G19.xml

<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<collection id="G19">
	<volume id="1">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Groundwater, Volume 57, Issue 5</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Conventional Oil—The Forgotten Part of the Water‐Energy Nexus</title>
			<author>
				<first>Jennifer C.</first>
				<last>McIntosh</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Grant</first>
				<last>Ferguson</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The impacts of unconventional oil and gas production via high-volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) on water resources, such as water use, groundwater and surface water contamination, and disposal of produced waters, have received a great deal of attention over the past decade. Conventional oil and gas production (e.g., enhanced oil recovery [EOR]), which has been occurring for more than a century in some areas of North America, shares the same environmental concerns, but has received comparatively little attention. Here, we compare the amount of produced water versus saltwater disposal (SWD) and injection for EOR in several prolific hydrocarbon producing regions in the United States and Canada. The total volume of saline and fresh to brackish water injected into depleted oil fields and nonproductive formations is greater than the total volume of produced waters in most regions. The addition of fresh to brackish "makeup" water for EOR may account for the net gain of subsurface water. The total amount of water injected and produced for conventional oil and gas production is greater than that associated with HVHF and unconventional oil and gas production by well over a factor of 10. Reservoir pressure increases from EOR and SWD wells are low compared to injection of fluids for HVHF, however, the longer duration of injections could allow for greater solute transport distances and potential for contamination. Attention should be refocused from the subsurface environmental impacts of HVHF to the oil and gas industry as a whole.</abstract>
			<url hash="b02e4b36">G19-1001</url>
			<pages>669-677</pages>
			<doi>10.1111/gwat.12917</doi>
			<bibkey>McIntosh-2019-Conventional</bibkey>
			<project>prj30</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="2">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Volume 27, Issue 13</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Incorporating social dimensions in hydrological and water quality modeling to evaluate the effectiveness of agricultural beneficial management practices in a Prairie River Basin</title>
			<author>
				<first>Lori</first>
				<last>Bradford</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Anuja</first>
				<last>Thapa</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ashleigh</first>
				<last>Duffy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Elmira</first>
				<last>Hassanzadeh</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Graham</first>
				<last>Strickert</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bram</first>
				<last>Noble</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Karl‐Erich</first>
				<last>Lindenschmidt</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>There is growing interest to develop processes for creating user-informed watershed scale models of hydrology and water quality and to assist in decision-making for balanced policies for managing watersheds. Watershed models can be enhanced with the incorporation of social dimensions of watershed management as brought forward by participants such as the perspectives, values, and norms of people that depend on the land, water, and ecosystems for sustenance, economies, and overall wellbeing. In this work, we explore the value of combining both qualitative and quantitative methods and social science data to enhance salience and legitimacy of watershed models so that end-users are more engaged. We discuss pilot testing and engagement workshops for building and testing a systems dynamics model of the Qu'Appelle Valley to gather insights from local farmers and understand their perceptions of Beneficial Management Practices (BMPs). Mixed-method workshops with agricultural producers in the Qu'Appelle Watershed gathered feedback on the developing model and the incorporation of social determinants affecting decision-making. Analysis of focus groups and factor analysis of Q-sorts were used to identify the desired components of the model, and whether it supported farmers' understanding of the potential effects of BMPs on water quality. We explored farmers' engagement with models testing BMPs and the potential of incorporating their decision processes within the model itself. Finally, we discuss the reception of the process and the practicality of the approach in providing legitimate and credible decision support tools for a community of farmers.</abstract>
			<url hash="a29be4d8">G19-2001</url>
			<pages>14271-14287</pages>
			<doi>10.1007/s11356-019-06325-1</doi>
			<bibkey>Bradford-2019-Incorporating</bibkey>
			<project>prj7</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="3">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Risk Analysis, Volume 39, Issue 11</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Risk Perception and Human Health Risk in Rural Communities Consuming Unregulated Well Water in Saskatchewan, Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Lorelei</first>
				<last>Ford</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Cheryl</first>
				<last>Waldner</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Javier</first>
				<last>Sánchez</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lalita</first>
				<last>Bharadwaj</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Rural communities dependent on unregulated drinking water are potentially at increased health risk from exposure to contaminants. Perception of drinking water safety influences water consumption, exposure, and health risk. A community-based participatory approach and probabilistic Bayesian methods were applied to integrate risk perception in a holistic human health risk assessment. Tap water arsenic concentrations and risk perception data were collected from two Saskatchewan communities. Drinking water health standards were exceeded in 67% (51/76) of households in Rural Municipality #184 (RM184) and 56% (25/45) in Beardy's and Okemasis First Nation (BOFN). There was no association between the presence of a health exceedance and risk perception. Households in RM184 or with an annual income &gt;$50,000 were most likely to have in-house water treatment. The probability of consuming tap water perceived as safe (92%) or not safe (0%) suggested that households in RM184 were unlikely to drink water perceived as not safe. The probability of drinking tap water perceived as safe (77%) or as not safe (11%) suggested households in BOFN contradicted their perception and consumed water perceived as unsafe. Integration of risk perception lowered the adult incremental lifetime cancer risk by 3% to 1.3 × 10-5 (95% CI 8.4 × 10-8 to 9.0 × 10-5 ) for RM184 and by 8.9 × 10-6 (95% CI 2.2 × 10-7 to 5.9 × 10-5 ) for BOFN. Probability of exposure to arsenic concentrations &gt;1:100,000, negligible cancer risk, was 23% for RM184 and 22% for BOFN.</abstract>
			<url hash="1a2783bd">G19-3001</url>
			<pages>2559-2575</pages>
			<doi>10.1111/risa.13335</doi>
			<bibkey>Ford-2019-Risk</bibkey>
			<project>prj7</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="4">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Engaged Scholar Journal: Community-Engaged Research, Teaching, and Learning, Volume 5, Issue 2</booktitle>
			<publisher>Engaged Scholar Journal</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>“Spirit, Safety, and a Stand-off ”: The Research-Creation Process and Its Roles in Relationality and Reconciliation among Researcher and Indigenous Co-Learners in Saskatchewan, Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Myron</first>
				<last>Neapetung</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lori</first>
				<last>Bradford</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lalita</first>
				<last>Bharadwaj</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Provision of safe water on reserves is an ongoing problem in Canada that can be addressed by mobilizing water knowledge across diverse platforms to a variety of audiences. A participatory artistic animation video on the lived experiences of Elderswith water in Yellow Quill First Nation, Treaty Four territory, was created to mobilize knowledge beyond conventional peer-review channels. Research findings from interviews with 22 Elders were translated through a collaborative process into a video with a storytelling format that harmonized narratives, visual arts, music, and meaningful symbols. Three themes emerged which centered on the spirituality of water, the survival need for water, and standoffs in water management. The translation process, engagement and video output were evaluated using an autoethnographic approach with two members of the research team. We demonstrate how the collaborative research process and co-created video enhance community-based participatory knowledge translation and sharing. We also express how the video augments First Nations community ownership, control, access and possession (OCAP) of research information that aligns with their storytelling traditions and does so in a youth-friendly, e-compatible form. Through the evaluative process we share lessons learned about the value and effectiveness of the video as a tool for fostering partnerships, and reconciliation. The benefits and positive impacts of the video for the Yellow Quill community and for community members are discussed.</abstract>
			<url hash="87f0bb04">G19-4001</url>
			<pages>37-60</pages>
			<doi>10.15402/esj.v5i2.68334</doi>
			<bibkey>Neapetung-2019-“Spirit,</bibkey>
			<project>prj7</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="5">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Water, Volume 11, Issue 5</booktitle>
			<publisher>MDPI AG</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Reclaiming Indigenous Planning as a Pathway to Local Water Security</title>
			<author>
				<first>Robert</first>
				<last>Patrick</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kellie</first>
				<last>Grant</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lalita</first>
				<last>Bharadwaj</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Access to drinkable water is essential to human life. The consequence of unsafe drinking water can be damaging to communities and catastrophic to human health. Today, one in five First Nation communities in Canada is on a boil water advisory, with some advisories lasting over 10 years. Factors contributing to this problem stretch back to colonial structures and institutional arrangement that reproduce woefully inadequate community drinking water systems. Notwithstanding these challenges, First Nation communities remain diligent, adaptive, and innovative in their efforts to provide drinkable water to their community members. One example is through the practice of source water protection planning. Source water is untreated water from groundwater or surface water that supplies drinking water for human consumption. Source water protection is operationalized through land and water planning activities aimed at reducing the risk of contamination from entering a public drinking water supply. Here, we introduce a source water protection planning process at Muskowekwan First Nation, Treaty 4, Saskatchewan. The planning process followed a community-based participatory approach guided by trust, respect, and reciprocity between community members and university researchers. Community members identified threats to the drinking water source followed by restorative land management actions to reduce those threats. The result of this process produced much more than a planning document but engaged multiple community members in a process of empowerment and self-determination. The process of plan-making produced many unintended results including human–land connectivity, reconnection with the water spirit, as well as the reclaiming of indigenous planning. Source water protection planning may not correct all the current water system inadequacies that exist on many First Nations, but it will empower communities to take action to protect their drinking water sources for future generations as a pathway to local water security.</abstract>
			<url hash="3f4cdc61">G19-5001</url>
			<pages>936</pages>
			<doi>10.3390/w11050936</doi>
			<bibkey>Patrick-2019-Reclaiming</bibkey>
			<project>prj7</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="6">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Water, Volume 11, Issue 12</booktitle>
			<publisher>MDPI AG</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>“Garbage in, Garbage Out” Does Not Hold True for Indigenous Community Flood Extent Modeling in the Prairie Pothole Region</title>
			<author>
				<first>Anuja</first>
				<last>Thapa</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lori</first>
				<last>Bradford</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Graham</first>
				<last>Strickert</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xiaolei</first>
				<last>Yu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Anthony</first>
				<last>Johnston</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kelsey</first>
				<last>Watson-Daniels</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Extensive land use changes and uncertainties arising from climate change in recent years have contributed to increased flood magnitudes in the Canadian Prairies and threatened the vulnerabilities of many small and indigenous communities. There is, thus, a need to create modernized flood risk management tools to support small and rural communities’ preparations for future extreme events. In this study, we developed spatial flood information for an indigenous community in Central Saskatchewan using LiDAR based DEM and a spatial modeling tool, the wetland DEM ponding model (WDPM). A crucial element of flood mapping in this study was community engagement in data collection, scenario description for WDPM, and flood map validation. Community feedback was also used to evaluate the utility of the modelled flood outputs. The results showed the accuracy of WDPM outputs could be improved not only with the quality of DEM but also with additional community-held information on contributing areas (watershed information). Based on community feedback, this accessible, spatially-focused modeling approach can provide relevant information for community spatial planning and developing risk management strategies. Our study found community engagement to be valuable in flood modeling and mapping by: providing necessary data, validating input data through lived experiences, and providing alternate scenarios to be used in future work. This research demonstrates the suitability and utility of LiDAR and WDPM complemented by community participation for improving flood mapping in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR). The approach used in the study also serves as an important guide for applying transdisciplinary tools and methods for establishing good practice in research and helping build resilient communities in the Prairies.</abstract>
			<url hash="2df9738f">G19-6001</url>
			<pages>2486</pages>
			<doi>10.3390/w11122486</doi>
			<bibkey>Thapa-2019-“Garbage</bibkey>
			<project>prj7</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="7">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Groundwater, Volume 58, Issue 4</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Alpine Hydrogeology: The Critical Role of Groundwater in Sourcing the Headwaters of the World</title>
			<author>
				<first>Masaki</first>
				<last>Hayashi</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Groundwater discharge in alpine headwaters sustains baseflow in rivers originating in mountain ranges of the world, which is critically important for aquatic habitats, run-of-river hydropower generation, and downstream water supply. Groundwater storage in alpine watersheds was long considered negligible, but recent field-based studies have shown that aquifers are ubiquitous in the alpine zone with no soil and vegetation. Talus, moraine, and rock glacier aquifers are common in many alpine regions of the world, although bedrock aquifers occur in some geological settings. Alpine aquifers consisting of coarse sediments have a fast recession of discharge after the recharge season (e.g., snowmelt) or rainfall events, followed by a slow recession that sustains discharge over a long period. The two-phase recession is likely controlled by the internal structure of the aquifers. Spatial extent and distribution of individual aquifers determine the groundwater storage-discharge characteristics in first- and second-order watersheds in the alpine zone, which in turn govern baseflow characteristics in major rivers. Similar alpine landforms appear to have similar hydrogeological characteristics in many mountain ranges across the world, suggesting that a common conceptual framework can be used to understand alpine aquifers based on geological and geomorphological settings. Such a framework will be useful for parameterizing storage-discharge characteristics in large river hydrological models.</abstract>
			<url hash="954514ea">G19-7001</url>
			<pages>498-510</pages>
			<doi>10.1111/gwat.12965</doi>
			<bibkey>Hayashi-2019-Alpine</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="8">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>River Research and Applications, Volume 36, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Biomic river restoration: A new focus for river management</title>
			<author>
				<first>Matthew F.</first>
				<last>Johnson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Colin R.</first>
				<last>Thorne</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Janine M.</first>
				<last>Castro</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>G. Mathias</first>
				<last>Kondolf</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Celeste Searles</first>
				<last>Mazzacano</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Stewart B.</first>
				<last>Rood</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Cherie J.</first>
				<last>Westbrook</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>River management based solely on physical science has proven to be unsustainable and unsuccessful, evidenced by the fact that the problems this approach intended to solve (e.g., flood hazards, water scarcity, and channel instability) have not been solved and long‐term deterioration in river environments has reduced the capacity of rivers to continue meeting the needs of society. In response, there has been a paradigm shift in management over the past few decades, towards river restoration. But the ecological, morphological, and societal benefits of river restoration have, on the whole, been disappointing. We believe that this stems from the fact that restoration overrelies on the same physical analyses and approaches, with flowing water still regarded as the universally predominant driver of channel form and structural intervention seen as essential to influencing fluvial processes. We argue that if river restoration is to reverse long‐standing declines in river functions, it is necessary to recognize the influence of biology on river forms and processes and re‐envisage what it means to restore a river. This entails shifting the focus of river restoration from designing and constructing stable channels that mimic natural forms to reconnecting streams within balanced and healthy biomes, and so levering the power of biology to influence river processes. We define this new approach as biomic river restoration.</abstract>
			<url hash="cd2604bc">G19-8001</url>
			<pages>3-12</pages>
			<doi>10.1002/rra.3529</doi>
			<bibkey>Johnson-2019-Biomic</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="9">
		<meta>
			<booktitle> </booktitle>
			<publisher>Copernicus GmbH</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Spatially-distributed tracer-aided runoff modelling and dynamics of
storage and water ages in a permafrost-influenced catchment</title>
			<author>
				<first>Thea Ilaria</first>
				<last>Piovano</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Doerthe</first>
				<last>Tetzlaff</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sean K.</first>
				<last>Carey</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nadine J.</first>
				<last>Shatilla</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Aaron</first>
				<last>Smith</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chris</first>
				<last>Soulsby</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Permafrost strongly controls hydrological processes in cold regions, and our understanding of how changes in seasonal and perennial frozen ground disposition and linked storage dynamics affects runoff generation processes remains limited. Storage dynamics and water redistribution are influenced by the seasonal variability and spatial heterogeneity of frozen ground, snow accumulation and melt. Stable isotopes provide a potentially useful technique to quantify the dynamics of water sources, flow paths and ages; yet few studies have employed isotope data in permafrost-influenced catchments. Here, we applied the conceptual model STARR (Spatially distributed Tracer-Aided Rainfall-Runoff model), which facilitates fully distributed simulations of hydrological storage dynamics and runoff processes, isotopic composition and water ages. We adapted this model to a subarctic catchment in Yukon Territory, Canada, with a time-variable implementation of field capacity to include the influence of thaw dynamics. A multi-criteria calibration based on stream flow, snow water equivalent and isotopes was applied to three years of data. The integration of isotope data in the spatially distributed model provided the basis to quantify spatio-temporal dynamics of water storage and ages, emphasizing the importance of thaw layer dynamics in mixing and damping the melt signal. By using the model conceptualisation of spatially and temporally variant storage, this study demonstrates the ability of tracer-aided modelling to capture thaw layer dynamics that cause mixing and damping of the isotopic melt signal.</abstract>
			<url hash="759a63d9">G19-9001</url>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-2019-59</doi>
			<bibkey>Piovano-2019-Spatially-distributed</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>Wildland fire impacts on water yield across the contiguous United States</title>
			<author>
				<first>Dennis W.</first>
				<last>Hallema</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ge</first>
				<last>Sun</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Peter</first>
				<last>Caldwell</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>François‐Nicolas</first>
				<last>Robinne</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin D.</first>
				<last>Bladon</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Steven P.</first>
				<last>Norman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yongqiang</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Erika</first>
				<last>Cohen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Steven G.</first>
				<last>McNulty</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Wildland fires in the contiguous United States (CONUS) have increased in size and severity, but much remains unclear about the impact of fire size and burn severity on water supplies used for drinking, irrigation, industry, and hydropower. While some have investigated large-scale fire patterns, long-term effects on runoff, and the simultaneous effect of fire and climate trends on surface water yield, no studies account for all these factors and their interactions at the same time. In this report, we present critical new information for the National Cohesive Wildland Fire Management Strategy—a first-time CONUS-wide assessment of observed and potential wildland fire impacts on surface water yield. First, we analyzed data from 168 fire-affected locations, collected between 1984 and 2013, with machine learning and used climate elasticity models to correct for the local climate baseline impact. Stream gage data show that annual river flow increased most in the Lower Mississippi and Lower and Upper Colorado water resource regions, however they do not show which portion of this increase is caused by fire and which portion results from local climate trends. Our machine learning model identified local climate trends as the main driver of water yield change and determined wildland fires must affect at least 19 percent of a watershed &gt;10 km2 to change its annual water yield. A closer look at 32 locations with fires covering at least 19 percent of a watershed &gt;10 km2 revealed that wildfire generally enhanced annual river flow. Fires increased river flow relatively the most in the Lower Colorado, Pacific Northwest, and California regions. In the Lower Colorado and Pacific Northwest regions, flow increased despite post-fire drought conditions. In southern California, post-fire drought effects masked the flow enhancement attributed to wildfire, meaning that annual water yield declined but not as much as expected based on the decline in precipitation. Prescribed burns in the Southeastern United States did not produce a widespread effect on river flow, because the area affected was typically too small and characterized by only low burn severity. In the second stage of the assessment, we performed full-coverage simulations of the CONUS with the Water Supply Stress Index (WaSSI) hydrologic model (88,000 HUC-12-level watersheds) for the period between 2001 and 2010. This enables us to fill in the gaps of areas with scarce data and to identify regions with large potential increases in post-fire annual water yield (+10 to +50 percent): midto high-elevation forests in northeastern Washington, northwestern Montana, central Minnesota, southern Utah, Colorado, and South Dakota, and coastal forests in Georgia and northern Florida. A hypothetical 20-percent forest burn impact scenario for the CONUS suggests that surface yield can increase up to +10 percent in most watersheds, and even more in some watersheds depending on climate, soils, and vegetation. The insights gained from this quantitative analysis have major implications for flood mitigation and watershed restoration, and are vital to forest management policies aimed at reducing fire impact risk and improving water supply under a changing climate.</abstract>
			<url hash="ec933263">G19-9002</url>
			<doi>10.2737/srs-gtr-238</doi>
			<bibkey>Hallema-2019-Wildland</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="3">
			<title>Successful forecasting of harmful cyanobacteria blooms with high frequency lake data</title>
			<author>
				<first>Michael</first>
				<last>Kehoe</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Brian</first>
				<last>Ingalls</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jason J.</first>
				<last>Venkiteswaran</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Helen M.</first>
				<last>Baulch</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Cyanobacterial blooms are causing increasing issues across the globe. Bloom forecasting can facilitate adaptation to blooms. Most bloom forecasting models depend on weekly or fortnightly sampling, but these sparse measurements can miss important dynamics. Here we develop forecasting models from five years of high frequency summer monitoring in a shallow lake (which serves as an important regional water supply). A suite of models were calibrated to predict cyanobacterial fluorescence (a biomass proxy) using measurements of: cyanobacterial fluorescence, water temperature, light, and wind speed. High temporal autocorrelation contributed to relatively strong predictive power over 1, 4 and 7 day intervals. Higher order derivatives of water temperature helped improve forecasting accuracy. While traditional monitoring and modelling have supported forecasting on longer timescales, we show high frequency monitoring combined with telemetry allows forecasting over timescales of 1 day to 1 week, supporting early warning, enhanced monitoring, and adaptation of water treatment processes.</abstract>
			<url hash="9b9402f5">G19-9003</url>
			<doi>10.1101/674325</doi>
			<bibkey>Kehoe-2019-Successful</bibkey>
			<project>prj16</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="4">
			<title>Extreme rainfall drives early onset cyanobacterial bloom</title>
			<author>
				<first>Megan L.</first>
				<last>Larsen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Helen M.</first>
				<last>Baulch</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sherry L.</first>
