main.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only OR MIT
/*

Copyright (C) 2023 The Falco Authors.

This file is dual licensed under either the MIT or GPL 2. See MIT.txt
or GPL2.txt for full copies of the license.

*/

#define pr_fmt(fmt)	KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt

#include <linux/version.h>
#include <trace/syscall.h>
#include <asm/syscall.h>

#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 37))
#include <asm/atomic.h>
#else
#include <linux/atomic.h>
#endif
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/kdev_t.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(4, 11, 0))
#include <linux/sched.h>
#else
#include <linux/sched/signal.h>
#include <linux/sched/cputime.h>
#endif
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include <linux/wait.h>
#include <linux/tracepoint.h>
#include <linux/cpu.h>
#include <linux/jiffies.h>
#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 26))
#include <linux/file.h>
#else
#include <linux/fdtable.h>
#endif
#include <net/sock.h>
#include <asm/unistd.h>

#include "driver_config.h"
#include "ppm_ringbuffer.h"
#include "ppm_events_public.h"
#include "ppm_events.h"
#include "ppm_version.h"
#include "ppm.h"
#include "ppm_tp.h"

#include "socketcall_to_syscall.h"

#define __NR_ia32_socketcall 102

MODULE_LICENSE("Dual MIT/GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("the Falco authors");

#if defined(CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_EXEC) && (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(3, 4, 0))
	#error The kernel module CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_EXEC support requires kernel versions greater or equal than '3.4'.
#endif

#if defined(CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_FORK) && (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 0))
	#error The kernel module CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_FORK support requires kernel versions greater or equal than '2.6'.
#endif

#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 35))
    #define TRACEPOINT_PROBE_REGISTER(p1, p2) tracepoint_probe_register(p1, p2)
    #define TRACEPOINT_PROBE_UNREGISTER(p1, p2) tracepoint_probe_unregister(p1, p2)
    #define TRACEPOINT_PROBE(probe, args...) static void probe(args)
#else
    #define TRACEPOINT_PROBE_REGISTER(p1, p2) tracepoint_probe_register(p1, p2, NULL)
    #define TRACEPOINT_PROBE_UNREGISTER(p1, p2) tracepoint_probe_unregister(p1, p2, NULL)
    #define TRACEPOINT_PROBE(probe, args...) static void probe(void *__data, args)
#endif

// Allow build even on arch where PAGE_ENC is not implemented
#ifndef _PAGE_ENC
#define _PAGE_ENC 0
#endif

/* This is a workaround we use to exclude internal events (like drop_e/x)
 * from the interesting tracepoint logic.
 */
#define INTERNAL_EVENTS KMOD_PROG_ATTACHED_MAX

struct ppm_device {
	dev_t dev;
	struct cdev cdev;
	wait_queue_head_t read_queue;
};

struct event_data_t {
	enum ppm_capture_category category;
	bool compat;
	/* We need this when we preload syscall params */
	bool extract_socketcall_params;
	// notify record_event_consumer that it must skip syscalls of interest check.
	// used when we were not able to extract a syscall_id from socketcall; instead we extracted a PPME event as a fallback.
	bool deny_syscalls_filtering;
	union {
		struct {
			struct pt_regs *regs;
			long id;
		} syscall_data;

		struct {
			struct task_struct *sched_prev;
			struct task_struct *sched_next;
		} context_data;

		struct {
			int sig;
			struct siginfo *info;
			struct k_sigaction *ka;
		} signal_data;

#ifdef CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_FORK
		/* Here we save only the child task struct since it is the
		 * unique parameter we will use in our `f_sched_prog_fork`
		 * filler. On the other side the `f_sched_prog_exec` filler
		 * won't need any tracepoint parameter so we don't need a 
		 * internal struct here.
		 */
		struct {
			struct task_struct *child;
		} sched_proc_fork_data;
#endif

		struct fault_data_t fault_data;
	} event_info;
};

/*
 * FORWARD DECLARATIONS
 */
static int ppm_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp);
static int ppm_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp);
static int force_tp_set(struct ppm_consumer_t *consumer, uint32_t new_tp_set);
static long ppm_ioctl(struct file *f, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg);
static int ppm_mmap(struct file *filp, struct vm_area_struct *vma);
static int record_event_consumer(struct ppm_consumer_t *consumer,
                                 ppm_event_code event_type,
                                 enum syscall_flags drop_flags,
                                 nanoseconds ns,
                                 struct event_data_t *event_datap,
				 kmod_prog_codes tp_type);
static void record_event_all_consumers(ppm_event_code event_type,
                                       enum syscall_flags drop_flags,
                                       struct event_data_t *event_datap,
				       kmod_prog_codes tp_type);
static int init_ring_buffer(struct ppm_ring_buffer_context *ring, unsigned long buffer_bytes_dim);
static void free_ring_buffer(struct ppm_ring_buffer_context *ring);
static void reset_ring_buffer(struct ppm_ring_buffer_context *ring);
#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(4, 4, 0))
void ppm_task_cputime_adjusted(struct task_struct *p, cputime_t *ut, cputime_t *st);
#endif

#ifndef CONFIG_HAVE_SYSCALL_TRACEPOINTS
 #error The kernel must have HAVE_SYSCALL_TRACEPOINTS in order to work
#endif

TRACEPOINT_PROBE(syscall_enter_probe, struct pt_regs *regs, long id);
TRACEPOINT_PROBE(syscall_exit_probe, struct pt_regs *regs, long ret);
TRACEPOINT_PROBE(syscall_procexit_probe, struct task_struct *p);
#ifdef CAPTURE_CONTEXT_SWITCHES
#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 35))
TRACEPOINT_PROBE(sched_switch_probe, struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *prev, struct task_struct *next);
#elif (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(4, 4, 0))
TRACEPOINT_PROBE(sched_switch_probe, struct task_struct *prev, struct task_struct *next);
#else
TRACEPOINT_PROBE(sched_switch_probe, bool preempt, struct task_struct *prev, struct task_struct *next);
#endif /* (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2,6,35)) */
#endif /* CAPTURE_CONTEXT_SWITCHES */

#ifdef CAPTURE_SIGNAL_DELIVERIES
TRACEPOINT_PROBE(signal_deliver_probe, int sig, struct siginfo *info, struct k_sigaction *ka);
#endif

/* tracepoints `page_fault_user/kernel` don't exist on some architectures.*/
#ifdef CAPTURE_PAGE_FAULTS
TRACEPOINT_PROBE(page_fault_user_probe, unsigned long address, struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long error_code);
TRACEPOINT_PROBE(page_fault_kern_probe, unsigned long address, struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long error_code);
#endif

#ifdef CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_FORK
TRACEPOINT_PROBE(sched_proc_fork_probe, struct task_struct *parent, struct task_struct *child);
#endif

#ifdef CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_EXEC
TRACEPOINT_PROBE(sched_proc_exec_probe, struct task_struct *p, pid_t old_pid, struct linux_binprm *bprm);
#endif

extern const int g_ia32_64_map[];

static struct ppm_device *g_ppm_devs;
static struct class *g_ppm_class;
static unsigned int g_ppm_numdevs;
static int g_ppm_major;
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(long, g_n_tracepoint_hit);
static const struct file_operations g_ppm_fops = {
	.open = ppm_open,
	.release = ppm_release,
	.mmap = ppm_mmap,
	.unlocked_ioctl = ppm_ioctl,
	.owner = THIS_MODULE,
};

/*
 * GLOBALS
 */
#define DEFAULT_BUFFER_BYTES_DIM 8 * 1024 * 1024;

LIST_HEAD(g_consumer_list);
static DEFINE_MUTEX(g_consumer_mutex);
static uint32_t g_tracepoints_attached; // list of attached tracepoints; bitmask using ppm_tp.h enum
static uint32_t g_tracepoints_refs[KMOD_PROG_ATTACHED_MAX];
static unsigned long g_buffer_bytes_dim = DEFAULT_BUFFER_BYTES_DIM; // dimension of a single per-CPU buffer in bytes.
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
static struct tracepoint *tp_sys_enter;
static struct tracepoint *tp_sys_exit;
#endif

static struct tracepoint *tp_sched_process_exit;
#ifdef CAPTURE_CONTEXT_SWITCHES
static struct tracepoint *tp_sched_switch;
#endif
#ifdef CAPTURE_SIGNAL_DELIVERIES
static struct tracepoint *tp_signal_deliver;
#endif
#ifdef CAPTURE_PAGE_FAULTS
// Even in kernels that can support page fault tracepoints, tracepoints may be
// disabled so check if g_fault_tracepoint_disabled is set.
static struct tracepoint *tp_page_fault_user;
static struct tracepoint *tp_page_fault_kernel;
static bool g_fault_tracepoint_disabled;
#endif

#ifdef CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_FORK
static struct tracepoint *tp_sched_proc_fork;
#endif

#ifdef CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_EXEC
static struct tracepoint *tp_sched_proc_exec;
#endif

#ifdef _DEBUG
static bool verbose = 1;
#else
static bool verbose = 0;
#endif

static unsigned int max_consumers = 5;

#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(4, 10, 0))
static enum cpuhp_state hp_state = 0;
#endif

#define vpr_info(fmt, ...)					\
do {								\
	if (verbose)						\
		pr_info(fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__);			\
} while (0)

static inline nanoseconds ppm_nsecs(void)
{
#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(3, 17, 0))
	return ktime_get_real_ns();
#else
	/* Don't have ktime_get_real functions */
	struct timespec ts;
	getnstimeofday(&ts);
	return SECOND_IN_NS * ts.tv_sec + ts.tv_nsec;
#endif
}

/* Fetches 6 arguments of the system call */
inline void ppm_syscall_get_arguments(struct task_struct *task, struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long *args)
{
#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 1, 0))
    syscall_get_arguments(task, regs, 0, 6, args);
#else
    syscall_get_arguments(task, regs, args);
#endif
}

/* compat tracepoint functions */
static int compat_register_trace(void *func, const char *probename, struct tracepoint *tp)
{
#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(3, 15, 0))
	return TRACEPOINT_PROBE_REGISTER(probename, func);
#else
	return tracepoint_probe_register(tp, func, NULL);
#endif
}

static void compat_unregister_trace(void *func, const char *probename, struct tracepoint *tp)
{
#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(3, 15, 0))
	TRACEPOINT_PROBE_UNREGISTER(probename, func);
#else
	tracepoint_probe_unregister(tp, func, NULL);
#endif
}

static void set_consumer_tracepoints(struct ppm_consumer_t *consumer, uint32_t tp_set)
{
	int i;
	int bits_processed;

	vpr_info("consumer %p | requested tp set: %d\n", consumer->consumer_id, tp_set);
	bits_processed = force_tp_set(consumer, tp_set);
	for(i = 0; i < bits_processed; i++)
	{
		if (tp_set & (1 << i))
		{
			consumer->tracepoints_attached |= 1 << i;
		}
		else
		{
			consumer->tracepoints_attached &= ~(1 << i);
		}
	}
	vpr_info("consumer %p | set tp set: %d\n", consumer->consumer_id, consumer->tracepoints_attached);
}

static struct ppm_consumer_t *ppm_find_consumer(struct task_struct *consumer_id)
{
	struct ppm_consumer_t *el = NULL;

	rcu_read_lock();
	list_for_each_entry_rcu(el, &g_consumer_list, node) {
		if (el->consumer_id == consumer_id) {
			rcu_read_unlock();
			return el;
		}
	}
	rcu_read_unlock();

	return NULL;
}

static void check_remove_consumer(struct ppm_consumer_t *consumer, int remove_from_list)
{
	int cpu;
	int open_rings = 0;

	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
		struct ppm_ring_buffer_context *ring = per_cpu_ptr(consumer->ring_buffers, cpu);

		if (ring && ring->open)
			++open_rings;
	}

	if (open_rings == 0) {
		pr_info("deallocating consumer %p\n", consumer->consumer_id);

		// Clean up tracepoints references for this consumer
		set_consumer_tracepoints(consumer, 0);

		if (remove_from_list) {
			list_del_rcu(&consumer->node);
			synchronize_rcu();
		}

		for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
			struct ppm_ring_buffer_context *ring = per_cpu_ptr(consumer->ring_buffers, cpu);
			free_ring_buffer(ring);
		}

		free_percpu(consumer->ring_buffers);

		vfree(consumer);
	}
}

/*
 * user I/O functions
 */
static int ppm_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
	int ret;
	int in_list = false;
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
	int ring_no = iminor(filp->f_path.dentry->d_inode);
#else
	int ring_no = iminor(filp->f_dentry->d_inode);
#endif
	struct task_struct *consumer_id = current;
	struct ppm_consumer_t *consumer = NULL;
	struct ppm_ring_buffer_context *ring = NULL;

