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Rules for Annotation of Text Worlds: Experiment II. “The Gift of the Magi” by O. Henry

We annotate lexical markers of three world-building elements: time, place, character.

We annotate lexical and grammatical markers of shifts in two world-building elements: time, place.

Lexical markers are words and word groups with predominant lexical meaning without function words attached to them (outside a word group), but including function words used inside a group: to the seaside.

Grammatical markers are function words, morphemes and lexicalized grammatical categories, e.g. markers of verb forms placed after verbs: left VBD.

Time: t (marker of time), ts (marker of time shift)

We annotate all lexical markers of time: Presently,.

We annotate a shift in time if it is expressed with a lexical marker or a grammatical tense of a verb: Two years passed,, He left VBD.

NOTE. If a shift is expressed with a grammatical tense of a verb, the tag includes the verb and its annotated form: left VBD. Grammatical forms of verbs are put between ... and denote:

  • VB Verb, base form,
  • VBD Verb, past tense,
  • VBG Verb, gerund or present participle,
  • VBN Verb, past participle,
  • VBP Verb, non-3rd person singular present,
  • VBZ Verb, 3rd person singular present.

Place: p+Number (marker of place), ps (marker of place shift)

We annotate lexical markers of place with the number identifying this place in order of appearance of places in the text: Mars, kitchen, there.

We annotate place shifts: …to the kitchen, ...ran there.

We annotate single mentions of a place outside the place, where the text world is built, with “x” and do not assign a number to this place, even though it can be mentioned in the text again later: They dreamed of traveling to the seaside.

NOTE. We annotate:

  • open places like a landscape and all of its subplaces, if their borders are not outlined directly to hold all the characters of a text world, as a single place: Mars, its valleys and canyons;
  • outer interiors with outlined or presumed borders: a garden, a field, a valley, a canyon;
  • inner interiors that hold all the characters of a text world: a room;
  • two or more places simultaneously connected with a tele-connection (radio, TV, Internet, telepathy, fantasy, etc.) and holding all the characters of a text world: ...he spoke to a voice on the other end of the line.

Character: c+Number (marker of character), cg (marker of a group of characters)

We annotate lexical markers of characters with the number, identifying characters in order of their appearance in the text: Douglas, Sheril, he, his.

We annotate lexical markers of groups of characters with no numbers if participants of a group are unknown: He watched passers-by; otherwise, we put tags within a group tag: He watched the passers-by.

We annotate single mentions of a character that does not participate in the story with “x” and do not assign a number to this character, even though he/she can be mentioned in the text again later: He saw some people outside.

NOTE. We annotate:

cases of creative (original) personification as a new character, including places that start acting as living beings: The car winked and hid behind the corner; His company’s values were…; Earth is kind to people.