				<last>Schiff</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Dana F.</first>
				<last>Simon</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sébastien</first>
				<last>Sauvé</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jason J.</first>
				<last>Venkiteswaran</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract The increasing prevalence of cyanobacteria-dominated harmful algal blooms is strongly associated with nutrient loading and changing climatic patterns. Changes to precipitation frequency and intensity, as predicted by current climate models, are likely to affect bloom development and composition through changes in nutrient fluxes and water column mixing. However, few studies have directly documented the effects of extreme precipitation events on cyanobacterial composition, biomass, and toxin production. We tracked changes in a eutrophic reservoir following an extreme precipitation event, describing an atypically early toxin-producing cyanobacterial bloom, successional progression of the phytoplankton community, toxins, and geochemistry. An increase in bioavailable phosphorus by more than 27-fold in surface waters preceded notable increases in Aphanizomenon flos-aquae throughout the reservoir approximately 2 weeks post flood and ~5 weeks before blooms typically occur. Anabaenopeptin-A and three microcystin congeners (microcystin-LR, -YR, and -RR) were detected at varying levels across sites during the bloom period, which lasted between 3 and 5 weeks. Synthesis and applications: These findings suggest extreme rainfall can trigger early cyanobacterial bloom initiation, effectively elongating the bloom season period of potential toxicity. However, effects will vary depending on factors including the timing of rainfall and reservoir physical structure. In contrast to the effects of early season extreme rainfall, a mid-summer runoff event appeared to help mitigate the bloom in some areas of the reservoir by increasing flushing.</abstract>
			<url hash="05f09756">G19-9004</url>
			<doi>10.1101/570275</doi>
			<bibkey>Larsen-2019-Extreme</bibkey>
			<project>prj16</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="5">
			<title>High-Resolution Regional Climate Modeling and Projection over Western Canada  using a Weather Research Forecasting Model with a Pseudo-Global Warming Approach</title>
			<author>
				<first>Yanping</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zhenhua</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zhe</first>
				<last>Zhang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Liang</first>
				<last>Chen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sopan</first>
				<last>Kurkute</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lucía</first>
				<last>Scaff</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xicai</first>
				<last>Pan</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. To assess the hydroclimatic risks posed by climate change in western Canada, this study conducted a retrospective simulation (CTL) and a pseudo-global warming (PGW) dynamical downscaling of future warming projection under RCP8.5 from an ensemble of CMIP5 climate model projections using a convection-permitting 4-km Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model. The convection-permitting resolution of the model avoids the error-prone convection parameterization by explicitly resolving cumulus plumes. The evaluation of surface air temperature by the retrospective simulation WRF-CTL against a gridded observation ANUSPLIN shows that WRF simulation of daily mean temperature agrees well with ANUSPLIN temperature in terms of the geographical distribution of cold biases east of the Canadian Rockies, especially in spring. Compared with the observed precipitation from ANUSPLIN and CaPA, the WRF-CTL simulation captures the main pattern of distribution, but with a wet bias seen in higher precipitation near the British Columbia coast in winter and over the immediate region on the lee side of the Canadian Rockies. The PGW simulation shows more warming than CTL, especially over the polar region in the northeast, during the cold season, and in daily minimum temperature. Precipitation changes in PGW over CTL vary with the seasons: In spring and late fall for both basins, precipitation is shown to increase, whereas in summer in the Saskatchewan River Basin, it either shows no increase or decreases, with less summer precipitation shown in PGW than in CTL for some parts of the Prairies. This seasonal difference in precipitation change suggests that in summer the Canadian Prairies and the southern Boreal Forest biomes will likely see a slight decline in precipitation minus evapotranspiration, which might impact soil moisture for farming and forest fires. With almost no increase in summer precipitation and much more evapotranspiration in PGW than in CTL, the water availability during the growing season will be challenging for the Canadian Prairies. WRF-PGW shows an increase of high-intensity precipitation events and shifts the distribution of precipitation events toward more extremely intensive events in all seasons, as current moderate events become extreme events with more vapor loading, especially in summer. Due to this shift in precipitation intensity to the higher end in the PGW simulation, the seemingly moderate increase in the total amount of precipitation in summer for both the Mackenzie and Saskatchewan river basins may not reflect the real change in flooding risk and water availability for agriculture. The high-resolution downscaled climate simulations provide abundant opportunities both for investigating local-scale atmospheric dynamics and for studying climate impacts in hydrology, agriculture, and ecosystems. The change in the probability distribution of precipitation intensity also calls for innovative bias-correction methods to be developed for the application of the dataset when bias-correction is required.</abstract>
			<url hash="72f7a7c0">G19-9005</url>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-2019-201</doi>
			<bibkey>Li-2019-High-Resolution</bibkey>
			<project>prj5</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="6">
			<title>Are the effects of vegetation and soil changes as important as climate
change impacts on hydrological processes?</title>
			<author>
				<first>Kabir</first>
				<last>Rasouli</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John W.</first>
				<last>Pomeroy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Paul H.</first>
				<last>Whitfield</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Hydrological processes are widely understood to be sensitive to changes in climate, but the effects of changes in vegetation and soils have seldom been considered. The response of mountain hydrology to future climate and vegetation/soil changes is modelled in three snowmelt dominated mountain basins in the North American Cordillera. A Cold Regions Hydrological Model developed for each basin was driven with perturbed observed meteorological time series. Monthly perturbations were developed from differences in eleven regional climate model outputs between the present and future scenarios. Future climate change in these basins results in decreased modelled peak snow water equivalent (SWE) but increased evapotranspiration in all basins. All three watersheds became more rainfall-dominated. In Wolf Creek in the Yukon Territory, an insignificant increasing effect of vegetation change on peak SWE was found to be important enough to offset the significant climate change effect on alpine snow. In Marmot Creek in the Canadian Rockies, a combined effect of soil and climate changes on increasing annual runoff becomes significant while their individual effects are not statistically significant. In the relatively warmer Reynolds Mountain East catchment in Idaho, USA, only vegetation change decreases annual runoff volume and changes in soil, climate, or combination of them do not affect runoff. At high elevations in Wolf and Marmot Creeks, modelled vegetation/soil changes moderated the impact of climate change on peak SWE, the timing of peak SWE, evapotranspiration, and annual runoff volume. At medium elevations, these changes intensified the impact of climate change, decreasing peak SWE, and sublimation. The modelled hydrological impacts of changes in climate, vegetation, and soil in mountain environments are similar in magnitude but not consistently in the direction in all biomes; in some combinations, this results in enhanced impacts at lower elevations and latitudes and offsetting effects at higher elevations and latitudes.</abstract>
			<url hash="ebfef67a">G19-9006</url>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-2019-214</doi>
			<bibkey>Rasouli-2019-Are</bibkey>
			<project>prj9</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="7">
			<title>Hydrologic-Land Surface Modelling of a Complex System under Precipitation
Uncertainty: A Case Study of the Saskatchewan River Basin, Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Fuad</first>
				<last>Yassin</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Saman</first>
				<last>Razavi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jefferson S.</first>
				<last>Wong</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Alain</first>
				<last>Pietroniro</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>H. S.</first>
				<last>Wheater</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Hydrologic-Land Surface Models (H-LSMs) have been progressively developed to a stage where they represent the dominant hydrological processes for a variety of hydrological regimes and include a range of water management practices, and are increasingly used to simulate water storages and fluxes of large basins under changing environmental conditions across the globe. However, efforts for comprehensive evaluation of the utility of H-LSMs in large, regulated watersheds have been limited. In this study, we evaluated the capability of a Canadian H-LSM, called MESH, in the highly regulated Saskatchewan River Basin (SaskRB), Canada, under the constraint of significant precipitation uncertainty. The SaskRB is a complex system characterized by hydrologically-distinct regions that include the Rocky Mountains, Boreal Forest, and the Prairies. This basin is highly vulnerable to potential climate change and extreme events. A comprehensive analysis of the MESH model performance was carried out in two steps. First, the reliability of multiple precipitation products was evaluated against climate station observations and based on their performance in simulating streamflow across the basin when forcing the MESH model with a default parameterization. Second, a state-of-the-art multi-criteria calibration approach was applied, using various observational information including streamflow, storage and fluxes for calibration and validation. The first analysis shows that the quality of precipitation products had a direct and immediate impact on simulation performance for the basin headwaters but effects were dampened when going downstream. In particular, the Canadian Precipitation Analysis (CaPA) performed the best among the precipitation products in capturing timings and minimizing the magnitude of error against observation, despite a general underestimation of precipitation amount. The subsequent analyses show that the MESH model was able to capture observed responses of multiple fluxes and storage across the basin using a global multi-station calibration method. Despite poorer performance in some basins, the global parameterization generally achieved better model performance than a default model parameterization. Validation using storage anomaly and evapotranspiration generally showed strong correlation with observations, but revealed potential deficiencies in the simulation of storage anomaly over open water areas.</abstract>
			<url hash="9cf9c6ec">G19-9007</url>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-2019-207</doi>
			<bibkey>Yassin-2019-Hydrologic-Land</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="8">
			<title>Assessing inter-annual and seasonal patterns of DOC and DOM quality across a complex alpine watershed underlain by discontinuous permafrost in Yukon, Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Nadine J.</first>
				<last>Shatilla</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sean K.</first>
				<last>Carey</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. High latitude environments store approximately half of the global organic carbon pool in peatlands, organic soils and permafrost while large arctic rivers convey an estimated 18–50 Tg C a−1 to the Arctic Ocean. Warming trends associated with climate change affect dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export from terrestrial to riverine environments. However, there is limited consensus as to whether exports will increase or decrease due to complex interactions between climate, soils, vegetation, and associated production, mobilization and transport processes. A large body of research has focused on large river system DOC and DOM lability and observed trends conserved across years, whereas investigation at smaller watershed scales show that thermokarst and fire have a transient impact on hydrologically-mediated solute transport. This study, located in the Wolf Creek Research Basin situated ~ 20 km south of Whitehorse, YT, Canada, utilises a nested design to assess seasonal and annual patterns of DOC and DOM composition across diverse landscape types (headwater, wetland, lake) and watershed scales. Peak DOC concentration and export occurred during freshet per most northern watersheds, however, peaks were lower than a decade ago at the headwater site Granger Creek. DOM composition was most variable during freshet with high A254, SUVA254 and low FI and BIX. DOM composition was relatively insensitive to flow variation during summer and fall. The influence of increasing watershed scale and downstream mixing of landscape contributions was an overall dampening of DOC concentrations and optical indices with increasing groundwater contribution. Forecasted vegetation shifts, permafrost thaw and other changes due to climate change may alter DOM sources from predominantly organic soils to decomposing vegetation, and facilitate transport through deeper flow pathways with an enhanced groundwater role.</abstract>
			<url hash="0c46db7d">G19-9008</url>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-2019-81</doi>
			<bibkey>Shatilla-2019-Assessing</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="9">
			<title>What do we do  with model simulation crashes?  Recommendations for global sensitivity analysis  of earth  and environmental systems models</title>
			<author>
				<first>Razi</first>
				<last>Sheikholeslami</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Saman</first>
				<last>Razavi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Amin</first>
				<last>Haghnegahdar</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Complex, software-intensive, technically advanced, and computationally demanding models, presumably with ever-growing realism and fidelity, have been widely used to simulate and predict the dynamics of the Earth and environmental systems. The parameter-induced simulation crash (failure) problem is typical across most of these models, despite considerable efforts that modellers have directed at model development and implementation over the last few decades. A simulation failure mainly occurs due to the violation of the numerical stability conditions, non-robust numerical implementations, or errors in programming. However, the existing sampling-based analysis techniques such as global sensitivity analysis (GSA) methods, which require running these models under many configurations of parameter values, are ill-equipped to effectively deal with model failures. To tackle this problem, we propose a novel approach that allows users to cope with failed designs (samples) during the GSA, without knowing where they took place and without re-running the entire experiment. This approach deems model crashes as missing data and uses strategies such as median substitution, single nearest neighbour, or response surface modelling to fill in for model crashes. We test the proposed approach on a 10-paramter HBV-SASK rainfall-runoff model and a 111-parameter MESH land surface-hydrology model. Our results show that response surface modelling is a superior strategy, out of the data filling strategies tested, and can scale well to the dimensionality of the model, sample size, and the ratio of number of failures to the sample size. Further, we conduct a "failure analysis" and discuss some possible causes of the MESH model failure.</abstract>
			<url hash="7b41ebeb">G19-9009</url>
			<doi>10.5194/gmd-2019-17</doi>
			<bibkey>Sheikholeslami-2019-What</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="10">
			<title>A Review and Synthesis of Future Earth System Change in the
Interior of Western Canada: Part I – Climate and Meteorology</title>
			<author>
				<first>Ronald E.</first>
				<last>Stewart</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kit K.</first>
				<last>Szeto</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Barrie</first>
				<last>Bonsal</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John</first>
				<last>Hanesiak</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bohdan</first>
				<last>Kochtubajda</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yanping</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Julie M.</first>
				<last>Thériault</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>C. M.</first>
				<last>DeBeer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Benita Y.</first>
				<last>Tam</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zhenhua</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zhuo</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jennifer</first>
				<last>Bruneau</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sébastien</first>
				<last>Marinier</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Dominic</first>
				<last>Matte</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. The Interior of Western Canada, up to and including the Arctic, has experienced rapid change in its climate, hydrology, cryosphere and ecosystems and this is expected to continue. Although there is general consensus that warming will occur in the future, many critical issues remain. In this first of two articles, attention is placed on atmospheric-related issues that range from large scales down to individual precipitation events. Each of these is considered in terms of expected change organized by season and utilizing climate scenario information as well as thermodynamically-driven future climatic forcing simulations. Large scale atmospheric circulations affecting this region are generally projected to become stronger in each season and, coupled with warming temperatures, lead to enhancements of numerous water-related and temperature-related extremes. These include winter snowstorms, freezing rain, drought as well as atmospheric forcing of spring floods although not necessarily summer convection. Collective insights of these atmospheric findings are summarized in a consistent, connected physical framework.</abstract>
			<url hash="1b86620e">G19-9010</url>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-2019-51</doi>
			<bibkey>Stewart-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj5</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="11">
			<title>Soil Bacterial and Fungal Response to Wildfires in the Canadian Boreal Forest Across a Burn Severity Gradient</title>
			<author>
				<first>Thea</first>
				<last>Whitman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ellen</first>
				<last>Whitman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jamie</first>
				<last>Woolet</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mike</first>
				<last>Flannigan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Dan K.</first>
				<last>Thompson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Marc‐André</first>
				<last>Parisien</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Global fire regimes are changing, with increases in wildfire frequency and severity expected for many North American forests over the next 100 years. Fires can result in dramatic changes to C stocks and can restructure plant and microbial communities, which can have long-lasting effects on ecosystem functions. We investigated wildfire effects on soil microbial communities (bacteria and fungi) in an extreme fire season in the northwestern Canadian boreal forest, using field surveys, remote sensing, and high-throughput amplicon sequencing. We found that fire occurrence, along with vegetation community, moisture regime, pH, total carbon, and soil texture are all significant predictors of soil microbial community composition. Communities become increasingly dissimilar with increasingly severe burns, and the burn severity index (an index of the fractional area of consumed organic soils and exposed mineral soils) best predicted total bacterial community composition, while burned/unburned was the best predictor for fungi. Globally abundant taxa were identified as significant positive fire responders, including the bacteria Massilia sp. (64x more abundant with fire) and Arthrobacter sp. (35x), and the fungi Penicillium sp. (22x) and Fusicladium sp. (12x) Bacterial and fungal co-occurrence network modules were characterized by fire responsiveness as well as pH and moisture regime. Building on the efforts of previous studies, our results identify specific fire-responsive microbial taxa and suggest that accounting for burn severity improves our understanding of their response to fires, with potentially important implications for ecosystem functions.</abstract>
			<url hash="6c815298">G19-9011</url>
			<doi>10.1101/512798</doi>
			<bibkey>Whitman-2019-Soil</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="12">
			<title>Watershed classification for the Canadian prairie</title>
			<author>
				<first>Jared D.</first>
				<last>Wolfe</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin</first>
				<last>Shook</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chris</first>
				<last>Spence</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Colin J.</first>
				<last>Whitfield</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Classification and clustering approaches provide a means to group watersheds according to similar attributes, functions, or behaviours, and can aid in managing natural resources within these regions. While widely used, approaches based on hydrological response parameters restrict analyses to regions where well-developed hydrological records exist, and overlook factors contributing to other management concerns, including biogeochemistry and ecology. In the Canadian Prairie, hydrometric gauging is sparse and often seasonal, large areas are endorheic and the landscape is highly modified by human activity, complicating classification based solely on hydrological parameters. We compiled climate, geological, topographical, and land cover data from the Prairie and conducted a classification of watersheds using a hierarchical clustering of principal components. Seven classes were identified based on the clustering of watersheds, including those distinguishing southern Manitoba, the pothole region, river valleys, and grasslands. Important defining variables were climate, elevation, surficial geology, wetland distribution, and land cover. In particular, three classes occur almost exclusively within regions that tend not to contribute to major river systems, and collectively encompass the majority of the study area. The gross difference in key characteristics across the classes suggests that future water management and climate change may carry with them heterogeneous sets of implications for water security across the Prairies. This emphasizes the importance of developing management strategies that target sub-regions expected to behave coherently as current human-induced changes to the landscape will affect how watersheds react to change. This study provides the first classification of watersheds within the Prairie based on climatic and biophysical attributes, and our findings provide a foundation for addressing questions related to hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological behaviours at a regional level.</abstract>
			<url hash="f5880322">G19-9012</url>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-2018-625</doi>
			<bibkey>Wolfe-2019-Watershed</bibkey>
			<project>prj33</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="13">
			<title>Representation of Water Management in Hydrological and Land
Surface Models</title>
			<author>
				<first>Fuad</first>
				<last>Yassin</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Saman</first>
				<last>Razavi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mohamed</first>
				<last>Elshamy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bruce</first>
				<last>Davison</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gonzalo</first>
				<last>Sapriza‐Azuri</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>H. S.</first>
				<last>Wheater</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Reservoirs significantly affect flow regimes in watershed systems by changing the magnitude and timing of streamflows. Failure to represent these effects limits the performance of hydrological and land surface models (H-LSMs) in the many highly regulated basins across the globe and limits the applicability of such models to investigate the futures of watershed systems through scenario analysis (e.g., scenarios of climate, land use, or reservoir regulation changes). An adequate representation of reservoirs and their operation in an H-LSM is therefore essential for a realistic representation of the downstream flow regime. In this paper, we present a general parametric reservoir operation model based on piecewise linear relationships between reservoir storage, inflow, and release, to approximate actual reservoir operations. For the identification of the model parameters, we propose two strategies: (a) a generalized parameterization that requires a relatively limited amount of data; and (b) direct calibration via multi-objective optimization when more data on historical storage and release are available. We use data from 37 reservoir case studies located in several regions across the globe for developing and testing the model. We further build this reservoir operation model into the MESH modelling system, which is a large-scale H-LSM. Our results across the case studies show that the proposed reservoir model with both of the parameter identification strategies leads to improved simulation accuracy compared with the other widely used approaches for reservoir operation simulation. We further show the significance of enabling MESH with this reservoir model and discuss the interdependent effects of the simulation accuracy of natural processes and that of reservoir operation on the overall model performance. The reservoir operation model is generic and can be integrated into any H-LSM.</abstract>
			<url hash="828f33b4">G19-9013</url>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-2019-7</doi>
			<bibkey>Yassin-2019-Representation</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="14">
			<title>Assessment of Near 0 °C Temperature and Precipitation Characteristics
across Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Éva</first>
				<last>Mekis</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ronald E.</first>
				<last>Stewart</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Julie M.</first>
				<last>Thériault</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bohdan</first>
				<last>Kochtubajda</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Barrie</first>
				<last>Bonsal</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zhuo</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. The 0 °C temperature threshold is critical to many meteorological and hydrological processes driven by melting and freezing in the atmosphere, surface and sub-surface and by the associated precipitation varying between rain, freezing rain, wet snow and snow. This threshold, linked with freeze-thaw, is especially important in cold regions such as Canada. This study develops a Canada-wide perspective on near 0 °C conditions with a particular focus on the occurrence of its associated precipitation. Since this analysis requires hourly values of surface temperature and precipitation type observations, it was limited to 92 stations over the 1981–2011 period. In addition, nine stations representative of various climatic regions are selected for further analysis. Near 0 °C conditions are defined as periods when the surface temperature is between −2 °C and 2 °C. Near 0 °C conditions occur often across all regions of the country although the annual number of days and hours and the duration of these events varies dramatically. Various forms of precipitation (including rain, freezing rain, wet snow and ice pellets) are sometimes linked with these temperatures with highest fractions tending to occur in Atlantic Canada. Trends of most temperature-based and precipitation-based indicators show little or no change despite a systematic warming in annual temperatures. Over the annual cycle, near 0 °C temperatures and precipitation often exhibit a pattern with short durations near summer driven by the diurnal cycle, while longer durations tend to occur more towards winter associated with storms. There is also a tendency for near 0 °C temperatures to occur more often than expected relative to other temperature windows; due at least in part to diabatic cooling and heating occurring with melting and freezing, respectively, in the atmosphere and at the surface.</abstract>