	/*
	 * Tricky: to identify a consumer, attach the thread id
	 * to the newly open file descriptor
	 */
	filp->private_data = consumer_id;

	mutex_lock(&g_consumer_mutex);

	consumer = ppm_find_consumer(consumer_id);
	if (!consumer) {
		unsigned int cpu;
		unsigned int num_consumers = 0;
		struct ppm_consumer_t *el = NULL;

		rcu_read_lock();
		list_for_each_entry_rcu(el, &g_consumer_list, node) {
			++num_consumers;
		}
		rcu_read_unlock();

		if (num_consumers >= max_consumers) {
			pr_err("maximum number of consumers reached\n");
			ret = -EBUSY;
			goto cleanup_open;
		}

		pr_info("adding new consumer %p\n", consumer_id);

		consumer = vmalloc(sizeof(struct ppm_consumer_t));
		if (!consumer) {
			pr_err("can't allocate consumer\n");
			ret = -ENOMEM;
			goto cleanup_open;
		}

		consumer->id = num_consumers;
		consumer->consumer_id = consumer_id;
		consumer->buffer_bytes_dim = g_buffer_bytes_dim;
		consumer->tracepoints_attached = 0; /* Start with no tracepoints */

		/*
		 * Initialize the ring buffers array
		 */
		consumer->ring_buffers = alloc_percpu(struct ppm_ring_buffer_context);
		if (consumer->ring_buffers == NULL) {
			pr_err("can't allocate the ring buffer array\n");

			vfree(consumer);

			ret = -ENOMEM;
			goto cleanup_open;
		}

		/*
		 * Note, we have two loops here because the first one makes sure that ALL of the
		 * rings are properly initialized to null, since the second one could be interrupted
		 * and cause issues in the cleanup phase.
		 * This might not be necessary, because alloc_percpu memsets the allocated entries to
		 * 0, but better be extra safe.
		 */
		for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
			ring = per_cpu_ptr(consumer->ring_buffers, cpu);

			ring->cpu_online = false;
			ring->str_storage = NULL;
			ring->buffer = NULL;
			ring->info = NULL;
		}

		/*
		 * If a cpu is offline when the consumer is first created, we
		 * will never get events for that cpu even if it later comes
		 * online via hotplug. We could allocate these rings on-demand
		 * later in this function if needed for hotplug, but that
		 * requires the consumer to know to call open again, and that is
		 * not supported.
		 */
		for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
			ring = per_cpu_ptr(consumer->ring_buffers, cpu);

			pr_info("initializing ring buffer for CPU %u\n", cpu);

			if (!init_ring_buffer(ring, consumer->buffer_bytes_dim)) {
				pr_err("can't initialize the ring buffer for CPU %u\n", cpu);
				ret = -ENOMEM;
				goto err_init_ring_buffer;
			}

			ring->cpu_online = true;
		}

		list_add_rcu(&consumer->node, &g_consumer_list);
		in_list = true;
	} else {
		vpr_info("found already existent consumer %p\n", consumer_id);
	}

	ring = per_cpu_ptr(consumer->ring_buffers, ring_no);

	/*
	 * Check if the CPU pointed by this device is online. If it isn't stop here and
	 * return ENODEV. The cpu could be online while buffer is NULL if there's a cpu
	 * online hotplug callback between the first open on this consumer and the open
	 * for this particular device.
	 */
	if (ring->cpu_online == false || ring->buffer == NULL) {
		ret = -ENODEV;
		goto cleanup_open;
	}

	if (ring->open) {
		pr_err("invalid operation: attempting to open device %d multiple times for consumer %p\n", ring_no, consumer->consumer_id);
		ret = -EBUSY;
		goto cleanup_open;
	}

	vpr_info("opening ring %d, consumer %p\n", ring_no, consumer->consumer_id);

	/*
	 * ring->preempt_count is not reset to 0 on purpose, to prevent a race condition:
	 * if the same device is quickly closed and then reopened, record_event() might still be executing
	 * (with ring->preempt_count to 1) while ppm_open() resets ring->preempt_count to 0.
	 * When record_event() will exit, it will decrease
	 * ring->preempt_count which will become < 0, leading to the complete loss of all the events for that CPU.
	 */
	consumer->dropping_mode = 0;
	consumer->snaplen = SNAPLEN;
	consumer->sampling_ratio = 1;
	consumer->sampling_interval = 0;
	consumer->is_dropping = 0;
	consumer->do_dynamic_snaplen = false;
	consumer->drop_failed = false;
	consumer->need_to_insert_drop_e = 0;
	consumer->need_to_insert_drop_x = 0;
	consumer->fullcapture_port_range_start = 0;
	consumer->fullcapture_port_range_end = 0;
	consumer->statsd_port = PPM_PORT_STATSD;
	bitmap_zero(consumer->syscalls_mask, SYSCALL_TABLE_SIZE); /* Start with no syscalls */
	reset_ring_buffer(ring);
	ring->open = true;

	ret = 0;
	goto cleanup_open;

err_init_ring_buffer:
	check_remove_consumer(consumer, in_list);

cleanup_open:
	mutex_unlock(&g_consumer_mutex);

	return ret;
}

static int ppm_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
	int ret;
	struct ppm_ring_buffer_context *ring;
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
	int ring_no = iminor(filp->f_path.dentry->d_inode);
#else
	int ring_no = iminor(filp->f_dentry->d_inode);
#endif
	struct task_struct *consumer_id = filp->private_data;
	struct ppm_consumer_t *consumer = NULL;

	mutex_lock(&g_consumer_mutex);

	consumer = ppm_find_consumer(consumer_id);
	if (!consumer) {
		pr_err("release: unknown consumer %p\n", consumer_id);
		ret = -EBUSY;
		goto cleanup_release;
	}

	ring = per_cpu_ptr(consumer->ring_buffers, ring_no);
	if (!ring) {
		ASSERT(false);
		ret = -ENODEV;
		goto cleanup_release;
	}

	if (!ring->open) {
		pr_err("attempting to close unopened device %d for consumer %p\n", ring_no, consumer_id);
		ret = -EBUSY;
		goto cleanup_release;
	}

	vpr_info("closing ring %d, consumer:%p evt:%llu, dr_buf:%llu, dr_buf_clone_fork_e:%llu, dr_buf_clone_fork_x:%llu, dr_buf_execve_e:%llu, dr_buf_execve_x:%llu, dr_buf_connect_e:%llu, dr_buf_connect_x:%llu, dr_buf_open_e:%llu, dr_buf_open_x:%llu, dr_buf_dir_file_e:%llu, dr_buf_dir_file_x:%llu, dr_buf_other_e:%llu, dr_buf_other_x:%llu, dr_buf_close_exit:%llu, dr_buf_proc_exit:%llu, dr_pf:%llu, pr:%llu, cs:%llu\n",
	       ring_no,
	       consumer_id,
	       ring->info->n_evts,
	       ring->info->n_drops_buffer,
	       ring->info->n_drops_buffer_clone_fork_enter,
	       ring->info->n_drops_buffer_clone_fork_exit,
	       ring->info->n_drops_buffer_execve_enter,
	       ring->info->n_drops_buffer_execve_exit,
	       ring->info->n_drops_buffer_connect_enter,
	       ring->info->n_drops_buffer_connect_exit,
	       ring->info->n_drops_buffer_open_enter,
	       ring->info->n_drops_buffer_open_exit,
	       ring->info->n_drops_buffer_dir_file_enter,
	       ring->info->n_drops_buffer_dir_file_exit,
	       ring->info->n_drops_buffer_other_interest_enter,
	       ring->info->n_drops_buffer_other_interest_exit,
	       ring->info->n_drops_buffer_close_exit,	
	       ring->info->n_drops_buffer_proc_exit,
	       ring->info->n_drops_pf,
	       ring->info->n_preemptions,
	       ring->info->n_context_switches);

	ring->open = false;

	check_remove_consumer(consumer, true);

	ret = 0;

cleanup_release:
	mutex_unlock(&g_consumer_mutex);

	return ret;
}

static int compat_set_tracepoint(void *func, const char *probename, struct tracepoint *tp, bool enabled)
{
	int ret = 0;
	if (enabled)
	{
		ret = compat_register_trace(func, probename, tp);
	}
	else
	{
		compat_unregister_trace(func, probename, tp);
	}
	return ret;
}

static int force_tp_set(struct ppm_consumer_t *consumer, uint32_t new_tp_set)
{
	uint32_t idx;
	uint32_t new_val;
	uint32_t curr_val;
	int cpu;
	int ret;

	ret = 0;
	for(idx = 0; idx < KMOD_PROG_ATTACHED_MAX && ret == 0; idx++)
	{
		new_val = new_tp_set & (1 << idx);
		curr_val = g_tracepoints_attached & (1 << idx);

		if(new_val == curr_val)
		{
			if (new_val)
			{
				// If enable is requested, set ref bit
				g_tracepoints_refs[idx] |= 1 << consumer->id;
			}
			else
			{
				// If disable is requested, unset ref bit
				g_tracepoints_refs[idx] &= ~(1 << consumer->id);
			}
			// no change needed, we just update the refs for the consumer
			continue;
		}

		if (new_val && g_tracepoints_refs[idx] != 0)
		{
			// we are not the first to request this tp;
			// set ref bit and continue
			g_tracepoints_refs[idx] |= 1 << consumer->id;
			continue;
		}

		if (!new_val && g_tracepoints_refs[idx] != (1 << consumer->id))
		{
			// we are not the last to unrequest this tp;
			// unset ref bit and continue
			g_tracepoints_refs[idx] &= ~(1 << consumer->id);
			continue;
		}

		switch(idx)
		{
		case KMOD_PROG_SYS_ENTER:
			if(new_val)
			{
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
				ret = compat_register_trace(syscall_enter_probe, kmod_prog_names[idx], tp_sys_enter);
#else
				ret = register_trace_syscall_enter(syscall_enter_probe);
#endif
			}
			else
			{
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
				compat_unregister_trace(syscall_enter_probe, kmod_prog_names[idx], tp_sys_enter);
#else
				unregister_trace_syscall_enter(syscall_enter_probe);
#endif
			}
			break;
		case KMOD_PROG_SYS_EXIT:
			if(new_val)
			{
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
				ret = compat_register_trace(syscall_exit_probe, kmod_prog_names[idx], tp_sys_exit);
#else
				ret = register_trace_syscall_exit(syscall_exit_probe);
#endif
			}
			else
			{
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
				compat_unregister_trace(syscall_exit_probe, kmod_prog_names[idx], tp_sys_exit);
#else
				unregister_trace_syscall_exit(syscall_exit_probe);
#endif
			}
			break;
		case KMOD_PROG_SCHED_PROC_EXIT:
			ret = compat_set_tracepoint(syscall_procexit_probe, kmod_prog_names[idx], tp_sched_process_exit, new_val);
			break;
#ifdef CAPTURE_CONTEXT_SWITCHES
		case KMOD_PROG_SCHED_SWITCH:
			ret = compat_set_tracepoint(sched_switch_probe, kmod_prog_names[idx], tp_sched_switch, new_val);
			break;
#endif
#ifdef CAPTURE_PAGE_FAULTS
		case KMOD_PROG_PAGE_FAULT_USER:
			if (!g_fault_tracepoint_disabled)
			{
				ret = compat_set_tracepoint(page_fault_user_probe, kmod_prog_names[idx], tp_page_fault_user, new_val);
			}
			break;
		case KMOD_PROG_PAGE_FAULT_KERNEL:
			if (!g_fault_tracepoint_disabled)
			{
				ret = compat_set_tracepoint(page_fault_kern_probe, kmod_prog_names[idx], tp_page_fault_kernel, new_val);
			}
			break;
#endif
#ifdef CAPTURE_SIGNAL_DELIVERIES
		case KMOD_PROG_SIGNAL_DELIVER:
			ret = compat_set_tracepoint(signal_deliver_probe, kmod_prog_names[idx], tp_signal_deliver, new_val);
			break;
#endif
#ifdef CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_FORK
		case KMOD_PROG_SCHED_PROC_FORK:
			ret = compat_set_tracepoint(sched_proc_fork_probe, kmod_prog_names[idx], tp_sched_proc_fork, new_val);
			break;
#endif
#ifdef CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_EXEC
		case KMOD_PROG_SCHED_PROC_EXEC:
			ret = compat_set_tracepoint(sched_proc_exec_probe, kmod_prog_names[idx], tp_sched_proc_exec, new_val);
			break;
#endif
		default:
			// unmanaged idx
			break;
		}

		if (ret == 0)
		{
			g_tracepoints_attached ^= (1 << idx);
			g_tracepoints_refs[idx] ^= (1 << consumer->id);
		}
		else
		{
			pr_err("can't %s the %s tracepoint\n", new_val ? "attach" : "detach", kmod_prog_names[idx]);
		}
	}

	if (g_tracepoints_attached == 0)
	{
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
		tracepoint_synchronize_unregister();
#endif

