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An Interactive Tutorial on Hash Array Mapped Tries

This library contains:

Paper

The accompanying paper gives a tutorial on HAMT's.

PersistentHashMap port

The top-level directory of this repository is a Leiningen project containing a HAMT port.

To use, first install Leiningen.

Start a REPL in the top-level directory of this repository.

$ lein repl
nREPL server started on port 49771 on host 127.0.0.1 - nrepl://127.0.0.1:49771
REPL-y 0.5.1, nREPL 0.8.3
Clojure 1.11.3
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM 21.0.1+12-LTS
    Docs: (doc function-name-here)
          (find-doc "part-of-name-here")
  Source: (source function-name-here)
 Javadoc: (javadoc java-object-or-class-here)
    Exit: Control+D or (exit) or (quit)
 Results: Stored in vars *1, *2, *3, an exception in *e

user=> (require '[com.ambrosebs.map :as hamt])
nil

The function hamt/hash-map then creates a new HAMT with com.ambrosebs.map.PersistentHashMap as the underlying type.

It is a full hash map with the same features as clojure.lang.PersistentHashMap.

user=> (hamt/hash-map 1 2 2 3 3 4)
{1 2, 3 4, 2 3}
user=> (= (hamt/hash-map 1 2 2 3 3 4) {1 2 2 3 3 4})
true
user=> (into (hamt/hash-map) (zipmap (range 16) (range 16)))
{0 0, 7 7, 1 1, 4 4, 15 15, 13 13, 6 6, 3 3, 12 12, 
 2 2, 11 11, 9 9, 5 5, 14 14, 10 10, 8 8}

Visualizing HAMTs

The com.ambrosebs.map.visualize namespace can visualize HAMTs. It uses rhizome to create a new window with the summarized HAMT.

user=> (require '[com.ambrosebs.map.visualize :as viz])
nil
user=> (viz/visualize (hamt/hash-map 1 2))
nil

Here's what would pop up.

Each internal level of the HAMT is rooted by either a BitmapIndexedNode, HashCollisionNode, or an ArrayNode.

Most commonly, the resizable BitmapIndexedNode will be the main branching internal node in your tree.

In the above example, the level is 0: that is the trie is branching on the first 5 bits of the key hashes. The 32-bit bitmap is also displayed---here the 5th bit is set to 1. The current root node has allocated room for only 4 nodes (which means an array of size 8 has been allocated for each key-value pair). The node also says only 1 spot of the possible 4 has been filled. This number will increase as the node gets more branches. After 16 entries, the root node will be replaced with an ArrayNode.

For larger HAMT's, it helps to output to png instead. There's a roundabout way of doing this: first output to dot, then use a terminal command to output a scaled png.

;; write HAMT to example.dot
user=> (viz/dot-to-disk 
         (hamt/hash-map :a 1 :b 2 :c 3 :d 4 :e 5 
                        :f 6 :g 7 :h 8 :i 9 :j 10) 
         "example")
nil

Now, in the terminal, run:

cat example.dot  | dot -Gdpi=64 -Tpng:cairo:cairo > example.png

The output should be in example.png.

For convenience, here are the hashes of each key, split into 7 levels.

             6    5     4     3     2     1     0
(hash :a) = 10 00000 10110 11110 10111 11000 11110
(hash :b) = 01 01100 00101 10001 11100 11010 10110
(hash :c) = 10 01011 01110 01111 10100 10111 10001
(hash :d) = 01 11010 11000 11001 00000 01010 11000
(hash :e) = 01 01001 00101 01000 11111 10110 01110
(hash :f) = 10 10000 01100 11011 01000 01010 11000
(hash :g) = 01 10011 11001 10010 01001 01101 10001
(hash :h) = 01 00001 00010 01000 00011 00011 10100
(hash :i) = 10 10110 10101 01100 11110 11000 11101
(hash :j) = 10 10110 01010 11001 00110 01000 10011

There are a couple of extra details in these larger HAMT visualizations.

The children of a branching node are ordered in the same order at the bitmap. For example, :e is the far right child of the root node because its entry is the far right most (least significant) 1.

Now we can also see what happens when collisions happen at a level. The hashes for :c and :g collide in the first 5 bits (10001), so we create a new level to disambiguate them on the next 5 bits (10111 and 01101 respectively for each). Since the hash at bits 5-9 for :g is a lower number that :c's, it occurs on the left.

This disambiguation continues in the same way if collisions happen in lower levels, like :f and :d, who share the same first 10 bits in their hashes. A level 2 node is used to disambiguate them at hash bits 10-14.

License

The port of PersistentHashMap has the following license:

Copyright (c) Rich Hickey. All rights reserved.
The use and distribution terms for this software are covered by the
Eclipse Public License 1.0 (http://opensource.org/licenses/eclipse-1.0.php)
which can be found in the file epl-v10.html at the root of this distribution.
By using this software in any fashion, you are agreeing to be bound by
the terms of this license.
You must not remove this notice, or any other, from this software.

Everything else is:

Copyright © 2016-2024 Ambrose Bonnaire-Sergeant

Distributed under the Eclipse Public License either version 1.0 or (at
your option) any later version.