			<url hash="55cd6524">G19-10001</url>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-2019-297</doi>
			<bibkey>Mekis-2019-Assessment</bibkey>
			<project>prj36</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="15">
			<title>Assessment and Projection of Water Budget over Western Canada using Convection Permitting WRF Simulations</title>
			<author>
				<first>Sopan</first>
				<last>Kurkute</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zhenhua</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yanping</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Fei</first>
				<last>Huo</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Water resources in cold regions in western Canada face severe risks posed by anthropogenic global warming as evapotranspiration increases and precipitation regimes shift. Although understanding the water cycle is key in addressing climate change issues, it is difficult to obtain high spatial and temporal resolution observations of hydroclimatic processes, especially in remote regions. Climate models are useful tools for dissecting and diagnosing these processes, especially, convection-permitting (CP) high-resolution regional climate simulation provides advantages over lower-resolution models by explicitly representing convection. In addition to better representing convective systems, higher spatial resolution also better represents topography and mountain meteorology, and highly heterogeneous geophysical features. However, there is little work with convection-permitting regional climate models conducted over western Canada. Focusing on the Mackenzie and Saskatchewan river basins, this study investigated the surface water budget and atmospheric moisture balance in historical and RCP8.5 projections using 4-km CP Weather Research and Forecast (WRF). We compared the high-resolution 4-km CP WRF and three common reanalysis datasets: NARR, JRA-55, and ERA-Interim. High-resolution WRF out-performs the reanalyses in balancing the surface water budget in both river basins with much lower residual terms. For the pseudo-global warming scenario at the end of the 21st century with RCP8.5 radiative forcing, both the Mackenzie and Saskatchewan river basins show increases in the amplitude for precipitation and evapotranspiration and a decrease in runoff. The Saskatchewan river basin shows a moderate increase of precipitation in the west and a small decrease in the east. Combined with a significant increase of evapotranspiration in a warmer climate, the Saskatchewan river basin would have a larger deficit of water resources than in the current climate based on the PGW simulation. The high-resolution simulation also shows the difference of atmospheric water vapour balance in the two river basins is due to flow orientation and topography differences at the western boundaries of the two basins. The sensitivity of water vapour balance to fine-scale topography and atmospheric processes shown in this study demonstrates that high-resolution dynamical downscaling is important for large-scale water balance and hydrological cycles.</abstract>
			<url hash="ccc4349e">G19-10002</url>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-2019-522</doi>
			<bibkey>Kurkute-2019-Assessment</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="10">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Earth System Science Data, Volume 11, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>Copernicus GmbH</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>A long-term hydrometeorological dataset (1993–2014) of a northern mountain basin: Wolf Creek Research Basin, Yukon Territory, Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Kabir</first>
				<last>Rasouli</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John W.</first>
				<last>Pomeroy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. R.</first>
				<last>Janowicz</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Tyler J.</first>
				<last>Williams</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sean K.</first>
				<last>Carey</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. A set of hydrometeorological data is presented in this paper, which can be used to characterize the hydrometeorology and climate of a subarctic mountain basin and has proven particularly useful for forcing hydrological models and assessing their performance in capturing hydrological processes in subarctic alpine environments. The forcing dataset includes daily precipitation, hourly air temperature, humidity, wind, solar and net radiation, soil temperature, and geographical information system data. The model performance assessment data include snow depth and snow water equivalent, streamflow, soil moisture, and water level in a groundwater well. This dataset was recorded at different elevation bands in Wolf Creek Research Basin, near Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada, representing forest, shrub tundra, and alpine tundra biomes from 1993 through 2014. Measurements continue through 2018 and are planned for the future at this basin and will be updated to the data website. The database presented and described in this article is available for download at https://doi.org/10.20383/101.0113.</abstract>
			<url hash="55cd6524">G19-10001</url>
			<pages>89-100</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/essd-11-89-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Rasouli-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj42</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>Lake O'Hara alpine hydrological observatory: hydrological and meteorological dataset, 2004–2017</title>
			<author>
				<first>Jesse</first>
				<last>He</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Masaki</first>
				<last>Hayashi</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. The Lake O'Hara watershed in the Canadian Rockies has been the site of several hydrological investigations. It has been instrumented to a degree uncommon for many alpine study watersheds. Air temperature, relative humidity, wind, precipitation, radiation, and snow depth are measured at two meteorological stations near Lake O'Hara and in the higher elevation Opabin Plateau. Water levels at Lake O'Hara, Opabin Lake, and several stream gauging stations are recorded using pressure transducers and validated against manual measurements. Stage–discharge rating curves were determined at gauging stations and used to calculate discharge from stream stage. The database includes additional data such as water chemistry (temperature, electrical conductivity, and stable isotope abundance) and snow survey (snow depth and density) for select years, as well as geospatial data (elevation and land cover). This dataset will be useful for the future study of alpine regions, where substantial and long-term hydrological datasets are scarce due to difficult field conditions. The dataset can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.20383/101.035.</abstract>
			<url hash="ccc4349e">G19-10002</url>
			<pages>111-117</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/essd-11-111-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>He-2019-Lake</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="11">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Volume 23, Issue 9</booktitle>
			<publisher>Copernicus GmbH</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Assessing inter-annual and seasonal patterns of DOC and DOM quality across a complex alpine watershed underlain by discontinuous permafrost in Yukon, Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Nadine J.</first>
				<last>Shatilla</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sean K.</first>
				<last>Carey</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. High-latitude environments store approximately half of the global organic carbon pool in peatlands, organic soils and permafrost, while large Arctic rivers convey an estimated 18–50 Tg C a−1 to the Arctic Ocean. Warming trends associated with climate change affect dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export from terrestrial to riverine environments. However, there is limited consensus as to whether exports will increase or decrease due to complex interactions between climate, soils, vegetation, and associated production, mobilization and transport processes. A large body of research has focused on large river system DOC and dissolved organic matter (DOM) lability and observed trends conserved across years, whereas investigation at smaller watershed scales show that thermokarst and fire have a transient impact on hydrologically mediated solute transport. This study, located in the Wolf Creek Research Basin situated ∼20 km south of Whitehorse, YT, Canada, utilizes a nested design to assess seasonal and annual patterns of DOC and DOM composition across diverse landscape types (headwater, wetland and lake) and watershed scales. Peak DOC concentration and export occurred during freshet, as is the case in most northern watersheds; however, peaks were lower than a decade ago at the headwater site Granger Creek. DOM composition was most variable during freshet with high A254 and SUVA254 and low FI and BIX. DOM composition was relatively insensitive to flow variation during summer and fall. The influence of increasing watershed scale and downstream mixing of landscape contributions was an overall dampening of DOC concentrations and optical indices with increasing groundwater contribution. Forecasted vegetation shifts, enhanced permafrost and seasonal thaw, earlier snowmelt, increased rainfall and other projected climate-driven changes will alter DOM sources and transport pathways. The results from this study support a projected shift from predominantly organic soils (high aromaticity and less fresh) to decomposing vegetation (more fresh and lower aromaticity). These changes may also facilitate flow and transport via deeper flow pathways and enhance groundwater contributions to runoff.</abstract>
			<url hash="ed710241">G19-11001</url>
			<pages>3571-3591</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-23-3571-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Shatilla-Carey-2019-Assessing-inter-annual</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>Precipitation transition regions over the southern Canadian Cordillera during January–April 2010 and under a pseudo-global-warming assumption</title>
			<author>
				<first>Juris</first>
				<last>Almonte</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ronald E.</first>
				<last>Stewart</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. The occurrence of various types of winter precipitation is an important issue over the southern Canadian Cordillera. This issue is examined from January to April of 2010 by exploiting the high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model Version 3.4.1 dataset that was used to simulate both a historical reanalysis-driven (control – CTRL) and a pseudo-global-warming (PGW) experiment (Liu et al., 2016). Transition regions, consisting of both liquid and solid precipitation or liquid precipitation below 0 ∘C, occurred on 93 % and 94 % of the days in the present and PGW future, respectively. This led to accumulated precipitation within the transition region increasing by 27 % and was associated with a rise in its average elevation by 374 m over the Coast Mountains and Insular Mountains and by 240 m over the Rocky Mountains and consequently to an eastward shift towards the higher terrain of the Rocky Mountains. Transition regions comprised of only rain and snow were most common under both the CTRL and PGW simulations, although all seven transition region categories occurred. Transition region changes would enhance some of the factors leading to avalanches and would also impact ski resort operations.</abstract>
			<url hash="747853fb">G19-11002</url>
			<pages>3665-3682</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-23-3665-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Almonte-2019-Precipitation</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="3">
			<title>A watershed classification approach that looks beyond hydrology:  application to a semi-arid, agricultural region in Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Jared D.</first>
				<last>Wolfe</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin</first>
				<last>Shook</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chris</first>
				<last>Spence</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Colin J.</first>
				<last>Whitfield</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Classification and clustering approaches provide a means to group watersheds according to similar attributes, functions, or behaviours, and can aid in managing natural resources. Although they are widely used, approaches based on hydrological response parameters restrict analyses to regions where well-developed hydrological records exist, and overlook factors contributing to other management concerns, including biogeochemistry and ecology. In the Canadian Prairie, hydrometric gauging is sparse and often seasonal. Moreover, large areas are endorheic and the landscape is highly modified by human activity, complicating classification based solely on hydrological parameters. We compiled climate, geological, topographical, and land-cover data from the Prairie and conducted a classification of watersheds using a hierarchical clustering of principal components. Seven classes were identified based on the clustering of watersheds, including those distinguishing southern Manitoba, the pothole region, river valleys, and grasslands. Important defining variables were climate, elevation, surficial geology, wetland distribution, and land cover. In particular, three classes occur almost exclusively within regions that tend not to contribute to major river systems, and collectively encompass the majority of the study area. The gross difference in key characteristics across the classes suggests that future water management and climate change may carry with them heterogeneous sets of implications for water security across the Prairie. This emphasizes the importance of developing management strategies that target sub-regions expected to behave coherently as current human-induced changes to the landscape will affect how watersheds react to change. The study provides the first classification of watersheds within the Prairie based on climatic and biophysical attributes, with the framework used being applicable to other regions where hydrometric data are sparse. Our findings provide a foundation for addressing questions related to hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological behaviours at a regional level, enhancing the capacity to address issues of water security.</abstract>
			<url hash="037f636d">G19-11003</url>
			<pages>3945-3967</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-23-3945-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Wolfe-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="4">
			<title>Representation and improved parameterization of reservoir operation in hydrological and land-surface models</title>
			<author>
				<first>Fuad</first>
				<last>Yassin</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Saman</first>
				<last>Razavi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mohamed</first>
				<last>Elshamy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bruce</first>
				<last>Davison</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gonzalo</first>
				<last>Sapriza‐Azuri</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>H. S.</first>
				<last>Wheater</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Reservoirs significantly affect flow regimes in watershed systems by changing the magnitude and timing of streamflows. Failure to represent these effects limits the performance of hydrological and land-surface models (H-LSMs) in the many highly regulated basins across the globe and limits the applicability of such models to investigate the futures of watershed systems through scenario analysis (e.g., scenarios of climate, land use, or reservoir regulation changes). An adequate representation of reservoirs and their operation in an H-LSM is therefore essential for a realistic representation of the downstream flow regime. In this paper, we present a general parametric reservoir operation model based on piecewise-linear relationships between reservoir storage, inflow, and release to approximate actual reservoir operations. For the identification of the model parameters, we propose two strategies: (a) a “generalized” parameterization that requires a relatively limited amount of data and (b) direct calibration via multi-objective optimization when more data on historical storage and release are available. We use data from 37 reservoir case studies located in several regions across the globe for developing and testing the model. We further build this reservoir operation model into the MESH (Modélisation Environmentale-Surface et Hydrologie) modeling system, which is a large-scale H-LSM. Our results across the case studies show that the proposed reservoir model with both parameter-identification strategies leads to improved simulation accuracy compared with the other widely used approaches for reservoir operation simulation. We further show the significance of enabling MESH with this reservoir model and discuss the interdependent effects of the simulation accuracy of natural processes and that of reservoir operations on the overall model performance. The reservoir operation model is generic and can be integrated into any H-LSM.</abstract>
			<url hash="9d1bf6ce">G19-11004</url>
			<pages>3735-3764</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-23-3735-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Yassin-Razavi-2019-Representation-and</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="12">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrological Processes, Volume 34, Issue 2</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>HYDROLOGICAL FUNCTION OF A MOUNTAIN FEN AT LOW ELEVATION UNDER DRY CONDITIONS</title>
			<author>
				<first>Stephanie Claire</first>
				<last>Streich</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Cherie J.</first>
				<last>Westbrook</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Mountain fens are limited in their spatial extent but are vital ecosystems for biodiversity, habitat, and carbon and water cycling. Studies of fen hydrological function in northern regions indicate the timing and magnitude of runoff is variable, with atmospheric and environmental conditions playing key roles in runoff production. How the complex ecohydrological processes of mountain fens that govern water storage and release as well as peat accumulation will respond to a warmer and less snowy future climate is unclear. To provide insight, we studied the hydrological processes and function of Sibbald fen, located at the low end of the known elevation range in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, over a dry period. We added an evapotranspiration function to the Spence hydrological function method to better account for storage loss. When frozen in spring and early summer, the fen primarily transmits water. When thawed, the fen's hydrological function switches from water transmission to water release, leading to a summertime water table decline of nearly 1 m. Rainfall events larger than 5 mm can transiently switch fen hydrological function to storage, followed by contribution, depending on antecedent conditions. The evapotranspiration function was dominant only for a brief period in late June and early July when rainfall was low and the ground was still partially frozen, even though evapotranspiration accounted for the largest loss of storage from the system. This research highlights the mechanisms by which mountain peatlands supply baseflow during drought conditions, and the importance of frozen ground and rainfall in regulating their hydrological function. The study has important implications for the sustainability of low elevation mountain fens under climate change.</abstract>
			<url hash="ffc4adaf">G19-12001</url>
			<pages>244-257</pages>
			<doi>10.1002/hyp.13579</doi>
			<bibkey>Streich-2019-HYDROLOGICAL</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>Quantifying terrain controls on runoff retention and routing in the Northern Prairies</title>
			<author>
				<first>Igor</first>
				<last>Pavlovskii</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Saskia</first>
				<last>Noorduijn</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jessica E.</first>
				<last>Liggett</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J.</first>
				<last>Klassen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Masaki</first>
				<last>Hayashi</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The role of hummocky terrain in governing runoff routing and focussing groundwater recharge in the Northern Prairies of North America is widely recognised. However, most hydrological studies in the region have not effectively utilised information on the surficial geology and associated landforms in large‐scale hydrological characterization. The present study uses an automated digital elevation model (DEM) analysis of a 6500‐km² area in the Northern Prairies to quantify hydrologically relevant terrain parameters for the common types of terrains in the prairies with different surficial deposits widespread in the prairies, namely, moraines and glaciolacustrine deposits. Runoff retention (and storage) capacity within depressions varies greatly between different surficial deposits and is comparable in magnitude with a typical amount of seasonal snowmelt runoff generation. The terrain constraint on potential runoff retention varies from a few millimetres in areas classified as moraine to tens of millimetres in areas classified as stagnant ice moraine deposits. Fluted moraine and glaciolacustrine deposits have intermediate storage capacity values. The study also identified the probability density function describing a number of immediate upstream neighbours for each depression in a fill‐and‐spill network. A relationship between depression parameters and surficial deposits, as well as identified depression network structure, allows parametrisation of hydrologic models outside of the high‐resolution DEM coverage, which can still account for terrain variation in the Prairies.</abstract>
			<url hash="66cdfc15">G19-12002</url>
			<pages>473-484</pages>
			<doi>10.1002/hyp.13599</doi>
			<bibkey>Pavlovskii-2019-Quantifying</bibkey>
			<project>prj33</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="3">
			<title>Delineating extent and magnitude of river flooding to lakes across a northern delta using water isotope tracers</title>
			<author>
				<first>Casey R.</first>
				<last>Remmer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Tanner J.</first>
				<last>Owca</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Laura K.</first>
				<last>Neary</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Johan A.</first>
				<last>Wiklund</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mitchell L.</first>
				<last>Kay</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Brent B.</first>
				<last>Wolfe</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Roland I.</first>
				<last>Hall</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Hydrological monitoring in complex, dynamic northern floodplain landscapes is challenging, but increasingly important as a consequence of multiple stressors. The Peace‐Athabasca Delta in northern Alberta, Canada, is a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance reliant on episodic river ice‐jam flood events to recharge abundant perched lakes and wetlands. Improved and systematic monitoring of landscape‐scale hydrological connectivity among freshwater ecosystems (rivers, channels, wetlands, and lakes) is needed to guide stewardship decisions in the face of climate change and upstream industrial development. Here, we use water isotope compositions, supplemented by measurements of specific conductivity and field observations, from 68 lakes and 9 river sites in May 2018 to delineate the extent and magnitude of spring ice‐jam induced flooding along the Peace and Athabasca rivers. Lake‐specific estimates of input water isotope composition (δI) were modelled after accounting for influence of evaporative isotopic enrichment. Then, using the distinct isotopic signature of input water sources, we develop a set of binary mixing models and estimate the proportion of input to flooded lakes attributable to river floodwater and precipitation (snow or rain). This approach allowed identification of areas and magnitude of flooding that were not captured by other methods, including direct observations from flyovers, and to demarcate flow pathways in the delta. We demonstrate water isotope tracers as an efficient and effective monitoring tool for delineating spatial extent and magnitude of an important hydrological process and elucidating connectivity in the Peace‐Athabasca Delta, an approach that can be readily adopted at other floodplain landscapes.</abstract>
			<url hash="11cacc83">G19-12003</url>
			<pages>303-320</pages>
			<doi>10.1002/hyp.13585</doi>
			<bibkey>Remmer-2019-Delineating</bibkey>
			<project>prj28</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="13">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Science of The Total Environment, Volume 656</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Climate-phenology-hydrology interactions in northern high latitudes: Assessing the value of remote sensing data in catchment ecohydrological studies</title>
			<author>
				<first>Hailong</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Doerthe</first>
				<last>Tetzlaff</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. M.</first>
				<last>Buttle</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sean K.</first>
				<last>Carey</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hjalmar</first>
				<last>Laudon</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. P.</first>
				<last>McNamara</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Christopher</first>
				<last>Spence</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chris</first>
				<last>Soulsby</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>We assessed the hydrological implications of climate effects on vegetation phenology in northern environments by fusion of data from remote-sensing and local catchment monitoring. Studies using satellite data have shown earlier and later dates for the start (SOS) and end of growing seasons (EOS), respectively, in the Northern Hemisphere over the last 3 decades. However, estimates of the change greatly depend on the satellite data utilized. Validation with experimental data on climate-vegetation-hydrology interactions requires long-term observations of multiple variables which are rare and usually restricted to small catchments. In this study, we used two NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) products (at ~25 &amp; 0.5 km spatial resolutions) to infer SOS and EOS for six northern catchments, and then investigated the likely climate impacts on phenology change and consequent effects on catchment water yield, using both assimilated data (GLDAS: global land data assimilation system) and direct catchment observations. The major findings are: (1) The assimilated air temperature compared well with catchment observations (regression slopes and R2 close to 1), whereas underestimations of summer rainstorms resulted in overall underestimations of precipitation (regression slopes of 0.3-0.7, R2 ≥ 0.46). (2) The two NDVI products inferred different vegetation phenology characteristics. (3) Increased mean pre-season temperature significantly influenced the advance of SOS and delay of EOS. The precipitation influence was weaker, but delayed SOS corresponding to increased pre-season precipitation at most sites can be related to later snow melting. (4) Decreased catchment streamflow over the last 15 years could be related to the advance in SOS and extension of growing seasons. Greater streamflow reductions in the cold sites than the warm ones imply stronger climate warming impacts on vegetation and hydrology in colder northerly environments. The methods used in this study have potential for better understanding interactions between vegetation, climate and hydrology in observation-scarce regions.</abstract>