		/*
		 * Reset tracepoint counter
		 */
		for_each_possible_cpu(cpu)
		{
			per_cpu(g_n_tracepoint_hit, cpu) = 0;
		}
	}
	return idx;
}

static long ppm_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
	int cpu;
	int ret;
	struct task_struct *consumer_id = filp->private_data;
	struct ppm_consumer_t *consumer = NULL;

	if (cmd == PPM_IOCTL_GET_PROCLIST) {
		struct ppm_proclist_info *proclist_info = NULL;
		struct task_struct *p, *t;
		uint64_t nentries = 0;
		struct ppm_proclist_info pli;
		uint32_t memsize;

		if (copy_from_user(&pli, (void *)arg, sizeof(pli))) {
			ret = -EINVAL;
			goto cleanup_ioctl_nolock;
		}

		if(pli.max_entries < 0 || pli.max_entries > 1000000)
		{
			vpr_info("PPM_IOCTL_GET_PROCLIST: invalid max_entries %llu\n", pli.max_entries);
			ret = -EINVAL;
			goto cleanup_ioctl_procinfo;
		}

		vpr_info("PPM_IOCTL_GET_PROCLIST, size=%d\n", (int)pli.max_entries);

		memsize = sizeof(struct ppm_proclist_info) + sizeof(struct ppm_proc_info) * pli.max_entries;
		proclist_info = vmalloc(memsize);
		if (!proclist_info) {
			ret = -EINVAL;
			goto cleanup_ioctl_nolock;
		}

		proclist_info->max_entries = pli.max_entries;

		rcu_read_lock();

#ifdef for_each_process_thread
		for_each_process_thread(p, t) {
#else
#ifdef for_each_process_all
		for_each_process_all(p) {
#else
		for_each_process(p) {
#endif
			t = p;
			do {
				task_lock(p);
#endif
				if (nentries < pli.max_entries) {
#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(4, 11, 0))
					cputime_t utime, stime;
#else
					uint64_t utime, stime;
#endif

#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(4, 4, 0))
					task_cputime_adjusted(t, &utime, &stime);
#else
					ppm_task_cputime_adjusted(t, &utime, &stime);
#endif
					proclist_info->entries[nentries].pid = t->pid;
#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(4, 11, 0))
					proclist_info->entries[nentries].utime = cputime_to_clock_t(utime);
					proclist_info->entries[nentries].stime = cputime_to_clock_t(stime);
#else
					proclist_info->entries[nentries].utime = nsec_to_clock_t(utime);
					proclist_info->entries[nentries].stime = nsec_to_clock_t(stime);
#endif
				}

				nentries++;
#ifdef for_each_process_thread
		}
#else
				task_unlock(p);
#ifdef while_each_thread_all
			} while_each_thread_all(p, t);
		}
#else
			} while_each_thread(p, t);
		}
#endif
#endif

		rcu_read_unlock();

		proclist_info->n_entries = nentries;

		if (nentries >= pli.max_entries) {
			vpr_info("PPM_IOCTL_GET_PROCLIST: not enough space (%d avail, %d required)\n",
				(int)pli.max_entries,
				(int)nentries);

			if (copy_to_user((void *)arg, proclist_info, sizeof(struct ppm_proclist_info))) {
				ret = -EINVAL;
				goto cleanup_ioctl_procinfo;
			}

			ret = -ENOSPC;
			goto cleanup_ioctl_procinfo;
		} else {
			memsize = sizeof(struct ppm_proclist_info) + sizeof(struct ppm_proc_info) * nentries;

			if (copy_to_user((void *)arg, proclist_info, memsize)) {
				ret = -EINVAL;
				goto cleanup_ioctl_procinfo;
			}
		}

		ret = 0;
cleanup_ioctl_procinfo:
		vfree((void *)proclist_info);
		goto cleanup_ioctl_nolock;
	}

	if (cmd == PPM_IOCTL_GET_N_TRACEPOINT_HIT) {
		long __user *counters = (long __user *) arg;

		for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
			if (put_user(per_cpu(g_n_tracepoint_hit, cpu), &counters[cpu])) {
				ret = -EINVAL;
				goto cleanup_ioctl_nolock;
			}
		}
		ret = 0;
		goto cleanup_ioctl_nolock;
	} else if (cmd == PPM_IOCTL_GET_DRIVER_VERSION) {
		if (copy_to_user((void *)arg, DRIVER_VERSION, sizeof(DRIVER_VERSION))) {
			ret = -EINVAL;
			goto cleanup_ioctl_nolock;
		}
		ret = 0;
		goto cleanup_ioctl_nolock;
	} else if (cmd == PPM_IOCTL_GET_API_VERSION) {
		unsigned long long __user *out = (unsigned long long __user *) arg;
		ret = 0;
		if(put_user(PPM_API_CURRENT_VERSION, out))
			ret = -EINVAL;
		goto cleanup_ioctl_nolock;
	} else if (cmd == PPM_IOCTL_GET_SCHEMA_VERSION) {
		unsigned long long __user *out = (unsigned long long __user *) arg;
		ret = 0;
		if(put_user(PPM_SCHEMA_CURRENT_VERSION, out))
			ret = -EINVAL;
		goto cleanup_ioctl_nolock;
	}

	mutex_lock(&g_consumer_mutex);

	consumer = ppm_find_consumer(consumer_id);
	if (!consumer) {
		pr_err("ioctl: unknown consumer %p\n", consumer_id);
		ret = -EBUSY;
		goto cleanup_ioctl;
	}

	switch (cmd) {
	case PPM_IOCTL_DISABLE_DROPPING_MODE:
	{
		vpr_info("PPM_IOCTL_DISABLE_DROPPING_MODE, consumer %p\n", consumer_id);

		consumer->dropping_mode = 0;
		consumer->sampling_interval = 1000000000;
		consumer->sampling_ratio = 1;

		ret = 0;
		goto cleanup_ioctl;
	}
	case PPM_IOCTL_ENABLE_DROPPING_MODE:
	{
		uint32_t new_sampling_ratio;

		consumer->dropping_mode = 1;
		vpr_info("PPM_IOCTL_ENABLE_DROPPING_MODE, consumer %p\n", consumer_id);

		new_sampling_ratio = (uint32_t)arg;

		if (new_sampling_ratio != 1 &&
			new_sampling_ratio != 2 &&
			new_sampling_ratio != 4 &&
			new_sampling_ratio != 8 &&
			new_sampling_ratio != 16 &&
			new_sampling_ratio != 32 &&
			new_sampling_ratio != 64 &&
			new_sampling_ratio != 128) {
			pr_err("invalid sampling ratio %u\n", new_sampling_ratio);
			ret = -EINVAL;
			goto cleanup_ioctl;
		}

		consumer->sampling_interval = 1000000000 / new_sampling_ratio;
		consumer->sampling_ratio = new_sampling_ratio;

		vpr_info("new sampling ratio: %d\n", new_sampling_ratio);

		ret = 0;
		goto cleanup_ioctl;
	}
	case PPM_IOCTL_SET_SNAPLEN:
	{
		uint32_t new_snaplen;

		vpr_info("PPM_IOCTL_SET_SNAPLEN, consumer %p\n", consumer_id);
		new_snaplen = (uint32_t)arg;

		if (new_snaplen > SNAPLEN_MAX) {
			pr_err("invalid snaplen %u\n", new_snaplen);
			ret = -EINVAL;
			goto cleanup_ioctl;
		}

		consumer->snaplen = new_snaplen;

		vpr_info("new snaplen: %d\n", consumer->snaplen);

		ret = 0;
		goto cleanup_ioctl;
	}
	case PPM_IOCTL_SET_FULLCAPTURE_PORT_RANGE:
	{
		uint32_t encoded_port_range;

		vpr_info("PPM_IOCTL_SET_FULLCAPTURE_PORT_RANGE, consumer %p\n", consumer_id);
		encoded_port_range = (uint32_t)arg;

		consumer->fullcapture_port_range_start = encoded_port_range & 0xFFFF;
		consumer->fullcapture_port_range_end = encoded_port_range >> 16;

		pr_info("new fullcapture_port_range_start: %d\n", (int)consumer->fullcapture_port_range_start);
		pr_info("new fullcapture_port_range_end: %d\n", (int)consumer->fullcapture_port_range_end);

		ret = 0;
		goto cleanup_ioctl;
	}
	case PPM_IOCTL_SET_STATSD_PORT:
	{
		consumer->statsd_port = (uint16_t)arg;

		pr_info("new statsd_port: %d\n", (int)consumer->statsd_port);

		ret = 0;
		goto cleanup_ioctl;
	}
	case PPM_IOCTL_ENABLE_SYSCALL:
	{
		uint32_t syscall_to_set = (uint32_t)arg - SYSCALL_TABLE_ID0;

		vpr_info("PPM_IOCTL_ENABLE_SYSCALL (%u), consumer %p\n", syscall_to_set, consumer_id);

		if (syscall_to_set >= SYSCALL_TABLE_SIZE) {
			pr_err("invalid syscall %u\n", syscall_to_set);
			ret = -EINVAL;
			goto cleanup_ioctl;
		}

		set_bit(syscall_to_set, consumer->syscalls_mask);

		ret = 0;
		goto cleanup_ioctl;
	}
	case PPM_IOCTL_DISABLE_SYSCALL:
	{
		uint32_t syscall_to_unset = (uint32_t)arg - SYSCALL_TABLE_ID0;

		vpr_info("PPM_IOCTL_DISABLE_SYSCALL (%u), consumer %p\n", syscall_to_unset, consumer_id);

		if (syscall_to_unset >= SYSCALL_TABLE_SIZE) {
			pr_err("invalid syscall %u\n", syscall_to_unset);
			ret = -EINVAL;
			goto cleanup_ioctl;
		}

		clear_bit(syscall_to_unset, consumer->syscalls_mask);

		ret = 0;
		goto cleanup_ioctl;
	}
	case PPM_IOCTL_DISABLE_DYNAMIC_SNAPLEN:
	{
		consumer->do_dynamic_snaplen = false;

		ret = 0;
		goto cleanup_ioctl;
	}
	case PPM_IOCTL_ENABLE_DYNAMIC_SNAPLEN:
	{
		consumer->do_dynamic_snaplen = true;

		ret = 0;
		goto cleanup_ioctl;
	}
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
	case PPM_IOCTL_GET_VTID:
	case PPM_IOCTL_GET_VPID:
	{
		pid_t vid;
		struct pid *pid;
		struct task_struct *task;
		struct pid_namespace *ns;

		rcu_read_lock();
		pid = find_pid_ns(arg, &init_pid_ns);
		if (!pid) {
			rcu_read_unlock();
			ret = -EINVAL;
			goto cleanup_ioctl;
		}

		task = pid_task(pid, PIDTYPE_PID);
		if (!task) {
			rcu_read_unlock();
			ret = -EINVAL;
			goto cleanup_ioctl;
		}

		ns = ns_of_pid(pid);
		if (!pid) {
			rcu_read_unlock();
			ret = -EINVAL;
			goto cleanup_ioctl;
		}

		if (cmd == PPM_IOCTL_GET_VTID)
			vid = task_pid_nr_ns(task, ns);
		else
			vid = task_tgid_nr_ns(task, ns);

		rcu_read_unlock();
		ret = vid;
		goto cleanup_ioctl;
	}
#endif
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
	case PPM_IOCTL_GET_CURRENT_TID:
		ret = task_pid_nr(current);
		goto cleanup_ioctl;
	case PPM_IOCTL_GET_CURRENT_PID:
		ret = task_tgid_nr(current);
		goto cleanup_ioctl;
#endif /* LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20) */
	case PPM_IOCTL_ENABLE_TP:
	{
		uint32_t new_tp_set;
		if ((uint32_t)arg >= KMOD_PROG_ATTACHED_MAX) {
			pr_err("invalid tp %u\n", (uint32_t)arg);
			ret = -EINVAL;
			goto cleanup_ioctl;
		}
		new_tp_set = consumer->tracepoints_attached;
		new_tp_set |= 1 << (uint32_t)arg;
		set_consumer_tracepoints(consumer, new_tp_set);
		ret = 0;
		goto cleanup_ioctl;
	}
	case PPM_IOCTL_DISABLE_TP:
	{
		uint32_t new_tp_set;
		if ((uint32_t)arg >= KMOD_PROG_ATTACHED_MAX) {
			pr_err("invalid tp %u\n", (uint32_t)arg);
			ret = -EINVAL;
			goto cleanup_ioctl;
		}
		new_tp_set = consumer->tracepoints_attached;
		new_tp_set &= ~(1 << (uint32_t)arg);
		set_consumer_tracepoints(consumer, new_tp_set);
		ret = 0;
		goto cleanup_ioctl;
	}
	case PPM_IOCTL_DISABLE_DROPFAILED:
	{
		consumer->drop_failed = false;

		ret = 0;
		goto cleanup_ioctl;
	}
	case PPM_IOCTL_ENABLE_DROPFAILED:
	{
		consumer->drop_failed = true;

		ret = 0;
		goto cleanup_ioctl;
	}
	default:
		ret = -ENOTTY;
		goto cleanup_ioctl;
	}

cleanup_ioctl:
	mutex_unlock(&g_consumer_mutex);
cleanup_ioctl_nolock:
	return ret;
}

static int ppm_mmap(struct file *filp, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	int ret;
	struct task_struct *consumer_id = filp->private_data;
	struct ppm_consumer_t *consumer = NULL;

	mutex_lock(&g_consumer_mutex);

	consumer = ppm_find_consumer(consumer_id);
	if (!consumer) {
		pr_err("mmap: unknown consumer %p\n", consumer_id);
		ret = -EIO;
		goto cleanup_mmap;
	}

	if (vma->vm_pgoff == 0) {
		long length = vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start;
		unsigned long useraddr = vma->vm_start;
		unsigned long pfn;
		char *vmalloc_area_ptr;
		char *orig_vmalloc_area_ptr;
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
		int ring_no = iminor(filp->f_path.dentry->d_inode);
#else
		int ring_no = iminor(filp->f_dentry->d_inode);
#endif
		struct ppm_ring_buffer_context *ring;

		vpr_info("mmap for consumer %p, CPU %d, start=%lu len=%ld page_size=%lu\n",
			   consumer_id,
		       ring_no,
		       useraddr,
		       length,
		       PAGE_SIZE);

