this but I did as my daughter asked. on the way home, I asked her if she had enjoyed the speech. to my suprise, she said she hadn’t, then I asked why this was so, she told me that she did not like to see so many people laughing at me.</p>\n<p>Jenny’s View</p>\n<p>my father has a large circle of freinds and is very popular at parties. everybody admires him for his great sense of humour. except me. recentlly. one of his closest freinds asked him to make a speech at a wedding party, this is the sort of thing he loves. he prepared the speech carefully and went  to the party with me. He had included a large number of funny stories and, of course, it was great success. but I felt very embarrassed, everbody had been laughing from the start. as soon as he had finshed, I told him that I wanted to go home. he was a little dispointed by this but he did as I asked. On the way home, he asked me if I had enjoyed the speech, I said I hadn’t, he was so suprise, then asked me why this was so, I told him that I did not like to see so many people laughing at him.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-64\"><a href=\"#Lesson-64\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 64\"></a>Lesson 64</h2><p>Aime’s view</p>\n<p>I am Aime from french. I am engneer. in 1858, I arrived in England. I had a plan for a twenty-one miles tunnel under the English Channel. in this plan a platform was possible to build in the center of the tunnel. it would serve as a port and railway station. the tall chimneys would be built above the sea level to make the tunnel well-ventilated. but the british thought my plas was not good enough. two year later, a better plan was put forwardd by an Englishman, Williams Low. He said a double railway shoud be built. it would sovle the problem of ventilation. for when a train enterd the tunnel. it would draw in fresh air behind it. though the plan was perfect, the tunnel was actually begun forty two years later. soon it was stoped, for the war began, the british feard the invasion. until I died I could not see the tunnel was begun again.</p>\n<p>William’s View.</p>\n<p>The Engish Channel is twenty-tow miles from Britain to French. It was possible to build a tunnel under it. recenlty  a French engneer called Aime came to English with a plan for the tunnel. He suggested that it would be possible to build a platform in the centre of the Channel. Tall chemneys above the sea level would be built to sovle the problems of the ventilation. but the british did not agree the plan, for it is not posibble to build a lot of chimneys above the sea. Based on Aime’s plan, I designed another plan. in my plan I suggested that we should built a double railways. it would  make the tunnel well-ventilated. because the trains would bring fresh air into the tunnel when it entered the tunnnel. but they refused my plan neither. forty-two years later a tunnel was begun, if the warfare had not begun and the british had not been afraid of the invasion, it would have been completed and conneted Britain and the European continent.</p>\n<h2 id=\"lesson-66\"><a href=\"#lesson-66\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"lesson 66\"></a>lesson 66</h2><p>twenty-six years ago, a Lancaster bomber crashed on Wallis island in the south Pacific, the island is remote and a long way west of Samoa.<br>but over the years. the crash was forgotten and the wreck remained undisturbed. but the plane was accidentally rediscovered in an aerial survey of the island. By this time, a Lancaster bomber in reasonalbe condition was rare and worth rescueing. The French authorities had the plane packaged and moved in parts back to France. a group of enthusiasts are going to have the plane restored, it has four Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, but the group will need to have only three of them rebuilt. Imagine thier suprise and delight when they broke open the packing cases, the fourth engine was sweet as honey– still in perfect condition, a colony of bees had turned the engine into a hive and it was tottaly preserved in beeswax.</p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<h1 id=\"MY-NCE-Journal\"><a href=\"#MY-NCE-Journal\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"MY NCE Journal\"></a>MY NCE Journal</h1><h2 id=\"Lesson-58\"><a href=\"#Lesson-58\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 58\"></a>Lesson 58</h2><p><strong>Did he</strong> take the reward?</p>\n<p>it <strong>was</strong> offerd <strong>to him, but he didn’t</strong> take.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-59\"><a href=\"#Lesson-59\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 59\"></a>Lesson 59</h2><h3 id=\"1-Word-and-Pattern\"><a href=\"#1-Word-and-Pattern\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"1. Word and Pattern\"></a>1. Word and Pattern</h3><p>latch</p>\n<p>He ran to the station, He wanted to catch the train</p>\n<p>He ran to the station <strong>to</strong> catch the train.</p>\n<h3 id=\"2-Writing\"><a href=\"#2-Writing\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2. Writing\"></a>2. Writing</h3><h4 id=\"1-dog-veiw\"><a href=\"#1-dog-veiw\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"1. dog veiw\"></a>1. dog veiw</h4><p> I am a dog, My name is Rex.I used to live in a big house with a large garden.I liked to sit outside the front and bark.everytime I wanted to come into the garden I would bark until someone opened the gate.  As the neighbours complained about my barks. My master spent weeks training me to press my paw on the latch to let myself in.I am very smart, I soon became an expert at opening the gate.but comparing opening the gate, I prefer to bark for someone to open the gate.so I found another way to do it.as soon as I opens the gate, I comes into the garden and waits until the gate shuts. Then I sits and barks until someone lets me outside, after this I immediately  lets myself in and begins barking again.this gave me a great deal of pleasure.but soon my master’s wife found my secret, when she went outside shoping last week.she told this to my master, and then my master removed the gate.I got very anonyed, everytime I barked, no one would open the gate.I was very dissatifeid and left the big house and never come back.</p>\n<h4 id=\"2-Neighbours-view\"><a href=\"#2-Neighbours-view\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2. Neighbours view\"></a>2. Neighbours view</h4><p>Our neighbour, Max,  raised a dog years ago, it was call Rex, Rex used to sit outside the front gate and bark, evertime he wanted to come into the garden he would bark until someone opened the gate, even in the middlenight, I complained of the noisy many times to Max, he gave me a promise that he would sovle this. he spent weeks teaching Rex to open the gate by pressing his paw on the latch. Rex was a smart dog,  he soon became an expert at opening the gate.However when I went by the Max’s house last week. I noticed that Rex was barking again, this time he was in the garden and waiting someone to let  him outside!  I immidately told Max about it. Max got anoyed , he removed the gate.  Rex could never bark for someone to open the gate. Rex got anoyed, since then I have never seen Rex.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-60\"><a href=\"#Lesson-60\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 60\"></a>Lesson 60</h2><p>foretell</p>\n<p>I <strong>am visiting</strong> Mary this evenint</p>\n<h4 id=\"fortune-teller-view\"><a href=\"#fortune-teller-view\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"fortune-teller view\"></a>fortune-teller view</h4><p>I am a fortune-teller, people call me Madam Bellinsky. I set up a tent in a village fair to make money.<br>yesterday a man visited me, he came into my tent and I told him to sit down. after he had put some money in my bowl, I looked into a crystal ball and tell him that a relative of his was coming to see him, she would be arriving this eveing and intends to stay for a few days. the moment he went outside, a beautifull woman he knows well  would rush toward him, she would speak to him and lead him out of this plase, that is all I said to him.</p>\n<p>as soon as he went outside, I totally forgot him and what I said. the following morning, he returned to my tent and told me all I had foretold correctly, as soon as he went outside, his wife hurried towards to him and asked him where he had been hiding, she had been looking for him all the afternoon, she told him that his sister would be here in less than an hour, they had to be at the station to meet her. they were late already. as she walked away, he followed her out of the fare.</p>\n<h4 id=\"writer’s-wife-view\"><a href=\"#writer’s-wife-view\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"writer’s wife view\"></a>writer’s wife view</h4><p>my husband believes that fortune can be known by fortune-teller. a few days ago he visited a fortune-teller called Madam Bellinsky at a village fair. he went into the tent. it was dark inside. the fortune-teller told him to sit down, after he had given her some money, she asked him to keep queit while she was working,then she looked into a crystal ball and said: a relative of yours is comming to see you, she will be arriving this eveninng. she intends to stay for a few days. the moment you leave this tent, a woman you know well will rush toward you and speak to you. She will lead you out of this place. that is all.  as soon as he went outside, he forgot all about Madam Bellinsky because I hurried towards to him, I had been looking for him for all the afternoon.”where have you been hiding” I asked impationtly. ‘your sister will be here in less than an hour, we must be at the station to meet her. we are late already’. as I walked away, he followed me out of the fair.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-61\"><a href=\"#Lesson-61\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 61\"></a>Lesson 61</h2><p><strong>distant</strong><br>that is a distant thing, I can not remember.</p>\n<p>How many projects <strong>have you completed</strong> now?<br>when I <strong>have finished</strong> this one, I <strong>will have completed</strong> ten.<br>How many books have you read now?<br>when I have read this one, I will have read 2 books.</p>\n<h3 id=\"astronaut’s-view\"><a href=\"#astronaut’s-view\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"astronaut’s view.\"></a>astronaut’s view.</h3><p>I’m an astronaut in USA, I am working at NASA, recently NASA lauched a telescope called Hubble into space. since then there was a trouble wiht the Hublle. the main mirror was fautly, the pictures it sent us were dispointing. so NASA is going to send four astronauts to repair it. the astronauts will take the shuttle Endeavour to the Hubble. the Endeavour will grab and hold the Hubble by a robot-arm while the astronauts repaires the Hubble.of course, the Hubble is outside of the earth’s atmosphere, so it will send us the clearest pictures of the stars and distant galaxies that we have ever seen. it will tell us about the age and size of the universe. by the time your read this, the Hubble will have sent us thousands and thousands of wonderful pictures.</p>\n<h3 id=\"NASA’s-View\"><a href=\"#NASA’s-View\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"NASA’s View\"></a>NASA’s View</h3><p>The Hubble was lauched into space on april 20, 1990, since then it has sent us thousands and thousands of wonderful pictures. The hubble is above the earth’s atmophere, so the pictures of the stars and distant galaxies are clearer than we have ever seen. our scientist can figure out the age and size of universe by these pictures. but there was a trouble with the Hubble right from the start, its main mirror has some problems since it was sent into space. so soon we sent four astronauts to repairs it.the shuttle Endeavour took the astronauts to the hubble. While the astronauts was making the neccessary repaires, the shuttle grabed and hold the Hubble.</p>\n<h2 id=\"lessson-62\"><a href=\"#lessson-62\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"lessson 62\"></a>lessson 62</h2><p>desolate<br>some places are desolate in the west of china.</p>\n<p>I had been studying for years befor I got this job.</p>\n<h3 id=\"villager’s-view\"><a href=\"#villager’s-view\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"villager’s view\"></a>villager’s view</h3><p>I was living in a tiny village. one year, the forest fire started near our village. the firemen soon came to fight it. the fire was very fiere. after three weeks, the fire finally was under control by the firemen’s effort. but the great trees, which had been covering the ground for miles around, was burnt down, now smoke rose up from the ground over the hills.