			<url hash="4778caca">G19-13001</url>
			<pages>19-28</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.361</doi>
			<bibkey>Wang-2019-Climate-phenology-hydrology</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="14">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>International Journal of Water Resources Development, Volume 36, Issue 5</booktitle>
			<publisher>Informa UK Limited</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Using two-eyed seeing to bridge Western science and Indigenous knowledge systems and understand long-term change in the Saskatchewan River Delta, Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Razak</first>
				<last>Abu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Maureen G.</first>
				<last>Reed</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Timothy D.</first>
				<last>Jardine</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Although researchers now recognize that Indigenous knowledge can strengthen environmental planning and assessment, little research has empirically demonstrated how to bring together Indigenous know...</abstract>
			<url hash="daaff273">G19-14001</url>
			<pages>757-776</pages>
			<doi>10.1080/07900627.2018.1558050</doi>
			<bibkey>Abu-2019-Using</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="15">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Empirical Software Engineering, Volume 25, Issue 2</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>CAPS: a supervised technique for classifying Stack Overflow posts concerning API issues</title>
			<author>
				<first>Md</first>
				<last>Ahasanuzzaman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Muhammad</first>
				<last>Asaduzzaman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chanchal K.</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin A.</first>
				<last>Schneider</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The design and maintenance of APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) are complex tasks due to the constantly changing requirements of their users. Despite the efforts of their designers, APIs may suffer from a number of issues (such as incomplete or erroneous documentation, poor performance, and backward incompatibility). To maintain a healthy client base, API designers must learn these issues to fix them. Question answering sites, such as Stack Overflow (SO), have become a popular place for discussing API issues. These posts about API issues are invaluable to API designers, not only because they can help to learn more about the problem but also because they can facilitate learning the requirements of API users. However, the unstructured nature of posts and the abundance of non-issue posts make the task of detecting SO posts concerning API issues difficult and challenging. In this paper, we first develop a supervised learning approach using a Conditional Random Field (CRF), a statistical modeling method, to identify API issue-related sentences. We use the above information together with different features collected from posts, the experience of users, readability metrics and centrality measures of collaboration network to build a technique, called CAPS, that can classify SO posts concerning API issues. In total, we consider 34 features along eight different dimensions. Evaluation of CAPS using carefully curated SO posts on three popular API types reveals that the technique outperforms all three baseline approaches we consider in this study. We then conduct studies to find important features and also evaluate the performance of the CRF-based technique for classifying issue sentences. Comparison with two other baseline approaches shows that the technique has high potential. We also test the generalizability of CAPS results, evaluate the effectiveness of different classifiers, and identify the impact of different feature sets.</abstract>
			<url hash="62139516">G19-15001</url>
			<pages>1493-1532</pages>
			<doi>10.1007/s10664-019-09743-4</doi>
			<bibkey>Ahasanuzzaman-2019-CAPS:</bibkey>
			<project>prj8</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="16">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Nano Energy, Volume 59</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Fire-retardant, self-extinguishing triboelectric nanogenerators</title>
			<author>
				<first>Abdelsalam</first>
				<last>Ahmed</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Maher F.</first>
				<last>El‐Kady</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Islam</first>
				<last>Hassan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ayman</first>
				<last>Negm</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Amir Masoud</first>
				<last>Pourrahimi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mit</first>
				<last>Muni</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>P. Ravi</first>
				<last>Selvaganapathy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Richard B.</first>
				<last>Kaner</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract The development of highly sensitive sensors and power generators that could function efficiently in extreme temperatures and contact with fire can be lifesaving but challenging to accomplish. Herein, we report, for the first time, a fire-retardant and self-extinguishing triboelectric nanogenerator (FRTENG), which can be utilized as a motion sensor and/or power generator in occupations such as oil drilling, firefighting or working in extreme temperature environments with flammable and combustible materials. The device takes advantage of the excellent thermal properties of carbon derived from resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogel whose electrical, mechanical and triboelectric properties have been improved via the introduction of Polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and graphene oxide nanosheets. This FRTENG is not flammable even after 90 s of trying, whereas conventional triboelectric materials were entirely consumed by fire under the same conditions. The developed device shows exceptional charge transfer characteristics, leading to a potential difference up to 80 V and a current density up to 25 µA/m2. When integrated into firefighter's shoes, the FRTENG is able to discern the movements of a firefighter in hazardous situations, while providing the high thermal stability missing in conventional TENGs. The fire-retardant and self-extinguishing characteristics offered by the FRTENG makes it a path-breaking device for lifesaving wearable applications.</abstract>
			<url hash="70a63af8">G19-16001</url>
			<pages>336-345</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.02.026</doi>
			<bibkey>Ahmed-2019-Fire-retardant,</bibkey>
			<project>prj38</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="17">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Advanced Science, Volume 6, Issue 24</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Integrated Triboelectric Nanogenerators in the Era of the Internet of Things</title>
			<author>
				<first>Abdelsalam</first>
				<last>Ahmed</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Islam</first>
				<last>Hassan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Maher F.</first>
				<last>El‐Kady</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ali</first>
				<last>Radhi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chang Kyu</first>
				<last>Jeong</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>P. Ravi</first>
				<last>Selvaganapathy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jean W.</first>
				<last>Zu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Shenqiang</first>
				<last>Ren</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Qing</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Richard B.</first>
				<last>Kaner</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Since their debut in 2012, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have attained high performance in terms of both energy density and instantaneous conversion, reaching up to 500 W m-2 and 85%, respectively, synchronous with multiple energy sources and hybridized designs. Here, a comprehensive review of the design guidelines of TENGs, their performance, and their designs in the context of Internet of Things (IoT) applications is presented. The development stages of TENGs in large-scale self-powered systems and technological applications enabled by harvesting energy from water waves or wind energy sources are also reviewed. This self-powered capability is essential considering that IoT applications should be capable of operation anywhere and anytime, supported by a network of energy harvesting systems in arbitrary environments. In addition, this review paper investigates the development of self-charging power units (SCPUs), which can be realized by pairing TENGs with energy storage devices, such as batteries and capacitors. Consequently, different designs of power management circuits, supercapacitors, and batteries that can be integrated with TENG devices are also reviewed. Finally, the significant factors that need to be addressed when designing and optimizing TENG-based systems for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications are discussed.</abstract>
			<url hash="c81a5d9d">G19-17001</url>
			<pages>1802230</pages>
			<doi>10.1002/advs.201802230</doi>
			<bibkey>Ahmed-2019-Integrated</bibkey>
			<project>prj38</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="18">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Nano Energy, Volume 60</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>All printable snow-based triboelectric nanogenerator</title>
			<author>
				<first>Abdelsalam</first>
				<last>Ahmed</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Islam</first>
				<last>Hassan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Islam M.</first>
				<last>Mosa</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Esraa</first>
				<last>Elsanadidy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gayatri</first>
				<last>Phadke</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Maher F.</first>
				<last>El‐Kady</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>James F.</first>
				<last>Rusling</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>P. Ravi</first>
				<last>Selvaganapathy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Richard B.</first>
				<last>Kaner</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The development of power generators that can function in harsh snowy environments and in contact with snow can be beneficial but challenging to accomplish. Herein, we introduce the first snow-based triboelectric nanogenerator (snow-TENG) that can be used as an energy harvester and a multifunctional sensor based on the principle of snow-triboelectrification. In this work, we used a 3D printing technique for the precise design and deposition of the electrode and triboelectric layer, leading to flexible, stretchable and metal-free triboelectric generators. Based on the single electrode mode, the device can generate an instantaneous output power density as high as 0.2 mW/m2, an open circuit voltage up to 8 V, and a current density of 40 μA/m2. In addition, the snow-TENG can function as a miniaturized weather station to monitor the weather in real time to provide accurate information about the snowfall rate, snow accumulation depth, wind direction, and speed in snowy and/or icy environments. In addition, the snow-TENG can be used as a wearable power source and biomechanical sensor to detect human body motions, which may prove useful for snow-related sports. Unlike conventional sensor platforms, our design works without the need for batteries or image processing systems. We envision these devices could potentially be integrated into solar panels to ensure continuous power supply during snowy weather conditions.</abstract>
			<url hash="90794dcb">G19-18001</url>
			<pages>17-25</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.03.032</doi>
			<bibkey>Ahmed-2019-All</bibkey>
			<project>prj38</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="19">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Volume 33, Issue 11</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Effects of Damming on River Nitrogen Fluxes: A Global Analysis</title>
			<author>
				<first>Zahra</first>
				<last>Akbarzadeh</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Taylor</first>
				<last>Maavara</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Stephanie</first>
				<last>Slowinski</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philippe Van</first>
				<last>Cappellen</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>This code, developed in MATLAB R2018a, is a process based mass balance model
for simulating the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen in dam reservoirs.</abstract>
			<url hash="28c52aae">G19-19001</url>
			<pages>1339-1357</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2019gb006222</doi>
			<bibkey>Akbarzadeh-2019-Effects</bibkey>
			<project>prj22</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="20">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Volume 296</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Electrochemical sensing of lead in drinking water using β-cyclodextrin-modified MWCNTs</title>
			<author>
				<first>Arif Ul</first>
				<last>Alam</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Matiar M. R.</first>
				<last>Howlader</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nan‐Xing</first>
				<last>Hu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. Jamal</first>
				<last>Deen</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Heavy metal pollution is a severe environmental problem affecting many water resources. The non-biodegradable nature of the heavy metals such as lead (Pb) causes severe human health issues, so their cost-effective, sensitive and rapid detection is needed. In this work, we describe a simple, facile and low cost modifications of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and \b{eta}-cyclodextrin (\b{eta}CD) through non-covalent/physical (Phys) and a covalent Steglich esterification (SE) approaches. The Phys modification approach resulted Pb detection with a limit-of-detection (LoD) of 0.9 ppb, while the SE approach showed an LoD of 2.3 ppb, both of which are well below the WHO Pb concentration guideline of 10 ppb. The MWCNT-\b{eta}CD (Phys) based electrodes show negligible interference with other common heavy metal ions such as Cd2+ and Zn2+. The MWCNT-\b{eta}CD based electrodes were of low-cost owing to their simple synthesis approaches, exhibited good selectivity and reusability. The proposed MWCNT-\b{eta}CD based electrodes is a promising technology in developing a highly affordable and sensitive electrochemical sensing system of Pb in drinking water.</abstract>
			<url hash="126d1ff4">G19-20001</url>
			<pages>126632</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.snb.2019.126632</doi>
			<bibkey>Alam-2019-Electrochemical</bibkey>
			<project>prj38</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="21">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Global Change Biology, Volume 25, Issue 11</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Cryptic phenology in plants: Case studies, implications, and recommendations</title>
			<author>
				<first>Loren P.</first>
				<last>Albert</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Natalia</first>
				<last>Restrepo‐Coupé</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Marielle N.</first>
				<last>Smith</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jin</first>
				<last>Wu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Cecilia</first>
				<last>Chavana‐Bryant</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Neill</first>
				<last>Prohaska</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Tyeen</first>
				<last>Taylor</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Giordane</first>
				<last>Martins</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philippe</first>
				<last>Ciais</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jiafu</first>
				<last>Mao</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. Altaf</first>
				<last>Arain</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Wei</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xiaoying</first>
				<last>Shi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>D. M.</first>
				<last>Ricciuto</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Travis E.</first>
				<last>Huxman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sean M.</first>
				<last>McMahon</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>S. R.</first>
				<last>Saleska</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Plant phenology—the timing of cyclic or recurrent biological events in plants—offers insight into the ecology, evolution, and seasonality of plant-mediated ecosystem processes. Traditionally studied phenologies are readily apparent, such as flowering events, germination timing, and season-initiating budbreak. However, a broad range of phenologies that are fundamental to the ecology and evolution of plants, and to global biogeochemical cycles and climate change predictions, have been neglected because they are “cryptic”—that is, hidden from view (e.g., root production) or difficult to distinguish and interpret based on common measurements at typical scales of examination (e.g., leaf turnover in evergreen forests). We illustrate how capturing cryptic phenology can advance scientific understanding with two case studies: wood phenology in a deciduous forest of the northeastern USA and leaf phenology in tropical evergreen forests of Amazonia. Drawing on these case studies and other literature, we argue that conceptualizing and characterizing cryptic plant phenology is needed for understanding and accurate prediction at many scales from organisms to ecosystems. We recommend avenues of empirical and modeling research to accelerate discovery of cryptic phenological patterns, to understand their causes and consequences, and to represent these processes in terrestrial biosphere models.</abstract>
			<url hash="aad17891">G19-21001</url>
			<pages>3591-3608</pages>
			<doi>10.1111/gcb.14759</doi>
			<bibkey>Albert-2019-Cryptic</bibkey>
			<project>prj41</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="22">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Science of The Total Environment, Volume 647</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Modelling farmer choices for water security measures in the Litani river basin in Lebanon</title>
			<author>
				<first>Francisco</first>
				<last>Alcón</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sorada</first>
				<last>Tapsuwan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Roy</first>
				<last>Brouwer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>MC</first>
				<last>Yunes</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>O.</first>
				<last>Mounzer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>María D.</first>
				<last>De-Miguel</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Lebanon is facing an increasing water supply deficit due to the increasing demand for freshwater, decreasing surface and groundwater resources and malfunctioning water governance structures. Technological and policy changes are needed to alleviate the impact of water scarcity and secure water in the future. This paper investigates farmers' preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) in a choice experiment for a series of water saving measures at plot and irrigation district level, including more timely information of water delivery. These measures are expected to strengthen water security and use water more efficiently. Farmers are willing to pay higher water prices of $0.32/m3 and $0.22/m3 to support the implementation of water saving measures at plot level and the installation of water metering devices across the irrigation district, respectively. They are not willing to pay extra for obtaining information related to their water delivery earlier in time if this means that they will also have to pay earlier in the year for the water. Farmers with higher income and education levels who decide on their cropping pattern based on expected rainfall data are more interested in taking action than farmers whose cropping decisions are primarily based on last year's sales prices. The study shows that when aiming to design more effective sustainable water management strategies, accounting for farmers' needs and preferences, their age also has to be considered: younger farmers (&lt;40 years) are on average more interested in and willing to pay more for new water saving measures than older farmers (&gt;40 years).</abstract>
			<url hash="b864d77f">G19-22001</url>
			<pages>37-46</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.410</doi>
			<bibkey>Alcon-2019-Modelling</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="23">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Energy &amp; Fuels, Volume 33, Issue 8</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Chemical Society (ACS)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Comparison of the Effects of Extraction Techniques on Mass Spectrometry Profiles of Dissolved Organic Compounds in Oil Sand Process-Affected Water</title>
			<author>
				<first>Hattan A.</first>
				<last>Alharbi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Garrett</first>
				<last>Morandi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Paul D.</first>
				<last>Jones</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Steve</first>
				<last>Wiseman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John P.</first>
				<last>Giesy</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Recent advances in mass spectrometry have facilitated chemical characterization and profiling of complex environmental mixtures such as oil sand process-affected water (OSPW) and identification of previously unresolved chemicals. However, because OSPW is a complex mixture of salts, metals, suspended particulate matter, and dissolved organics, extraction techniques are required to reduce the effects of signal suppression/enhancement. In this work, Orbitrap, ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry was used to perform a comprehensive comparison of solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) techniques on profiling of dissolved organic chemicals in OSPW. When operated in negative ion mode, extraction of naphthenic acid (NAs–O2) was dependent on acidification of OSPW samples for C18 and LLE techniques. However, when applying a hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) sorbent (ABN) SPE technique, the extractability of NAs was independent of pH. When operated in positive ion mode, for all extracti...</abstract>
			<url hash="00d8b01a">G19-23001</url>
			<pages>7001-7008</pages>
			<doi>10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b00813</doi>
			<bibkey>Alharbi-2019-Comparison</bibkey>
			<project>prj13</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="24">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Applied Energy, Volume 239</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Integrated modelling of the impacts of hydropower projects on the water-food-energy nexus in a transboundary Himalayan river basin</title>
			<author>
				<first>T.S.</first>
				<last>Amjath-Babu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bikash</first>
				<last>Sharma</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Roy</first>
				<last>Brouwer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Golam</first>
				<last>Rasul</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Shahriar</first>
				<last>Wahid</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nilhari</first>
				<last>Neupane</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Utsav</first>
				<last>Bhattarai</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Stefan</first>
				<last>Sieber</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract The sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the Paris agreement target a global cleaner energy transition with wider adaptation, poverty reduction and climate resilience benefits. Hydropower development in the transboundary Koshi river basin in the Himalayan region presents an intervention that can support the SDGs whilst meeting the regional commitments to the Paris agreement. This study aims to quantify the benefits of proposed water resource development projects in the transboundary basin (4 storage and 7 run-of-the-river hydropower dams) in terms of hydroelectric power generation, crop production and flood damage reduction. A hydro-economic model is constructed by soft coupling hydrological and crop growth simulation models to an economic optimization model. The model assesses the potential of the interventions to break the vicious cycle of poverty and water, food, and energy insecurity. Unlike previous studies, the model (a) incorporates the possibility of using hydropower to pump groundwater for irrigation as well as flood regulation and (b) quantifies the resilience of the estimated benefits under future climate scenarios from downscaled general circulation models affecting both river flows and crop growth. The results show significant potential economic benefits generated from electricity production, increased agricultural production, and flood damage control at the transboundary basin scale. The estimated annual benefits are around USD 2.3 billion under the baseline scenario and USD 2.4 billion under a future (RCP 4.5) climate scenario, compared to an estimated annual investment cost of USD 0.7 billion. The robustness of the estimated benefits illustrates the climate resilience of the water resource development projects. Contrary to the commonly held view that the benefits of these proposed projects are limited to hydropower, the irrigation and flood regulation benefits account for 40 percent of the total benefits. The simulated scenarios also show substantial irrigation gains from the construction of the ROR schemes, provided the generated power is also used for groundwater irrigation. The integrated modelling framework and results provide useful policy insights for evidence-based decision-making in transboundary river basins around the globe facing the challenges posed by the water-food-energy nexus.</abstract>
			<url hash="9d0f88a3">G19-24001</url>
			<pages>494-503</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.147</doi>
			<bibkey>Amjath-Babu-2019-Integrated</bibkey>
			<project>prj22</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="25">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>WIREs Water, Volume 6, Issue 6</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Understanding rivers and their social relations: A critical step to advance environmental water management</title>
			<author>
				<first>Elizabeth P.</first>
				<last>Anderson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sue</first>
				<last>Jackson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Rebecca E.</first>
				<last>Tharme</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Michael M.</first>
				<last>Douglas</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Joseph E.</first>
				<last>Flotemersch</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Margreet</first>
				<last>Zwarteveen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chicu</first>
				<last>Lokgariwar</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mariana</first>
				<last>Montoya</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Alaka</first>
				<last>Wali</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gail</first>
				<last>Tipa</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Timothy D.</first>
				<last>Jardine</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Julian D.</first>
				<last>Olden</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lin</first>
				<last>Cheng</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John</first>
				<last>Conallin</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Barbara</first>
				<last>Cosens</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chris</first>
				<last>Dickens</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Dustin</first>
				<last>Garrick</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>David</first>
				<last>Groenfeldt</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jane Eleuter</first>