		/*
		 * Retrieve the ring structure for this CPU
		 */
		ring = per_cpu_ptr(consumer->ring_buffers, ring_no);
		if (!ring) {
			ASSERT(false);
			ret = -ENODEV;
			goto cleanup_mmap;
		}

		if (length <= PAGE_SIZE) {
			/*
			 * When the size requested by the user is smaller than a page, we assume
			 * she's mapping the ring info structure
			 */
			vpr_info("mapping the ring info\n");

			vmalloc_area_ptr = (char *)ring->info;
			orig_vmalloc_area_ptr = vmalloc_area_ptr;

			pfn = vmalloc_to_pfn(vmalloc_area_ptr);

			pgprot_val(vma->vm_page_prot) = pgprot_val(PAGE_SHARED) | _PAGE_ENC;
			ret = remap_pfn_range(vma, useraddr, pfn,
					      PAGE_SIZE, vma->vm_page_prot);
			if (ret < 0) {
				pr_err("remap_pfn_range failed (1)\n");
				goto cleanup_mmap;
			}

			ret = 0;
			goto cleanup_mmap;
		}
		else if(length == consumer->buffer_bytes_dim * 2)
		{
			long mlength;

			/*
			 * When the size requested by the user equals the ring buffer size, we map the full
			 * buffer
			 */
			vpr_info("mapping the data buffer\n");

			vmalloc_area_ptr = (char *)ring->buffer;
			orig_vmalloc_area_ptr = vmalloc_area_ptr;

			/*
			 * Validate that the buffer access is read only
			 */
			if (vma->vm_flags & VM_WRITE) {
				pr_err("invalid mmap flags 0x%lx\n", vma->vm_flags);
				ret = -EIO;
				goto cleanup_mmap;
			}

			/*
			 * Map each single page of the buffer
			 */
			mlength = length / 2;

			while (mlength > 0) {
				pfn = vmalloc_to_pfn(vmalloc_area_ptr);

				pgprot_val(vma->vm_page_prot) = pgprot_val(PAGE_SHARED) | _PAGE_ENC;
				ret = remap_pfn_range(vma, useraddr, pfn,
						      PAGE_SIZE, vma->vm_page_prot);
				if (ret < 0) {
					pr_err("remap_pfn_range failed (1)\n");
					goto cleanup_mmap;
				}

				useraddr += PAGE_SIZE;
				vmalloc_area_ptr += PAGE_SIZE;
				mlength -= PAGE_SIZE;
			}

			/*
			 * Remap a second copy of the buffer pages at the end of the buffer.
			 * This effectively mirrors the buffer at its end and helps simplify buffer management in userland.
			 */
			vmalloc_area_ptr = orig_vmalloc_area_ptr;
			mlength = length / 2;

			while (mlength > 0) {
				pfn = vmalloc_to_pfn(vmalloc_area_ptr);

				pgprot_val(vma->vm_page_prot) = pgprot_val(PAGE_SHARED) | _PAGE_ENC;
				ret = remap_pfn_range(vma, useraddr, pfn,
						      PAGE_SIZE, vma->vm_page_prot);
				if (ret < 0) {
					pr_err("remap_pfn_range failed (1)\n");
					goto cleanup_mmap;
				}

				useraddr += PAGE_SIZE;
				vmalloc_area_ptr += PAGE_SIZE;
				mlength -= PAGE_SIZE;
			}

			ret = 0;
			goto cleanup_mmap;
		}

		pr_err("Invalid mmap size %ld\n", length);
		ret = -EIO;
		goto cleanup_mmap;
	}

	pr_err("invalid pgoff %lu, must be 0\n", vma->vm_pgoff);
	ret = -EIO;

cleanup_mmap:
	mutex_unlock(&g_consumer_mutex);

	return ret;
}

/* Argument list sizes for sys_socketcall */
#define AL(x) ((x) * sizeof(unsigned long))
static const unsigned char nas[21] = {
	AL(0), AL(3), AL(3), AL(3), AL(2), AL(3),
	AL(3), AL(3), AL(4), AL(4), AL(4), AL(6),
	AL(6), AL(2), AL(5), AL(5), AL(3), AL(3),
	AL(4), AL(5), AL(4)
};
#undef AL
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
#define AL(x) ((x) * sizeof(compat_ulong_t))
static const unsigned char compat_nas[21] = {
	AL(0), AL(3), AL(3), AL(3), AL(2), AL(3),
	AL(3), AL(3), AL(4), AL(4), AL(4), AL(6),
	AL(6), AL(2), AL(5), AL(5), AL(3), AL(3),
	AL(4), AL(5), AL(4)
};
#undef AL
#endif


/* This method is just a pass-through to avoid exporting
 * `ppm_syscall_get_arguments` outside of `main.c`
 */
static long convert_network_syscalls(struct pt_regs *regs, bool* is_syscall_return)
{
	/* Here we extract just the first parameter of the socket call */
	unsigned long __user args[6] = {};
	ppm_syscall_get_arguments(current, regs, args);

	/* args[0] is the specific socket call code */
	return socketcall_code_to_syscall_code(args[0], is_syscall_return);
}

static int load_socketcall_params(struct event_filler_arguments *filler_args)
{
	unsigned long __user original_socketcall_args[6] = {};
	unsigned long __user pointer_real_args = 0;
	int socketcall_id;
	ppm_syscall_get_arguments(current, filler_args->regs, original_socketcall_args);
	socketcall_id = original_socketcall_args[0];
	pointer_real_args = original_socketcall_args[1];

#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
	if (unlikely(filler_args->compat))
	{
		compat_ulong_t socketcall_args32[6];
		int j;

		if (unlikely(ppm_copy_from_user(socketcall_args32, compat_ptr((compat_uptr_t)pointer_real_args), compat_nas[socketcall_id])))
			return -1;
		for (j = 0; j < 6; ++j)
			filler_args->args[j] = (unsigned long)socketcall_args32[j];
	}
	else
	{
#endif
		if (unlikely(ppm_copy_from_user(filler_args->args, (unsigned long __user*)pointer_real_args, nas[socketcall_id])))
			return -1;
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
	}
#endif
	return 0;
}

static inline struct event_data_t *manage_socketcall(struct event_data_t *event_data, int socketcall_syscall_id, bool is_exit)
{
	bool is_syscall_return;
	int return_code = convert_network_syscalls(event_data->event_info.syscall_data.regs, &is_syscall_return);
	if (return_code == -1)
	{
		// Wrong SYS_ argument passed. Drop the syscall.
		return NULL;
	}


	/* If the return code is not the generic event we will need to extract parameters
	 * with the socket call mechanism.
	 */
	event_data->extract_socketcall_params = true;

	/* If we return an event code, it means we need to call directly `record_event_all_consumers` */
	if(!is_syscall_return)
	{
		// We need to skip the syscall filtering logic because
		// the actual `id` is no longer representative for this event.
		// There could be cases in which we have a `PPME_SOCKET_SEND_E` event
		// and`id=__NR_ia32_socketcall`...We resolved the correct event type but we cannot
		// update the `id`.
		event_data->deny_syscalls_filtering = true;
		/* we need to use `return_code + 1` because return_code
		 * is the enter event.
		 */
		record_event_all_consumers(return_code + is_exit, UF_USED,
					   event_data, is_exit ? KMOD_PROG_SYS_EXIT : KMOD_PROG_SYS_ENTER);
		return NULL; // managed
	}

	/* If we return a syscall id we just set it */
	event_data->event_info.syscall_data.id = return_code;
	return event_data;
}

static int preload_params(struct event_filler_arguments *filler_args, bool extract_socketcall_params)
{
	if (extract_socketcall_params)
	{
		return load_socketcall_params(filler_args);
	}
	ppm_syscall_get_arguments(current, filler_args->regs, filler_args->args);
	return 0;
}

static inline void record_drop_e(struct ppm_consumer_t *consumer,
                                 nanoseconds ns,
                                 enum syscall_flags drop_flags)
{
	struct event_data_t event_data = {0};

	if (record_event_consumer(consumer, PPME_DROP_E, UF_NEVER_DROP, ns, &event_data, INTERNAL_EVENTS) == 0) {
		consumer->need_to_insert_drop_e = 1;
	} else {
		if (consumer->need_to_insert_drop_e == 1 && !(drop_flags & UF_ATOMIC)) {
			if (verbose) {
				pr_err("consumer:%p drop enter event delayed insert\n", consumer->consumer_id);
			}
		}

		consumer->need_to_insert_drop_e = 0;
	}
}

static inline void drops_buffer_syscall_categories_counters(ppm_event_code event_type,
				    struct ppm_ring_buffer_info *ring_info)
{
	switch (event_type) {
	// enter
	case PPME_SYSCALL_OPEN_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_CREAT_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_OPENAT_2_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_OPENAT2_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_OPEN_BY_HANDLE_AT_E:
		ring_info->n_drops_buffer_open_enter++;
		break;
	case PPME_SYSCALL_DUP_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_CHMOD_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_FCHMOD_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_FCHMODAT_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_CHOWN_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_LCHOWN_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_FCHOWN_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_FCHOWNAT_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_LINK_2_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_LINKAT_2_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_MKDIR_2_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_MKDIRAT_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_MOUNT_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_UMOUNT_1_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_UMOUNT2_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_RENAME_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_RENAMEAT_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_RENAMEAT2_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_RMDIR_2_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_SYMLINK_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_SYMLINKAT_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_UNLINK_2_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_UNLINKAT_2_E:
		ring_info->n_drops_buffer_dir_file_enter++;
		break;
	case PPME_SYSCALL_CLONE_20_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_CLONE3_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_FORK_20_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_VFORK_20_E:
		ring_info->n_drops_buffer_clone_fork_enter++;
		break;
	case PPME_SYSCALL_EXECVE_19_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_EXECVEAT_E:
		ring_info->n_drops_buffer_execve_enter++;
		break;
	case PPME_SOCKET_CONNECT_E:
		ring_info->n_drops_buffer_connect_enter++;
		break;
	case PPME_SYSCALL_BPF_2_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_SETPGID_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_PTRACE_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_SECCOMP_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_SETNS_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_SETRESGID_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_SETRESUID_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_SETSID_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_UNSHARE_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_CAPSET_E:
		ring_info->n_drops_buffer_other_interest_enter++;
		break;
	case PPME_PROCEXIT_1_E:
		ring_info->n_drops_buffer_proc_exit++;
		break;			
	// exit
	case PPME_SYSCALL_OPEN_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_CREAT_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_OPENAT_2_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_OPENAT2_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_OPEN_BY_HANDLE_AT_X:
		ring_info->n_drops_buffer_open_exit++;
		break;
	case PPME_SYSCALL_DUP_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_CHMOD_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_FCHMOD_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_FCHMODAT_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_CHOWN_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_LCHOWN_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_FCHOWN_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_FCHOWNAT_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_LINK_2_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_LINKAT_2_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_MKDIR_2_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_MKDIRAT_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_MOUNT_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_UMOUNT_1_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_UMOUNT2_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_RENAME_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_RENAMEAT_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_RENAMEAT2_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_RMDIR_2_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_SYMLINK_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_SYMLINKAT_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_UNLINK_2_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_UNLINKAT_2_X:
		ring_info->n_drops_buffer_dir_file_exit++;
		break;
	case PPME_SYSCALL_CLONE_20_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_CLONE3_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_FORK_20_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_VFORK_20_X:
		ring_info->n_drops_buffer_clone_fork_exit++;
		break;
	case PPME_SYSCALL_EXECVE_19_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_EXECVEAT_X:
		ring_info->n_drops_buffer_execve_exit++;
		break;
	case PPME_SOCKET_CONNECT_X:
		ring_info->n_drops_buffer_connect_exit++;
		break;
	case PPME_SYSCALL_BPF_2_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_SETPGID_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_PTRACE_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_SECCOMP_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_SETNS_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_SETRESGID_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_SETRESUID_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_SETSID_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_UNSHARE_X:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_CAPSET_X:
		ring_info->n_drops_buffer_other_interest_exit++;
		break;
	case PPME_SYSCALL_CLOSE_X:
		ring_info->n_drops_buffer_close_exit++;
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}
}