<br>the winter was coming, as the rain was heavy in the season, the hills threatoned our village with destruction, for the heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause floods as well. when the fire had been put out, the forest authorites ordered several tons of a sepecail type of grass seed which would grow quickly. the seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quatities by planes. the planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain, however, the grass had already taken root. in places of the great tree which had been growing there for centuries, pacthes of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.</p>\n<h3 id=\"firemen’s-view\"><a href=\"#firemen’s-view\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"firemen’s view\"></a>firemen’s view</h3><p>last year we recived a call, there was a fire in the countryside. as soon as we had arrived, we began to fight the fire, the fire was firce. before we could get the fire under control, we had been fighting it for nearly three weeks. this is the longest fire time I had ever seen.<br>smoke rose up from the groud over the hills. there had been great tree for mils around befor the fire began. the winter was comming, the rain would be very heavy so that the floods would be caused. when we had at last put out the fire, the forest authorites ordered several tons of a special tpye of grass seed. the seed could grow quickly. the seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quatities by planes. the planes had been planting for nearly a month when it began to rain. In place of the great trees which had been growing for centuries, patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-63\"><a href=\"#Lesson-63\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 63\"></a>Lesson 63</h2><p>Jeremy’s view</p>\n<p>I have a large circle of friends and I am very popular at parties. everybody admires me for my great sense of humour. everybody, that is. Except my six-year-old daughter, rencently I was asked to make a speech at a wedding reception by one of my closest freinds. this is the sort of thing I love, I prepared the speech carefully and went to the party with Jenny. I had included a large number of funny stories in the speech and, of course, it was great success. as soon as I had finished, Jenny told me that she wanted to go home, I was a little dispointed by this but I did as my daughter asked. on the way home, I asked her if she had enjoyed the speech. to my suprise, she said she hadn’t, then I asked why this was so, she told me that she did not like to see so many people laughing at me.</p>\n<p>Jenny’s View</p>\n<p>my father has a large circle of freinds and is very popular at parties. everybody admires him for his great sense of humour. except me. recentlly. one of his closest freinds asked him to make a speech at a wedding party, this is the sort of thing he loves. he prepared the speech carefully and went  to the party with me. He had included a large number of funny stories and, of course, it was great success. but I felt very embarrassed, everbody had been laughing from the start. as soon as he had finshed, I told him that I wanted to go home. he was a little dispointed by this but he did as I asked. On the way home, he asked me if I had enjoyed the speech, I said I hadn’t, he was so suprise, then asked me why this was so, I told him that I did not like to see so many people laughing at him.</p>\n<h2 id=\"Lesson-64\"><a href=\"#Lesson-64\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Lesson 64\"></a>Lesson 64</h2><p>Aime’s view</p>\n<p>I am Aime from french. I am engneer. in 1858, I arrived in England. I had a plan for a twenty-one miles tunnel under the English Channel. in this plan a platform was possible to build in the center of the tunnel. it would serve as a port and railway station. the tall chimneys would be built above the sea level to make the tunnel well-ventilated. but the british thought my plas was not good enough. two year later, a better plan was put forwardd by an Englishman, Williams Low. He said a double railway shoud be built. it would sovle the problem of ventilation. for when a train enterd the tunnel. it would draw in fresh air behind it. though the plan was perfect, the tunnel was actually begun forty two years later. soon it was stoped, for the war began, the british feard the invasion. until I died I could not see the tunnel was begun again.</p>\n<p>William’s View.</p>\n<p>The Engish Channel is twenty-tow miles from Britain to French. It was possible to build a tunnel under it. recenlty  a French engneer called Aime came to English with a plan for the tunnel. He suggested that it would be possible to build a platform in the centre of the Channel. Tall chemneys above the sea level would be built to sovle the problems of the ventilation. but the british did not agree the plan, for it is not posibble to build a lot of chimneys above the sea. Based on Aime’s plan, I designed another plan. in my plan I suggested that we should built a double railways. it would  make the tunnel well-ventilated. because the trains would bring fresh air into the tunnel when it entered the tunnnel. but they refused my plan neither. forty-two years later a tunnel was begun, if the warfare had not begun and the british had not been afraid of the invasion, it would have been completed and conneted Britain and the European continent.</p>\n<h2 id=\"lesson-66\"><a href=\"#lesson-66\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"lesson 66\"></a>lesson 66</h2><p>twenty-six years ago, a Lancaster bomber crashed on Wallis island in the south Pacific, the island is remote and a long way west of Samoa.<br>but over the years. the crash was forgotten and the wreck remained undisturbed. but the plane was accidentally rediscovered in an aerial survey of the island. By this time, a Lancaster bomber in reasonalbe condition was rare and worth rescueing. The French authorities had the plane packaged and moved in parts back to France. a group of enthusiasts are going to have the plane restored, it has four Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, but the group will need to have only three of them rebuilt. Imagine thier suprise and delight when they broke open the packing cases, the fourth engine was sweet as honey– still in perfect condition, a colony of bees had turned the engine into a hive and it was tottaly preserved in beeswax.</p>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"从网页查询数据库","date":"2016-04-16T03:43:00.000Z","_content":"\n1. 检查过滤用户输入的数据\n2. 建立数据库连接\n3. 查询数据库\n4. 获取数据\n5. 显示结果给用户\n","source":"_posts/programming/2016-04-16-从网页查询数据库.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: post\ntitle: 从网页查询数据库\ndate: '2016-04-16 11:43 +0800'\n---\n\n1. 检查过滤用户输入的数据\n2. 建立数据库连接\n3. 查询数据库\n4. 获取数据\n5. 显示结果给用户\n","slug":"programming/2016-04-16-从网页查询数据库","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyixh000mmktequxt9vh9","content":"<ol>\n<li>检查过滤用户输入的数据</li>\n<li>建立数据库连接</li>\n<li>查询数据库</li>\n<li>获取数据</li>\n<li>显示结果给用户</li>\n</ol>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<ol>\n<li>检查过滤用户输入的数据</li>\n<li>建立数据库连接</li>\n<li>查询数据库</li>\n<li>获取数据</li>\n<li>显示结果给用户</li>\n</ol>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"使用sql进行CRUD操作（MySQL Version）","date":"2016-04-16T00:47:00.000Z","_content":"示例数据库：[sakila database](http://downloads.mysql.com/docs/sakila-db.tar.gz)，[详细介绍](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/sakila/en/)。\n\n所谓CRUD操作是指对数据库的数据进行Create，Read，Update，Delete操作，下面我们一一介绍：\n1. Create\n\n 新建数据，即插入数据。\n\n ```\n INSERT [into] table [(column1,column2,column3,...)] VALUES\n (value1, value2, value3,...);\n ```\n\n2. Read\n\n 读取数据，即查询数据。\n\n ```\n SELECT [options] items\n [into file_details]\n FROM tables\n [WHERE conditions]\n [GROUP BY group_type]\n [HAVING where_definition]\n [ORDER BY order_type]\n [LIMIT limit_criteria]\n [PROCEDURE proc_name(arguments)]\n [lock_options];\n ```\n\n 除此之外，还有多表查询和子查询。\n\n3. Update\n\n 更新数据。\n\n ```\n UPDATE [LOW_PRIORITY] [IGNORE] tablename\n SET column1=expression1,column2=expression2,...\n [WHERE condition]\n [ORDER BY order_criteria]\n [LIMIT number]\n ```\n\n4. Delete\n  删除数据。\n\n  ```\n  DELETE [LOW_PRIORITY] [QUICK] [IGNORE] FROM table\n  [WHERE condition]\n  [ORDER BY order_cols]\n  [LIMIT number]\n  ```\n","source":"_posts/programming/2016-04-16-使用sql进行CRUD操作（MySQL Version）.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"使用sql进行CRUD操作（MySQL Version）\"\ndate: \"2016-04-16 08:47 +0800\"\ncategories: Method\n---\n示例数据库：[sakila database](http://downloads.mysql.com/docs/sakila-db.tar.gz)，[详细介绍](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/sakila/en/)。\n\n所谓CRUD操作是指对数据库的数据进行Create，Read，Update，Delete操作，下面我们一一介绍：\n1. Create\n\n 新建数据，即插入数据。\n\n ```\n INSERT [into] table [(column1,column2,column3,...)] VALUES\n (value1, value2, value3,...);\n ```\n\n2. Read\n\n 读取数据，即查询数据。\n\n ```\n SELECT [options] items\n [into file_details]\n FROM tables\n [WHERE conditions]\n [GROUP BY group_type]\n [HAVING where_definition]\n [ORDER BY order_type]\n [LIMIT limit_criteria]\n [PROCEDURE proc_name(arguments)]\n [lock_options];\n ```\n\n 除此之外，还有多表查询和子查询。\n\n3. Update\n\n 更新数据。\n\n ```\n UPDATE [LOW_PRIORITY] [IGNORE] tablename\n SET column1=expression1,column2=expression2,...\n [WHERE condition]\n [ORDER BY order_criteria]\n [LIMIT number]\n ```\n\n4. Delete\n  删除数据。\n\n  ```\n  DELETE [LOW_PRIORITY] [QUICK] [IGNORE] FROM table\n  [WHERE condition]\n  [ORDER BY order_cols]\n  [LIMIT number]\n  ```\n","slug":"programming/2016-04-16-使用sql进行CRUD操作（MySQL Version）","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyixk000omkteedkpet9q","content":"<p>示例数据库：<a href=\"http://downloads.mysql.com/docs/sakila-db.tar.gz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">sakila database</a>，<a href=\"http://dev.mysql.com/doc/sakila/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">详细介绍</a>。</p>\n<p>所谓CRUD操作是指对数据库的数据进行Create，Read，Update，Delete操作，下面我们一一介绍：</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>Create</p>\n<p>新建数据，即插入数据。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">INSERT [into] table [(column1,column2,column3,...)] VALUES</div><div class=\"line\">(value1, value2, value3,...);</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n<li><p>Read</p>\n<p>读取数据，即查询数据。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div><div class=\"line\">10</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">SELECT [options] items</div><div class=\"line\">[into file_details]</div><div class=\"line\">FROM tables</div><div class=\"line\">[WHERE conditions]</div><div class=\"line\">[GROUP BY group_type]</div><div class=\"line\">[HAVING where_definition]</div><div class=\"line\">[ORDER BY order_type]</div><div class=\"line\">[LIMIT limit_criteria]</div><div class=\"line\">[PROCEDURE proc_name(arguments)]</div><div class=\"line\">[lock_options];</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>除此之外，还有多表查询和子查询。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Update</p>\n<p>更新数据。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">UPDATE [LOW_PRIORITY] [IGNORE] tablename</div><div class=\"line\">SET column1=expression1,column2=expression2,...</div><div class=\"line\">[WHERE condition]</div><div class=\"line\">[ORDER BY order_criteria]</div><div class=\"line\">[LIMIT number]</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n<li><p>Delete<br>删除数据。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">DELETE [LOW_PRIORITY] [QUICK] [IGNORE] FROM table</div><div class=\"line\">[WHERE condition]</div><div class=\"line\">[ORDER BY order_cols]</div><div class=\"line\">[LIMIT number]</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n</ol>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<p>示例数据库：<a href=\"http://downloads.mysql.com/docs/sakila-db.tar.gz\">sakila database</a>，<a href=\"http://dev.mysql.com/doc/sakila/en/\">详细介绍</a>。</p>\n<p>所谓CRUD操作是指对数据库的数据进行Create，Read，Update，Delete操作，下面我们一一介绍：</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>Create</p>\n<p>新建数据，即插入数据。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">INSERT [into] table [(column1,column2,column3,...)] VALUES</div><div class=\"line\">(value1, value2, value3,...);</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n<li><p>Read</p>\n<p>读取数据，即查询数据。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div><div class=\"line\">10</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">SELECT [options] items</div><div class=\"line\">[into file_details]</div><div class=\"line\">FROM tables</div><div class=\"line\">[WHERE conditions]</div><div class=\"line\">[GROUP BY group_type]</div><div class=\"line\">[HAVING where_definition]</div><div class=\"line\">[ORDER BY order_type]</div><div class=\"line\">[LIMIT limit_criteria]</div><div class=\"line\">[PROCEDURE proc_name(arguments)]</div><div class=\"line\">[lock_options];</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>除此之外，还有多表查询和子查询。