				<last>Kabogo</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Dirk J.</first>
				<last>Roux</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Albert</first>
				<last>Ruhí</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Angela H.</first>
				<last>Arthington</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>River flows connect people, places, and other forms of life, inspiring and sustaining diverse cultural beliefs, values, and ways of life. The concept of environmental flows provides a framework for improving understanding of relationships between river flows and people, and for supporting those that are mutually beneficial. Nevertheless, most approaches to determining environmental flows remain grounded in the biophysical sciences. The newly revised Brisbane Declaration and Global Action Agenda on Environmental Flows (2018) represents a new phase in environmental flow science and an opportunity to better consider the co-constitution of river flows, ecosystems, and society, and to more explicitly incorporate these relationships into river management. We synthesize understanding of relationships between people and rivers as conceived under the renewed definition of environmental flows. We present case studies from Honduras, India, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia that illustrate multidisciplinary, collaborative efforts where recognizing and meeting diverse flow needs of human populations was central to establishing environmental flow recommendations. We also review a small body of literature to highlight examples of the diversity and interdependencies of human-flow relationships-such as the linkages between river flow and human well-being, spiritual needs, cultural identity, and sense of place-that are typically overlooked when environmental flows are assessed and negotiated. Finally, we call for scientists and water managers to recognize the diversity of ways of knowing, relating to, and utilizing rivers, and to place this recognition at the center of future environmental flow assessments. This article is categorized under: Water and Life &gt; Conservation, Management, and Awareness Human Water &gt; Water Governance Human Water &gt; Water as Imagined and Represented.</abstract>
			<url hash="25b3efc6">G19-25001</url>
			<doi>10.1002/wat2.1381</doi>
			<bibkey>Anderson-2019-Understanding</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="26">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Volume 23, Issue 12</booktitle>
			<publisher>Copernicus GmbH</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Spatial variability of mean daily estimates of actual evaporation from remotely sensed imagery and surface reference data</title>
			<author>
				<first>Robert</first>
				<last>Armstrong</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John W.</first>
				<last>Pomeroy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lawrence W.</first>
				<last>Martz</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Land surface evaporation has considerable spatial variability that is not captured by point-scale estimates calculated from meteorological data alone. Knowing how evaporation varies spatially remains an important issue for improving parameterisations of land surface schemes and hydrological models and various land management practices. Satellite-based and aerial remote sensing has been crucial for capturing moderate- to larger-scale surface variables to indirectly estimate evaporative fluxes. However, more recent advances for field research via unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) now allow for the acquisition of more highly detailed surface data. Integrating models that can estimate “actual” evaporation from higher-resolution imagery and surface reference data would be valuable to better examine potential impacts of local variations in evaporation on upscaled estimates. This study introduces a novel approach for computing a normalised ratiometric index from surface variables that can be used to obtain more-realistic distributed estimates of actual evaporation. For demonstration purposes the Granger–Gray evaporation model (Granger and Gray, 1989) was applied at a rolling prairie agricultural site in central Saskatchewan, Canada. Visible and thermal images and meteorological reference data required to parameterise the model were obtained at midday. Ratiometric indexes were computed for the key surface variables albedo and net radiation at midday. This allowed point observations of albedo and mean daily net radiation to be scaled across high-resolution images over a large study region. Albedo and net radiation estimates were within 5 %–10 % of measured values. A daily evaporation estimate for a grassed surface was 0.5 mm (23 %) larger than eddy covariance measurements. Spatial variations in key factors driving evaporation and their impacts on upscaled evaporation estimates are also discussed. The methods applied have two key advantages for estimating evaporation over previous remote-sensing approaches: (1) detailed daily estimates of actual evaporation can be directly obtained using a physically based evaporation model, and (2) analysis of more-detailed and more-reliable evaporation estimates may lead to improved methods for upscaling evaporative fluxes to larger areas.</abstract>
			<url hash="37064028">G19-26001</url>
			<pages>4891-4907</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-23-4891-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Armstrong-2019-Spatial</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>Are the effects of vegetation and soil changes as important as climate change impacts on hydrological processes?</title>
			<author>
				<first>Kabir</first>
				<last>Rasouli</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John W.</first>
				<last>Pomeroy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Paul H.</first>
				<last>Whitfield</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Hydrological processes are widely understood to be sensitive to changes in climate, but the effects of concomitant changes in vegetation and soils have seldom been considered in snow-dominated mountain basins. The response of mountain hydrology to vegetation/soil changes in the present and a future climate was modeled in three snowmelt-dominated mountain basins in the North American Cordillera. The models developed for each basin using the Cold Regions Hydrological Modeling platform employed current and expected changes to vegetation and soil parameters and were driven with recent and perturbed high-altitude meteorological observations. Monthly perturbations were calculated using the differences in outputs between the present- and a future-climate scenario from 11 regional climate models. In the three basins, future climate change alone decreased the modeled peak snow water equivalent (SWE) by 11 %–47 % and increased the modeled evapotranspiration by 14 %–20 %. However, including future changes in vegetation and soil for each basin changed or reversed these climate change outcomes. In Wolf Creek in the Yukon Territory, Canada, a statistically insignificant increase in SWE due to vegetation increase in the alpine zone was found to offset the statistically significant decrease in SWE due to climate change. In Marmot Creek in the Canadian Rockies, the increase in annual runoff due to the combined effect of soil and climate change was statistically significant, whereas their individual effects were not. In the relatively warmer Reynolds Mountain in Idaho, USA, vegetation change alone decreased the annual runoff volume by 8 %, but changes in soil, climate, or both did not affect runoff. At high elevations in Wolf and Marmot creeks, the model results indicated that vegetation/soil changes moderated the impact of climate change on peak SWE, the timing of peak SWE, evapotranspiration, and the annual runoff volume. However, at medium elevations, these changes intensified the impact of climate change, further decreasing peak SWE and sublimation. The hydrological impacts of changes in climate, vegetation, and soil in mountain environments were similar in magnitude but not consistent in direction for all biomes; in some combinations, this resulted in enhanced impacts at lower elevations and latitudes and moderated impacts at higher elevations and latitudes.</abstract>
			<url hash="daaff273">G19-14001</url>
			<pages>4933-4954</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-23-4933-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Rasouli-Pomeroy-2019-Are-the</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="27">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Environmental Science &amp; Policy, Volume 100</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Comparative valuation of potential and realized ecosystem services in Southern Ontario, Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Tariq</first>
				<last>Aziz</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philippe Van</first>
				<last>Cappellen</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>• Potential and realized values of a bundle of six ecosystem services are estimated for Southern Ontario, Canada. • The realized value of the ecosystem services averages 51% of the potential value. • Within the Greenbelt, a protected area surrounding the Toronto conurbation, 61% of the potential eco-services are realized. • The spatial distribution of realized ecosystem services helps inform environmental policy-making. The full production of a given ecosystem service is called the potential ecosystem service; the fraction of the potential ecosystem service that is actually used by society is referred to as the realized ecosystem service. Because they are directly contributing to human well-being, the realized ecosystem services are of particular socio-economic importance. A key challenge faced by the economic valuation of ecosystem services is how to differentiate between realized and potential ecosystem services. Here, we address this challenge for Southern Ontario, which is the most densely populated region of Canada. We apply the Co$ting Nature model to generate the combined spatial distribution and use intensity of a bundle of six ecosystem services: water provisioning and supply, water quality, carbon sequestration, carbon storage, flood regulation, and nature-based tourism. The relative distribution of the potential ecosystem services is then combined with region-specific unit values for the land covers supplying the ecosystem services. The unit values are expressed in 2017 Canadian dollars per hectare and per year. Our analysis yields a total potential value of the bundled ecosystem services of $19 billion per year for Southern Ontario. To estimate the value of the realized ecosystem services, the potential values are scaled by the corresponding relative use indices. The resulting value of the realized ecosystem services is $9.7 billion per year, that is, about 50% of the value of the potential ecosystem services. The importance of accounting for the use intensity of ecosystem services is illustrated for the Greenbelt, a protected area of about 7600 km 2 surrounding the Greater Toronto-Hamilton conurbation, which is home to more than nine million people. Within the Greenbelt, 61% of the value of potential ecosystem services is realized, significantly higher than the regional average. Of particular importance is flood regulation by the Greenbelt, given the growing threat of urban flooding in the Toronto area.</abstract>
			<url hash="8fba274d">G19-27001</url>
			<pages>105-112</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.envsci.2019.06.014</doi>
			<bibkey>Aziz-2019-Comparative</bibkey>
			<project>prj22</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="28">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Environmental Reviews, Volume 27, Issue 4</booktitle>
			<publisher>Canadian Science Publishing</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Soil and water management: opportunities to mitigate nutrient losses to surface waters in the Northern Great Plains</title>
			<author>
				<first>Helen M.</first>
				<last>Baulch</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jane A.</first>
				<last>Elliott</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Marcos R. C.</first>
				<last>Cordeiro</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Don</first>
				<last>Flaten</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>David A.</first>
				<last>Lobb</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Henry F.</first>
				<last>Wilson</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The Northern Great Plains is a key region to global food production. It is also a region of water stress that includes poor water quality associated with high concentrations of nutrients. Agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus loads to surface waters need to be reduced, yet the unique characteristics of this environment create challenges. The biophysical reality of the Northern Great Plains is one where snowmelt is the major period of nutrient transport, and where nutrients are exported predominantly in dissolved form. This limits the efficacy of many beneficial management practices (BMPs) commonly used in other regions and necessitates place-based solutions. We discuss soil and water management BMPs through a regional lens—first understanding key aspects of hydrology and hydrochemistry affecting BMP efficacy, then discussing the merits of different BMPs for nutrient control. We recommend continued efforts to “keep water on the land” via wetlands and reservoirs. Adoption and expansion of reduced tillage and perennial forage may have contributed to current nutrient problems, but both practices have other environmental and agronomic benefits. The expansion of tile and surface drainage in the Northern Great Plains raises urgent questions about effects on nutrient export and options to mitigate drainage effects. Riparian vegetation is unlikely to significantly aid in nutrient retention, but when viewed against an alternative of extending cultivation and fertilization to the waters’ edge, the continued support of buffer strip management and refinement of best practices (e.g., harvesting vegetation) is merited. While the hydrology of the Northern Great Plains creates many challenges for mitigating nutrient losses, it also creates unique opportunities. For example, relocating winter bale-grazing to areas with low hydrologic connectivity should reduce loadings. Managing nutrient applications must be at the center of efforts to mitigate eutrophication. In this region, ensuring nutrients are not applied during hydrologically sensitive periods such as late autumn, on snow, or when soils are frozen will yield benefits. Working to ensure nutrient inputs are balanced with crop demands is crucial in all landscapes. Ultimately, a targeted approach to BMP implementation is required, and this must consider the agronomic and economic context but also the biophysical reality.</abstract>
			<url hash="d7d9371b">G19-28001</url>
			<pages>447-477</pages>
			<doi>10.1139/er-2018-0101</doi>
			<bibkey>Baulch-2019-Soil</bibkey>
			<project>prj33</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="29">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Hydrometeorology, Volume 20, Issue 10</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Meteorological Society</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Evaluation and Comparison of CanRCM4 and CRCM5 to Estimate Probable Maximum Precipitation over North America</title>
			<author>
				<first>M. A. Ben</first>
				<last>Alaya</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Francis W.</first>
				<last>Zwiers</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xuebin</first>
				<last>Zhang</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Recently dam managers have begun to use data produced by regional climate models to estimate how probable maximum precipitation (PMP) might evolve in the future. Before accomplishing such a task, it is essential to assess PMP estimates derived from regional climate models (RCMs). In the current study PMP over North America estimated from two Canadian RCMs, CanRCM4 and CRCM5, is compared with estimates derived from three reanalysis products: ERA-Interim, NARR, and CFSR. An additional hybrid dataset (MSWEP-ERA) produced by combining precipitation from the Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) dataset and precipitable water (PW) from ERA-Interim is also considered to derive PMP estimates that can serve as a reference. A recently developed approach using a statistical bivariate extreme values distribution is used to provide a probabilistic description of the PMP estimates using the moisture maximization method. Such a probabilistic description naturally allows an assessment of PMP estimates that includes quantification of their uncertainty. While PMP estimates based on the two RCMs exhibit spatial patterns similar to those of MSWEP-ERA and the three sets of reanalyses on the continental scale over North America, CanRCM4 has a tendency for overestimation while CRCM5 has a tendency for modest underestimation. Generally, CRCM5 shows good agreement with ERA-Interim, while CanRCM4 is more comparable to CFSR. Overall, the good ability of the two RCMs to reproduce the major characteristics of the different components involved in the estimation of PMP suggests that they may be useful tools for PMP estimation that could serve as a basis for flood studies at the basin scale.</abstract>
			<url hash="6f65507e">G19-29001</url>
			<pages>2069-2089</pages>
			<doi>10.1175/jhm-d-18-0233.1</doi>
			<bibkey>Ben Alaya-2019-Evaluation</bibkey>
			<project>prj5</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="30">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Climatic Change, Volume 158, Issue 3-4</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Probable maximum precipitation in a warming climate over North America in CanRCM4 and CRCM5</title>
			<author>
				<first>M. A. Ben</first>
				<last>Alaya</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Francis W.</first>
				<last>Zwiers</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xuebin</first>
				<last>Zhang</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>In the context of climate change and projected increase in global temperature, the atmosphere’s water holding capacity is expected to increase at the Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) rate by about 7% per 1 °C warming. Such an increase may lead to more intense extreme precipitation events and thus directly affect the probable maximum precipitation (PMP), a parameter that is often used for dam safety and civil engineering purposes. We therefore use a statistically motivated approach that quantifies uncertainty and accounts for nonstationarity, which allows us to determine the rate of change of PMP per 1 °C warming. This approach, which is based on a bivariate extreme value model of precipitable water (PW) and precipitation efficiency (PE), provides interpretation of how PW and PE may evolve in a warming climate. Nonstationarity is accounted for in this approach by including temperature as a covariate in the bivariate extreme value model. The approach is demonstrated by evaluating and comparing projected changes to 6-hourly PMP from two Canadian regional climate models (RCMs), CanRCM4 and CRCM5, over North America. The main results suggest that, on the continental scale, PMP increases in these models at a rate of approximately 4% per 1 °C warming, which is somewhat lower than the C-C rate. At the continental scale, PW extremes increase on average at the rate of 5% per 1 °C near surface warming for both RCMs. Most of the PMP increase is caused by the increase in PW extremes with only a minor contribution from changes in PE extremes. Nevertheless, substantial deviations from the average rate of change in PMP rates occur in some areas, and these are mostly caused by sensitivity of PE extremes to near surface warming in these regions.</abstract>
			<url hash="2f0d3644">G19-30001</url>
			<pages>611-629</pages>
			<doi>10.1007/s10584-019-02591-7</doi>
			<bibkey>Ben Alaya-2019-Probable</bibkey>
			<project>prj5</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="31">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Water Resources Research, Volume 55, Issue 6</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Quantifying Process Connectivity With Transfer Entropy in Hydrologic Models</title>
			<author>
				<first>Andrew</first>
				<last>Bennett</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bart</first>
				<last>Nijssen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gengxin</first>
				<last>Ou</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Martyn</first>
				<last>Clark</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Grey</first>
				<last>Nearing</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Quantifying the behavior and performance of hydrologic models is an important aspect of understanding the underlying hydrologic systems. We argue that classical error measures do not offer a complete picture for building this understanding. This study demonstrates how the information theoretic measure known as transfer entropy can be used to quantify the active transfer of information between hydrologic processes at various timescales and facilitate further understanding of the behavior of these systems. To build a better understanding of the differences in dynamics, we compare model instances of the Structure for Unifying Multiple Modeling Alternatives (SUMMA), the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model, and the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) across a variety of hydrologic regimes in the Columbia River Basin in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Our results show differences in the runoff of the SUMMA instance compared to the other two models in several of our study locations. In the Snake River region, SUMMA runoff was primarily snowmelt driven, while VIC and PRMS runoff was primarily influenced by precipitation and evapotranspiration. In the Olympic mountains, evapotranspiration interacted with the other water balance variables much differently in PRMS than in VIC and SUMMA. In the Willamette River, all three models had similar process networks at the daily time scale but showed differences in information transfer at the monthly timescale. Additionally, we find that all three models have similar connectivity between evapotranspiration and soil moisture. Analyzing information transfers to runoff at daily and monthly time steps shows how processes can operate on different timescales. By comparing information transfer with correlations, we show how transfer entropy provides a complementary picture of model behavior.</abstract>
			<url hash="97b15121">G19-31001</url>
			<pages>4613-4629</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2018wr024555</doi>
			<bibkey>Bennett-2019-Quantifying</bibkey>
			<project>prj9</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="32">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>PLOS ONE, Volume 14, Issue 2</booktitle>
			<publisher>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Memory effects of climate and vegetation affecting net ecosystem CO2 fluxes in global forests</title>
			<author>
				<first>Simon</first>
				<last>Besnard</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nuno</first>
				<last>Carvalhais</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. Altaf</first>
				<last>Arain</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>T. Andrew</first>
				<last>Black</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Benjamin</first>
				<last>Brede</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nina</first>
				<last>Buchmann</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jiquan</first>
				<last>Chen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J.G.P.W.</first>
				<last>Clevers</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>L.P.</first>
				<last>Dutrieux</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Fabian</first>
				<last>Gans</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Martin</first>
				<last>Herold</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Martin</first>
				<last>Jung</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yoshiko</first>
				<last>Kosugi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Alexander</first>
				<last>Knohl</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>B. E.</first>
				<last>Law</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Eugénie</first>
				<last>Paul‐Limoges</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Annalea</first>
				<last>Lohila</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lutz</first>
				<last>Merbold</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Olivier</first>
				<last>Roupsard</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Riccardo</first>
				<last>Valentini</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sebastian</first>
				<last>Wolf</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xudong</first>
				<last>Zhang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Markus</first>
				<last>Reichstein</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Forests play a crucial role in the global carbon (C) cycle by storing and sequestering a substantial amount of C in the terrestrial biosphere. Due to temporal dynamics in climate and vegetation activity, there are significant regional variations in carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes between the biosphere and atmosphere in forests that are affecting the global C cycle. Current forest CO2 flux dynamics are controlled by instantaneous climate, soil, and vegetation conditions, which carry legacy effects from disturbances and extreme climate events. Our level of understanding from the legacies of these processes on net CO2 fluxes is still limited due to their complexities and their long-term effects. Here, we combined remote sensing, climate, and eddy-covariance flux data to study net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) at 185 forest sites globally. Instead of commonly used non-dynamic statistical methods, we employed a type of recurrent neural network (RNN), called Long Short-Term Memory network (LSTM) that captures information from the vegetation and climate's temporal dynamics. The resulting data-driven model integrates interannual and seasonal variations of climate and vegetation by using Landsat and climate data at each site. The presented LSTM algorithm was able to effectively describe the overall seasonal variability (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, NSE = 0.66) and across-site (NSE = 0.42) variations in NEE, while it had less success in predicting specific seasonal and interannual anomalies (NSE = 0.07). This analysis demonstrated that an LSTM approach with embedded climate and vegetation memory effects outperformed a non-dynamic statistical model (i.e. Random Forest) for estimating NEE. Additionally, it is shown that the vegetation mean seasonal cycle embeds most of the information content to realistically explain the spatial and seasonal variations in NEE. These findings show the relevance of capturing memory effects from both climate and vegetation in quantifying spatio-temporal variations in forest NEE.</abstract>
			<url hash="8504fecf">G19-32001</url>
			<pages>e0211510</pages>
			<doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0211510</doi>
			<bibkey>Besnard-2019-Memory</bibkey>
			<project>prj41</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="33">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrological Sciences Journal, Volume 64, Issue 10</booktitle>
			<publisher>Informa UK Limited</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Twenty-three unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH) – a community perspective</title>
			<author>
				<first>Günter</first>
				<last>Blöschl</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Marc F. P.</first>
				<last>Bierkens</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>António</first>
				<last>Chambel</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Christophe</first>
				<last>Cudennec</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Georgia</first>
				<last>Destouni</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Aldo</first>
				<last>Fiori</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>James W.</first>
				<last>Kirchner</last>
			</author>
			<author>