static inline void record_drop_x(struct ppm_consumer_t *consumer,
                                 nanoseconds ns,
                                 enum syscall_flags drop_flags)
{
	struct event_data_t event_data = {0};

	if (record_event_consumer(consumer, PPME_DROP_X, UF_NEVER_DROP, ns, &event_data, INTERNAL_EVENTS) == 0) {
		consumer->need_to_insert_drop_x = 1;
	} else {
		if (consumer->need_to_insert_drop_x == 1 && !(drop_flags & UF_ATOMIC)) {
			if (verbose) {
				pr_err("consumer:%p drop exit event delayed insert\n", consumer->consumer_id);
			}
		}

		consumer->need_to_insert_drop_x = 0;
	}
}

// Return 1 if the event should be dropped, else 0
static inline int drop_nostate_event(ppm_event_code event_type,
				     struct pt_regs *regs)
{
	unsigned long args[6] = {};
	unsigned long arg = 0;
	int close_fd = -1;
	struct files_struct *files;
	struct fdtable *fdt;
	bool drop = false;

	switch (event_type) {
	case PPME_SYSCALL_CLOSE_X:
	case PPME_SOCKET_BIND_X:
		if (syscall_get_return_value(current, regs) < 0)
			drop = true;
		break;
	case PPME_SYSCALL_CLOSE_E:
		/*
		 * It's annoying but valid for a program to make a large number of
		 * close() calls on nonexistent fds. That can cause driver cpu usage
		 * to spike dramatically, so drop close events if the fd is not valid.
		 *
		 * The invalid fd events don't matter to userspace in dropping mode,
		 * so we do this before the UF_NEVER_DROP check
		 */
		ppm_syscall_get_arguments(current, regs, args);
		arg = args[0];
		close_fd = (int)arg;

		files = current->files;
		spin_lock(&files->file_lock);
		fdt = files_fdtable(files);
		if (close_fd < 0 || close_fd >= fdt->max_fds ||
#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(3, 4, 0))
		    !FD_ISSET(close_fd, fdt->open_fds)
#else
		    !fd_is_open(close_fd, fdt)
#endif
			) {
			drop = true;
		}
		spin_unlock(&files->file_lock);
		break;
	case PPME_SYSCALL_FCNTL_E:
	case PPME_SYSCALL_FCNTL_X:
		// cmd arg
		ppm_syscall_get_arguments(current, regs, args);
		arg = args[1];
		if (arg != F_DUPFD && arg != F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC)
			drop = true;
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}

	if (drop)
		return 1;
	else
		return 0;
}

// Return 1 if the event should be dropped, else 0
static inline int drop_event(struct ppm_consumer_t *consumer,
			     ppm_event_code event_type,
			     enum syscall_flags drop_flags,
			     nanoseconds ns,
			     struct pt_regs *regs)
{
	int maybe_ret = 0;

	if (consumer->dropping_mode) {
		maybe_ret = drop_nostate_event(event_type, regs);
		if (maybe_ret > 0)
			return maybe_ret;
	}

	if (drop_flags & UF_NEVER_DROP) {
		ASSERT((drop_flags & UF_ALWAYS_DROP) == 0);
		return 0;
	}

	if (consumer->dropping_mode) {
		nanoseconds ns2 = ns;
		if (drop_flags & UF_ALWAYS_DROP) {
			ASSERT((drop_flags & UF_NEVER_DROP) == 0);
			return 1;
		}

		if (consumer->sampling_interval < SECOND_IN_NS &&
		    /* do_div replaces ns2 with the quotient and returns the remainder */
		    do_div(ns2, SECOND_IN_NS) >= consumer->sampling_interval) {
			if (consumer->is_dropping == 0) {
				consumer->is_dropping = 1;
				record_drop_e(consumer, ns, drop_flags);
			}

			return 1;
		}

		if (consumer->is_dropping == 1) {
			consumer->is_dropping = 0;
			record_drop_x(consumer, ns, drop_flags);
		}
	}

	return 0;
}

static void record_event_all_consumers(ppm_event_code event_type,
	enum syscall_flags drop_flags,
	struct event_data_t *event_datap,
				       kmod_prog_codes tp_type)
{
	struct ppm_consumer_t *consumer;
	nanoseconds ns = ppm_nsecs();

	rcu_read_lock();
	list_for_each_entry_rcu(consumer, &g_consumer_list, node) {
		record_event_consumer(consumer, event_type, drop_flags, ns, event_datap, tp_type);
	}
	rcu_read_unlock();
}

/*
 * Returns 0 if the event is dropped
 */
static int record_event_consumer(struct ppm_consumer_t *consumer,
	ppm_event_code event_type,
	enum syscall_flags drop_flags,
	nanoseconds ns,
	struct event_data_t *event_datap,
				 kmod_prog_codes tp_type)
{
	int res = 0;
	size_t event_size = 0;
	int next;
	uint32_t freespace;
	uint32_t usedspace;
	uint32_t delta_from_end;
	struct event_filler_arguments args = {};
	uint32_t ttail;
	uint32_t head;
	struct ppm_ring_buffer_context *ring;
	struct ppm_ring_buffer_info *ring_info;
	int drop = 1;
	int32_t cbres = PPM_SUCCESS;
	int cpu;
	long table_index;
	int64_t retval;

	if (tp_type < INTERNAL_EVENTS && !(consumer->tracepoints_attached & (1 << tp_type)))
	{
		return res;
	}

	// Check if syscall is interesting for the consumer
	if (event_datap->category == PPMC_SYSCALL)
	{
		if (!event_datap->deny_syscalls_filtering)
		{
			table_index = event_datap->event_info.syscall_data.id - SYSCALL_TABLE_ID0;
			if(!test_bit(table_index, consumer->syscalls_mask))
			{
				return res;
			}
		}

		if (tp_type == KMOD_PROG_SYS_EXIT && consumer->drop_failed)
		{
			retval = (int64_t)syscall_get_return_value(current, event_datap->event_info.syscall_data.regs);
			if (retval < 0)
			{
				return res;
			}
		}

		args.regs = event_datap->event_info.syscall_data.regs;
		args.syscall_id = event_datap->event_info.syscall_data.id;
		args.compat = event_datap->compat;
		/* If the syscall is interesting we need to preload params */
		if(unlikely(preload_params(&args, event_datap->extract_socketcall_params) == -1))
		{
			return res;
		}
	}

	if (event_type != PPME_DROP_E && event_type != PPME_DROP_X) {
		if (consumer->need_to_insert_drop_e == 1)
			record_drop_e(consumer, ns, drop_flags);
		else if (consumer->need_to_insert_drop_x == 1)
			record_drop_x(consumer, ns, drop_flags);

		if (drop_event(consumer,
		               event_type,
		               drop_flags,
		               ns,
		               event_datap->event_info.syscall_data.regs))
			return res;
	}

	/*
	 * FROM THIS MOMENT ON, WE HAVE TO BE SUPER FAST
	 */
	cpu = get_cpu();
	ring = per_cpu_ptr(consumer->ring_buffers, cpu);
	ASSERT(ring);

	ring_info = ring->info;
	ring_info->n_evts++;
	if (event_datap->category == PPMC_CONTEXT_SWITCH && event_datap->event_info.context_data.sched_prev != NULL) {
		if (event_type != PPME_SCAPEVENT_E && event_type != PPME_CPU_HOTPLUG_E) {
			ASSERT(event_datap->event_info.context_data.sched_prev != NULL);
			ASSERT(event_datap->event_info.context_data.sched_next != NULL);
			ring_info->n_context_switches++;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Preemption gate
	 */
	if (unlikely(atomic_inc_return(&ring->preempt_count) != 1)) {
		/* When this driver executing a filler calls ppm_copy_from_user(),
		 * even if the page fault is disabled, the page fault tracepoint gets
		 * called very early in the page fault handler, way before the kernel
		 * terminates it, so this is legit. Still not sure how to solve this,
		 * so for the moment handle this case by not complaining and ignoring
		 * the false alarm if the preemption exception is generated by
		 * page_fault_kernel. The alternative would be to disable the kernel
		 * tracepoint completely, but there is value in seeing page faults
		 * generated on this side, so let's see if someone complains.
		 * This means that effectively those events would be lost.
		 */
		if (event_type != PPME_PAGE_FAULT_E) {
			ring_info->n_preemptions++;
			ASSERT(false);
		}
		atomic_dec(&ring->preempt_count);
		put_cpu();
		return res;
	}

	/*
	 * Calculate the space currently available in the buffer
	 */
	head = ring_info->head;
	ttail = ring_info->tail;

	if (ttail > head)
		freespace = ttail - head - 1;
	else
		freespace = consumer->buffer_bytes_dim + ttail - head - 1;

	usedspace = consumer->buffer_bytes_dim - freespace - 1;
	delta_from_end = consumer->buffer_bytes_dim + (2 * PAGE_SIZE) - head - 1;

	ASSERT(freespace <= consumer->buffer_bytes_dim);
	ASSERT(usedspace <= consumer->buffer_bytes_dim);
	ASSERT(ttail <= consumer->buffer_bytes_dim);
	ASSERT(head <= consumer->buffer_bytes_dim);
	ASSERT(delta_from_end < consumer->buffer_bytes_dim + (2 * PAGE_SIZE));
	ASSERT(delta_from_end > (2 * PAGE_SIZE) - 1);
	ASSERT(event_type < PPM_EVENT_MAX);

	/*
	 * Determine how many arguments this event has
	 */
	args.nargs = g_event_info[event_type].nparams;
	args.arg_data_offset = args.nargs * sizeof(uint16_t);

	/*
	 * Make sure we have enough space for the event header.
	 * We need at least space for the header plus 16 bit per parameter for the lengths.
	 */
	if (likely(freespace >= sizeof(struct ppm_evt_hdr) + args.arg_data_offset)) {
		/*
		 * Populate the header
		 */
		struct ppm_evt_hdr *hdr = (struct ppm_evt_hdr *)(ring->buffer + head);

#ifdef PPM_ENABLE_SENTINEL
		hdr->sentinel_begin = ring->nevents;
#endif
		hdr->ts = ns;
		hdr->tid = current->pid;
		hdr->type = event_type;
		hdr->nparams = args.nargs;

		/*
		 * Populate the parameters for the filler callback
		 */
		args.consumer = consumer;
		args.buffer = ring->buffer + head + sizeof(struct ppm_evt_hdr);
#ifdef PPM_ENABLE_SENTINEL
		args.sentinel = ring->nevents;
#endif
		args.buffer_size = min(freespace, delta_from_end) - sizeof(struct ppm_evt_hdr); /* freespace is guaranteed to be bigger than sizeof(struct ppm_evt_hdr) */
		args.event_type = event_type;

		if(event_datap->category != PPMC_SYSCALL)
		{
			args.regs = NULL;
			args.syscall_id = -1;
			args.compat = false;
		}

		if (event_datap->category == PPMC_CONTEXT_SWITCH) {
			args.sched_prev = event_datap->event_info.context_data.sched_prev;
			args.sched_next = event_datap->event_info.context_data.sched_next;
		} else {
			args.sched_prev = NULL;
			args.sched_next = NULL;
		}

		if (event_datap->category == PPMC_SIGNAL) {
			args.signo = event_datap->event_info.signal_data.sig;
			if (event_datap->event_info.signal_data.info == NULL) {
				args.spid = (__kernel_pid_t) 0;
			} else if (args.signo == SIGKILL) {
				args.spid = event_datap->event_info.signal_data.info->_sifields._kill._pid;
			} else if (args.signo == SIGTERM || args.signo == SIGHUP || args.signo == SIGINT ||
					args.signo == SIGTSTP || args.signo == SIGQUIT) {
				if (event_datap->event_info.signal_data.info->si_code == SI_USER ||
						event_datap->event_info.signal_data.info->si_code == SI_QUEUE ||
						event_datap->event_info.signal_data.info->si_code <= 0) {
					args.spid = event_datap->event_info.signal_data.info->si_pid;
				}
			} else if (args.signo == SIGCHLD) {
				args.spid = event_datap->event_info.signal_data.info->_sifields._sigchld._pid;
			} else if (args.signo >= SIGRTMIN && args.signo <= SIGRTMAX) {
				args.spid = event_datap->event_info.signal_data.info->_sifields._rt._pid;
			} else {
				args.spid = (__kernel_pid_t) 0;
			}
		} else {
			args.signo = 0;
			args.spid = (__kernel_pid_t) 0;
		}
		args.dpid = current->pid;

		if (event_datap->category == PPMC_PAGE_FAULT)
			args.fault_data = event_datap->event_info.fault_data;

		args.curarg = 0;
		args.arg_data_size = args.buffer_size - args.arg_data_offset;
		args.nevents = ring->nevents;
		args.str_storage = ring->str_storage;
		args.enforce_snaplen = false;