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Update</p>\n<p>更新数据。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">UPDATE [LOW_PRIORITY] [IGNORE] tablename</div><div class=\"line\">SET column1=expression1,column2=expression2,...</div><div class=\"line\">[WHERE condition]</div><div class=\"line\">[ORDER BY order_criteria]</div><div class=\"line\">[LIMIT number]</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n<li><p>Delete<br>删除数据。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight plain\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">DELETE [LOW_PRIORITY] [QUICK] [IGNORE] FROM table</div><div class=\"line\">[WHERE condition]</div><div class=\"line\">[ORDER BY order_cols]</div><div class=\"line\">[LIMIT number]</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n</ol>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"获取数据库信息","date":"2016-04-16T06:28:00.000Z","_content":"```sql\nshow tables;\nshow tables from books;\n\nshow databases;\n\nshow columns from orders from books;\nshow columns from books.orders;\n\nshow grants for bookorama;\n```\n","source":"_posts/programming/2016-04-16-获取数据库信息.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"获取数据库信息\"\ndate: \"2016-04-16 14:28 +0800\"\n---\n```sql\nshow tables;\nshow tables from books;\n\nshow databases;\n\nshow columns from orders from books;\nshow columns from books.orders;\n\nshow grants for bookorama;\n```\n","slug":"programming/2016-04-16-获取数据库信息","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyixm000qmkte62qm3lwq","content":"<figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">show</span> <span class=\"keyword\">tables</span>;</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">show</span> <span class=\"keyword\">tables</span> <span class=\"keyword\">from</span> books;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">show</span> <span class=\"keyword\">databases</span>;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">show</span> <span class=\"keyword\">columns</span> <span class=\"keyword\">from</span> orders <span class=\"keyword\">from</span> books;</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">show</span> <span class=\"keyword\">columns</span> <span class=\"keyword\">from</span> books.orders;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">show</span> <span class=\"keyword\">grants</span> <span class=\"keyword\">for</span> bookorama;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">show</span> <span class=\"keyword\">tables</span>;</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">show</span> <span class=\"keyword\">tables</span> <span class=\"keyword\">from</span> books;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">show</span> <span class=\"keyword\">databases</span>;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">show</span> <span class=\"keyword\">columns</span> <span class=\"keyword\">from</span> orders <span class=\"keyword\">from</span> books;</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">show</span> <span class=\"keyword\">columns</span> <span class=\"keyword\">from</span> books.orders;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">show</span> <span class=\"keyword\">grants</span> <span class=\"keyword\">for</span> bookorama;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"事务","date":"2016-04-17T14:11:00.000Z","_content":"\n### 什么是事务？\n事务就是一个操作或一系列操作，他们要么全部执行，要么全部都不执行。\n\n想象你用支付宝转账100万给你朋友，这里包含两个操作：\n\n1. 在你的账户里减去100万。\n2. 在你朋友的账户里加上100万。\n\n这两个操作执行其中一个行不行？仔细想想：\n\n只执行前一个，那100万是不是就凭空消失！！！\n只执行后一个，是不是凭空多出100万！！！\n\n所以这两个操作就必须是一个事务啊，就叫它转账事务吧\n这个转账事务两个操作必须要么都执行，要么都不执行，这才对。\n\n### 在MySql中使用事务\n首先表类型必须是InnoDB,如果不是，使用下面语句修改表类型。\n```sql\nALTER TABLE table TYPE = innodb\n```\nMySQL默认是autocommit模式，即每一条sql语句都直接写入到数据库。\n\n你需要使用下面的语句开始一个事务。\n```sql\nstart transaction;\n```\n在你执行完组成事务的一系列SQL语句后，就可以提交事务了。\n```sql\ncommit\n```\n如果你改变主意，想回到最初的状态,在提交（commit）之前。\n```sql\nrollback\n```\n","source":"_posts/programming/2016-04-17-事务.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"事务\"\ndate: \"2016-04-17 22:11 +0800\"\n---\n\n### 什么是事务？\n事务就是一个操作或一系列操作，他们要么全部执行，要么全部都不执行。\n\n想象你用支付宝转账100万给你朋友，这里包含两个操作：\n\n1. 在你的账户里减去100万。\n2. 在你朋友的账户里加上100万。\n\n这两个操作执行其中一个行不行？仔细想想：\n\n只执行前一个，那100万是不是就凭空消失！！！\n只执行后一个，是不是凭空多出100万！！！\n\n所以这两个操作就必须是一个事务啊，就叫它转账事务吧\n这个转账事务两个操作必须要么都执行，要么都不执行，这才对。\n\n### 在MySql中使用事务\n首先表类型必须是InnoDB,如果不是，使用下面语句修改表类型。\n```sql\nALTER TABLE table TYPE = innodb\n```\nMySQL默认是autocommit模式，即每一条sql语句都直接写入到数据库。\n\n你需要使用下面的语句开始一个事务。\n```sql\nstart transaction;\n```\n在你执行完组成事务的一系列SQL语句后，就可以提交事务了。\n```sql\ncommit\n```\n如果你改变主意，想回到最初的状态,在提交（commit）之前。\n```sql\nrollback\n```\n","slug":"programming/2016-04-17-事务","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyixq000smkteb7a1aftc","content":"<h3 id=\"什么是事务？\"><a href=\"#什么是事务？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么是事务？\"></a>什么是事务？</h3><p>事务就是一个操作或一系列操作，他们要么全部执行，要么全部都不执行。</p>\n<p>想象你用支付宝转账100万给你朋友，这里包含两个操作：</p>\n<ol>\n<li>在你的账户里减去100万。</li>\n<li>在你朋友的账户里加上100万。</li>\n</ol>\n<p>这两个操作执行其中一个行不行？仔细想想：</p>\n<p>只执行前一个，那100万是不是就凭空消失！！！<br>只执行后一个，是不是凭空多出100万！！！</p>\n<p>所以这两个操作就必须是一个事务啊，就叫它转账事务吧<br>这个转账事务两个操作必须要么都执行，要么都不执行，这才对。</p>\n<h3 id=\"在MySql中使用事务\"><a href=\"#在MySql中使用事务\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"在MySql中使用事务\"></a>在MySql中使用事务</h3><p>首先表类型必须是InnoDB,如果不是，使用下面语句修改表类型。<br><figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">ALTER</span> <span class=\"keyword\">TABLE</span> <span class=\"keyword\">table</span> <span class=\"keyword\">TYPE</span> = <span class=\"keyword\">innodb</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n<p>MySQL默认是autocommit模式，即每一条sql语句都直接写入到数据库。</p>\n<p>你需要使用下面的语句开始一个事务。<br><figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">start</span> <span class=\"keyword\">transaction</span>;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n<p>在你执行完组成事务的一系列SQL语句后，就可以提交事务了。<br><figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">commit</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n<p>如果你改变主意，想回到最初的状态,在提交（commit）之前。<br><figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">rollback</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<h3 id=\"什么是事务？\"><a href=\"#什么是事务？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么是事务？\"></a>什么是事务？</h3><p>事务就是一个操作或一系列操作，他们要么全部执行，要么全部都不执行。</p>\n<p>想象你用支付宝转账100万给你朋友，这里包含两个操作：</p>\n<ol>\n<li>在你的账户里减去100万。</li>\n<li>在你朋友的账户里加上100万。</li>\n</ol>\n<p>这两个操作执行其中一个行不行？仔细想想：</p>\n<p>只执行前一个，那100万是不是就凭空消失！！！<br>只执行后一个，是不是凭空多出100万！！！</p>\n<p>所以这两个操作就必须是一个事务啊，就叫它转账事务吧<br>这个转账事务两个操作必须要么都执行，要么都不执行，这才对。</p>\n<h3 id=\"在MySql中使用事务\"><a href=\"#在MySql中使用事务\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"在MySql中使用事务\"></a>在MySql中使用事务</h3><p>首先表类型必须是InnoDB,如果不是，使用下面语句修改表类型。<br><figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">ALTER</span> <span class=\"keyword\">TABLE</span> <span class=\"keyword\">table</span> <span class=\"keyword\">TYPE</span> = <span class=\"keyword\">innodb</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n<p>MySQL默认是autocommit模式，即每一条sql语句都直接写入到数据库。</p>\n<p>你需要使用下面的语句开始一个事务。<br><figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">start</span> <span class=\"keyword\">transaction</span>;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n<p>在你执行完组成事务的一系列SQL语句后，就可以提交事务了。<br><figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">commit</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n<p>如果你改变主意，想回到最初的状态,在提交（commit）之前。<br><figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">rollback</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"存储引擎（表类型）","date":"2016-04-17T14:00:00.000Z","_content":"```sql\nCREATE TABLE table TYPE= myisam\nALTER TABLE table TYPE = innodb\n```\n常用类型\n* MyISAM\n\n 拥有很多工具去检查和修复表，能被压缩，支持全文本搜索，但不支持事务和外键\n\n* innoDB\n 支持事务，提供commit和rollback能力，支持外键，但是比MyISAM慢。\n","source":"_posts/programming/2016-04-17-存储引擎（表类型）.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"存储引擎（表类型）\"\ndate: \"2016-04-17 22:00 +0800\"\n---\n```sql\nCREATE TABLE table TYPE= myisam\nALTER TABLE table TYPE = innodb\n```\n常用类型\n* MyISAM\n\n 拥有很多工具去检查和修复表，能被压缩，支持全文本搜索，但不支持事务和外键\n\n* innoDB\n 支持事务，提供commit和rollback能力，支持外键，但是比MyISAM慢。\n","slug":"programming/2016-04-17-存储引擎（表类型）","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyixr000umktedxs2ogrn","content":"<figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">CREATE</span> <span class=\"keyword\">TABLE</span> <span class=\"keyword\">table</span> <span class=\"keyword\">TYPE</span>= myisam</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">ALTER</span> <span class=\"keyword\">TABLE</span> <span class=\"keyword\">table</span> <span class=\"keyword\">TYPE</span> = <span class=\"keyword\">innodb</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>常用类型</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>MyISAM</p>\n<p>拥有很多工具去检查和修复表，能被压缩，支持全文本搜索，但不支持事务和外键</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>innoDB<br>支持事务，提供commit和rollback能力，支持外键，但是比MyISAM慢。</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">CREATE</span> <span class=\"keyword\">TABLE</span> <span class=\"keyword\">table</span> <span class=\"keyword\">TYPE</span>= myisam</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">ALTER</span> <span class=\"keyword\">TABLE</span> <span class=\"keyword\">table</span> <span class=\"keyword\">TYPE</span> = <span class=\"keyword\">innodb</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>常用类型</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>MyISAM</p>\n<p>拥有很多工具去检查和修复表，能被压缩，支持全文本搜索，但不支持事务和外键</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>innoDB<br>支持事务，提供commit和rollback能力，支持外键，但是比MyISAM慢。</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"从文本导入数据到数据库","date":"2016-04-17T13:52:00.000Z","_content":"\n```sql\nLOAD DATA INFILE \"newbooks.txt\" INTO TABLE books;\n```\n默认\n1. 字段以tabs分隔\n2. 记录以newline（\\n）分隔\n3. 特殊字符使用slash(\\) 进行转义\n4. 使用该命令需要FILE权限\n","source":"_posts/programming/2016-04-17-从文本导入数据到数据库.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"从文本导入数据到数据库\"\ndate: \"2016-04-17 21:52 +0800\"\n---\n\n```sql\nLOAD DATA INFILE \"newbooks.txt\" INTO TABLE books;\n```\n默认\n1. 字段以tabs分隔\n2. 记录以newline（\\n）分隔\n3. 特殊字符使用slash(\\) 进行转义\n4. 使用该命令需要FILE权限\n","slug":"programming/2016-04-17-从文本导入数据到数据库","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyixt000vmkte7yzmo46f","content":"<figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">LOAD</span> <span class=\"keyword\">DATA</span> <span class=\"keyword\">INFILE</span> <span class=\"string\">\"newbooks.txt\"</span> <span class=\"keyword\">INTO</span> <span class=\"keyword\">TABLE</span> books;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>默认</p>\n<ol>\n<li>字段以tabs分隔</li>\n<li>记录以newline（\\n）分隔</li>\n<li>特殊字符使用slash() 进行转义</li>\n<li>使用该命令需要FILE权限</li>\n</ol>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">LOAD</span> <span class=\"keyword\">DATA</span> <span class=\"keyword\">INFILE</span> <span class=\"string\">\"newbooks.txt\"</span> <span class=\"keyword\">INTO</span> <span class=\"keyword\">TABLE</span> books;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>默认</p>\n<ol>\n<li>字段以tabs分隔</li>\n<li>记录以newline（\\n）分隔</li>\n<li>特殊字符使用slash() 进行转义</li>\n<li>使用该命令需要FILE权限</li>\n</ol>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"事务","date":"2016-04-17T14:11:00.000Z","_content":"\n### 什么是事务？\n事务就是一个操作或一系列操作，他们要么全部执行，要么全部都不执行。\n\n想象你用支付宝转账100万给你朋友，这里包含两个操作：\n\n1. 在你的账户里减去100万。\n2. 在你朋友的账户里加上100万。\n\n这两个操作执行其中一个行不行？仔细想想：\n\n只执行前一个，那100万是不是就凭空消失！！！\n只执行后一个，是不是凭空多出100万！！！\n\n所以这两个操作就必须是一个事务啊，就叫它转账事务吧\n这个转账事务两个操作必须要么都执行，要么都不执行，这才对。\n\n### 在MySql中使用事务\n首先表类型必须是InnoDB,如果不是，使用下面语句修改表类型。\n```sql\nALTER TABLE table TYPE = innodb\n```\nMySQL默认是autocommit模式，即每一条sql语句都直接写入到数据库。\n\n你需要使用下面的语句开始一个事务。\n```sql\nstart transaction;\n```\n在你执行完组成事务的一系列SQL语句后，就可以提交事务了。\n```sql\ncommit\n```\n如果你改变主意，想回到最初的状态,在提交（commit）之前。\n```sql\nrollback\n```\n","source":"_posts/programming/2016-04-17-存储过程.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"事务\"\ndate: \"2016-04-17 22:11 +0800\"\n---\n\n### 什么是事务？\n事务就是一个操作或一系列操作，他们要么全部执行，要么全部都不执行。\n\n想象你用支付宝转账100万给你朋友，这里包含两个操作：\n\n1. 在你的账户里减去100万。\n2. 在你朋友的账户里加上100万。\n\n这两个操作执行其中一个行不行？仔细想想：\n\n只执行前一个，那100万是不是就凭空消失！！！\n只执行后一个，是不是凭空多出100万！！！\n\n所以这两个操作就必须是一个事务啊，就叫它转账事务吧\n这个转账事务两个操作必须要么都执行，要么都不执行，这才对。\n\n### 在MySql中使用事务\n首先表类型必须是InnoDB,如果不是，使用下面语句修改表类型。\n```sql\nALTER TABLE table TYPE = innodb\n```\nMySQL默认是autocommit模式，即每一条sql语句都直接写入到数据库。\n\n你需要使用下面的语句开始一个事务。\n```sql\nstart transaction;\n```\n在你执行完组成事务的一系列SQL语句后，就可以提交事务了。\n```sql\ncommit\n```\n如果你改变主意，想回到最初的状态,在提交（commit）之前。\n```sql\nrollback\n```\n","slug":"programming/2016-04-17-存储过程","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyixv000wmktexdddh94z","content":"<h3 id=\"什么是事务？\"><a href=\"#什么是事务？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么是事务？\"></a>什么是事务？</h3><p>事务就是一个操作或一系列操作，他们要么全部执行，要么全部都不执行。</p>\n<p>想象你用支付宝转账100万给你朋友，这里包含两个操作：</p>\n<ol>\n<li>在你的账户里减去100万。