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			<abstract>This paper is the outcome of a community initiative to identify major unsolved scientific problems in hydrology motivated by a need for stronger harmonisation of research efforts. The procedure involved a public consultation through online media, followed by two workshops through which a large number of potential science questions were collated, prioritised, and synthesised. In spite of the diversity of the participants (230 scientists in total), the process revealed much about community priorities and the state of our science: a preference for continuity in research questions rather than radical departures or redirections from past and current work. Questions remain focused on the process-based understanding of hydrological variability and causality at all space and time scales. Increased attention to environmental change drives a new emphasis on understanding how change propagates across interfaces within the hydrological system and across disciplinary boundaries. In particular, the expansion of the human footprint raises a new set of questions related to human interactions with nature and water cycle feedbacks in the context of complex water management problems. We hope that this reflection and synthesis of the 23 unsolved problems in hydrology will help guide research efforts for some years to come.</abstract>
			<url hash="3db899aa">G19-33001</url>
			<pages>1141-1158</pages>
			<doi>10.1080/02626667.2019.1620507</doi>
			<bibkey>Blöschl-2019-Twenty-three</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="34">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Water Resources Research, Volume 55, Issue 12</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>On the Role of a Large Shallow Lake (Lake St. Clair, USA‐Canada) in Modulating Phosphorus Loads to Lake Erie</title>
			<author>
				<first>Serghei A.</first>
				<last>Bocaniov</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philippe Van</first>
				<last>Cappellen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Donald</first>
				<last>Scavia</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>It is often assumed that large shallow water bodies are net sediment nondepositional annually and that if they have nutrient loads from multiple sources, those loads are quickly homogenized before exiting the water bodies. Where this is not the case, it impacts understanding and predicting consequences of nutrient load reductions, both for the water body and for those downstream of it. We applied a three‐dimensional ecological model to a large shallow lake, Lake St. Clair (US/Canada), to quantify the total and dissolved reactive phosphorus (TP and DRP) transport and retention, and construct tributary‐specific relationships between phosphorus load to the lake and the amount of phosphorus that leaves the lake for the three major tributaries. Lake St. Clair is situated between the St. Clair and Detroit rivers, the latter enters Lake Erie. Efforts to reduce Lake Erie's re‐eutrophication requires an understanding of nutrient transport and retention in each of its subwatersheds including those that feed indirectly via Lake St. Clair. We found that over the simulation period, the lake retained a significant portion of TP (17%) and DRP (35%) load and that TP and DRP retention was spatially variable and largely controlled by a combination of lake depth, resuspension, and plankton uptake. Compared to the Clinton and Sydenham rivers, the Thames River contributed a larger proportion of its load to the lake's outflow. However, because the lake's load is dominated by the St. Clair River, 40% reductions of nutrients from those subwatersheds will result in less than a 5% reduction in the load to Lake Erie.</abstract>
			<url hash="a06fa113">G19-34001</url>
			<pages>10548-10564</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2019wr025019</doi>
			<bibkey>Bocaniov-2019-On</bibkey>
			<project>prj22</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>Evaluation of SNODAS Snow Water Equivalent in Western Canada and Assimilation Into a Cold Region Hydrological Model</title>
			<author>
				<first>Zhibang</first>
				<last>Lv</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John W.</first>
				<last>Pomeroy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xing</first>
				<last>Fang</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Snow water equivalent (SWE) is one of the most hydrologically important physical properties of a snowpack. The U.S. National Weather Service's Snow Data Assimilation System (SNODAS) provides snow products at high spatial (~1 km2) and temporal (daily) resolution for the contiguous United States and southern Canada. This study evaluated the SNODAS SWE product in the boreal forest, prairie, and Canadian Rockies of western Canada against extensive snow survey measurements. SNODAS was found to work well in sheltered environments, to overestimate SWE under needle‐leaf forests, and to be unable to capture the spatial variation of SWE in windswept prairie and alpine environments. Results indicate that SNODAS SWE accuracy is strongly influenced by the missing blowing snow redistribution and canopy energetics and snow interception and sublimation processes in the mass balance calculations of the SNODAS model and by erroneous precipitation data forcing the model. To demonstrate how errors caused by missing processes can be corrected in areas with low assimilation frequency, SNODAS data were assimilated into a physically based hydrological model created using the modular Cold Region Hydrological Modelling (CRHM) platform that includes blowing and intercepted snow redistribution and subcanopy melt energetic processes. This approach decreased the overestimation of SWE compared to SNODAS from 135 to 79% in the study area and suggests that snow assimilation modeled SWE quality can be improved if snow redistribution, sublimation, and subcanopy melt processes are incorporated.</abstract>
			<url hash="3966f0a9">G19-34002</url>
			<pages>11166-11187</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2019wr025333</doi>
			<bibkey>Lv-2019-Evaluation</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="3">
			<title>Bedload Sediment Transport Regimes of Semi‐alluvial Rivers Conditioned by Urbanization and Stormwater Management</title>
			<author>
				<first>Elli</first>
				<last>Papangelakis</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bruce</first>
				<last>Macvicar</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Peter</first>
				<last>Ashmore</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Watershed urbanization and stormwater management (SWM) alter the hydrologic processes of rivers. Although differences have been documented in channel morphology and sediment yield pre‐ and posturbanization, little is known about how the modified hydrology affects grain‐scale bedload transport dynamics. This study aims to characterize the bedload sediment transport regime of three rivers with different hydrologic settings: rural, urban with no SWM, and urban with peak‐shaving SWM. The rivers are “semi‐alluvial,” characterized by an alluvial layer over a cohesive till. Bedload transport was monitored using tracer stones over 3 years. Hydrograph characteristics of the streams fit with what is expected in urban and SWM systems, and the rural stream has an episodic transport regime typical of gravel‐bed rivers. Entrainment thresholds are not detectably impacted by the semi‐alluvial bed cover, but travel lengths of grains relative to their size are longer than in alluvial gravel‐bed streams. Downstream displacement rates of particles up to the D90 are accelerated in the urban river due to more frequent mobilization rather than increased event‐based travel lengths and may explain channel enlargement. SWM decreases the mobility and travel lengths of particles below those in the rural system, which is combined with channel narrowing, and the loss of bed forms suggests a shift toward a competence‐limited transport regime. This new regime is a result of reduced shear stresses that are insufficient to transport coarse material. This study presents empirical evidence of the effects of watershed urbanization and SWM on bedload transport and provides recommendations for process‐based river management strategies.</abstract>
			<url hash="4e61c03f">G19-34003</url>
			<pages>10565-10587</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2019wr025126</doi>
			<bibkey>Papangelakis-2019-Bedload</bibkey>
			<project>prj24</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="35">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 124, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Evaluation of Gridded Precipitation Data and Interpolation Methods for Forest Fire Danger Rating in Alberta, Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Xinli</first>
				<last>Cai</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xianli</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Piyush</first>
				<last>Jain</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mike</first>
				<last>Flannigan</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System is the primary measurement of wildfire danger in Canada. Interpolating daily precipitation, one of the inputs for the Fire Weather Index System is a key challenge in areas without sufficient weather stations. This work evaluates the performance of gridded precipitation from the Canadian Precipitation Analysis (CaPA) System and six interpolation methods to achieve the best fire danger rating in Alberta, Canada. Results show that the CaPA System has only average performance due to limited radar coverage (10%) in the forested region; however, using the CaPA System as a covariate with regression kriging generates significantly better precipitation estimates. Ordinary kriging, regression kriging with elevation as a covariate, and the thin‐plate smoothed spline are methods with similar performance. Fuel moisture codes of the Fire Weather Index System respond differently to precipitation amounts due to differences in their time constants for drying. Fine fuels with a short drying time (Fine Fuel Moisture Code) are best estimated by the CaPA System because of its enhanced skill in estimating small precipitation events. Compacted organic fuels with longer drying times (Duff Moisture Code and Drought Code) are best estimated by regression kriging with CaPA because it better predicts significant precipitation events. The dense fire weather station network in our study area (~3.0 stations/10,000 km2) allows us to perform a sensitivity analysis, and we find that a threshold of &gt;0.5 stations/10,000 km2 is needed for regression kriging with CaPA to become appreciably better than the CaPA System.</abstract>
			<url hash="18d3c676">G19-35001</url>
			<pages>3-17</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2018jd028754</doi>
			<bibkey>Cai-2019-Evaluation</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="36">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Environmental Quality, Volume 48, Issue 4</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Hydrological and Seasonal Controls of Phosphorus in Northern Great Plains Agricultural Streams</title>
			<author>
				<first>Nora J.</first>
				<last>Casson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Henry F.</first>
				<last>Wilson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Stephanie M.</first>
				<last>Higgins</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Controls on nutrient transport in cold, low-relief agricultural regions vary dramatically among seasons. The spring snowmelt is often the dominant runoff and nutrient loading event of the year. However, climate change may increase the proportion of runoff occurring with rainfall, and there is an urgent need to understand seasonal controls on nutrient transport to understand how patterns may change in the future. In this study, we assess patterns and drivers of total P (TP) dynamics in eight streams draining agriculturally dominated watersheds, located in southern Manitoba, Canada. Data from three years of monitoring revealed highly coherent patterns of TP concentrations in streams, with pronounced peaks in the spring and midsummer across the region. This coherent pattern was in spite of considerable interannual variability in the magnitude and timing of discharge; in particular, a major storm event occurred in summer 2014, which resulted in more discharge than the preceding spring melt. Concentration-discharge model fits were generally poor or not significant, suggesting that runoff generation is not the primary driver of TP dynamics in the majority of streams. Seasonal patterns of conductivity and stream temperature suggest that mechanisms controlling TP vary by season; a spring TP concentration maximum may be related to surface runoff over frozen soils, whereas the summer TP maximum may be related to temperature-driven biogeochemical processes, which are not well represented in current conceptual or predictive models. These findings suggest that controls on stream TP concentrations are dynamic through the year, and responses to increases in dormant and nondormant season temperatures may depend on seasonally variable processes.</abstract>
			<url hash="0a666998">G19-36001</url>
			<pages>978-987</pages>
			<doi>10.2134/jeq2018.07.0281</doi>
			<bibkey>Casson-2019-Hydrological</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>Temporal Dynamics of Snowmelt Nutrient Release from Snow–Plant Residue Mixtures: An Experimental Analysis and Mathematical Model Development</title>
			<author>
				<first>Diogo</first>
				<last>Costa</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jian</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jennifer</first>
				<last>Roste</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. G.</first>
				<last>Elliott</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Reducing eutrophication in surface water is a major environmental challenge in many countries around the world. In cold Canadian prairie agricultural regions, part of the eutrophication challenge arises during spring snowmelt when a significant portion of the total annual nutrient export occurs, and plant residues can act as a nutrient source instead of a sink. Although the total mass of nutrients released from various crop residues has been studied before, little research has been conducted to capture fine-timescale temporal dynamics of nutrient leaching from plant residues, and the processes have not been represented in water quality models. In this study, we measured the dynamics of P and N release from a cold-hardy perennial plant species, alfalfa ( L.), to meltwater after freeze-thaw through a controlled snowmelt experiment. Various winter conditions were simulated by exposing alfalfa residues to different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) of uniform magnitude prior to snowmelt. The monitored P and N dynamics showed that most nutrients were released during the initial stages of snowmelt (first 5 h) and that the magnitude of nutrient release was affected by the number of FTCs. A threshold of five FTCs was identified for a greater nutrient release, with plant residue contributing between 0.29 (NO) and 9 (PO) times more nutrients than snow. The monitored temporal dynamics of nutrient release were used to develop the first process-based predictive model controlled by three potentially measurable parameters that can be integrated into catchment water quality models to improve nutrient transport simulations during snowmelt.</abstract>
			<url hash="936f3822">G19-36002</url>
			<pages>869-879</pages>
			<doi>10.2134/jeq2018.12.0440</doi>
			<bibkey>Costa-2019-Temporal</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="3">
			<title>Contribution of Overland and Tile Flow to Runoff and Nutrient Losses from Vertisols in Manitoba, Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Vivekananthan</first>
				<last>Kokulan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Merrin L.</first>
				<last>Macrae</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>David A.</first>
				<last>Lobb</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Geneviève</first>
				<last>Ali</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>This study quantified the contributions of overland and tile flow to total runoff (sum of overland and tile flow) and nutrient losses in a Vertisolic soil in the Red River valley (Manitoba, Canada), a region with a cold climate where tile drainage is rapidly expanding. Most annual runoff occurred as overland flow (72-89%), during spring snowmelt and large spring and summer storms. Tile drains did not flow in early spring due to frozen ground. Although tiles flowed in late spring and summer (33-100% of event flow), this represented a small volume of annual runoff (10-25%), which is in stark contrast with what has been observed in other tile-drained landscapes. Median daily flow-weighted mean concentrations of soluble reactive P (SRP) and total P (TP) were significantly greater in overland flow than in tile flow ( &lt; 0.001), but the reverse pattern was observed for NO-N ( &lt; 0.001). Overland flow was the primary export pathway for both P and NO-N, accounting for &gt;95% of annual SRP and TP and 50 to 60% of annual NO-N losses. Data suggest that tile drains do not exacerbate P export from Vertisols in the Red River valley because they are decoupled from the surface by soil-ice during snowmelt, which is the primary time for P loss. However, NO-N loading to downstream water bodies may be exacerbated by tiles, particularly during spring and summer storms after fertilizer application.</abstract>
			<url hash="e46808b4">G19-36003</url>
			<pages>959-965</pages>
			<doi>10.2134/jeq2019.03.0103</doi>
			<bibkey>Kokulan-2019-Contribution</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="4">
			<title>Agricultural Water Quality in Cold Climates: Processes, Drivers, Management Options, and Research Needs</title>
			<author>
				<first>Jian</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Helen M.</first>
				<last>Baulch</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Merrin L.</first>
				<last>Macrae</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Henry F.</first>
				<last>Wilson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jane A.</first>
				<last>Elliott</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lars</first>
				<last>Bergström</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Aaron J.</first>
				<last>Glenn</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Peter A.</first>
				<last>Vadas</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Cold agricultural regions are important sites of global food production. This has contributed to widespread water quality degradation influenced by processes and hydrologic pathways that differ from warm region analogues. In cold regions, snowmelt is often a dominant period of nutrient loss. Freeze-thaw processes contribute to nutrient mobilization. Frozen ground can limit infiltration and interaction with soils, and minimal nutrient uptake during the nongrowing season may govern nutrient export from agricultural catchments. This paper reviews agronomic, biogeochemical, and hydrological characteristics of cold agricultural regions and synthesizes findings of 23 studies that are published in this special section, which provide new insights into nutrient cycling and hydrochemical processes, model developments, and the efficacy of different potentially beneficial management practices (BMPs) across varied cold regions. Growing evidence suggests the need to redefine optimum soil phosphorus levels and input regimes in cold regions to allow achievement of water quality targets while still supporting strong agricultural productivity. Practices should be considered through a regional and site-specific lens, due to potential interactions between climate, hydrology, vegetation, and soils, which influence the efficacy of nutrient, crop, water, and riparian buffer management. This leads to differing suitability of BMPs across varied cold agricultural regions. We propose a systematic approach (""), to achieve water quality objectives in variable and changing climates, which combines nutrient transport process onceptualization, nderstanding BMP functions, redicting effects of variability and change, onsideration of producer input and agronomic and environmental tradeoffs, practice daptation, nowledge mobilization, and valuation of water quality improvement.</abstract>
			<url hash="7a0c9d17">G19-36004</url>
			<pages>792-802</pages>
			<doi>10.2134/jeq2019.05.0220</doi>
			<bibkey>Liu-2019-Agricultural</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="5">
			<title>Impacts of Soil Phosphorus Drawdown on Snowmelt and Rainfall Runoff Water Quality</title>
			<author>
				<first>Jian</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jane A.</first>
				<last>Elliott</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Henry F.</first>
				<last>Wilson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Helen M.</first>
				<last>Baulch</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Managing P export from agricultural land is critical to address freshwater eutrophication. However, soil P management, and options to draw down soil P have received little attention in snowmelt-dominated regions because of limited interaction between soil and snowmelt. Here, we assessed the impacts of soil P drawdown (reducing fertilizer P inputs combined with harvest removal) on soil Olsen P dynamics, runoff P concentrations, and crop yields from 1997 to 2014 in paired fields in Manitoba, Canada. We observed that Olsen P concentrations in the 0- to 5-cm soil layer were negatively correlated with the cumulative P depletion and declined rapidly at the onset of the drawdown practice (3.1 to 5.4 mg kg yr during 2007-2010). In both snowmelt runoff and rainfall runoff, concentrations of total dissolved P (TDP) were positively correlated with the concentrations of soil Olsen P. Soil P drawdown to low to moderate fertility levels significantly decreased mean annual flow-weighted TDP concentrations in snowmelt runoff from 0.60 to 0.30 mg L in the field with high initial soil P and from 1.17 to 0.42 mg L in the field with very high initial soil P. Declines in TDP concentration in rainfall runoff were greater. Critically, yields of wheat ( spp.) and canola ( L.) were not affected by soil P depletion. In conclusion, we demonstrate that relatively rapid reductions in P loads are achievable at the field scale via managing P inputs and soil P pools, highlighting a management opportunity that can maintain food security while improving water security in cold regions.</abstract>
			<url hash="0d0bad81">G19-36005</url>
			<pages>803-812</pages>
			<doi>10.2134/jeq2018.12.0437</doi>
			<bibkey>Liu-2019-Impacts</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="6">
			<title>Impacts of Cover Crops and Crop Residues on Phosphorus Losses in Cold Climates: A Review</title>
			<author>
				<first>Jian</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Merrin L.</first>
				<last>Macrae</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jane A.</first>
				<last>Elliott</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Helen M.</first>
				<last>Baulch</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Henry F.</first>
				<last>Wilson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Peter J. A.</first>
				<last>Kleinman</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The use of cover crops and crop residues is a common strategy to mitigate sediment and nutrient losses from land to water. In cold climates, elevated dissolved P losses can occur associated with freeze-thaw of plant materials. Here, we review the impacts of cover crops and crop residues on dissolved P and total P loss in cold climates across ∼41 studies, exploring linkages between water-extractable P (WEP) in plant materials and P loss in surface runoff and subsurface drainage. Water-extractable P concentrations are influenced by plant type and freezing regimes. For example, WEP was greater in brassica cover crops than in non-brassicas, and increased with repeated freeze-thaw cycles. However, total P losses in surface runoff and subsurface drainage from cropped fields under cold climates were much lower than plant WEP, owing to retention of 45 to &gt;99% of released P by soil. In cold climatic regions, cover crops and crop residues generally prevented soil erosion and loss of particle-bound P during nongrowing seasons in erodible landscapes but tended to elevate dissolved P loss in nonerodible soils. Their impact on total P loss was inconsistent across studies and complicated by soil, climate, and management factors. More research is needed to understand interactions between these factors and plant type that influence P loss, and to improve the assessment of crop contributions to P loss in field settings in cold climates. Further, tradeoffs between P loss and the control of sediment loss and N leaching by plants should be acknowledged.</abstract>
			<url hash="9402fc3b">G19-36006</url>
			<pages>850-868</pages>
			<doi>10.2134/jeq2019.03.0119</doi>
			<bibkey>Liu-Macrae-2019-Impacts-of</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="7">
			<title>Agricultural Edge‐of‐Field Phosphorus Losses in Ontario, Canada: Importance of the Nongrowing Season in Cold Regions</title>
			<author>
				<first>Janina M.</first>
				<last>Plach</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Will</first>
				<last>Pluer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Merrin L.</first>
				<last>Macrae</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mazda</first>
				<last>Kompanizare</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin</first>
				<last>McKague</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>R.</first>
				<last>Carlow</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>R.</first>
				<last>Brunke</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Agricultural P losses are a global economic and water quality concern. Much of the current understanding of P dynamics in agricultural systems has been obtained from rainfall-driven runoff, and less is known about cold-season processes. An improved understanding of the magnitude, form, and transport flow paths of P losses from agricultural croplands year round, and the climatic drivers of these processes, is needed to prioritize and evaluate appropriate best management practices (BMPs) to protect soil-water quality in cold regions. This study examines multiyear, year-round, high-frequency edge-of-field P losses (soluble reactive P and total P [TP]) in overland flow and tile drainage from three croplands in southern Ontario, Canada. Annual and seasonal budgets for water, P, and estimates of field P budgets (including fertilizer inputs, crop uptake, and runoff) were calculated for each site. Annual edge-of-field TP loads ranged from 0.18 to 1.93 kg ha yr (mean = 0.59 kg ha yr) across the region, including years with fertilizer application. Tile drainage dominated runoff across sites, whereas the contribution of tiles and overland flow to P loss differed regionally, likely related to site-specific topography, soil type, and microclimate. The nongrowing season was the dominant period for runoff and P loss across sites, where TP loss during this period was often associated with overland flow during snowmelt. These results indicate that emphasis should be placed on BMPs that are effective during both the growing and nongrowing season in cold regions, but that the suitability of various BMPs may vary for different sites.</abstract>
			<url hash="e305ccad">G19-36007</url>
			<pages>813-821</pages>
			<doi>10.2134/jeq2018.11.0418</doi>
			<bibkey>Plach-2019-Agricultural</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="8">
			<title>Seasonality of Phosphorus and Nitrate Retention in Riparian Buffers</title>
			<author>
				<first>Sanjayan</first>
				<last>Satchithanantham</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Blair</first>
				<last>English</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Henry F.</first>
				<last>Wilson</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Measurement of the retention of dissolved nutrients in riparian areas with snowmelt runoff are much less common than for rainfall runoff, but low rates of uptake or the release of nutrients with snowmelt have been attributed to frozen soils, lower biotic uptake, and release of nutrients from senesced vegetation. In the research presented here, we evaluate whether the potential for uptake of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and NO differ significantly between snowmelt and summer seasons with flow through 13 riparian buffers downstream of cropland in Manitoba, Canada. Flow-through buffers in small channels are typical in this landscape, and pulsed releases of a conservative tracer and dissolved nutrients were used to measure uptake rates. Although mean uptake rates of NO were higher in summer than for snowmelt, responses varied widely. Aerial uptake rate of DRP showed a significant negative relationships with soil Olsen-P ( = 0.54, &lt; 0.001) and a P saturation index ( = 0.48, &lt; 0.001) across both seasons. Biological processes may be of greater importance for NO retention, but DRP retention appears to be driven by adsorption-desorption regardless of season. Olsen-P is identified as a good indicator of potential for release or retention of DRP in riparian buffers with fine-textured calcareous soils, for both snowmelt and summer seasons. Soil testing may be a good tool to aid in the siting of new buffers and to track the effectiveness of management interventions to remove P from riparian areas, such as harvest of vegetation.</abstract>