		/*
		 * Fire the filler callback
		 */
		
		/* For events with category `PPMC_SCHED_PROC_EXEC` or `PPMC_SCHED_PROC_FORK`
		 * we need to call dedicated fillers that are not in our `g_ppm_events` table.
		 */
		switch (event_datap->category)
		{
#ifdef CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_EXEC
		case PPMC_SCHED_PROC_EXEC:
			cbres = f_sched_prog_exec(&args);
			break;
#endif

#ifdef CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_FORK
		case PPMC_SCHED_PROC_FORK:
			/* First of all we need to update the event header with the child pid. */
			args.child = event_datap->event_info.sched_proc_fork_data.child;
			hdr->tid = args.child->pid;
			cbres = f_sched_prog_fork(&args);
			break;
#endif

		default:
			if (likely(g_ppm_events[event_type].filler_callback)) 
			{
				cbres = g_ppm_events[event_type].filler_callback(&args);
			} 
			else 
			{
				pr_err("corrupted filler for event type %d: NULL callback\n", event_type);
				ASSERT(0);
			}
			break;
		}

		if (likely(cbres == PPM_SUCCESS)) {
			/*
			 * Validate that the filler added the right number of parameters
			 */
			if (likely(args.curarg == args.nargs)) {
				/*
				 * The event was successfully inserted in the buffer
				 */
				event_size = sizeof(struct ppm_evt_hdr) + args.arg_data_offset;
				hdr->len = event_size;
				drop = 0;
			} else {
				pr_err("corrupted filler for event type %d (added %u args, should have added %u)\n",
				       event_type,
				       args.curarg,
				       args.nargs);
				ASSERT(0);
			}
		}
	}

	if (likely(!drop)) {
		res = 1;

		next = head + event_size;

		if (unlikely(next >= consumer->buffer_bytes_dim)) {
			/*
			 * If something has been written in the cushion space at the end of
			 * the buffer, copy it to the beginning and wrap the head around.
			 * Note, we don't check that the copy fits because we assume that
			 * filler_callback failed if the space was not enough.
			 */
			if (next > consumer->buffer_bytes_dim) {
				memcpy(ring->buffer,
				ring->buffer + consumer->buffer_bytes_dim,
				next - consumer->buffer_bytes_dim);
			}

			next -= consumer->buffer_bytes_dim;
		}

		/*
		 * Make sure all the memory has been written in real memory before
		 * we update the head and the user space process (on another CPU)
		 * can access the buffer.
		 */
		smp_wmb();

		ring_info->head = next;

		++ring->nevents;
	} else {
		if (cbres == PPM_SUCCESS) {
			ASSERT(freespace < sizeof(struct ppm_evt_hdr) + args.arg_data_offset);
			ring_info->n_drops_buffer++;
		} else if (cbres == PPM_FAILURE_INVALID_USER_MEMORY) {
#ifdef _DEBUG
			pr_err("Invalid read from user for event %d\n", event_type);
#endif
			ring_info->n_drops_pf++;
		} else if (cbres == PPM_FAILURE_BUFFER_FULL) {
			ring_info->n_drops_buffer++;
			drops_buffer_syscall_categories_counters(event_type, ring_info);
		} else {
			ASSERT(false);
		}
	}

	if (MORE_THAN_ONE_SECOND_AHEAD(ns, ring->last_print_time + 1) && !(drop_flags & UF_ATOMIC)) {
		vpr_info("consumer:%p CPU:%d, use:%lu%%, ev:%llu, dr_buf:%llu, dr_buf_clone_fork_e:%llu, dr_buf_clone_fork_x:%llu, dr_buf_execve_e:%llu, dr_buf_execve_x:%llu, dr_buf_connect_e:%llu, dr_buf_connect_x:%llu, dr_buf_open_e:%llu, dr_buf_open_x:%llu, dr_buf_dir_file_e:%llu, dr_buf_dir_file_x:%llu, dr_buf_other_e:%llu, dr_buf_other_x:%llu, dr_buf_close_exit:%llu, dr_buf_proc_exit:%llu, dr_pf:%llu, pr:%llu, cs:%llu\n",
			   consumer->consumer_id,
		       smp_processor_id(),
		       (usedspace * 100) / consumer->buffer_bytes_dim,
		       ring_info->n_evts,
		       ring_info->n_drops_buffer,
		       ring_info->n_drops_buffer_clone_fork_enter,
		       ring_info->n_drops_buffer_clone_fork_exit,
		       ring_info->n_drops_buffer_execve_enter,
		       ring_info->n_drops_buffer_execve_exit,
		       ring_info->n_drops_buffer_connect_enter,
		       ring_info->n_drops_buffer_connect_exit,
		       ring_info->n_drops_buffer_open_enter,
		       ring_info->n_drops_buffer_open_exit,
		       ring_info->n_drops_buffer_dir_file_enter,
		       ring_info->n_drops_buffer_dir_file_exit,
		       ring_info->n_drops_buffer_other_interest_enter,
		       ring_info->n_drops_buffer_other_interest_exit,
		       ring->info->n_drops_buffer_close_exit,
		       ring->info->n_drops_buffer_proc_exit,
		       ring_info->n_drops_pf,
		       ring_info->n_preemptions,
		       ring->info->n_context_switches);

		ring->last_print_time = ns;
	}

	atomic_dec(&ring->preempt_count);
	put_cpu();

	return res;
}

static inline void g_n_tracepoint_hit_inc(void)
{
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 34)
	this_cpu_inc(g_n_tracepoint_hit);
#elif defined(this_cpu_inc)
	/* this_cpu_inc has been added with 2.6.33 but backported by RHEL/CentOS to 2.6.32
	 * so just checking the existence of the symbol rather than matching the kernel version
	 * https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/7340a0b15280c9d902c7dd0608b8e751b5a7c403
	 *
	 * per_cpu_var removed with:
	 * https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/dd17c8f72993f9461e9c19250e3f155d6d99df22
	 */
	this_cpu_inc(per_cpu_var(g_n_tracepoint_hit));
#endif
}

static inline bool kmod_in_ia32_syscall(void)
{
#if defined(CONFIG_X86_64) && defined(CONFIG_IA32_EMULATION)
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(4, 9, 0)
	if (in_ia32_syscall())
#else
	if (unlikely(task_thread_info(current)->status & TS_COMPAT))
#endif
		return true;
#elif defined(CONFIG_ARM64)
	if (unlikely(task_thread_info(current)->flags & _TIF_32BIT))
		return true;
#elif defined(CONFIG_S390)
	if (unlikely(task_thread_info(current)->flags & _TIF_31BIT))
		return true;
#elif defined(CONFIG_PPC64)
	if (unlikely(task_thread_info(current)->flags & _TIF_32BIT))
		return true;
#endif /* CONFIG_X86_64 */
	return false;
}

TRACEPOINT_PROBE(syscall_enter_probe, struct pt_regs *regs, long id)
{
	struct event_data_t event_data = {};
	const struct syscall_evt_pair *event_pair = NULL;
	long table_index = 0;
	int socketcall_syscall_id = -1;

	/* Just to be extra-safe */
	if(id < 0)
	{
		return;
	}

	event_data.category = PPMC_SYSCALL;
	event_data.event_info.syscall_data.regs = regs;
	event_data.extract_socketcall_params = false;

	/* This could be overwritten if we are in a socket call */
	event_data.event_info.syscall_data.id = id;
	event_data.compat = false;

	if(kmod_in_ia32_syscall())
	{
	// Right now we support 32-bit emulation only on x86.
	// We try to convert the 32-bit id into the 64-bit one.
#if defined(CONFIG_X86_64) && defined(CONFIG_IA32_EMULATION)
		event_data.compat = true;
		if (id == __NR_ia32_socketcall)
		{
			socketcall_syscall_id = __NR_ia32_socketcall;
		}
		else
		{
			event_data.event_info.syscall_data.id = g_ia32_64_map[id];
			// syscalls defined only on 32 bits are dropped here.
			if(event_data.event_info.syscall_data.id == -1)
			{
				return;
			}
		}
#else
		// Unsupported arch
		return;
#endif		
	}
	else
	{
#ifdef __NR_socketcall
		socketcall_syscall_id = __NR_socketcall;
#endif
	}

	g_n_tracepoint_hit_inc();

	// Now all syscalls on 32-bit should be converted to 64-bit apart from `socketcall`.
	// This one deserves special treatment.
	if(event_data.event_info.syscall_data.id == socketcall_syscall_id)
	{
		if(manage_socketcall(&event_data, socketcall_syscall_id, false) == NULL)
		{
			return;
		}
	}

	/* We need to set here the `syscall_id` because it could change in case of socketcalls */
	table_index = event_data.event_info.syscall_data.id - SYSCALL_TABLE_ID0;
	if (unlikely(table_index < 0 || table_index >= SYSCALL_TABLE_SIZE))
	{
		return;
	}

	event_pair = &g_syscall_table[table_index];
	if (event_pair->flags & UF_USED)
		record_event_all_consumers(event_pair->enter_event_type, event_pair->flags, &event_data, KMOD_PROG_SYS_ENTER);
	else
		record_event_all_consumers(PPME_GENERIC_E, UF_ALWAYS_DROP, &event_data, KMOD_PROG_SYS_ENTER);
}

static __always_inline bool kmod_drop_syscall_exit_events(long ret, ppm_event_code evt_type)
{
	switch (evt_type)
	{
		/* On s390x, clone and fork child events will be generated but
		 * due to page faults, no args/envp information will be collected.
		 * Also no child events appear for clone3 syscall.
		 *
		 * Because child events are covered by CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_FORK,
		 * let proactively ignore them.
		 */
#ifdef CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_FORK
		case PPME_SYSCALL_CLONE_20_X:
		case PPME_SYSCALL_FORK_20_X:
		case PPME_SYSCALL_VFORK_20_X:
		case PPME_SYSCALL_CLONE3_X:
			/* We ignore only child events, so ret == 0! */
			return ret == 0;
#endif

		/* If `CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_EXEC` logic is enabled we collect execve-family
		 * exit events through a dedicated tracepoint so we can ignore them here.
		 */
#ifdef CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_EXEC
		case PPME_SYSCALL_EXECVE_19_X:
		case PPME_SYSCALL_EXECVEAT_X:
			/* We ignore only successful events, so ret == 0! */
			return ret == 0;
#endif
		default:
			break;
	}
	return false;
}

TRACEPOINT_PROBE(syscall_exit_probe, struct pt_regs *regs, long ret)
{
	struct event_data_t event_data = {};
	const struct syscall_evt_pair *event_pair = NULL;
	long table_index = 0;
	int socketcall_syscall_id = -1;

	/* If @task is executing a system call or is at system call
 	 * tracing about to attempt one, returns the system call number.
 	 * If @task is not executing a system call, i.e. it's blocked
 	 * inside the kernel for a fault or signal, returns -1.
	 * 
	 * The syscall id could be overwritten if we are in a socket call.
	 */
	event_data.event_info.syscall_data.id = syscall_get_nr(current, regs);
	if(event_data.event_info.syscall_data.id < 0)
	{
		return;
	}

	event_data.category = PPMC_SYSCALL;
	event_data.event_info.syscall_data.regs = regs;
	event_data.extract_socketcall_params = false;
	event_data.compat = false;

	if (kmod_in_ia32_syscall())
	{
#if defined(CONFIG_X86_64) && defined(CONFIG_IA32_EMULATION)
		event_data.compat = true;
		if (event_data.event_info.syscall_data.id == __NR_ia32_socketcall)
		{
			socketcall_syscall_id = __NR_ia32_socketcall;
		}
		else
		{
			/*
			 * When a process does execve from 64bit to 32bit, TS_COMPAT is marked true
			 * but the id of the syscall is __NR_execve, so to correctly parse it we need to
			 * use 64bit syscall table. On 32bit __NR_execve is equal to __NR_ia32_oldolduname
			 * which is a very old syscall, not used anymore by most applications
			 */
#ifdef __NR_execveat
			if (event_data.event_info.syscall_data.id != __NR_execve && event_data.event_info.syscall_data.id != __NR_execveat)
#else
			if (event_data.event_info.syscall_data.id != __NR_execve)
#endif
			{
				event_data.event_info.syscall_data.id =
					g_ia32_64_map[event_data.event_info.syscall_data.id];
				if(event_data.event_info.syscall_data.id == -1)
				{
					return;
				}
			}
		}
#else
		// Unsupported arch
		return;
#endif
	}
	else
	{
#ifdef __NR_socketcall
		socketcall_syscall_id = __NR_socketcall;
#endif
	}

	g_n_tracepoint_hit_inc();

	if(event_data.event_info.syscall_data.id == socketcall_syscall_id)
	{
		if (manage_socketcall(&event_data, socketcall_syscall_id, true) == NULL)
		{
			return;
		}
	}

	table_index = event_data.event_info.syscall_data.id - SYSCALL_TABLE_ID0;
	if (unlikely(table_index < 0 || table_index >= SYSCALL_TABLE_SIZE))
	{
		return;
	}

	event_pair = &g_syscall_table[table_index];