</li>\n<li>在你朋友的账户里加上100万。</li>\n</ol>\n<p>这两个操作执行其中一个行不行？仔细想想：</p>\n<p>只执行前一个，那100万是不是就凭空消失！！！<br>只执行后一个，是不是凭空多出100万！！！</p>\n<p>所以这两个操作就必须是一个事务啊，就叫它转账事务吧<br>这个转账事务两个操作必须要么都执行，要么都不执行，这才对。</p>\n<h3 id=\"在MySql中使用事务\"><a href=\"#在MySql中使用事务\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"在MySql中使用事务\"></a>在MySql中使用事务</h3><p>首先表类型必须是InnoDB,如果不是，使用下面语句修改表类型。<br><figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">ALTER</span> <span class=\"keyword\">TABLE</span> <span class=\"keyword\">table</span> <span class=\"keyword\">TYPE</span> = <span class=\"keyword\">innodb</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n<p>MySQL默认是autocommit模式，即每一条sql语句都直接写入到数据库。</p>\n<p>你需要使用下面的语句开始一个事务。<br><figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">start</span> <span class=\"keyword\">transaction</span>;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n<p>在你执行完组成事务的一系列SQL语句后，就可以提交事务了。<br><figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">commit</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n<p>如果你改变主意，想回到最初的状态,在提交（commit）之前。<br><figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">rollback</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<h3 id=\"什么是事务？\"><a href=\"#什么是事务？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么是事务？\"></a>什么是事务？</h3><p>事务就是一个操作或一系列操作，他们要么全部执行，要么全部都不执行。</p>\n<p>想象你用支付宝转账100万给你朋友，这里包含两个操作：</p>\n<ol>\n<li>在你的账户里减去100万。</li>\n<li>在你朋友的账户里加上100万。</li>\n</ol>\n<p>这两个操作执行其中一个行不行？仔细想想：</p>\n<p>只执行前一个，那100万是不是就凭空消失！！！<br>只执行后一个，是不是凭空多出100万！！！</p>\n<p>所以这两个操作就必须是一个事务啊，就叫它转账事务吧<br>这个转账事务两个操作必须要么都执行，要么都不执行，这才对。</p>\n<h3 id=\"在MySql中使用事务\"><a href=\"#在MySql中使用事务\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"在MySql中使用事务\"></a>在MySql中使用事务</h3><p>首先表类型必须是InnoDB,如果不是，使用下面语句修改表类型。<br><figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">ALTER</span> <span class=\"keyword\">TABLE</span> <span class=\"keyword\">table</span> <span class=\"keyword\">TYPE</span> = <span class=\"keyword\">innodb</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n<p>MySQL默认是autocommit模式，即每一条sql语句都直接写入到数据库。</p>\n<p>你需要使用下面的语句开始一个事务。<br><figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">start</span> <span class=\"keyword\">transaction</span>;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n<p>在你执行完组成事务的一系列SQL语句后，就可以提交事务了。<br><figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">commit</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n<p>如果你改变主意，想回到最初的状态,在提交（commit）之前。<br><figure class=\"highlight sql\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">rollback</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"javascrip入门大纲","date":"2016-06-11T14:51:00.000Z","_content":"## chapter 1: Javascript basic\n\n### Syntax Basics\n\n1. statemants\n2. variable naming\n3. whitespace\n\n\n* Case sensitivity\n\n* Whitespace\n\n* Semicolon\n  Automatic Semicolon Insertion\n\n### Javascript Statements\n1. Values\n  * fixed values\n  * variable values\n\n\n2. Operstors\n  *\n3. Expressions\n4. Keywords\n5. Comments\n\n### Javascript expressions\n\n### Javascript keywords\n\n### Comments\n\n### Identifiers\n","source":"_posts/programming/2016-06-11-javascrip入门大纲.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"javascrip入门大纲\"\ndate: \"2016-06-11 22:51 +0800\"\n---\n## chapter 1: Javascript basic\n\n### Syntax Basics\n\n1. statemants\n2. variable naming\n3. whitespace\n\n\n* Case sensitivity\n\n* Whitespace\n\n* Semicolon\n  Automatic Semicolon Insertion\n\n### Javascript Statements\n1. Values\n  * fixed values\n  * variable values\n\n\n2. Operstors\n  *\n3. Expressions\n4. Keywords\n5. Comments\n\n### Javascript expressions\n\n### Javascript keywords\n\n### Comments\n\n### Identifiers\n","slug":"programming/2016-06-11-javascrip入门大纲","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyixx000ymkte9qo8lm58","content":"<h2 id=\"chapter-1-Javascript-basic\"><a href=\"#chapter-1-Javascript-basic\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"chapter 1: Javascript basic\"></a>chapter 1: Javascript basic</h2><h3 id=\"Syntax-Basics\"><a href=\"#Syntax-Basics\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Syntax Basics\"></a>Syntax Basics</h3><ol>\n<li>statemants</li>\n<li>variable naming</li>\n<li>whitespace</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Case sensitivity</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Whitespace</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Semicolon<br>Automatic Semicolon Insertion</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"Javascript-Statements\"><a href=\"#Javascript-Statements\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Javascript Statements\"></a>Javascript Statements</h3><ol>\n<li>Values<ul>\n<li>fixed values</li>\n<li>variable values</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<ol>\n<li>Operstors<br>*</li>\n<li>Expressions</li>\n<li>Keywords</li>\n<li>Comments</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"Javascript-expressions\"><a href=\"#Javascript-expressions\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Javascript expressions\"></a>Javascript expressions</h3><h3 id=\"Javascript-keywords\"><a href=\"#Javascript-keywords\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Javascript keywords\"></a>Javascript keywords</h3><h3 id=\"Comments\"><a href=\"#Comments\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Comments\"></a>Comments</h3><h3 id=\"Identifiers\"><a href=\"#Identifiers\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Identifiers\"></a>Identifiers</h3>","excerpt":"","more":"<h2 id=\"chapter-1-Javascript-basic\"><a href=\"#chapter-1-Javascript-basic\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"chapter 1: Javascript basic\"></a>chapter 1: Javascript basic</h2><h3 id=\"Syntax-Basics\"><a href=\"#Syntax-Basics\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Syntax Basics\"></a>Syntax Basics</h3><ol>\n<li>statemants</li>\n<li>variable naming</li>\n<li>whitespace</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Case sensitivity</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Whitespace</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Semicolon<br>Automatic Semicolon Insertion</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"Javascript-Statements\"><a href=\"#Javascript-Statements\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Javascript Statements\"></a>Javascript Statements</h3><ol>\n<li>Values<ul>\n<li>fixed values</li>\n<li>variable values</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<ol>\n<li>Operstors<br>*</li>\n<li>Expressions</li>\n<li>Keywords</li>\n<li>Comments</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"Javascript-expressions\"><a href=\"#Javascript-expressions\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Javascript expressions\"></a>Javascript expressions</h3><h3 id=\"Javascript-keywords\"><a href=\"#Javascript-keywords\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Javascript keywords\"></a>Javascript keywords</h3><h3 id=\"Comments\"><a href=\"#Comments\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Comments\"></a>Comments</h3><h3 id=\"Identifiers\"><a href=\"#Identifiers\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Identifiers\"></a>Identifiers</h3>"},{"layout":"post","title":"Javascript函数","date":"2016-06-12T09:29:00.000Z","_content":"## 什么是JavaScript函数？\n在所有编程语言里，函数是用来包含需要重复执行的代码块，Javascript也不例外。\n\nJavascript函数可以有0到n个参数。\n\nJavascript函数可以返回一个值或0个值。\n\n## 如何创建函数？\n在JavaScript里，有两种创建函数的方法法。\n\n1. 函数声明法\n```javascript\nfunction foo() {\n  /* do something */\n}\n```\n2. 函数表达式法\n```javascript\nvar foo = function() {\n  /* do something */\n}\n```\n\n## 如何使用函数？\n下面是使用不同类型函数的例子\n\n1. 简单函数\n```javascript\nvar greet = function(person,greeting)\n{\n  var text = greeting+','+person;\n  console.log(text);\n};\ngreet('Duran','Hello');\n```\n\n2. 有返回值得函数\n```javascript\nvar greet = function(person, greeting)\n{\n  var text = greeting+','+person;\n  return text;\n};\nconsole.log(greet('Duran','Hello'));\n```\n\n3. 返回函数的函数\n```javascript\nvar greet = function(person,greeting)\n{\n  var text = greeting+''+person;\n  return function(){console.log(text)};\n};\nvar greeting = greet('Duran','hello');\ngreeting();\n```\n\n## 自执行匿名函数\n在javascript中，自执行匿名函数一种随处可见的函数，所以理解它是非常重要的。\n\n它首先建立一个函数表达式，然后立刻执行它。\n\n注意：所有在自执行匿名函数中声明的变量在函数外部都是不可访问的。\n\n```javascript\n(function(){\n  var foo = 'Hello world';\n})()\nconsole.log(foo); //undefined!\n```\n\n## 函数作为函数的参数\n函数在JavaScript中非常重要，它们被当做一等公民，什么是一等公民？就是它们能被赋值给变量，能作为参数传递给另一个函数。\n\n### 传递匿名函数作为参数\n```javascript\nvar myFn = function(fn) {\n  var result =fn();\n  console.log(result);\n}\nmyFn(function(){return 'hello world';});\n```\n### 传递非匿名函数作为参数\n```javascript\nvar myFn = function(fn) {\n  var result = fn();\n  console.log(result);\n}\nvar myOtherFn = function(){\n  return 'hello world';\n}\nmyFn(myOtherFn);\n```\n","source":"_posts/programming/2016-06-12-Javascript函数.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"Javascript函数\"\ndate: \"2016-06-12 17:29 +0800\"\n---\n## 什么是JavaScript函数？\n在所有编程语言里，函数是用来包含需要重复执行的代码块，Javascript也不例外。\n\nJavascript函数可以有0到n个参数。\n\nJavascript函数可以返回一个值或0个值。\n\n## 如何创建函数？\n在JavaScript里，有两种创建函数的方法法。\n\n1. 函数声明法\n```javascript\nfunction foo() {\n  /* do something */\n}\n```\n2. 函数表达式法\n```javascript\nvar foo = function() {\n  /* do something */\n}\n```\n\n## 如何使用函数？\n下面是使用不同类型函数的例子\n\n1. 简单函数\n```javascript\nvar greet = function(person,greeting)\n{\n  var text = greeting+','+person;\n  console.log(text);\n};\ngreet('Duran','Hello');\n```\n\n2. 有返回值得函数\n```javascript\nvar greet = function(person, greeting)\n{\n  var text = greeting+','+person;\n  return text;\n};\nconsole.log(greet('Duran','Hello'));\n```\n\n3. 返回函数的函数\n```javascript\nvar greet = function(person,greeting)\n{\n  var text = greeting+''+person;\n  return function(){console.log(text)};\n};\nvar greeting = greet('Duran','hello');\ngreeting();\n```\n\n## 自执行匿名函数\n在javascript中，自执行匿名函数一种随处可见的函数，所以理解它是非常重要的。\n\n它首先建立一个函数表达式，然后立刻执行它。\n\n注意：所有在自执行匿名函数中声明的变量在函数外部都是不可访问的。\n\n```javascript\n(function(){\n  var foo = 'Hello world';\n})()\nconsole.log(foo); //undefined!\n```\n\n## 函数作为函数的参数\n函数在JavaScript中非常重要，它们被当做一等公民，什么是一等公民？就是它们能被赋值给变量，能作为参数传递给另一个函数。\n\n### 传递匿名函数作为参数\n```javascript\nvar myFn = function(fn) {\n  var result =fn();\n  console.log(result);\n}\nmyFn(function(){return 'hello world';});\n```\n### 传递非匿名函数作为参数\n```javascript\nvar myFn = function(fn) {\n  var result = fn();\n  console.log(result);\n}\nvar myOtherFn = function(){\n  return 'hello world';\n}\nmyFn(myOtherFn);\n```\n","slug":"programming/2016-06-12-Javascript函数","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyixx000zmktem1ygir8i","content":"<h2 id=\"什么是JavaScript函数？\"><a href=\"#什么是JavaScript函数？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么是JavaScript函数？\"></a>什么是JavaScript函数？</h2><p>在所有编程语言里，函数是用来包含需要重复执行的代码块，Javascript也不例外。</p>\n<p>Javascript函数可以有0到n个参数。</p>\n<p>Javascript函数可以返回一个值或0个值。</p>\n<h2 id=\"如何创建函数？\"><a href=\"#如何创建函数？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如何创建函数？\"></a>如何创建函数？</h2><p>在JavaScript里，有两种创建函数的方法法。</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>函数声明法</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span> <span class=\"title\">foo</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"comment\">/* do something */</span></div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n<li><p>函数表达式法</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> foo = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"comment\">/* do something */</span></div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"如何使用函数？\"><a href=\"#如何使用函数？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如何使用函数？\"></a>如何使用函数？</h2><p>下面是使用不同类型函数的例子</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>简单函数</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> greet = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\">person,greeting</span>)</span></div><div class=\"line\">&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">var</span> text = greeting+<span class=\"string\">','</span>+person;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(text);</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;;</div><div class=\"line\">greet(<span class=\"string\">'Duran'</span>,<span class=\"string\">'Hello'</span>);</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n<li><p>有返回值得函数</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> greet = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\">person, greeting</span>)</span></div><div class=\"line\">&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">var</span> text = greeting+<span class=\"string\">','</span>+person;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">return</span> text;</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;;</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(greet(<span class=\"string\">'Duran'</span>,<span class=\"string\">'Hello'</span>));</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n<li><p>返回函数的函数</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> greet = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\">person,greeting</span>)</span></div><div class=\"line\">&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">var</span> text = greeting+<span class=\"string\">''</span>+person;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>)</span>&#123;<span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(text)&#125;;</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;;</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> greeting = greet(<span class=\"string\">'Duran'</span>,<span class=\"string\">'hello'</span>);</div><div class=\"line\">greeting();</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"自执行匿名函数\"><a href=\"#自执行匿名函数\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"自执行匿名函数\"></a>自执行匿名函数</h2><p>在javascript中，自执行匿名函数一种随处可见的函数，所以理解它是非常重要的。