			<url hash="73bad13c">G19-36008</url>
			<pages>915-921</pages>
			<doi>10.2134/jeq2018.07.0280</doi>
			<bibkey>Satchithanantham-2019-Seasonality</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="9">
			<title>Nutrient Loss in Snowmelt Runoff: Results from a Long‐term Study in a Dryland Cropping System</title>
			<author>
				<first>Kimberley D.</first>
				<last>Schneider</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>B.G.</first>
				<last>McConkey</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Arumugam</first>
				<last>Thiagarajan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jane A.</first>
				<last>Elliott</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Keith</first>
				<last>Reid</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Snowmelt runoff often comprises the majority of annual runoff in the Canadian Prairies and a significant proportion of total nutrient loss from agricultural land to surface water. Our objective was to determine the effect of agroecosystem management on snowmelt runoff and nutrient losses from a long-term field experiment at Swift Current, SK. Runoff quantity, nutrient concentrations, and loads were estimated after a change in management from conventionally tilled wheat ( L.)-fallow (Conv W-F) to no-till wheat-fallow and subsequently no-till wheat-pulse (NT W-F/LP) and to an organic system with a wheat-green manure rotation (Org W-GM). The conversion from conventional tillage practices to no-till increased snowmelt runoff likely due to snow trapping by standing stubble after summer fallow. Relatedly, runoff after no-till summer fallow had higher dissolved P losses (0.07 kg P ha). Replacing summer fallow with a pulse crop in the no-till rotation decreased snowmelt runoff losses and nutrient concentrations. The Org W-GM treatment had the lowest P loss after stubble (0.02 kg P ha) but had high dissolved P concentrations in snowmelt following the green manure (0.55 mg P L), suggesting a contribution from incorporated crop residues. In this semiarid climate with little runoff, dissolved reactive P and NO-N loads in snowmelt runoff were smaller than those reported elsewhere on the prairies (averaging &lt;0.05 kg P ha yr, and &lt;0.2 kg NO-N ha yr); however, the nutrient concentrations we observed, in particular for P, even without P fertilizer addition for organic production, question the practicality of agricultural management systems in this region meeting water quality guidelines.</abstract>
			<url hash="04bde1aa">G19-36009</url>
			<pages>831-840</pages>
			<doi>10.2134/jeq2018.12.0448</doi>
			<bibkey>Schneider-2019-Nutrient</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="10">
			<title>Landscape Controls on Nutrient Export during Snowmelt and an Extreme Rainfall Runoff Event in Northern Agricultural Watersheds</title>
			<author>
				<first>Henry F.</first>
				<last>Wilson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nora J.</first>
				<last>Casson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Aaron J.</first>
				<last>Glenn</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Pascal</first>
				<last>Badiou</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lyle</first>
				<last>Boychuk</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>In the northern Great Plains, most runoff transport of N, and P to surface waters has historically occurred with snowmelt. In recent years, significant rainfall runoff events have become more frequent and intense in the region. Here, we examine the influence of landscape characteristics on hydrology and nutrient export in nine tributary watersheds of the Assiniboine River in Manitoba, Canada, during snowmelt runoff and with an early summer extreme rainfall runoff event (ERRE). All watersheds included in the study have land use that is primarily agricultural, but with differing proportions of land remaining as wetlands, grassland, and that has been artificially drained. Those watersheds with greater capacity for storage of water in surface depressions (noneffective contributing areas) exhibited lower rates of runoff and nutrient export with snowmelt. During the ERRE, higher export of total P (TP), but not total N, was observed from those watersheds with larger amounts of contributing area that had been added through artificial surface drainage, and this was associated primarily with higher TP concentrations. Increasing or restoring the storage of water on the landscape is likely to reduce nutrient export; however, the importance of antecedent conditions was evident during the ERRE, when small surface depressions were at or near capacity from snowmelt. Total P concentrations observed during the summer ERRE were as high as those observed with snowmelt, and N/P ratios were significantly lower. If the frequency of summer ERREs increases with climate change, this is likely to result in negative water quality outcomes.</abstract>
			<url hash="647a684f">G19-36010</url>
			<pages>841-849</pages>
			<doi>10.2134/jeq2018.07.0278</doi>
			<bibkey>Wilson-2019-Landscape</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="11">
			<title>Near‐Surface Soils as a Source of Phosphorus in Snowmelt Runoff from Cropland</title>
			<author>
				<first>Henry F.</first>
				<last>Wilson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. G.</first>
				<last>Elliott</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Merrin L.</first>
				<last>Macrae</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Aaron J.</first>
				<last>Glenn</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>In northern regions, a high proportion of annual runoff and phosphorus (P) export from cropland occurs with snowmelt. In this study, we analyze 57 site-years of field-scale snowmelt runoff data from 16 small watersheds draining fine-textured soils (clay or clay loam) in Manitoba, Canada. These fields were selected across gradients of soil P (2.4 to 26.7 mg kg, 0- to 15-cm Olsen P), tillage intensity (high frequency to long-term no-till), and fertilizer input. The strongest predictor of flow-weighted mean concentrations of total dissolved P (TDP) in snowmelt runoff was Olsen P in the top 5 cm of soil ( = 0.45, &lt; 0.01). Residual variation in this relationship related positively to volumetric soil moisture and negatively to water yield. Although Olsen P levels were relatively consistent from year to year, suggesting control by long-term fertilization and tillage history, Olsen P stratification (ratio of 0-5/0-15 cm) increased with rates of fertilizer application. Particulate P (PP) comprised &lt;34% of total P on average, and concentrations were not well predicted by soil or management characteristics. Loads of PP and TDP exported during snowmelt were primarily a function of water yield and size of accumulated snowpack; however, residual variation in the TDP relationship correlated positively with both soil moisture and Olsen P. Retention of runoff water on the landscape could reduce loads, but careful management of near-surface soil P is required to prevent snowmelt runoff losses of P at the source and to reduce the potential for the eutrophication of downstream aquatic ecosystems.</abstract>
			<url hash="137d58d9">G19-36011</url>
			<pages>921-930</pages>
			<doi>10.2134/jeq2019.04.0155</doi>
			<bibkey>Wilson-2019-Near‐Surface</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="37">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Hydrology, Volume 578</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Atmospheric circulation amplifies shift of winter streamflow in southern Ontario</title>
			<author>
				<first>Olivier</first>
				<last>Champagne</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. Altaf</first>
				<last>Arain</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Paulin</first>
				<last>Coulibaly</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Flooding is a major concern for Canadian society as it is the costliest natural disaster type in Canada. Southern Ontario, which houses one-third of the Canadian population, is located in an area of high vulnerability for floods. The most significant floods in the region have historically occurred during the months of March and April due to snowmelt coupled with extreme rain events. However, during the last three decades, there has been a shift of flooding events to earlier months. The aim of this study was to understand the impacts of atmospheric circulation on the temporal shift of streamflow and high flow events observed in southern Ontario over 1957–2013 period. Predominant weather regimes over North America, corresponding to recurrent meteorological situations, were identified using a discretization of daily geopotential height at 500HpA level (Z500). A regime-normalized hypothetical temperature and precipitation dataset was constructed to quantify the contribution of atmospheric circulation on streamflow response. The hypothetical dataset was used as input in the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), a rainfall-runoff semi-distributed hydrological model, and applied to four watersheds in southern Ontario. The results showed an increase in the temporal frequency of the regime identified here as High Pressure (HP) close to eight occurrences per decade. Regime HP, characterized by a northern position of the polar vortex, is correlated with a positive phase of the NAO and is associated with warm and wet conditions over southern Ontario during winter. The temporal increase in HP contributed more than 40% of the increase in streamflow in winter and 30–45% decrease in streamflow in April. This atmospheric situation also contributed to increase the number of high flows by 25–50% in January. These results are important to improve the seasonal forecasting of high flows and to assess the uncertainty in the temporal evolution of streamflow in the Great Lakes region.</abstract>
			<url hash="b2da0efd">G19-37001</url>
			<pages>124051</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124051</doi>
			<bibkey>Champagne-2019-Atmospheric</bibkey>
			<project>prj41</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="38">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Water, Volume 11, Issue 11</booktitle>
			<publisher>MDPI AG</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Asymmetric Response of Land Storage to ENSO Phase and Duration</title>
			<author>
				<first>Hrishikesh A.</first>
				<last>Chandanpurkar</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John</first>
				<last>Fasullo</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. T.</first>
				<last>Reager</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>R. S.</first>
				<last>Nerem</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. S.</first>
				<last>Famiglietti</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Emergence of global mean sea level (GMSL) from a ‘hiatus’ following a persistent La Niña highlights the need to understand the causes of interannual variability in GMSL. Several studies link interannual variability in GMSL to anomalous transport of water mass between land and ocean—and subsequent changes in water storage in these reservoirs—primarily driven by El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Despite this, asymmetries in teleconnections between ENSO mode and land water storage have received less attention. We use historical simulations of natural climate variability to characterize asymmetries in the hydrological response to ENSO based on phase and duration. Findings indicate pronounced phase-specific and duration-specific asymmetries covering up to 93 and 50 million km2 land area, respectively. The asymmetries are seasonally dependent, and based on the mean regional climate are capable of influencing inherently bounded storage by pushing the storage-precipitation relationship towards nonlinearity. The nonlinearities are more pronounced in dry regions in the dry season, wet regions in the wet season, and during Year 2 of persistent ENSO events, limiting the magnitude of associated anomalies under persistent ENSO influence. The findings have implications for a range of stakeholders, including sea level researchers and water managers.</abstract>
			<url hash="eab91eab">G19-38001</url>
			<pages>2249</pages>
			<doi>10.3390/w11112249</doi>
			<bibkey>Chandanpurkar-2019-Asymmetric</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="39">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Earth's Future, Volume 7, Issue 6</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>How Do Modeling Decisions Affect the Spread Among Hydrologic Climate Change Projections? Exploring a Large Ensemble of Simulations Across a Diversity of Hydroclimates</title>
			<author>
				<first>O.</first>
				<last>Chegwidden</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bart</first>
				<last>Nijssen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>David E.</first>
				<last>Rupp</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. R.</first>
				<last>Arnold</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Martyn</first>
				<last>Clark</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Joseph</first>
				<last>Hamman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Shih‐Chieh</first>
				<last>Kao</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yixin</first>
				<last>Mao</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Naoki</first>
				<last>Mizukami</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philip W.</first>
				<last>Mote</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ming</first>
				<last>Pan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Erik</first>
				<last>Pytlak</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mu</first>
				<last>Xiao</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Methodological choices can have strong effects on projections of climate change impacts on hydrology. In this study, we investigate the ways in which four different steps in the modeling chain influence the spread in projected changes of different aspects of hydrology. To form the basis of these analyses, we constructed an ensemble of 160 simulations from permutations of two Representative Concentration Pathways, 10 global climate models, two downscaling methods, and four hydrologic model implementations. The study is situated in the Pacific Northwest of North America, which has relevance to a diverse, multinational cast of stakeholders. We analyze the effects of each modeling decision on changes in gridded hydrologic variables of snow water equivalent and runoff, as well as streamflow at point locations. Results show that the choice of representative concentration pathway or global climate model is the driving contributor to the spread in annual streamflow volume and timing. On the other hand, hydrologic model implementation explains most of the spread in changes in low flows. Finally, by grouping the results by climate region the results have the potential to be generalized beyond the Pacific Northwest. Future hydrologic impact assessments can use these results to better tailor their modeling efforts.</abstract>
			<url hash="520579ce">G19-39001</url>
			<pages>623-637</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2018ef001047</doi>
			<bibkey>Chegwidden-2019-How</bibkey>
			<project>prj9</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="40">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Climate Dynamics, Volume 53, Issue 9-10</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Using 4-km WRF CONUS simulations to assess impacts of the surface coupling strength on regional climate simulation</title>
			<author>
				<first>Liang</first>
				<last>Chen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yanping</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Fei</first>
				<last>Chen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Michael</first>
				<last>Barlage</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zhe</first>
				<last>Zhang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zhenhua</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Uncertainties in representing land–atmosphere interactions can substantially influence regional climate simulations. Among these uncertainties, the surface exchange coefficient Ch is a critical parameter, controlling the total energy transported from the land surface to the atmosphere. Although it directly impacts the coupling strength between the surface and atmosphere, it has not been properly evaluated for regional climate models. This study assesses the representation of surface coupling strength in a stand-alone Noah-MP land surface model and in coupled 4-km Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations. The data collected at eight FLUXNET sites of the Canadian Carbon Program and seven AMRIFLUX sites are used to evaluate the offline Noah-MP simulations. Nine of these FLUXNET sites are used for the evaluation of the coupled WRF simulations. These sites are categorized into three land use types: grassland, cropland, and forest. The surface exchange coefficients derived using three formulations in Noah-MP simulations are compared to those calculated from observations. Then, the default Czil  = 0 and new canopy-height dependent Czil are used in coupled WRF simulations over the spring and summer in 2006 to compare their effects on surface heat flux, temperature, and precipitation. When the new canopy-height dependent Czil scheme is used, the simulated Ch exchange coefficient agrees better with observation and improves the daily maximum air temperature and heat flux simulation over grassland and cropland in the US Great Plains. Over grassland, the modeled Ch shows a different diurnal cycle than that for observed Ch, which makes WRF lag behind the observed diurnal cycle of sensible heat flux and temperature. The difference in precipitation between the two schemes is not as clear as the temperature difference because the impact of changing Ch is not local.</abstract>
			<url hash="9d2dea54">G19-40001</url>
			<pages>6397-6416</pages>
			<doi>10.1007/s00382-019-04932-9</doi>
			<bibkey>Chen-2019-Using</bibkey>
			<project>prj5</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="41">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Volume 76, Issue 2</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Meteorological Society</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Parameterization of the Bulk Liquid Fraction on Mixed-Phase Particles in the Predicted Particle Properties (P3) Scheme: Description and Idealized Simulations</title>
			<author>
				<first>Mélissa</first>
				<last>Cholette</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hugh</first>
				<last>Morrison</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jason A.</first>
				<last>Milbrandt</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Julie M.</first>
				<last>Thériault</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Bulk microphysics parameterizations that are used to represent clouds and precipitation usually allow only solid and liquid hydrometeors. Predicting the bulk liquid fraction on ice allows an explicit representation of mixed-phase particles and various precipitation types, such as wet snow and ice pellets. In this paper, an approach for the representation of the bulk liquid fraction into the predicted particle properties (P3) microphysics scheme is proposed and described. Solid-phase microphysical processes, such as melting and sublimation, have been modified to account for the liquid component. New processes, such as refreezing and condensation of the liquid portion of mixed-phase particles, have been added to the parameterization. Idealized simulations using a one-dimensional framework illustrate the overall behavior of the modified scheme. The proposed approach compares well to a Lagrangian benchmark model. Temperatures required for populations of ice crystals to melt completely also agree well with previous studies. The new processes of refreezing and condensation impact both the surface precipitation type and feedback between the temperature and the phase changes. Overall, prediction of the bulk liquid fraction allows an explicit description of new precipitation types, such as wet snow and ice pellets, and improves the representation of hydrometeor properties when the temperature is near 0°C.</abstract>
			<url hash="25918d31">G19-41001</url>
			<pages>561-582</pages>
			<doi>10.1175/jas-d-18-0278.1</doi>
			<bibkey>Cholette-2019-Parameterization</bibkey>
			<project>prj5</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="42">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Ecological Engineering, Volume 135</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>The initial three years of carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and a reclaimed oil sand wetland</title>
			<author>
				<first>M. Graham</first>
				<last>Clark</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Elyn</first>
				<last>Humphreys</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sean K.</first>
				<last>Carey</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Northern peatlands contain up to 20% of the ∼3000 Pg of global soil organic carbon. Carbon-rich peatlands cover upwards of 65% of the landscape in northern Canada where resource extraction activities disturb both the carbon pools and the future carbon sequestration capacity of the landscape. Previous estimates of the carbon losses from this disturbance predict a complete loss of the region’s peatland carbon pool. Mining industries operating in these sensitive environments have recently begun constructing closure landscapes which are intended to develop carbon cycle processes similar to undisturbed northern peatlands. This study investigates eddy covariance fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) at one of Canada’s first fully constructed boreal plains watersheds, the Sandhill Fen Watershed. During the first three years since inception, only the lowland region had an annual net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) indicative of increasing CO2 sink potential. The lowland region was characterized by saturated salvaged peat soils, standing water, thriving communities of Typha and Carex spp. and was a net CO2 sink of 77 g C m−2 in the third year. At the same time the upland and the midland regions characterized by moist salvaged peat soils and a mix of herbaceous, shrub and planted Picea glauca and Pinus banksiana remained net sources of CO2. Despite similar rates of gross primary production, ecosystem and plot-level respiration rates in the lowland were significantly lower than in the midland region, likely due to very low reduction potentials within the lowland’s saturated soils. With no other significant outflows of carbon, the lowland of the Sandhill Fen Watershed may be in the early stages of organic matter accumulation. Due to limited oxidation of the salvaged peat substrate in the lowland region, wetland reclamation employing these techniques may reduce the disturbance loss of the carbon pool in the boreal plains.</abstract>
			<url hash="372422df">G19-42001</url>
			<pages>116-126</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.05.016</doi>
			<bibkey>Clark-2019-The</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="43">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 49, Issue 9</booktitle>
			<publisher>Canadian Science Publishing</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Scientists’ warning on wildfire — a Canadian perspective</title>
			<author>
				<first>Sean C. P.</first>
				<last>Coogan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>François‐Nicolas</first>
				<last>Robinne</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Piyush</first>
				<last>Jain</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mike</first>
				<last>Flannigan</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Recently, the World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity: a Second Notice was issued in response to ongoing and largely unabated environmental degradation due to anthropogenic activities. In the warning, humanity is urged to practice more environmentally sustainable alternatives to business as usual to avoid potentially catastrophic outcomes. Following the success of their warning, the Alliance of World Scientists called for discipline-specific follow-up papers. This paper is an answer to that call for the topic of wildland fire. Across much of Canada and the world, wildfires are anticipated to increase in severity and frequency in response to anthropogenic activities. The world scientists’ second warning provides the opportunity for wildland fire researchers to raise the profile of the potential impacts that anthropogenic activities are likely to have on future fire regimes and, in return, what impacts future fire regimes may have on humanity. We discuss how wildfire is related to several issues of concern raised in the world scientists’ second warning, including climate change, human population growth, biodiversity and forests, and freshwater availability. Furthermore, we touch on the potential future health impacts and challenges to wildfire suppression and management in Canada. In essence, our wildfire scientists’ warning to humanity is that we, as a society, will have to learn to live with more fire on the landscape. We provide some recommendations on how we might move forward to prepare for and adapt to future wildfire regimes in Canada. Although this paper is primarily Canadian in focus, the concepts and information herein also draw from international examples and are of relevance globally.</abstract>
			<url hash="8f9845ba">G19-43001</url>
			<pages>1015-1023</pages>
			<doi>10.1139/cjfr-2019-0094</doi>
			<bibkey>Coogan-2019-Scientists’</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="44">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Science of The Total Environment, Volume 662</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Preferential meltwater flowpaths as a driver of preferential elution of chemicals from melting snowpacks</title>
			<author>
				<first>Diogo</first>
				<last>Costa</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John W.</first>
				<last>Pomeroy</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Seasonal snowcovers release nutrients accumulated over the winter during spring snowmelt and this can be an important part of the annual biogeochemical cycling of chemicals and their loading to soils and water bodies. The characteristics of this load are controlled by snowmelt dynamics and the physical and chemical properties of the snowpack, which are affected by overwinter and snowmelt metamorphism, refreezing of meltwater, and ion exclusion from snow crystals. Rain-on-snow (ROS) events can accelerate and modify the snowpack discharge process. The interplay of these processes can cause microscale flow heterogeneity and preferential flow pathways (PFP). Previous experimental work has examined PFP and ion elution processes in snowpacks, but their combined effect on the spatial and temporal characteristics of snowmelt ion elution remains uncertain. In this research, two controlled laboratory experiments were performed to investigate the role of PFP and ROS in controlling snow ion release to runoff. These involved the high frequency monitoring of flow and meltwater concentrations during snowmelt induced by radiation-convection (RC) processes and rain-on-snow (ROS). Results showed that when ROS was included, PFP was responsible for the transport of 68% and 73% of the total NO3 and PO4 load discharged during the early snowmelt phase recorded by the experiment. However, this initial load increased to 95% and 75% when ROS was removed, causing the release of more than 20% of the total snowpack NO3 and PO4 during the first 1.5% of melt. Small intensity ROS may refreeze in the snowpack, which may affect the ability of lateral flow to deliver snow ions located beyond the leading edge of PFP.</abstract>
			<url hash="124f7d03">G19-44001</url>
			<pages>110-120</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.091</doi>
			<bibkey>Costa-2019-Preferential</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="45">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrological Processes, Volume 33, Issue 23</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Using an inverse modelling approach with equifinality control to investigate the dominant controls on snowmelt nutrient export</title>
			<author>
				<first>Diogo</first>