#if defined(CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_FORK) || defined(CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_EXEC)
	if(kmod_drop_syscall_exit_events(ret, event_pair->exit_event_type))
		return;
#endif

	if (event_pair->flags & UF_USED)
		record_event_all_consumers(event_pair->exit_event_type, event_pair->flags, &event_data, KMOD_PROG_SYS_EXIT);
	else
		record_event_all_consumers(PPME_GENERIC_X, UF_ALWAYS_DROP, &event_data, KMOD_PROG_SYS_EXIT);
}

#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(4, 9, 1)
int __access_remote_vm(struct task_struct *t, struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr,
		       void *buf, int len, int write);
#endif

TRACEPOINT_PROBE(syscall_procexit_probe, struct task_struct *p)
{
	struct event_data_t event_data;

	g_n_tracepoint_hit_inc();

#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
	if (unlikely(current->flags & PF_KTHREAD)) {
#else
	if (unlikely(current->flags & PF_BORROWED_MM)) {
#endif
		/*
		 * We are not interested in kernel threads
		 */
		return;
	}

	event_data.category = PPMC_CONTEXT_SWITCH;
	event_data.event_info.context_data.sched_prev = p;
	event_data.event_info.context_data.sched_next = p;

	record_event_all_consumers(PPME_PROCEXIT_1_E, UF_NEVER_DROP, &event_data, KMOD_PROG_SCHED_PROC_EXIT);
}

#include <linux/ip.h>
#include <linux/tcp.h>
#include <linux/udp.h>

#ifdef CAPTURE_CONTEXT_SWITCHES
#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 35))
TRACEPOINT_PROBE(sched_switch_probe, struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *prev, struct task_struct *next)
#elif (LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(4, 4, 0))
TRACEPOINT_PROBE(sched_switch_probe, struct task_struct *prev, struct task_struct *next)
#else
TRACEPOINT_PROBE(sched_switch_probe, bool preempt, struct task_struct *prev, struct task_struct *next)
#endif
{
	struct event_data_t event_data;

	g_n_tracepoint_hit_inc();

	event_data.category = PPMC_CONTEXT_SWITCH;
	event_data.event_info.context_data.sched_prev = prev;
	event_data.event_info.context_data.sched_next = next;

	/*
	 * Need to indicate ATOMIC (i.e. interrupt) context to avoid the event
	 * handler calling printk() and potentially deadlocking the system.
	 */
	record_event_all_consumers(PPME_SCHEDSWITCH_6_E, UF_USED | UF_ATOMIC, &event_data, KMOD_PROG_SCHED_SWITCH);
}
#endif

#ifdef CAPTURE_SIGNAL_DELIVERIES

static __always_inline int siginfo_not_a_pointer(struct siginfo* info)
{
#ifdef SEND_SIG_FORCED
	return info == SEND_SIG_NOINFO || info == SEND_SIG_PRIV || SEND_SIG_FORCED;
#else
	return info == (struct siginfo*)SEND_SIG_NOINFO || info == (struct siginfo*)SEND_SIG_PRIV;
#endif
}

TRACEPOINT_PROBE(signal_deliver_probe, int sig, struct siginfo *info, struct k_sigaction *ka)
{
	struct event_data_t event_data;

	g_n_tracepoint_hit_inc();

	event_data.category = PPMC_SIGNAL;
	event_data.event_info.signal_data.sig = sig;
	if (siginfo_not_a_pointer(info))
		event_data.event_info.signal_data.info = NULL;
	else
		event_data.event_info.signal_data.info = info;
	event_data.event_info.signal_data.ka = ka;

	record_event_all_consumers(PPME_SIGNALDELIVER_E, UF_USED | UF_ALWAYS_DROP, &event_data, KMOD_PROG_SIGNAL_DELIVER);
}
#endif

#ifdef CAPTURE_PAGE_FAULTS
static void page_fault_probe(unsigned long address, struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long error_code, kmod_prog_codes tp_type)
{
	struct event_data_t event_data;

	/* We register both tracepoints under the same probe and
	 * the event since there's little reason to expose this
	 * complexity to the user. The distinction can still be made
	 * in the output by looking for the USER_FAULT/SUPERVISOR_FAULT
	 * flags
	 */
	g_n_tracepoint_hit_inc();

	/* I still haven't decided if I'm interested in kernel threads or not.
	 * For the moment, I assume yes since I can see some value for it.
	 */

	event_data.category = PPMC_PAGE_FAULT;
	event_data.event_info.fault_data.address = address;
	event_data.event_info.fault_data.regs = regs;
	event_data.event_info.fault_data.error_code = error_code;

	record_event_all_consumers(PPME_PAGE_FAULT_E, UF_ALWAYS_DROP, &event_data, tp_type);
}

TRACEPOINT_PROBE(page_fault_user_probe, unsigned long address, struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long error_code)
{
	return page_fault_probe(address, regs, error_code, KMOD_PROG_PAGE_FAULT_USER);
}

TRACEPOINT_PROBE(page_fault_kern_probe, unsigned long address, struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned long error_code)
{
	return page_fault_probe(address, regs, error_code, KMOD_PROG_PAGE_FAULT_KERNEL);
}
#endif

#ifdef CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_EXEC
TRACEPOINT_PROBE(sched_proc_exec_probe, struct task_struct *p, pid_t old_pid, struct linux_binprm *bprm)
{
	struct event_data_t event_data;

	g_n_tracepoint_hit_inc();

	/* We are not interested in kernel threads. */
	if(unlikely(current->flags & PF_KTHREAD))
	{
		return;
	}

	event_data.category = PPMC_SCHED_PROC_EXEC;
	record_event_all_consumers(PPME_SYSCALL_EXECVE_19_X, UF_NEVER_DROP, &event_data, KMOD_PROG_SCHED_PROC_EXEC);
}
#endif 

#ifdef CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_FORK
TRACEPOINT_PROBE(sched_proc_fork_probe, struct task_struct *parent, struct task_struct *child)
{
	struct event_data_t event_data;

	g_n_tracepoint_hit_inc();

	/* We are not interested in kernel threads. 
	 * The current thread here is the `parent`.
	 */
	if(unlikely(current->flags & PF_KTHREAD))
	{
    	        return;
	}

	event_data.category = PPMC_SCHED_PROC_FORK;
	event_data.event_info.sched_proc_fork_data.child = child;
	record_event_all_consumers(PPME_SYSCALL_CLONE_20_X, UF_NEVER_DROP, &event_data, KMOD_PROG_SCHED_PROC_FORK);
}
#endif

static int init_ring_buffer(struct ppm_ring_buffer_context *ring, unsigned long buffer_bytes_dim)
{
	unsigned int j;

	/*
	 * Allocate the string storage in the ring descriptor
	 */
	ring->str_storage = (char *)__get_free_page(GFP_USER);
	if (!ring->str_storage) {
		pr_err("Error allocating the string storage\n");
		goto init_ring_err;
	}

	/*
	 * Allocate the buffer.
	 * Note how we allocate 2 additional pages: they are used as additional overflow space for
	 * the event data generation functions, so that they always operate on a contiguous buffer.
	 */
	ring->buffer = vmalloc(buffer_bytes_dim + 2 * PAGE_SIZE);
	if (ring->buffer == NULL) {
		pr_err("Error allocating ring memory\n");
		goto init_ring_err;
	}

	for (j = 0; j < buffer_bytes_dim + 2 * PAGE_SIZE; j++)
		ring->buffer[j] = 0;

	/*
	 * Allocate the buffer info structure
	 */
	ring->info = vmalloc(sizeof(struct ppm_ring_buffer_info));
	if (ring->info == NULL) {
		pr_err("Error allocating ring memory\n");
		goto init_ring_err;
	}

	/*
	 * Initialize the buffer info structure
	 */
	reset_ring_buffer(ring);
	atomic_set(&ring->preempt_count, 0);

	pr_info("CPU buffer initialized, size=%lu\n", buffer_bytes_dim);

	return 1;

init_ring_err:
	free_ring_buffer(ring);
	return 0;
}

static void free_ring_buffer(struct ppm_ring_buffer_context *ring)
{
	if (ring->info) {
		vfree(ring->info);
		ring->info = NULL;
	}

	if (ring->buffer) {
		vfree((void *)ring->buffer);
		ring->buffer = NULL;
	}

	if (ring->str_storage) {
		free_page((unsigned long)ring->str_storage);
		ring->str_storage = NULL;
	}
}

static void reset_ring_buffer(struct ppm_ring_buffer_context *ring)
{
	/*
	 * ring->preempt_count is not reset to 0 on purpose, to prevent a race condition
	 * see ppm_open
	 */
	ring->open = false;
	ring->info->head = 0;
	ring->info->tail = 0;
	ring->nevents = 0;
	ring->info->n_evts = 0;
	ring->info->n_drops_buffer = 0;
	ring->info->n_drops_buffer_clone_fork_enter = 0;
	ring->info->n_drops_buffer_clone_fork_exit = 0;
	ring->info->n_drops_buffer_execve_enter = 0;
	ring->info->n_drops_buffer_execve_exit = 0;
	ring->info->n_drops_buffer_connect_enter = 0;
	ring->info->n_drops_buffer_connect_exit = 0;
	ring->info->n_drops_buffer_open_enter = 0;
	ring->info->n_drops_buffer_open_exit = 0;
	ring->info->n_drops_buffer_dir_file_enter = 0;
	ring->info->n_drops_buffer_dir_file_exit = 0;
	ring->info->n_drops_buffer_other_interest_enter = 0;
	ring->info->n_drops_buffer_other_interest_exit = 0;
	ring->info->n_drops_buffer_close_exit = 0;
	ring->info->n_drops_buffer_proc_exit = 0;
	ring->info->n_drops_pf = 0;
	ring->info->n_preemptions = 0;
	ring->info->n_context_switches = 0;
	ring->last_print_time = ppm_nsecs();
}

#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(3, 15, 0))
static void visit_tracepoint(struct tracepoint *tp, void *priv)
{
	if (!strcmp(tp->name, kmod_prog_names[KMOD_PROG_SYS_ENTER]))
		tp_sys_enter = tp;
	else if (!strcmp(tp->name, kmod_prog_names[KMOD_PROG_SYS_EXIT]))
		tp_sys_exit = tp;
	else if (!strcmp(tp->name, kmod_prog_names[KMOD_PROG_SCHED_PROC_EXIT]))
		tp_sched_process_exit = tp;

#ifdef CAPTURE_CONTEXT_SWITCHES
	else if (!strcmp(tp->name, kmod_prog_names[KMOD_PROG_SCHED_SWITCH]))
		tp_sched_switch = tp;
#endif

#ifdef CAPTURE_SIGNAL_DELIVERIES
	else if (!strcmp(tp->name, kmod_prog_names[KMOD_PROG_SIGNAL_DELIVER]))
		tp_signal_deliver = tp;
#endif

#ifdef CAPTURE_PAGE_FAULTS
	else if (!strcmp(tp->name, kmod_prog_names[KMOD_PROG_PAGE_FAULT_USER]))
		tp_page_fault_user = tp;
	else if (!strcmp(tp->name, kmod_prog_names[KMOD_PROG_PAGE_FAULT_KERNEL]))
		tp_page_fault_kernel = tp;
#endif

#ifdef CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_EXEC
	else if (!strcmp(tp->name, kmod_prog_names[KMOD_PROG_SCHED_PROC_EXEC]))
		tp_sched_proc_exec = tp;
#endif

#ifdef CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_FORK
	else if (!strcmp(tp->name, kmod_prog_names[KMOD_PROG_SCHED_PROC_FORK]))
		tp_sched_proc_fork = tp;	
#endif
}

static int get_tracepoint_handles(void)
{
	for_each_kernel_tracepoint(visit_tracepoint, NULL);

	if (!tp_sys_enter) {
		pr_err("failed to find sys_enter tracepoint\n");
		return -ENOENT;
	}
	if (!tp_sys_exit) {
		pr_err("failed to find sys_exit tracepoint\n");
		return -ENOENT;
	}
	if (!tp_sched_process_exit) {
		pr_err("failed to find sched_process_exit tracepoint\n");
		return -ENOENT;
	}

#ifdef CAPTURE_CONTEXT_SWITCHES
	if (!tp_sched_switch) {
		pr_err("failed to find sched_switch tracepoint\n");
		return -ENOENT;
	}
#endif