</p>\n<p>它首先建立一个函数表达式，然后立刻执行它。</p>\n<p>注意：所有在自执行匿名函数中声明的变量在函数外部都是不可访问的。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">(<span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>)</span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">var</span> foo = <span class=\"string\">'Hello world'</span>;</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;)()</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(foo); <span class=\"comment\">//undefined!</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<h2 id=\"函数作为函数的参数\"><a href=\"#函数作为函数的参数\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"函数作为函数的参数\"></a>函数作为函数的参数</h2><p>函数在JavaScript中非常重要，它们被当做一等公民，什么是一等公民？就是它们能被赋值给变量，能作为参数传递给另一个函数。</p>\n<h3 id=\"传递匿名函数作为参数\"><a href=\"#传递匿名函数作为参数\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"传递匿名函数作为参数\"></a>传递匿名函数作为参数</h3><figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> myFn = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\">fn</span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">var</span> result =fn();</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(result);</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div><div class=\"line\">myFn(<span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>)</span>&#123;<span class=\"keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"string\">'hello world'</span>;&#125;);</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<h3 id=\"传递非匿名函数作为参数\"><a href=\"#传递非匿名函数作为参数\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"传递非匿名函数作为参数\"></a>传递非匿名函数作为参数</h3><figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> myFn = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\">fn</span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">var</span> result = fn();</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(result);</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> myOtherFn = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>)</span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"string\">'hello world'</span>;</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div><div class=\"line\">myFn(myOtherFn);</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<h2 id=\"什么是JavaScript函数？\"><a href=\"#什么是JavaScript函数？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么是JavaScript函数？\"></a>什么是JavaScript函数？</h2><p>在所有编程语言里，函数是用来包含需要重复执行的代码块，Javascript也不例外。</p>\n<p>Javascript函数可以有0到n个参数。</p>\n<p>Javascript函数可以返回一个值或0个值。</p>\n<h2 id=\"如何创建函数？\"><a href=\"#如何创建函数？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如何创建函数？\"></a>如何创建函数？</h2><p>在JavaScript里，有两种创建函数的方法法。</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>函数声明法</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span> <span class=\"title\">foo</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"comment\">/* do something */</span></div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n<li><p>函数表达式法</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> foo = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"comment\">/* do something */</span></div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"如何使用函数？\"><a href=\"#如何使用函数？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如何使用函数？\"></a>如何使用函数？</h2><p>下面是使用不同类型函数的例子</p>\n<ol>\n<li><p>简单函数</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> greet = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\">person,greeting</span>)</div><div class=\"line\"></span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">var</span> text = greeting+<span class=\"string\">','</span>+person;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(text);</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;;</div><div class=\"line\">greet(<span class=\"string\">'Duran'</span>,<span class=\"string\">'Hello'</span>);</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n<li><p>有返回值得函数</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> greet = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\">person, greeting</span>)</div><div class=\"line\"></span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">var</span> text = greeting+<span class=\"string\">','</span>+person;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">return</span> text;</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;;</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(greet(<span class=\"string\">'Duran'</span>,<span class=\"string\">'Hello'</span>));</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n<li><p>返回函数的函数</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> greet = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\">person,greeting</span>)</div><div class=\"line\"></span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">var</span> text = greeting+<span class=\"string\">''</span>+person;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>)</span>&#123;<span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(text)&#125;;</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;;</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> greeting = greet(<span class=\"string\">'Duran'</span>,<span class=\"string\">'hello'</span>);</div><div class=\"line\">greeting();</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"自执行匿名函数\"><a href=\"#自执行匿名函数\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"自执行匿名函数\"></a>自执行匿名函数</h2><p>在javascript中，自执行匿名函数一种随处可见的函数，所以理解它是非常重要的。</p>\n<p>它首先建立一个函数表达式，然后立刻执行它。</p>\n<p>注意：所有在自执行匿名函数中声明的变量在函数外部都是不可访问的。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\">(<span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>)</span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">var</span> foo = <span class=\"string\">'Hello world'</span>;</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;)()</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(foo); <span class=\"comment\">//undefined!</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<h2 id=\"函数作为函数的参数\"><a href=\"#函数作为函数的参数\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"函数作为函数的参数\"></a>函数作为函数的参数</h2><p>函数在JavaScript中非常重要，它们被当做一等公民，什么是一等公民？就是它们能被赋值给变量，能作为参数传递给另一个函数。</p>\n<h3 id=\"传递匿名函数作为参数\"><a href=\"#传递匿名函数作为参数\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"传递匿名函数作为参数\"></a>传递匿名函数作为参数</h3><figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> myFn = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\">fn</span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">var</span> result =fn();</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(result);</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div><div class=\"line\">myFn(<span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>)</span>&#123;<span class=\"keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"string\">'hello world'</span>;&#125;);</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<h3 id=\"传递非匿名函数作为参数\"><a href=\"#传递非匿名函数作为参数\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"传递非匿名函数作为参数\"></a>传递非匿名函数作为参数</h3><figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> myFn = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\">fn</span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">var</span> result = fn();</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(result);</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> myOtherFn = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>)</span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"string\">'hello world'</span>;</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div><div class=\"line\">myFn(myOtherFn);</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"IBM Agile for Dummies","date":"2016-05-26T10:12:00.000Z","_content":"[TOC]\n\n## Chapter 1 Getting the ABCs of Agile\n\n### Looking Back at Software Development Approaches\n\n### Code-and-Fix/Big Bang development\n\nwrote some code and then fixed incorrect things\n\nsoftware was deliverd all at once, in a \"big bang\"\n\n### Waterfall\n1. Requirement\n2. Design\n3. Development\n4. Integration\n5. Testing\n6. Deployment\n\nWaterfall presented a step forward from Code-and-Fix.\n\nProblems:\n1. Schedule risk\n2. limited flexibility\n3. Reduced customer involvement\n\n### The Spiral model\n","source":"_posts/programming/2016-05-26-IBM-agile-for-dummies.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"IBM Agile for Dummies\"\ndate: \"2016-05-26 18:12 +0800\"\n---\n[TOC]\n\n## Chapter 1 Getting the ABCs of Agile\n\n### Looking Back at Software Development Approaches\n\n### Code-and-Fix/Big Bang development\n\nwrote some code and then fixed incorrect things\n\nsoftware was deliverd all at once, in a \"big bang\"\n\n### Waterfall\n1. Requirement\n2. Design\n3. Development\n4. Integration\n5. Testing\n6. Deployment\n\nWaterfall presented a step forward from Code-and-Fix.\n\nProblems:\n1. Schedule risk\n2. limited flexibility\n3. Reduced customer involvement\n\n### The Spiral model\n","slug":"programming/2016-05-26-IBM-agile-for-dummies","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyixy0010mkte046c6xwe","content":"<p>[TOC]</p>\n<h2 id=\"Chapter-1-Getting-the-ABCs-of-Agile\"><a href=\"#Chapter-1-Getting-the-ABCs-of-Agile\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Chapter 1 Getting the ABCs of Agile\"></a>Chapter 1 Getting the ABCs of Agile</h2><h3 id=\"Looking-Back-at-Software-Development-Approaches\"><a href=\"#Looking-Back-at-Software-Development-Approaches\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Looking Back at Software Development Approaches\"></a>Looking Back at Software Development Approaches</h3><h3 id=\"Code-and-Fix-Big-Bang-development\"><a href=\"#Code-and-Fix-Big-Bang-development\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Code-and-Fix/Big Bang development\"></a>Code-and-Fix/Big Bang development</h3><p>wrote some code and then fixed incorrect things</p>\n<p>software was deliverd all at once, in a “big bang”</p>\n<h3 id=\"Waterfall\"><a href=\"#Waterfall\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Waterfall\"></a>Waterfall</h3><ol>\n<li>Requirement</li>\n<li>Design</li>\n<li>Development</li>\n<li>Integration</li>\n<li>Testing</li>\n<li>Deployment</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Waterfall presented a step forward from Code-and-Fix.</p>\n<p>Problems:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Schedule risk</li>\n<li>limited flexibility</li>\n<li>Reduced customer involvement</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"The-Spiral-model\"><a href=\"#The-Spiral-model\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"The Spiral model\"></a>The Spiral model</h3>","excerpt":"","more":"<p>[TOC]</p>\n<h2 id=\"Chapter-1-Getting-the-ABCs-of-Agile\"><a href=\"#Chapter-1-Getting-the-ABCs-of-Agile\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Chapter 1 Getting the ABCs of Agile\"></a>Chapter 1 Getting the ABCs of Agile</h2><h3 id=\"Looking-Back-at-Software-Development-Approaches\"><a href=\"#Looking-Back-at-Software-Development-Approaches\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Looking Back at Software Development Approaches\"></a>Looking Back at Software Development Approaches</h3><h3 id=\"Code-and-Fix-Big-Bang-development\"><a href=\"#Code-and-Fix-Big-Bang-development\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Code-and-Fix/Big Bang development\"></a>Code-and-Fix/Big Bang development</h3><p>wrote some code and then fixed incorrect things</p>\n<p>software was deliverd all at once, in a “big bang”</p>\n<h3 id=\"Waterfall\"><a href=\"#Waterfall\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Waterfall\"></a>Waterfall</h3><ol>\n<li>Requirement</li>\n<li>Design</li>\n<li>Development</li>\n<li>Integration</li>\n<li>Testing</li>\n<li>Deployment</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Waterfall presented a step forward from Code-and-Fix.</p>\n<p>Problems:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Schedule risk</li>\n<li>limited flexibility</li>\n<li>Reduced customer involvement</li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"The-Spiral-model\"><a href=\"#The-Spiral-model\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"The Spiral model\"></a>The Spiral model</h3>"},{"layout":"post","title":"Javascript作用域","date":"2016-06-19T09:24:00.000Z","_content":"## 什么是作用域？\n作用域就是一个变量在代码中可以使用的范围。\n\n\n## Javascript的作用域\n1. 用var定义的变量\n\n  当在一个函数中用var声明一个变量，那么这个变量的作用域就是这个函数内。\n\n  也就是这个变量只能在这个函数内可以使用，函数外部不可以使用。\n\n  同样，在这个函数内定义的函数也可以使用这个变量。\n\n2. 不用var定义的变量\n\n  在函数内不用var定义的变量的作用域将不限制在这个函数内。\n\n  Javascript将回溯作用域链，直到找到这个变量初次被定义的地方。\n\n  如果回溯到window作用域都没有找到，这个变量将被赋予全局作用域。\n## 函数作用域示例\n\n### 函数内可以访问函数外变量\n\n因为该函数在这个变量的作用域内。\n\n```javascript\nvar message = 'hello';\n\nvar sayHello = function() {\n  console.log(message);\n}\n\nsayHello(); //logs 'hello'\n\nconsole.log(message); //logs 'hello'\n```\n\n### 函数外不可以访问函数内变量\n因为该变量的作用域只在函数内。\n```javascript\nvar sayHello = function(){\n  var message = 'goodbye';\n  console.log(message)\n}\n\nsayHello(); //logs 'goodbye'\n\nconsole.log(message); // error\n```\n","source":"_posts/programming/2016-06-19-javascript作用域.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"Javascript作用域\"\ndate: \"2016-06-19 17:24 +0800\"\n---\n## 什么是作用域？\n作用域就是一个变量在代码中可以使用的范围。\n\n\n## Javascript的作用域\n1. 用var定义的变量\n\n  当在一个函数中用var声明一个变量，那么这个变量的作用域就是这个函数内。\n\n  也就是这个变量只能在这个函数内可以使用，函数外部不可以使用。\n\n  同样，在这个函数内定义的函数也可以使用这个变量。\n\n2. 不用var定义的变量\n\n  在函数内不用var定义的变量的作用域将不限制在这个函数内。\n\n  Javascript将回溯作用域链，直到找到这个变量初次被定义的地方。\n\n  如果回溯到window作用域都没有找到，这个变量将被赋予全局作用域。\n## 函数作用域示例\n\n### 函数内可以访问函数外变量\n\n因为该函数在这个变量的作用域内。\n\n```javascript\nvar message = 'hello';\n\nvar sayHello = function() {\n  console.log(message);\n}\n\nsayHello(); //logs 'hello'\n\nconsole.log(message); //logs 'hello'\n```\n\n### 函数外不可以访问函数内变量\n因为该变量的作用域只在函数内。\n```javascript\nvar sayHello = function(){\n  var message = 'goodbye';\n  console.log(message)\n}\n\nsayHello(); //logs 'goodbye'\n\nconsole.log(message); // error\n```\n","slug":"programming/2016-06-19-javascript作用域","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyixz0011mkted6nldww2","content":"<h2 id=\"什么是作用域？\"><a href=\"#什么是作用域？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么是作用域？\"></a>什么是作用域？</h2><p>作用域就是一个变量在代码中可以使用的范围。</p>\n<h2 id=\"Javascript的作用域\"><a href=\"#Javascript的作用域\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Javascript的作用域\"></a>Javascript的作用域</h2><ol>\n<li><p>用var定义的变量</p>\n<p>当在一个函数中用var声明一个变量，那么这个变量的作用域就是这个函数内。</p>\n<p>也就是这个变量只能在这个函数内可以使用，函数外部不可以使用。</p>\n<p>同样，在这个函数内定义的函数也可以使用这个变量。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>不用var定义的变量</p>\n<p>在函数内不用var定义的变量的作用域将不限制在这个函数内。</p>\n<p>Javascript将回溯作用域链，直到找到这个变量初次被定义的地方。</p>\n<p>如果回溯到window作用域都没有找到，这个变量将被赋予全局作用域。</p>\n<h2 id=\"函数作用域示例\"><a href=\"#函数作用域示例\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"函数作用域示例\"></a>函数作用域示例</h2></li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"函数内可以访问函数外变量\"><a href=\"#函数内可以访问函数外变量\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"函数内可以访问函数外变量\"></a>函数内可以访问函数外变量</h3><p>因为该函数在这个变量的作用域内。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> message = <span class=\"string\">'hello'</span>;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> sayHello = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(message);</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">sayHello(); <span class=\"comment\">//logs 'hello'</span></div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(message); <span class=\"comment\">//logs 'hello'</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<h3 id=\"函数外不可以访问函数内变量\"><a href=\"#函数外不可以访问函数内变量\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"函数外不可以访问函数内变量\"></a>函数外不可以访问函数内变量</h3><p>因为该变量的作用域只在函数内。<br><figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> sayHello = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>)</span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">var</span> message = <span class=\"string\">'goodbye'</span>;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(message)</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">sayHello(); <span class=\"comment\">//logs 'goodbye'</span></div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(message); <span class=\"comment\">// error</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<h2 id=\"什么是作用域？\"><a href=\"#什么是作用域？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么是作用域？\"></a>什么是作用域？</h2><p>作用域就是一个变量在代码中可以使用的范围。</p>\n<h2 id=\"Javascript的作用域\"><a href=\"#Javascript的作用域\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"Javascript的作用域\"></a>Javascript的作用域</h2><ol>\n<li><p>用var定义的变量</p>\n<p>当在一个函数中用var声明一个变量，那么这个变量的作用域就是这个函数内。</p>\n<p>也就是这个变量只能在这个函数内可以使用，函数外部不可以使用。</p>\n<p>同样，在这个函数内定义的函数也可以使用这个变量。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>不用var定义的变量</p>\n<p>在函数内不用var定义的变量的作用域将不限制在这个函数内。</p>\n<p>Javascript将回溯作用域链，直到找到这个变量初次被定义的地方。</p>\n<p>如果回溯到window作用域都没有找到，这个变量将被赋予全局作用域。</p>\n<h2 id=\"函数作用域示例\"><a href=\"#函数作用域示例\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"函数作用域示例\"></a>函数作用域示例</h2></li>\n</ol>\n<h3 id=\"函数内可以访问函数外变量\"><a href=\"#函数内可以访问函数外变量\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"函数内可以访问函数外变量\"></a>函数内可以访问函数外变量</h3><p>因为该函数在这个变量的作用域内。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> message = <span class=\"string\">'hello'</span>;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> sayHello = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(message);</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">sayHello(); <span class=\"comment\">//logs 'hello'</span></div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(message); <span class=\"comment\">//logs 'hello'</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<h3 id=\"函数外不可以访问函数内变量\"><a href=\"#函数外不可以访问函数内变量\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"函数外不可以访问函数内变量\"></a>函数外不可以访问函数内变量</h3><p>因为该变量的作用域只在函数内。<br><figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> sayHello = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>)</span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"keyword\">var</span> message = <span class=\"string\">'goodbye'</span>;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(message)</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">sayHello(); <span class=\"comment\">//logs 'goodbye'</span></div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(message); <span class=\"comment\">// error</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"如何判断javascritp变量的类型？","date":"2016-06-16T14:13:00.000Z","_content":"在javascript变量的类型可以是以下这些：\n* 函数\n* 对象\n* 数组\n* 字符串\n* 数字\n* null\n\n那么如何判断一个变量是什么类型呢？\n我们可以用typeof来得到变量的类型,例如：\n```javascript\n\n\n//函数\nvar myFunction = function(){\n  console.log('hello');\n};\n//对象\nvar myObject = {\n  foo:'bar'\n};\n\n// 数组\nvar myArray = ['a','b','c'];\n\n// 字符串\nvar myString = 'hello';\n\n// 数字\nvar myNumber = 3;\n\nconsole.log(typeof myFunction); // 输出function\nconsole.log(typeof myObject); // 输出object\nconsole.log(typeof myArray); // 输出object --careful!\nconsole.log(typeof myString); // 输出string\nconsole.log(typeof myNumber); // 输出number\n\nconsole.log(typeof null); // 输出object --carefull!\n```\n注意到数组和null被判断成对象类型。\n\n那么怎么判断一个typeof判断成对象的变量，是不是数组呢?\n\n可以用下面的方法：\n```javascript\nif(myArray.push && myArray.slice && myArray.join)\n{\n  //基本可以判断是数组\n  console.log('可能是数组');\n}\n\nif(Object.prototype.toString.call(myArray) === '[object Array]')\n{\n  console.log('一定是数组!');\n}\n\n```\n","source":"_posts/programming/2016-06-16-如何判断javasc变量的类型？.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"如何判断javascritp变量的类型？\"\ndate: \"2016-06-16 22:13 +0800\"\n---\n在javascript变量的类型可以是以下这些：\n* 函数\n* 对象\n* 数组\n* 字符串\n* 数字\n* null\n\n那么如何判断一个变量是什么类型呢？\n我们可以用typeof来得到变量的类型,例如：\n```javascript\n\n\n//函数\nvar myFunction = function(){\n  console.log('hello');\n};\n//对象\nvar myObject = {\n  foo:'bar'\n};\n\n// 数组\nvar myArray = ['a','b','c'];\n\n// 字符串\nvar myString = 'hello';\n\n// 数字\nvar myNumber = 3;\n\nconsole.log(typeof myFunction); // 输出function\nconsole.log(typeof myObject); // 输出object\nconsole.log(typeof myArray); // 输出object --careful!\nconsole.log(typeof myString); // 输出string\nconsole.log(typeof myNumber); // 输出number\n\nconsole.log(typeof null); // 输出object --carefull!\n```\n注意到数组和null被判断成对象类型。\n\n那么怎么判断一个typeof判断成对象的变量，是不是数组呢?\n\n可以用下面的方法：\n```javascript\nif(myArray.push && myArray.slice && myArray.join)\n{\n  //基本可以判断是数组\n  console.log('可能是数组');\n}\n\nif(Object.prototype.toString.call(myArray) === '[object Array]')\n{\n  console.log('一定是数组!');\n}\n\n```\n","slug":"programming/2016-06-16-如何判断javasc变量的类型？","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiy00012mkte8keijfma","content":"<p>在javascript变量的类型可以是以下这些：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>函数</li>\n<li>对象</li>\n<li>数组</li>\n<li>字符串</li>\n<li>数字</li>\n<li>null</li>\n</ul>\n<p>那么如何判断一个变量是什么类型呢？<br>我们可以用typeof来得到变量的类型,例如：<br><figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div><div class=\"line\">10</div><div class=\"line\">11</div><div class=\"line\">12</div><div class=\"line\">13</div><div class=\"line\">14</div><div class=\"line\">15</div><div class=\"line\">16</div><div class=\"line\">17</div><div class=\"line\">18</div><div class=\"line\">19</div><div class=\"line\">20</div><div class=\"line\">21</div><div class=\"line\">22</div><div class=\"line\">23</div><div class=\"line\">24</div><div class=\"line\">25</div><div class=\"line\">26</div><div class=\"line\">27</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"comment\">//函数</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> myFunction = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>)</span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(<span class=\"string\">'hello'</span>);</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;;</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"comment\">//对象</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> myObject = &#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  foo:<span class=\"string\">'bar'</span></div><div class=\"line\">&#125;;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"comment\">// 数组</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> myArray = [<span class=\"string\">'a'</span>,<span class=\"string\">'b'</span>,<span class=\"string\">'c'</span>];</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"comment\">// 字符串</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> myString = <span class=\"string\">'hello'</span>;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"comment\">// 数字</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> myNumber = <span class=\"number\">3</span>;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(<span class=\"keyword\">typeof</span> myFunction); <span class=\"comment\">// 输出function</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(<span class=\"keyword\">typeof</span> myObject); <span class=\"comment\">// 输出object</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(<span class=\"keyword\">typeof</span> myArray); <span class=\"comment\">// 输出object --careful!</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(<span class=\"keyword\">typeof</span> myString); <span class=\"comment\">// 输出string</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(<span class=\"keyword\">typeof</span> myNumber); <span class=\"comment\">// 输出number</span></div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(<span class=\"keyword\">typeof</span> <span class=\"literal\">null</span>); <span class=\"comment\">// 输出object --carefull!</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n<p>注意到数组和null被判断成对象类型。</p>\n<p>那么怎么判断一个typeof判断成对象的变量，是不是数组呢?</p>\n<p>可以用下面的方法：<br><figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div><div class=\"line\">10</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">if</span>(myArray.push &amp;&amp; myArray.slice &amp;&amp; myArray.join)</div><div class=\"line\">&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"comment\">//基本可以判断是数组</span></div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(<span class=\"string\">'可能是数组'</span>);</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">if</span>(<span class=\"built_in\">Object</span>.prototype.toString.call(myArray) === <span class=\"string\">'[object Array]'</span>)</div><div class=\"line\">&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(<span class=\"string\">'一定是数组!'</span>);</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<p>在javascript变量的类型可以是以下这些：</p>\n<ul>\n<li>函数</li>\n<li>对象</li>\n<li>数组</li>\n<li>字符串</li>\n<li>数字</li>\n<li>null</li>\n</ul>\n<p>那么如何判断一个变量是什么类型呢？