#ifdef CAPTURE_SIGNAL_DELIVERIES
	if (!tp_signal_deliver) {
		pr_err("failed to find signal_deliver tracepoint\n");
		return -ENOENT;
	}
#endif

#ifdef CAPTURE_PAGE_FAULTS
	if (!tp_page_fault_user) {
		pr_notice("failed to find page_fault_user tracepoint, disabling page-faults\n");
		g_fault_tracepoint_disabled = true;
	}
	if (!tp_page_fault_kernel) {
		pr_notice("failed to find page_fault_kernel tracepoint, disabling page-faults\n");
		g_fault_tracepoint_disabled = true;
	}
#endif

#ifdef CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_EXEC
	if (!tp_sched_proc_exec)
	{
		pr_err("failed to find 'sched_process_exec' tracepoint\n");
		return -ENOENT;
	}
#endif

#ifdef CAPTURE_SCHED_PROC_FORK
	if (!tp_sched_proc_fork)
	{
		pr_err("failed to find 'sched_process_fork' tracepoint\n");
		return -ENOENT;
	}
#endif

	return 0;
}
#else
static int get_tracepoint_handles(void)
{
	return 0;
}
#endif

#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 2, 0)) || \
	( \
		(PPM_RHEL_RELEASE_CODE > 0) && \
			( \
				((PPM_RHEL_RELEASE_CODE >= PPM_RHEL_RELEASE_VERSION(8, 9)) && \
				 (PPM_RHEL_RELEASE_CODE <  PPM_RHEL_RELEASE_VERSION(9, 0))) \
			|| \
				(PPM_RHEL_RELEASE_CODE >= PPM_RHEL_RELEASE_VERSION(9, 3)) \
			) \
	)
static char *ppm_devnode(const struct device *dev, umode_t *mode)
#else
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(3, 3, 0)
static char *ppm_devnode(struct device *dev, umode_t *mode)
#else
static char *ppm_devnode(struct device *dev, mode_t *mode)
#endif /* LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(3, 3, 0) */
#endif /* LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(6, 2, 0) */
{
	if (mode) {
		*mode = 0400;

		if (dev)
			if (MINOR(dev->devt) == g_ppm_numdevs)
				*mode = 0222;
	}

	return NULL;
}
#endif /* LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20) */

static int do_cpu_callback(unsigned long cpu, long sd_action)
{
	struct ppm_ring_buffer_context *ring;
	struct ppm_consumer_t *consumer;
	struct event_data_t event_data;

	if (sd_action != 0) {
		rcu_read_lock();

		list_for_each_entry_rcu(consumer, &g_consumer_list, node) {
			ring = per_cpu_ptr(consumer->ring_buffers, cpu);
			if (sd_action == 1) {
				/*
				 * If the cpu was offline when the consumer was created,
				 * this won't do anything because we never created a ring
				 * buffer. We can't safely create one here because we're
				 * in atomic context, and the consumer needs to call open
				 * on this device anyways, so do it in ppm_open.
				 */
				ring->cpu_online = true;
			} else if (sd_action == 2) {
				ring->cpu_online = false;
			}
		}

		rcu_read_unlock();

		event_data.category = PPMC_CONTEXT_SWITCH;
		event_data.event_info.context_data.sched_prev = (void *)cpu;
		event_data.event_info.context_data.sched_next = (void *)sd_action;
		record_event_all_consumers(PPME_CPU_HOTPLUG_E, UF_NEVER_DROP, &event_data, INTERNAL_EVENTS);
	}
	return 0;
}

#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(4, 10, 0))
static int scap_cpu_online(unsigned int cpu)
{
	vpr_info("scap_cpu_online on cpu %d\n", cpu);
	return do_cpu_callback(cpu, 1);
}

static int scap_cpu_offline(unsigned int cpu)
{
	vpr_info("scap_cpu_offline on cpu %d\n", cpu);
	return do_cpu_callback(cpu, 2);
}
#else /* LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(4, 10, 0)) */
/*
 * This gets called every time a CPU is added or removed
 */
static int cpu_callback(struct notifier_block *self, unsigned long action,
			void *hcpu)
{
	unsigned long cpu = (unsigned long)hcpu;
	long sd_action = 0;

	switch (action) {
	case CPU_UP_PREPARE:
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
	case CPU_UP_PREPARE_FROZEN:
#endif
		sd_action = 1;
		break;
	case CPU_DOWN_PREPARE:
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
	case CPU_DOWN_PREPARE_FROZEN:
#endif
		sd_action = 2;
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}

	if (do_cpu_callback(cpu, sd_action) < 0)
		return NOTIFY_BAD;
	else
		return NOTIFY_OK;
}

static struct notifier_block cpu_notifier = {
	.notifier_call = &cpu_callback,
	.next = NULL,
};
#endif /* LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(4, 10, 0) */

int scap_init(void)
{
	dev_t dev;
	unsigned int cpu;
	unsigned int num_cpus;
	int ret;
	int acrret = 0;
#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(4, 10, 0))
	int hp_ret;
#endif
	int j;
	int n_created_devices = 0;
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
	struct device *device = NULL;
#else
	struct class_device *device = NULL;
#endif
	pr_info("driver loading, " DRIVER_NAME " " DRIVER_VERSION "\n");

	ret = get_tracepoint_handles();
	if (ret < 0)
		goto init_module_err;

	num_cpus = 0;
	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
		++num_cpus;
	}

	/*
	 * Initialize the user I/O
	 */
	acrret = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, num_cpus + 1, DRIVER_DEVICE_NAME);
	if (acrret < 0) {
		pr_err("could not allocate major number for %s\n", DRIVER_DEVICE_NAME);
		ret = -ENOMEM;
		goto init_module_err;
	}

#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 4, 0)
	g_ppm_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, DRIVER_DEVICE_NAME);
#else
	g_ppm_class = class_create(DRIVER_DEVICE_NAME);
#endif
	if (IS_ERR(g_ppm_class)) {
		pr_err("can't allocate device class\n");
		ret = -EFAULT;
		goto init_module_err;
	}

#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
	g_ppm_class->devnode = ppm_devnode;
#endif

	g_ppm_major = MAJOR(dev);
	g_ppm_numdevs = num_cpus;
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(3, 4, 0)
	g_ppm_devs = kmalloc(g_ppm_numdevs * sizeof(struct ppm_device), GFP_KERNEL);
#else
	g_ppm_devs = kmalloc_array(g_ppm_numdevs, sizeof(struct ppm_device), GFP_KERNEL);
#endif
	if (!g_ppm_devs) {
		pr_err("can't allocate devices\n");
		ret = -ENOMEM;
		goto init_module_err;
	}

	/*
	 * We create a unique user level device for each of the ring buffers
	 */
	for (j = 0; j < g_ppm_numdevs; ++j) {
		cdev_init(&g_ppm_devs[j].cdev, &g_ppm_fops);
		g_ppm_devs[j].dev = MKDEV(g_ppm_major, j);

		if (cdev_add(&g_ppm_devs[j].cdev, g_ppm_devs[j].dev, 1) < 0) {
			pr_err("could not allocate chrdev for %s\n", DRIVER_DEVICE_NAME);
			ret = -EFAULT;
			goto init_module_err;
		}

#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
		device = device_create(
#else
		device = class_device_create(
#endif
						g_ppm_class, NULL, /* no parent device */
						g_ppm_devs[j].dev,
						NULL, /* no additional data */
						DRIVER_DEVICE_NAME "%d",
						j);

		if (IS_ERR(device)) {
			pr_err("error creating the device for  %s\n", DRIVER_DEVICE_NAME);
			cdev_del(&g_ppm_devs[j].cdev);
			ret = -EFAULT;
			goto init_module_err;
		}

		init_waitqueue_head(&g_ppm_devs[j].read_queue);
		n_created_devices++;
	}

	/* create_proc_read_entry(PPM_DEVICE_NAME, 0, NULL, ppm_read_proc, NULL); */

	/*
	 * Snaplen lookahead initialization
	 */
	if (dpi_lookahead_init() != PPM_SUCCESS) {
		pr_err("initializing lookahead-based snaplen failed\n");
		ret = -EFAULT;
		goto init_module_err;
	}

	/*
	 * Set up our callback in case we get a hotplug even while we are
	 * initializing the cpu structures
	 */
#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(4, 10, 0))
	hp_ret = cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls(CPUHP_AP_ONLINE_DYN,
					   DRIVER_NAME "/driver:online",
					   scap_cpu_online,
					   scap_cpu_offline);
	if (hp_ret <= 0) {
		pr_err("error registering cpu hotplug callback\n");
		ret = hp_ret;
		goto init_module_err;
	}
	hp_state = hp_ret;
#else
	register_cpu_notifier(&cpu_notifier);
#endif

	// Initialize globals
	g_tracepoints_attached = 0;
	for (j = 0; j < KMOD_PROG_ATTACHED_MAX; j++)
	{
		g_tracepoints_refs[j] = 0;
	}

	return 0;

init_module_err:
	for (j = 0; j < n_created_devices; ++j) {
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
		device_destroy(
#else
		class_device_destroy(
#endif
				g_ppm_class, g_ppm_devs[j].dev);

		cdev_del(&g_ppm_devs[j].cdev);
	}

	if (g_ppm_class)
		class_destroy(g_ppm_class);

	if (acrret == 0)
		unregister_chrdev_region(dev, g_ppm_numdevs);

	kfree(g_ppm_devs);

	return ret;
}

void scap_exit(void)
{
	int j;

	pr_info("driver unloading\n");

	for (j = 0; j < g_ppm_numdevs; ++j) {
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
		device_destroy(
#else
		class_device_destroy(
#endif
				g_ppm_class, g_ppm_devs[j].dev);
		cdev_del(&g_ppm_devs[j].cdev);
	}

	if (g_ppm_class)
		class_destroy(g_ppm_class);

	unregister_chrdev_region(MKDEV(g_ppm_major, 0), g_ppm_numdevs + 1);

	kfree(g_ppm_devs);

#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
	tracepoint_synchronize_unregister();
#endif

#if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(4, 10, 0))
	if (hp_state > 0)
		cpuhp_remove_state_nocalls(hp_state);
#else
	unregister_cpu_notifier(&cpu_notifier);
#endif
}

module_init(scap_init);
module_exit(scap_exit);
MODULE_VERSION(DRIVER_VERSION);
MODULE_INFO(build_commit, DRIVER_COMMIT);
MODULE_INFO(api_version, PPM_API_CURRENT_VERSION_STRING);
MODULE_INFO(schema_version, PPM_SCHEMA_CURRENT_VERSION_STRING);

/* the `const` qualifier will be discarded on old kernel versions (<`2.6.36`) */
static int set_g_buffer_bytes_dim(const char *val, const struct kernel_param *kp)
{
	unsigned long dim = 0;

	/* `kstrtoul` is defined only on these kernels.
	 * https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v2.6.39/source/include/linux/kernel.h#L197
	 */ 
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 39)
	int ret = 0;
	ret = kstrtoul(val, 10, &dim);
	if(ret != 0)
	{
		pr_err("parsing of 'g_buffer_bytes_dim' failed!\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}
#else
	/* You can find more info about the simple_strtoull behavior here! 
	 * https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/latest/source/arch/x86/boot/string.c#L120
	 */
	char* endp = NULL;
	dim = simple_strtoull(val, &endp, 10);
	if(!endp || (*endp != '\0'))
	{
		pr_err("parsing of 'g_buffer_bytes_dim' failed!\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}
#endif

	if(!validate_buffer_bytes_dim(dim, PAGE_SIZE))
	{
		pr_err("the specified per-CPU ring buffer dimension (%lu) is not allowed! Please use a power of 2 and a multiple of the actual page_size (%lu)!\n", dim, PAGE_SIZE);
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	return param_set_ulong(val, kp);
}

#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 36)
/* `struct kernel_param_ops` and `module_param_cb` are defined only on kernels >= `2.6.36` */
static const struct kernel_param_ops g_buffer_bytes_dim_ops = {
	.set	= set_g_buffer_bytes_dim,
	.get	= param_get_ulong,
};
module_param_cb(g_buffer_bytes_dim, &g_buffer_bytes_dim_ops, &g_buffer_bytes_dim, 0644);
#else
module_param_call(g_buffer_bytes_dim, set_g_buffer_bytes_dim, param_get_ulong, &g_buffer_bytes_dim, 0644);
#endif
MODULE_PARM_DESC(g_buffer_bytes_dim, "This is the dimension of a single per-CPU buffer in bytes. Please note: this buffer will be mapped twice in the process virtual memory, so pay attention to its size.");
module_param(max_consumers, uint, 0444);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(max_consumers, "Maximum number of consumers that can simultaneously open the devices");
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE > KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 20)
module_param(verbose, bool, 0444);
#endif
MODULE_PARM_DESC(verbose, "Enable verbose logging");