<br>我们可以用typeof来得到变量的类型,例如：<br><figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div><div class=\"line\">10</div><div class=\"line\">11</div><div class=\"line\">12</div><div class=\"line\">13</div><div class=\"line\">14</div><div class=\"line\">15</div><div class=\"line\">16</div><div class=\"line\">17</div><div class=\"line\">18</div><div class=\"line\">19</div><div class=\"line\">20</div><div class=\"line\">21</div><div class=\"line\">22</div><div class=\"line\">23</div><div class=\"line\">24</div><div class=\"line\">25</div><div class=\"line\">26</div><div class=\"line\">27</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"comment\">//函数</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> myFunction = <span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span>(<span class=\"params\"></span>)</span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(<span class=\"string\">'hello'</span>);</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;;</div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"comment\">//对象</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> myObject = &#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  foo:<span class=\"string\">'bar'</span></div><div class=\"line\">&#125;;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"comment\">// 数组</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> myArray = [<span class=\"string\">'a'</span>,<span class=\"string\">'b'</span>,<span class=\"string\">'c'</span>];</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"comment\">// 字符串</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> myString = <span class=\"string\">'hello'</span>;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"comment\">// 数字</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">var</span> myNumber = <span class=\"number\">3</span>;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(<span class=\"keyword\">typeof</span> myFunction); <span class=\"comment\">// 输出function</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(<span class=\"keyword\">typeof</span> myObject); <span class=\"comment\">// 输出object</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(<span class=\"keyword\">typeof</span> myArray); <span class=\"comment\">// 输出object --careful!</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(<span class=\"keyword\">typeof</span> myString); <span class=\"comment\">// 输出string</span></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(<span class=\"keyword\">typeof</span> myNumber); <span class=\"comment\">// 输出number</span></div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(<span class=\"keyword\">typeof</span> <span class=\"literal\">null</span>); <span class=\"comment\">// 输出object --carefull!</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n<p>注意到数组和null被判断成对象类型。</p>\n<p>那么怎么判断一个typeof判断成对象的变量，是不是数组呢?</p>\n<p>可以用下面的方法：<br><figure class=\"highlight javascript\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div><div class=\"line\">10</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">if</span>(myArray.push &amp;&amp; myArray.slice &amp;&amp; myArray.join)</div><div class=\"line\">&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"comment\">//基本可以判断是数组</span></div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(<span class=\"string\">'可能是数组'</span>);</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"keyword\">if</span>(<span class=\"built_in\">Object</span>.prototype.toString.call(myArray) === <span class=\"string\">'[object Array]'</span>)</div><div class=\"line\">&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">  <span class=\"built_in\">console</span>.log(<span class=\"string\">'一定是数组!'</span>);</div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"为什么要分享？","date":"2016-07-02T09:05:00.000Z","_content":"\n参考《新生大学》原则：分享。\n![shareLogo.png](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-b109f42d443aede6.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n## 什么是分享？\n 拿出自己的好东西传播出去。\n\n 看到一篇好文章，可以在朋友圈里分享；\n看过一本好书，可以分享给其他读书人；\n买了个好东西觉得很好用，可以分享给朋友。\n\n互联网和社交应用的发达，使分享变的更容易传播，分享可以说无处不在。\n\n## 为什么要分享？\n\n1. 可以创造更多的有效连接或者说“人脉”。\n\n 创造更多的连接，只有一种方式，就是交流，而真正有意义的交流，本质上就是分享。\n 跟人吃饭聊天，为什么你下次还想找他吃饭聊天？\n因为你有收获，比如知识，比如经验，也可能是建议，或者是帮你组建了新的人脉。\n如果你全无收获，哪怕他下次请客，你也不一定愿意去。因为你的时间是宝贵！！\n\n2.  分享是持续学习的手段之一。\n\n 人们常说'教'是最好的学习方法。这里所谓的‘教’，其实也就就分享的一种。\n如何做？可参考我之前写的《费曼技巧》就是以教促学的实际操作之一。\n\n3. 当你不断分享有价值有意义的东西，不断地建立的有效连接，同时自己的能力也不断提高，就会有意外的惊喜或者好运。。\n\n 比如说，你通过学习一项技能，例如英语，并不断分享你学习的方法和知识，最终体现在你的英语能力上，你将来可能就去外企工作，工资就意外翻倍。\n比如说，公务员学习写作，并不断的将写作的方法技巧分享出去，最终体现在你自己写的文章里，你的文章可能别省级部门领导看到，并从三线城市调到省会城市工作\n上面两个例子是两个朋友的真的经历。\n另外在网上已经出现很多乐于分享的人，最后建立社群，在社群内部人之间连接已经不断创造出很多意外的惊喜，做成了事情。比如李笑来的《新生大学》社群，池建强的《攻城师之路》社群。\n\n>也许高校和医院是最善于利用点这个两大机构，老师和医生发表论文，期刊分享给其他研究人员。\n\n## 什么可以分享，什么不能分享？\n不宜分享的东西，你的财富，你的时间，你的友谊，这些资源都是有限的，而且一分享就会产生资源的消耗。\n值得分享的东西，你的知识，你的经验，你的快乐，这些资源并不会因分享而被消耗，相反，会因为分享而产生积累。\n\n## 如何分享？\n那就是学习\n1. 搞定最少必要知识\n    什么是最少必要知识，下面两个方面是我个人比较熟悉方面。\n   * 例如英语的最少必要知识；\n     *  音标\n    * 基本语法\n     * 会查词典\n    * 会查语法书\n然后就上路可以朗读，阅读了。\n * 例如写程序\n    * 编程工具的使用\n    * 编程语言基本语法（数据类型，控制结构，函数，类和对象）\n    * 会查手册\n    * 会google，首先得会翻墙。。。。哈\n    * 会调试\n 然后就可以上路，开始写程序了。\n2. 马上持续的行动，获取跟多的知识和经验\n3. 在这个过程中不断分享，给别人提“建设性”意见\n    什么是建设性意见？\n    知道别人哪里没做好，并且知道为什么没做好，而且知道怎么才能做的好。\n4. 通过分享建立有效连接\n5. 连接创造惊喜\n","source":"_posts/thinking/2016-07-02-为什么要分享？.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"为什么要分享？\"\ndate: \"2016-07-02 17:05 +0800\"\n---\n\n参考《新生大学》原则：分享。\n![shareLogo.png](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-b109f42d443aede6.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n## 什么是分享？\n 拿出自己的好东西传播出去。\n\n 看到一篇好文章，可以在朋友圈里分享；\n看过一本好书，可以分享给其他读书人；\n买了个好东西觉得很好用，可以分享给朋友。\n\n互联网和社交应用的发达，使分享变的更容易传播，分享可以说无处不在。\n\n## 为什么要分享？\n\n1. 可以创造更多的有效连接或者说“人脉”。\n\n 创造更多的连接，只有一种方式，就是交流，而真正有意义的交流，本质上就是分享。\n 跟人吃饭聊天，为什么你下次还想找他吃饭聊天？\n因为你有收获，比如知识，比如经验，也可能是建议，或者是帮你组建了新的人脉。\n如果你全无收获，哪怕他下次请客，你也不一定愿意去。因为你的时间是宝贵！！\n\n2.  分享是持续学习的手段之一。\n\n 人们常说'教'是最好的学习方法。这里所谓的‘教’，其实也就就分享的一种。\n如何做？可参考我之前写的《费曼技巧》就是以教促学的实际操作之一。\n\n3. 当你不断分享有价值有意义的东西，不断地建立的有效连接，同时自己的能力也不断提高，就会有意外的惊喜或者好运。。\n\n 比如说，你通过学习一项技能，例如英语，并不断分享你学习的方法和知识，最终体现在你的英语能力上，你将来可能就去外企工作，工资就意外翻倍。\n比如说，公务员学习写作，并不断的将写作的方法技巧分享出去，最终体现在你自己写的文章里，你的文章可能别省级部门领导看到，并从三线城市调到省会城市工作\n上面两个例子是两个朋友的真的经历。\n另外在网上已经出现很多乐于分享的人，最后建立社群，在社群内部人之间连接已经不断创造出很多意外的惊喜，做成了事情。比如李笑来的《新生大学》社群，池建强的《攻城师之路》社群。\n\n>也许高校和医院是最善于利用点这个两大机构，老师和医生发表论文，期刊分享给其他研究人员。\n\n## 什么可以分享，什么不能分享？\n不宜分享的东西，你的财富，你的时间，你的友谊，这些资源都是有限的，而且一分享就会产生资源的消耗。\n值得分享的东西，你的知识，你的经验，你的快乐，这些资源并不会因分享而被消耗，相反，会因为分享而产生积累。\n\n## 如何分享？\n那就是学习\n1. 搞定最少必要知识\n    什么是最少必要知识，下面两个方面是我个人比较熟悉方面。\n   * 例如英语的最少必要知识；\n     *  音标\n    * 基本语法\n     * 会查词典\n    * 会查语法书\n然后就上路可以朗读，阅读了。\n * 例如写程序\n    * 编程工具的使用\n    * 编程语言基本语法（数据类型，控制结构，函数，类和对象）\n    * 会查手册\n    * 会google，首先得会翻墙。。。。哈\n    * 会调试\n 然后就可以上路，开始写程序了。\n2. 马上持续的行动，获取跟多的知识和经验\n3. 在这个过程中不断分享，给别人提“建设性”意见\n    什么是建设性意见？\n    知道别人哪里没做好，并且知道为什么没做好，而且知道怎么才能做的好。\n4. 通过分享建立有效连接\n5. 连接创造惊喜\n","slug":"thinking/2016-07-02-为什么要分享？","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiy10013mkte49413gup","content":"<p>参考《新生大学》原则：分享。<br><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-b109f42d443aede6.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"shareLogo.png\"></p>\n<h2 id=\"什么是分享？\"><a href=\"#什么是分享？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么是分享？\"></a>什么是分享？</h2><p> 拿出自己的好东西传播出去。</p>\n<p> 看到一篇好文章，可以在朋友圈里分享；<br>看过一本好书，可以分享给其他读书人；<br>买了个好东西觉得很好用，可以分享给朋友。</p>\n<p>互联网和社交应用的发达，使分享变的更容易传播，分享可以说无处不在。</p>\n<h2 id=\"为什么要分享？\"><a href=\"#为什么要分享？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"为什么要分享？\"></a>为什么要分享？</h2><ol>\n<li><p>可以创造更多的有效连接或者说“人脉”。</p>\n<p>创造更多的连接，只有一种方式，就是交流，而真正有意义的交流，本质上就是分享。<br>跟人吃饭聊天，为什么你下次还想找他吃饭聊天？<br>因为你有收获，比如知识，比如经验，也可能是建议，或者是帮你组建了新的人脉。<br>如果你全无收获，哪怕他下次请客，你也不一定愿意去。因为你的时间是宝贵！！</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>分享是持续学习的手段之一。</p>\n<p>人们常说’教’是最好的学习方法。这里所谓的‘教’，其实也就就分享的一种。<br>如何做？可参考我之前写的《费曼技巧》就是以教促学的实际操作之一。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>当你不断分享有价值有意义的东西，不断地建立的有效连接，同时自己的能力也不断提高，就会有意外的惊喜或者好运。。</p>\n<p>比如说，你通过学习一项技能，例如英语，并不断分享你学习的方法和知识，最终体现在你的英语能力上，你将来可能就去外企工作，工资就意外翻倍。<br>比如说，公务员学习写作，并不断的将写作的方法技巧分享出去，最终体现在你自己写的文章里，你的文章可能别省级部门领导看到，并从三线城市调到省会城市工作<br>上面两个例子是两个朋友的真的经历。<br>另外在网上已经出现很多乐于分享的人，最后建立社群，在社群内部人之间连接已经不断创造出很多意外的惊喜，做成了事情。比如李笑来的《新生大学》社群，池建强的《攻城师之路》社群。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<blockquote>\n<p>也许高校和医院是最善于利用点这个两大机构，老师和医生发表论文，期刊分享给其他研究人员。</p>\n</blockquote>\n<h2 id=\"什么可以分享，什么不能分享？\"><a href=\"#什么可以分享，什么不能分享？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么可以分享，什么不能分享？\"></a>什么可以分享，什么不能分享？</h2><p>不宜分享的东西，你的财富，你的时间，你的友谊，这些资源都是有限的，而且一分享就会产生资源的消耗。<br>值得分享的东西，你的知识，你的经验，你的快乐，这些资源并不会因分享而被消耗，相反，会因为分享而产生积累。</p>\n<h2 id=\"如何分享？\"><a href=\"#如何分享？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如何分享？\"></a>如何分享？</h2><p>那就是学习</p>\n<ol>\n<li>搞定最少必要知识<br> 什么是最少必要知识，下面两个方面是我个人比较熟悉方面。<ul>\n<li>例如英语的最少必要知识；<ul>\n<li>音标</li>\n<li>基本语法</li>\n<li>会查词典</li>\n<li>会查语法书<br>然后就上路可以朗读，阅读了。</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>例如写程序<ul>\n<li>编程工具的使用</li>\n<li>编程语言基本语法（数据类型，控制结构，函数，类和对象）</li>\n<li>会查手册</li>\n<li>会google，首先得会翻墙。。。。哈</li>\n<li>会调试<br>然后就可以上路，开始写程序了。</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>马上持续的行动，获取跟多的知识和经验</li>\n<li>在这个过程中不断分享，给别人提“建设性”意见<br> 什么是建设性意见？<br> 知道别人哪里没做好，并且知道为什么没做好，而且知道怎么才能做的好。</li>\n<li>通过分享建立有效连接</li>\n<li>连接创造惊喜</li>\n</ol>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<p>参考《新生大学》原则：分享。<br><img src=\"http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/1829597-b109f42d443aede6.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\" alt=\"shareLogo.png\"></p>\n<h2 id=\"什么是分享？\"><a href=\"#什么是分享？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么是分享？\"></a>什么是分享？</h2><p> 拿出自己的好东西传播出去。</p>\n<p> 看到一篇好文章，可以在朋友圈里分享；<br>看过一本好书，可以分享给其他读书人；<br>买了个好东西觉得很好用，可以分享给朋友。</p>\n<p>互联网和社交应用的发达，使分享变的更容易传播，分享可以说无处不在。</p>\n<h2 id=\"为什么要分享？\"><a href=\"#为什么要分享？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"为什么要分享？\"></a>为什么要分享？</h2><ol>\n<li><p>可以创造更多的有效连接或者说“人脉”。</p>\n<p>创造更多的连接，只有一种方式，就是交流，而真正有意义的交流，本质上就是分享。<br>跟人吃饭聊天，为什么你下次还想找他吃饭聊天？<br>因为你有收获，比如知识，比如经验，也可能是建议，或者是帮你组建了新的人脉。<br>如果你全无收获，哪怕他下次请客，你也不一定愿意去。因为你的时间是宝贵！！</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>分享是持续学习的手段之一。</p>\n<p>人们常说’教’是最好的学习方法。这里所谓的‘教’，其实也就就分享的一种。<br>如何做？可参考我之前写的《费曼技巧》就是以教促学的实际操作之一。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>当你不断分享有价值有意义的东西，不断地建立的有效连接，同时自己的能力也不断提高，就会有意外的惊喜或者好运。。</p>\n<p>比如说，你通过学习一项技能，例如英语，并不断分享你学习的方法和知识，最终体现在你的英语能力上，你将来可能就去外企工作，工资就意外翻倍。<br>比如说，公务员学习写作，并不断的将写作的方法技巧分享出去，最终体现在你自己写的文章里，你的文章可能别省级部门领导看到，并从三线城市调到省会城市工作<br>上面两个例子是两个朋友的真的经历。<br>另外在网上已经出现很多乐于分享的人，最后建立社群，在社群内部人之间连接已经不断创造出很多意外的惊喜，做成了事情。比如李笑来的《新生大学》社群，池建强的《攻城师之路》社群。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<blockquote>\n<p>也许高校和医院是最善于利用点这个两大机构，老师和医生发表论文，期刊分享给其他研究人员。</p>\n</blockquote>\n<h2 id=\"什么可以分享，什么不能分享？\"><a href=\"#什么可以分享，什么不能分享？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么可以分享，什么不能分享？\"></a>什么可以分享，什么不能分享？</h2><p>不宜分享的东西，你的财富，你的时间，你的友谊，这些资源都是有限的，而且一分享就会产生资源的消耗。<br>值得分享的东西，你的知识，你的经验，你的快乐，这些资源并不会因分享而被消耗，相反，会因为分享而产生积累。</p>\n<h2 id=\"如何分享？\"><a href=\"#如何分享？\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"如何分享？\"></a>如何分享？</h2><p>那就是学习</p>\n<ol>\n<li>搞定最少必要知识<br> 什么是最少必要知识，下面两个方面是我个人比较熟悉方面。<ul>\n<li>例如英语的最少必要知识；<ul>\n<li>音标</li>\n<li>基本语法</li>\n<li>会查词典</li>\n<li>会查语法书<br>然后就上路可以朗读，阅读了。</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>例如写程序<ul>\n<li>编程工具的使用</li>\n<li>编程语言基本语法（数据类型，控制结构，函数，类和对象）</li>\n<li>会查手册</li>\n<li>会google，首先得会翻墙。。。。哈</li>\n<li>会调试<br>然后就可以上路，开始写程序了。</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>马上持续的行动，获取跟多的知识和经验</li>\n<li>在这个过程中不断分享，给别人提“建设性”意见<br> 什么是建设性意见？<br> 知道别人哪里没做好，并且知道为什么没做好，而且知道怎么才能做的好。</li>\n<li>通过分享建立有效连接</li>\n<li>连接创造惊喜</li>\n</ol>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"抽象能力","date":"2016-07-02T09:06:00.000Z","_content":"抽象能力对于编程非常重要，数学就是一直用来训练这种抽象能力，从数字到微积分、概率统计和离散，从小学到大学这种训练一直在升级，当并不是每一人都能适应这种抽象能力的升级。很多人被困在某个级别无法突破。\n","source":"_posts/thinking/2016-07-02-抽象能力.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"抽象能力\"\ndate: \"2016-07-02 17:06 +0800\"\n---\n抽象能力对于编程非常重要，数学就是一直用来训练这种抽象能力，从数字到微积分、概率统计和离散，从小学到大学这种训练一直在升级，当并不是每一人都能适应这种抽象能力的升级。很多人被困在某个级别无法突破。\n","slug":"thinking/2016-07-02-抽象能力","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiy30014mkteu84v09nh","content":"<p>抽象能力对于编程非常重要，数学就是一直用来训练这种抽象能力，从数字到微积分、概率统计和离散，从小学到大学这种训练一直在升级，当并不是每一人都能适应这种抽象能力的升级。很多人被困在某个级别无法突破。</p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<p>抽象能力对于编程非常重要，数学就是一直用来训练这种抽象能力，从数字到微积分、概率统计和离散，从小学到大学这种训练一直在升级，当并不是每一人都能适应这种抽象能力的升级。很多人被困在某个级别无法突破。</p>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"Feynman Technique 费曼技巧","date":"2016-04-02T12:37:55.000Z","_content":"\n## 什么是费曼技巧\n\n费曼技巧是一种以教促学的学习方法。\n\n## 适用的学习内容\n\n适用于概念和概念应用的学习\n例如XXX是什么，怎么使用XXX。\n\n## 应用场景\n\n1. 学习一个新的或者是你不是很明白的想法或概念，\n2. 记住一个你已经明白的想法或者概念。\n3. 用于考试学习，快速深入理解一个想法或者概念，并转化成长期记忆。\n\n## 步骤\n\n1. 选择一个新概念\n\n2. 假装你在教授这个概念给学生。\n\n3. 无论什么时候卡壳，立刻查资料，直达通顺。\n\n4. 最后简化表达，适当使用类比。\n\n\n## 实例\n\n### 1.理解扭矩\n\n扭矩是一种转动的力\n\n想象一个扳手，正在转动一个螺帽 ，左转松，右转紧 。\n\n\n### 2. 理解递归\n\n这里学习资料，来自维基百科:[递归](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92)\n\n在方法中使用方法本身，同时不断缩小问题规模，直至小到我们知道怎么解决。\n\n比如吃苹果\n\n吃苹果的方法： 拿一个苹果削皮切块用牙签吃。\n\n吃苹果的方法已经知道，用递归吃100个苹果的方法是什么？\n\n先从100个苹果拿1个苹果放一边，想剩下99个怎么吃？然后再把1个苹果放一边，想剩下98个怎么吃？最终问题将变成1个苹果怎么吃？而你吃1个苹果的方法已经知道了！\n\n问题已经从吃100个苹果的问题，变成吃99个苹果的问题，最后变成吃1个苹果的问题。\n\n下面用代码表示递归吃苹果。\n\n```php\nfunction eatApples($n)\n{\n    echo \"I am goint to eat $n apples\\n\";\n\n    //n>1个苹果的吃法不知道，缩小问题规模，直到变成n=1个苹果的问题\n    if ($n > 1) {\n\n        eatApples($n - 1);\n\n        // n-1个苹果的方法\n        echo \"I have eaten $n apples so far\\n\";\n\n    //n=1个苹果的吃法已经知道\n    } else {\n\n        echo \"I have eaten  1 apple so far\\n\";\n    }\n\n}\n```\n\n如果不理解，可以在看看下面示例。\n\n经典递归示例 - 阶乘\n\nn = 0, fact(n) =1\n\nn > 0, n *fact(n-1)\n\n```php\nfunction f($n)\n{\n    if($n == 0)\n    {\n        return 1;\n    } else\n    {\n        return $n * f($n-1);\n    }\n\n}\n```\n\n   ​\n","source":"_posts/thinking/2016-04-02-Feynman-Technique.md","raw":"---\nlayout: post\ntitle:  \"Feynman Technique 费曼技巧\"\ndate:   2016-04-02 20:37:55 +0800\ncategories: Concept\n---\n\n## 什么是费曼技巧\n\n费曼技巧是一种以教促学的学习方法。\n\n## 适用的学习内容\n\n适用于概念和概念应用的学习\n例如XXX是什么，怎么使用XXX。\n\n## 应用场景\n\n1. 学习一个新的或者是你不是很明白的想法或概念，\n2. 记住一个你已经明白的想法或者概念。\n3. 用于考试学习，快速深入理解一个想法或者概念，并转化成长期记忆。\n\n## 步骤\n\n1. 选择一个新概念\n\n2. 假装你在教授这个概念给学生。\n\n3. 无论什么时候卡壳，立刻查资料，直达通顺。\n\n4. 最后简化表达，适当使用类比。\n\n\n## 实例\n\n### 1.理解扭矩\n\n扭矩是一种转动的力\n\n想象一个扳手，正在转动一个螺帽 ，左转松，右转紧 。\n\n\n### 2. 理解递归\n\n这里学习资料，来自维基百科:[递归](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92)\n\n在方法中使用方法本身，同时不断缩小问题规模，直至小到我们知道怎么解决。\n\n比如吃苹果\n\n吃苹果的方法： 拿一个苹果削皮切块用牙签吃。\n\n吃苹果的方法已经知道，用递归吃100个苹果的方法是什么？\n\n先从100个苹果拿1个苹果放一边，想剩下99个怎么吃？然后再把1个苹果放一边，想剩下98个怎么吃？最终问题将变成1个苹果怎么吃？而你吃1个苹果的方法已经知道了！\n\n问题已经从吃100个苹果的问题，变成吃99个苹果的问题，最后变成吃1个苹果的问题。\n\n下面用代码表示递归吃苹果。\n\n```php\nfunction eatApples($n)\n{\n    echo \"I am goint to eat $n apples\\n\";\n\n    //n>1个苹果的吃法不知道，缩小问题规模，直到变成n=1个苹果的问题\n    if ($n > 1) {\n\n        eatApples($n - 1);\n\n        // n-1个苹果的方法\n        echo \"I have eaten $n apples so far\\n\";\n\n    //n=1个苹果的吃法已经知道\n    } else {\n\n        echo \"I have eaten  1 apple so far\\n\";\n    }\n\n}\n```\n\n如果不理解，可以在看看下面示例。\n\n经典递归示例 - 阶乘\n\nn = 0, fact(n) =1\n\nn > 0, n *fact(n-1)\n\n```php\nfunction f($n)\n{\n    if($n == 0)\n    {\n        return 1;\n    } else\n    {\n        return $n * f($n-1);\n    }\n\n}\n```\n\n   ​\n","slug":"thinking/2016-04-02-Feynman-Technique","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiy70015mktehjwj22ps","content":"<h2 id=\"什么是费曼技巧\"><a href=\"#什么是费曼技巧\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么是费曼技巧\"></a>什么是费曼技巧</h2><p>费曼技巧是一种以教促学的学习方法。</p>\n<h2 id=\"适用的学习内容\"><a href=\"#适用的学习内容\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"适用的学习内容\"></a>适用的学习内容</h2><p>适用于概念和概念应用的学习<br>例如XXX是什么，怎么使用XXX。</p>\n<h2 id=\"应用场景\"><a href=\"#应用场景\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"应用场景\"></a>应用场景</h2><ol>\n<li>学习一个新的或者是你不是很明白的想法或概念，</li>\n<li>记住一个你已经明白的想法或者概念。</li>\n<li>用于考试学习，快速深入理解一个想法或者概念，并转化成长期记忆。</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"步骤\"><a href=\"#步骤\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"步骤\"></a>步骤</h2><ol>\n<li><p>选择一个新概念</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>假装你在教授这个概念给学生。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>无论什么时候卡壳，立刻查资料，直达通顺。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>最后简化表达，适当使用类比。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"实例\"><a href=\"#实例\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"实例\"></a>实例</h2><h3 id=\"1-理解扭矩\"><a href=\"#1-理解扭矩\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"1.理解扭矩\"></a>1.理解扭矩</h3><p>扭矩是一种转动的力</p>\n<p>想象一个扳手，正在转动一个螺帽 ，左转松，右转紧 。</p>\n<h3 id=\"2-理解递归\"><a href=\"#2-理解递归\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2. 理解递归\"></a>2. 理解递归</h3><p>这里学习资料，来自维基百科:<a href=\"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"external\">递归</a></p>\n<p>在方法中使用方法本身，同时不断缩小问题规模，直至小到我们知道怎么解决。</p>\n<p>比如吃苹果</p>\n<p>吃苹果的方法： 拿一个苹果削皮切块用牙签吃。</p>\n<p>吃苹果的方法已经知道，用递归吃100个苹果的方法是什么？</p>\n<p>先从100个苹果拿1个苹果放一边，想剩下99个怎么吃？然后再把1个苹果放一边，想剩下98个怎么吃？最终问题将变成1个苹果怎么吃？而你吃1个苹果的方法已经知道了！</p>\n<p>问题已经从吃100个苹果的问题，变成吃99个苹果的问题，最后变成吃1个苹果的问题。</p>\n<p>下面用代码表示递归吃苹果。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight php\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div><div class=\"line\">10</div><div class=\"line\">11</div><div class=\"line\">12</div><div class=\"line\">13</div><div class=\"line\">14</div><div class=\"line\">15</div><div class=\"line\">16</div><div class=\"line\">17</div><div class=\"line\">18</div><div class=\"line\">19</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span> <span class=\"title\">eatApples</span><span class=\"params\">($n)</span></span></div><div class=\"line\">&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">    <span class=\"keyword\">echo</span> <span class=\"string\">\"I am goint to eat $n apples\\n\"</span>;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">    <span class=\"comment\">//n&gt;1个苹果的吃法不知道，缩小问题规模，直到变成n=1个苹果的问题</span></div><div class=\"line\">    <span class=\"keyword\">if</span> ($n &gt; <span class=\"number\">1</span>) &#123;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">        eatApples($n - <span class=\"number\">1</span>);</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">        <span class=\"comment\">// n-1个苹果的方法</span></div><div class=\"line\">        <span class=\"keyword\">echo</span> <span class=\"string\">\"I have eaten $n apples so far\\n\"</span>;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">    <span class=\"comment\">//n=1个苹果的吃法已经知道</span></div><div class=\"line\">    &#125; <span class=\"keyword\">else</span> &#123;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">        <span class=\"keyword\">echo</span> <span class=\"string\">\"I have eaten  1 apple so far\\n\"</span>;</div><div class=\"line\">    &#125;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>如果不理解，可以在看看下面示例。</p>\n<p>经典递归示例 - 阶乘</p>\n<p>n = 0, fact(n) =1</p>\n<p>n &gt; 0, n *fact(n-1)</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight php\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div><div class=\"line\">10</div><div class=\"line\">11</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span> <span class=\"title\">f</span><span class=\"params\">($n)</span></span></div><div class=\"line\">&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">    <span class=\"keyword\">if</span>($n == <span class=\"number\">0</span>)</div><div class=\"line\">    &#123;</div><div class=\"line\">        <span class=\"keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"number\">1</span>;</div><div class=\"line\">    &#125; <span class=\"keyword\">else</span></div><div class=\"line\">    &#123;</div><div class=\"line\">        <span class=\"keyword\">return</span> $n * f($n<span class=\"number\">-1</span>);</div><div class=\"line\">    &#125;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>   ​</p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<h2 id=\"什么是费曼技巧\"><a href=\"#什么是费曼技巧\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"什么是费曼技巧\"></a>什么是费曼技巧</h2><p>费曼技巧是一种以教促学的学习方法。</p>\n<h2 id=\"适用的学习内容\"><a href=\"#适用的学习内容\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"适用的学习内容\"></a>适用的学习内容</h2><p>适用于概念和概念应用的学习<br>例如XXX是什么，怎么使用XXX。</p>\n<h2 id=\"应用场景\"><a href=\"#应用场景\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"应用场景\"></a>应用场景</h2><ol>\n<li>学习一个新的或者是你不是很明白的想法或概念，</li>\n<li>记住一个你已经明白的想法或者概念。</li>\n<li>用于考试学习，快速深入理解一个想法或者概念，并转化成长期记忆。</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"步骤\"><a href=\"#步骤\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"步骤\"></a>步骤</h2><ol>\n<li><p>选择一个新概念</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>假装你在教授这个概念给学生。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>无论什么时候卡壳，立刻查资料，直达通顺。</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>最后简化表达，适当使用类比。</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"实例\"><a href=\"#实例\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"实例\"></a>实例</h2><h3 id=\"1-理解扭矩\"><a href=\"#1-理解扭矩\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"1.理解扭矩\"></a>1.理解扭矩</h3><p>扭矩是一种转动的力</p>\n<p>想象一个扳手，正在转动一个螺帽 ，左转松，右转紧 。</p>\n<h3 id=\"2-理解递归\"><a href=\"#2-理解递归\" class=\"headerlink\" title=\"2. 理解递归\"></a>2. 理解递归</h3><p>这里学习资料，来自维基百科:<a href=\"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92\">递归</a></p>\n<p>在方法中使用方法本身，同时不断缩小问题规模，直至小到我们知道怎么解决。</p>\n<p>比如吃苹果</p>\n<p>吃苹果的方法： 拿一个苹果削皮切块用牙签吃。</p>\n<p>吃苹果的方法已经知道，用递归吃100个苹果的方法是什么？</p>\n<p>先从100个苹果拿1个苹果放一边，想剩下99个怎么吃？然后再把1个苹果放一边，想剩下98个怎么吃？最终问题将变成1个苹果怎么吃？而你吃1个苹果的方法已经知道了！</p>\n<p>问题已经从吃100个苹果的问题，变成吃99个苹果的问题，最后变成吃1个苹果的问题。</p>\n<p>下面用代码表示递归吃苹果。</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight php\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div><div class=\"line\">10</div><div class=\"line\">11</div><div class=\"line\">12</div><div class=\"line\">13</div><div class=\"line\">14</div><div class=\"line\">15</div><div class=\"line\">16</div><div class=\"line\">17</div><div class=\"line\">18</div><div class=\"line\">19</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span> <span class=\"title\">eatApples</span><span class=\"params\">($n)</span></div><div class=\"line\"></span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">    <span class=\"keyword\">echo</span> <span class=\"string\">\"I am goint to eat $n apples\\n\"</span>;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">    <span class=\"comment\">//n&gt;1个苹果的吃法不知道，缩小问题规模，直到变成n=1个苹果的问题</span></div><div class=\"line\">    <span class=\"keyword\">if</span> ($n &gt; <span class=\"number\">1</span>) &#123;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">        eatApples($n - <span class=\"number\">1</span>);</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">        <span class=\"comment\">// n-1个苹果的方法</span></div><div class=\"line\">        <span class=\"keyword\">echo</span> <span class=\"string\">\"I have eaten $n apples so far\\n\"</span>;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">    <span class=\"comment\">//n=1个苹果的吃法已经知道</span></div><div class=\"line\">    &#125; <span class=\"keyword\">else</span> &#123;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">        <span class=\"keyword\">echo</span> <span class=\"string\">\"I have eaten  1 apple so far\\n\"</span>;</div><div class=\"line\">    &#125;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>如果不理解，可以在看看下面示例。</p>\n<p>经典递归示例 - 阶乘</p>\n<p>n = 0, fact(n) =1</p>\n<p>n &gt; 0, n *fact(n-1)</p>\n<figure class=\"highlight php\"><table><tr><td class=\"gutter\"><pre><div class=\"line\">1</div><div class=\"line\">2</div><div class=\"line\">3</div><div class=\"line\">4</div><div class=\"line\">5</div><div class=\"line\">6</div><div class=\"line\">7</div><div class=\"line\">8</div><div class=\"line\">9</div><div class=\"line\">10</div><div class=\"line\">11</div></pre></td><td class=\"code\"><pre><div class=\"line\"><span class=\"function\"><span class=\"keyword\">function</span> <span class=\"title\">f</span><span class=\"params\">($n)</span></div><div class=\"line\"></span>&#123;</div><div class=\"line\">    <span class=\"keyword\">if</span>($n == <span class=\"number\">0</span>)</div><div class=\"line\">    &#123;</div><div class=\"line\">        <span class=\"keyword\">return</span> <span class=\"number\">1</span>;</div><div class=\"line\">    &#125; <span class=\"keyword\">else</span></div><div class=\"line\">    &#123;</div><div class=\"line\">        <span class=\"keyword\">return</span> $n * f($n<span class=\"number\">-1</span>);</div><div class=\"line\">    &#125;</div><div class=\"line\"></div><div class=\"line\">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>\n<p>   ​</p>\n"},{"layout":"post","title":"策略与坚持","date":"2016-07-02T09:09:00.000Z","_content":"\n做重要的事，策略，方法一定要有，但策略好坏，一开始并不是重要，重要的是有没有开始做，，有没有在做的过程中持续改进你的策略，并坚持它。\n","source":"_posts/thinking/2016-07-02-策略与坚持.markdown","raw":"---\nlayout: \"post\"\ntitle: \"策略与坚持\"\ndate: \"2016-07-02 17:09 +0800\"\n---\n\n做重要的事，策略，方法一定要有，但策略好坏，一开始并不是重要，重要的是有没有开始做，，有没有在做的过程中持续改进你的策略，并坚持它。\n","slug":"thinking/2016-07-02-策略与坚持","published":1,"updated":"2016-07-02T10:29:07.000Z","comments":1,"photos":[],"link":"","_id":"ciq5xyiy80016mkteisuyerff","content":"<p>做重要的事，策略，方法一定要有，但策略好坏，一开始并不是重要，重要的是有没有开始做，，有没有在做的过程中持续改进你的策略，并坚持它。</p>\n","excerpt":"","more":"<p>做重要的事，策略，方法一定要有，但策略好坏，一开始并不是重要，重要的是有没有开始做，，有没有在做的过程中持续改进你的策略，并坚持它。</p>\n"}],"PostAsset":[],"PostCategory":[{"post_id":"ciq5xyix1000hmktebkr614jk","category_id":"ciq5xyix4000jmktejpyp72f1","_id":"ciq5xyixm000pmktevxl35kc8"},{"post_id":"ciq5xyix3000imkte2qrjxrbt","category_id":"ciq5xyix4000jmktejpyp72f1","_id":"ciq5xyixr000tmktee0prl7ys"},{"post_id":"ciq5xyixk000omkteedkpet9q","category_id":"ciq5xyixq000rmktea72cgdq0","_id":"ciq5xyixw000xmktedeo0vxvx"},{"post_id":"ciq5xyiy70015mktehjwj22ps","category_id":"ciq5xyiy80017mktec28i3xje","_id":"ciq5xyiy90018mkte3hx7oynn"}],"PostTag":[],"Tag":[]}}