				<last>Costa</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John W.</first>
				<last>Pomeroy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Helen M.</first>
				<last>Baulch</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. G.</first>
				<last>Elliott</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>H. S.</first>
				<last>Wheater</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>There is great interest in modelling the export of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from agricultural fields because of ongoing challenges of eutrophication. However, the use of existing hydrochemistry models can be problematic in cold regions because models frequently employ incomplete or conceptually incorrect representations of the dominant cold regions hydrological processes and are overparameterized, often with insufficient data for validation. Here, a process‐based N model, WINTRA, which is coupled to a physically based cold regions hydrological model, was expanded to simulate P and account for overwinter soil nutrient biochemical cycling. An inverse modelling approach, using this model with consideration of parameter equifinality, was applied to an intensively monitored agricultural basin in Manitoba, Canada, to help identify the main climate, soil, and anthropogenic controls on nutrient export. Consistent with observations, the model results suggest that snow water equivalent, melt rate, snow cover depletion rate, and contributing area for run‐off generation determine the opportunity time and surface area for run‐off–soil interaction. These physical controls have not been addressed in existing models. Results also show that the time lag between the start of snowmelt and the arrival of peak nutrient concentration in run‐off increased with decreasing antecedent soil moisture content, highlighting potential implications of frozen soils on run‐off processes and hydrochemistry. The simulations showed TDP concentration peaks generally arriving earlier than NO₃ but also decreasing faster afterwards, which suggests a significant contribution of plant residue Total dissolved Phosphorus (TDP) to early snowmelt run‐off. Antecedent fall tillage and fertilizer application increased TDP concentrations in spring snowmelt run‐off but did not consistently affect NO₃ run‐off. In this case, the antecedent soil moisture content seemed to have had a dominant effect on overwinter soil N biogeochemical processes such as mineralization, which are often ignored in models. This work demonstrates both the need for better representation of cold regions processes in hydrochemical models and the model improvements that are possible if these are included.</abstract>
			<url hash="aaf31a66">G19-45001</url>
			<pages>2958-2977</pages>
			<doi>10.1002/hyp.13463</doi>
			<bibkey>Costa-2019-Using</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="46">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Volume 33, Issue 6</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Vegetation Functional Properties Determine Uncertainty of Simulated Ecosystem Productivity: A Traceability Analysis in the East Asian Monsoon Region</title>
			<author>
				<first>Erqian</first>
				<last>Cui</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kun</first>
				<last>Huang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. Altaf</first>
				<last>Arain</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Joshua B.</first>
				<last>Fisher</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>D. N.</first>
				<last>Huntzinger</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Akihiko</first>
				<last>Ito</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yiqi</first>
				<last>Luo</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Atul K.</first>
				<last>Jain</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jiafu</first>
				<last>Mao</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>A. M.</first>
				<last>Michalak</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Shuli</first>
				<last>Niu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nicholas C.</first>
				<last>Parazoo</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Changhui</first>
				<last>Peng</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Shushi</first>
				<last>Peng</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Benjamin</first>
				<last>Poulter</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>D. M.</first>
				<last>Ricciuto</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin</first>
				<last>Schaefer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Christopher R.</first>
				<last>Schwalm</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xiaoying</first>
				<last>Shi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hanqin</first>
				<last>Tian</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Weile</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jinsong</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yaxing</first>
				<last>Wei</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>En‐Rong</first>
				<last>Yan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Liming</first>
				<last>Yan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ning</first>
				<last>Zeng</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Qiuan</first>
				<last>Zhu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jianyang</first>
				<last>Xia</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Global and regional projections of climate change by Earth system models are limited by their uncertain estimates of terrestrial ecosystem productivity. At the middle to low latitudes, the East Asian monsoon region has higher productivity than forests in Europe‐Africa and North America, but its estimate by current generation of terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) has seldom been systematically evaluated. Here, we developed a traceability framework to evaluate the simulated gross primary productivity (GPP) by 15 TBMs in the East Asian monsoon region. The framework links GPP to net primary productivity, biomass, leaf area and back to GPP via incorporating multiple vegetation functional properties of carbon‐use efficiency (CUE), vegetation C turnover time (τveg), leaf C fraction (Fleaf), specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf area index (LAI)‐level photosynthesis (PLAI), respectively. We then applied a relative importance algorithm to attribute intermodel variation at each node. The results showed that large intermodel variation in GPP over 1901–2010 were mainly propagated from their different representation of vegetation functional properties. For example, SLA explained 77% of the intermodel difference in leaf area, which contributed 90% to the simulated GPP differences. In addition, the models simulated higher CUE (18.1 ± 21.3%), τveg (18.2 ± 26.9%), and SLA (27.4±36.5%) than observations, leading to the overestimation of simulated GPP across the East Asian monsoon region. These results suggest the large uncertainty of current TBMs in simulating GPP is largely propagated from their poor representation of the vegetation functional properties and call for a better understanding of the covariations between plant functional properties in terrestrial ecosystems.</abstract>
			<url hash="b846b588">G19-46001</url>
			<pages>668-689</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2018gb005909</doi>
			<bibkey>Cui-2019-Vegetation</bibkey>
			<project>prj41</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="47">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 46, Issue 3</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Atmospheric Rivers Increase Future Flood Risk in Western Canada's Largest Pacific River</title>
			<author>
				<first>Charles L.</first>
				<last>Curry</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Siraj Ul</first>
				<last>Islam</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Francis W.</first>
				<last>Zwiers</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Stephen J.</first>
				<last>Déry</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Snow‐dominated watersheds are bellwethers of climate change. Hydroclimate projections in such basins often find reductions in annual peak runoff due to decreased snowpack under global warming. British Columbia's Fraser River Basin (FRB) is a large, nival basin with exposure to moisture‐laden atmospheric rivers originating in the Pacific Ocean. Landfalling atmospheric rivers over the region in winter are projected to increase in both strength and frequency in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 climate models. We investigate future changes in hydrology and annual peak daily streamflow in the FRB using a hydrologic model driven by a bias‐corrected Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 ensemble. Under Representative Concentration Pathway (8.5), the FRB evolves toward a nival‐pluvial regime featuring an increasing association of extreme rainfall with annual peak daily flow, a doubling in cold season peak discharge, and a decrease in the return period of the largest historical flow, from a 1‐in‐200‐year to 1‐in‐50‐year event by the late 21st century.</abstract>
			<url hash="00fad2ed">G19-47001</url>
			<pages>1651-1661</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2018gl080720</doi>
			<bibkey>Curry-2019-Atmospheric</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="48">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 46, Issue 14</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Analytical Propagation of Runoff Uncertainty Into Discharge Uncertainty Through a Large River Network</title>
			<author>
				<first>Cédric H.</first>
				<last>David</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jonathan</first>
				<last>Hobbs</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M.</first>
				<last>Turmon</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Charlotte</first>
				<last>Emery</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. T.</first>
				<last>Reager</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. S.</first>
				<last>Famiglietti</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The transport of freshwater from continents to oceans through rivers has traditionally been estimated by routing runoff from land surface models within river models to obtain discharge. This paradigm imposes that errors are transferred from runoff to discharge, yet the analytical propagation of uncertainty from runoff to discharge has never been derived. Here we apply statistics to the continuity equation within a river network to derive two equations that propagate the mean and variance/covariance of runoff errors independently. We validate these equations in a case study of the rivers in the western United States and, for the first time, invert observed discharge errors for spatially distributed runoff errors. Our results suggest that the largest discharge error source is the joint variability of runoff errors across space, not the mean or amplitude of individual errors. Our findings significantly advance the science of error quantification in model‐based estimates of river discharge.</abstract>
			<url hash="5899c2bb">G19-48001</url>
			<pages>8102-8113</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2019gl083342</doi>
			<bibkey>David-2019-Analytical</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="49">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Global Change Biology, Volume 25, Issue 7</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Wildfire severity reduces richness and alters composition of soil fungal communities in boreal forests of western Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Nicola J.</first>
				<last>Day</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kari E.</first>
				<last>Dunfield</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jill F.</first>
				<last>Johnstone</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Michelle C.</first>
				<last>Mack</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. R.</first>
				<last>Turetsky</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xanthe J.</first>
				<last>Walker</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Alison L.</first>
				<last>White</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jennifer L.</first>
				<last>Baltzer</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Wildfire is the dominant disturbance in boreal forests and fire activity is increasing in these regions. Soil fungal communities are important for plant growth and nutrient cycling postfire but there is little understanding of how fires impact fungal communities across landscapes, fire severity gradients, and stand types in boreal forests. Understanding relationships between fungal community composition, particularly mycorrhizas, and understory plant composition is therefore important in predicting how future fire regimes may affect vegetation. We used an extreme wildfire event in boreal forests of Canada's Northwest Territories to test drivers of fungal communities and assess relationships with plant communities. We sampled soils from 39 plots 1 year after fire and 8 unburned plots. High-throughput sequencing (MiSeq, ITS) revealed 2,034 fungal operational taxonomic units. We found soil pH and fire severity (proportion soil organic layer combusted), and interactions between these drivers were important for fungal community structure (composition, richness, diversity, functional groups). Where fire severity was low, samples with low pH had higher total fungal, mycorrhizal, and saprotroph richness compared to where severity was high. Increased fire severity caused declines in richness of total fungi, mycorrhizas, and saprotrophs, and declines in diversity of total fungi and mycorrhizas. The importance of stand age (a surrogate for fire return interval) for fungal composition suggests we could detect long-term successional patterns even after fire. Mycorrhizal and plant community composition, richness, and diversity were weakly but significantly correlated. These weak relationships and the distribution of fungi across plots suggest that the underlying driver of fungal community structure is pH, which is modified by fire severity. This study shows the importance of edaphic factors in determining fungal community structure at large scales, but suggests these patterns are mediated by interactions between fire and forest stand composition.</abstract>
			<url hash="e025a5de">G19-49001</url>
			<pages>2310-2324</pages>
			<doi>10.1111/gcb.14641</doi>
			<bibkey>Day-2019-Wildfire</bibkey>
			<project>prj28</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="50">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Environmental Pollution, Volume 252</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Abundances and concentrations of brominated azo dyes detected in indoor dust</title>
			<author>
				<first>Birendra</first>
				<last>Dhungana</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hui</first>
				<last>Peng</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Steven</first>
				<last>Kutarna</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gisela de Aragão</first>
				<last>Umbuzeiro</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sujan</first>
				<last>Shrestha</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jing</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Paul D.</first>
				<last>Jones</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bikram</first>
				<last>Subedi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John P.</first>
				<last>Giesy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>George P.</first>
				<last>Cobb</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Dust samples were collected from four indoor environments, including childcare facilities, houses, hair salons, and a research facility from the USA and were analyzed for brominated compounds using full scan liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 240 brominated compounds were detected in these dust samples, and elemental formulas were predicted for 120 more abundant ions. In addition to commonly detected brominated flame retardants (BFRs), nitrogen-containing brominated azo dyes (BADs) were among the most frequently detected and abundant. Specifically, greater abundances of BADs were detected in indoor dusts from daycares and salons compared to houses and the research facility. Using authentic standards, a quantitative method was established for two BADs (DB373: Disperse Blue 373 and DV93: Disperse Violet 93) and 2-bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline, a commonly used precursor in azo dye production, in indoor dust. Generally, greater concentrations of DB373 (≤3850 ng/g) and DV93 (≤1190 ng/g) were observed in indoor dust from daycares highlighting children as a susceptible population to potential health risk from exposure to BADs. These data are important because, to date, targeted analysis of brominated compounds in indoor environments has focused mainly on BFRs and appears to underestimate the total amount of brominated compounds.</abstract>
			<url hash="a04dc3e4">G19-50001</url>
			<pages>784-793</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.153</doi>
			<bibkey>Dhungana-2019-Abundances</bibkey>
			<project>prj13</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="51">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Science of The Total Environment, Volume 649</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Bioretention cells under cold climate conditions: Effects of freezing and thawing on water infiltration, soil structure, and nutrient removal</title>
			<author>
				<first>Brenden</first>
				<last>Ding</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Fereidoun</first>
				<last>Rezanezhad</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Behrad</first>
				<last>Gharedaghloo</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philippe Van</first>
				<last>Cappellen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Elodie</first>
				<last>Passeport</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Bioretention cells are a popular control strategy for stormwater volume and quality, but their efficiency for water infiltration and nutrient removal under cold climate conditions has been poorly studied. In this work, soil cores were collected from an active bioretention cell containing engineered soil material amended with a phosphate sorbent medium. The cores were used in laboratory column experiments conducted to obtain a detailed characterization of the soil's bioretention performance during six consecutive freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs, from -10 to +10 °C). At the start of each FTC, the experimental column undergoing the FTCs and a control column kept at room temperature were supplied with a solution containing 25 mg/L of bromide, nitrate and phosphate. Water saturated conditions were established to mimic the presence of an internal water storage zone to support anaerobic nitrate removal. At the end of each FTC, the pore solution was allowed to drain from the columns. The results indicate that the FTCs enhanced the infiltration efficiency of the soil: with each successive cycle the drainage rate increased in the experimental column. Freezing and thawing also increased the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the bioretention soil. X-ray tomography imaging identified a key role of macro-pore formation in maintaining high infiltration rates. Both aqueous nitrate and phosphate supplied to the columns were nearly completely removed from solution. Sufficiently long retention times and the presence of the internal water storage zone promoted anaerobic nitrate elimination despite the low temperatures. Dissolved phosphate was efficiently trapped at all depths in the soil columns, with ≤2% of the added stormwater phosphate recovered in the drainage effluent. These findings imply that, when designed properly, bioretention cells can support high infiltration rates and mitigate nutrient pollution in cold climates.</abstract>
			<url hash="18f1a481">G19-51001</url>
			<pages>749-759</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.366</doi>
			<bibkey>Ding-2019-Bioretention</bibkey>
			<project>prj22</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="52">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Sustainability, Volume 11, Issue 24</booktitle>
			<publisher>MDPI AG</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>China’s Agricultural Irrigation and Water Conservancy Projects: A Policy Synthesis and Discussion of Emerging Issues</title>
			<author>
				<first>Lijuan</first>
				<last>Du</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Li</first>
				<last>Xu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yanping</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Changshun</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zhenhua</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jefferson S.</first>
				<last>Wong</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lei</first>
				<last>Bo</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The United Nations (UN) has identified 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to tackle major barriers to sustainable development by 2030. Achieving these goals will rely on the contribution of all nations and require balancing trade-offs among different sectors. Water and food insecurity have long been the two major challenges facing China. To address these challenges and achieve the SDGs, China needs to safeguard its agricultural irrigation and water conservancy projects. Although China is making efforts to transition its agricultural development to a sustainable trajectory by promoting water-saving irrigation, a number of issues are emerging, both with policy reforms and technological innovations. Through synthesizing the historical development of agriculture and its relationship with policy and political regimes, this paper identifies four major issues that are challenging the sustainability transformation of China’s agricultural irrigation system and water conservancy projects: (1) problems with financial policy coordination between central and local governments; (2) the lack of incentives for farmers to construct and maintain irrigation infrastructure; (3) conflicts between decentralized operation of land and benefits from shared irrigation infrastructure; and (4) deterioration of small-scale irrigation infrastructure calls for action. In addressing these challenges, policy changes are required: government financial accountability at all levels needs to be clarified; subsidies need to be raised for the construction and management of small-scale irrigation and water conservancy projects; local non-profit organizations need to be established to enhance co-management between farmers and government.</abstract>
			<url hash="0a440b6f">G19-52001</url>
			<pages>7027</pages>
			<doi>10.3390/su11247027</doi>
			<bibkey>Du-2019-China’s</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="53">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>IGARSS 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium</booktitle>
			<publisher>IEEE</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Advancement in Bedfast Lake ICE Mapping From Sentinel-1 Sar Data</title>
			<author>
				<first>Claude</first>
				<last>Duguay</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Junqian</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Algorithms for the generation of a bedfast/floating lake ice product from Sentinel-1A/B synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data were implemented, cross-compared, and validated for various permafrost regions (Alaska, Canada and Russia). The algorithms consisted of: 1) thresholding; 2) Iteration Region Growing with Semantics (IRGS); and 3) K-means. The thresholding algorithm (92.4%) was found to perform slightly better on average than the IRGS algorithm (90.1%), and to outperform K-means (85.3%). The thresholding algorithm was therefore selected for implementation of a processing chain to generate a novel bedfast/floating lake ice product. Using a time series of Sentinel-1 SAR data, the new map product shows the day of year (DOY) when the ice becomes bedfast or remains afloat for individual lake sections.</abstract>
			<url hash="b2f86c0a">G19-53001</url>
			<doi>10.1109/igarss.2019.8900650</doi>
			<bibkey>Duguay-2019-Advancement</bibkey>
			<project>prj42</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>Operating Procedures and Calibration of a Hyperspectral Sensor Onboard a Remotely Piloted Aircraft System For Water and Agriculture Monitoring</title>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin Kyung-Kuk</first>
				<last>Kang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Marie</first>
				<last>Hoekstra</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M.</first>
				<last>Foroutan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Amir M.</first>
				<last>Chegoonian</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kiana</first>
				<last>Zolfaghari</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Claude</first>
				<last>Duguay</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>This work describes a pilot study in southern Ontario, Canada evaluating the use of the ‘Headwall Nano-Hyperspec’ hyperspectral imager onboard a Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS). Hyperspectral imagers are extremely useful for monitoring vegetation health and water quality, among other environmental parameters. However, guidelines on the use of this specific instrument for these applications are not yet available. As such, recommended operational settings and calibration procedures are presented here, based on nearly 50 flight campaigns over water bodies and vineyards. Using these procedures, spectral reflectance was successfully captured using an RPAS.</abstract>
			<url hash="2bf13db0">G19-53002</url>
			<doi>10.1109/igarss.2019.8900128</doi>
			<bibkey>Kang-2019-Operating</bibkey>
			<project>prj42</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="3">
			<title>Canadian Water Microsatellite Mission - Concept Design</title>
			<author>
				<first>Kiana</first>
				<last>Zolfaghari</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Marie</first>
				<last>Hoekstra</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Claude</first>
				<last>Duguay</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>David</first>
				<last>Rudolph</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ian</first>
				<last>D’Souza</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Canada has vast water resources that span an enormous range in geography, climate, and ecosystems [1]. Water supply and water quality are the two critical issues relevant to water resources, not only in Canada but globally in a warming climate. The water microsatellite mission described here aims to better prepare end users to respond to the emerging spectrum of water futures issues by revolutionizing remote sensing of water quality and quantity parameters, and permitting unprecedented interconnection and data gathering from Canadian environmental monitoring networks.</abstract>
			<url hash="5cf60d26">G19-53003</url>
			<doi>10.1109/igarss.2019.8897898</doi>
			<bibkey>Zolfaghari-2019-Canadian</bibkey>
			<project>prj42</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="54">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>HortTechnology, Volume 29, Issue 3</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Society for Horticultural Science</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Characterizing the Phytotoxic Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on Common Microgreen Species and Lettuce Cultivars</title>
			<author>
				<first>Mitchell</first>
				<last>Eicher-Sodo</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>R. A.</first>
				<last>Gordon</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Youbin</first>
				<last>Zheng</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is an oxidizing agent used to disinfect recirculated irrigation water during the production of organic crops under controlled environmental systems (e.g., greenhouses). To characterize the phytotoxic effects and define a concentration threshold for H 2 O 2 , three microgreen species [arugula ( Brassica eruca ssp. sativa ), radish ( Raphanus sativus ), and sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ‘ Black Oil’)], and three lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) cultivars, Othilie, Xandra, and Rouxai, were foliar sprayed once daily with water containing 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, or 200 mg·L −1 of H 2 O 2 from seed to harvest under greenhouse conditions. Leaf damage was assessed at harvest using two distinct methods: 1) the percentage of damaged leaves per tray and 2) a damage index (DI). Applied H 2 O 2 concentrations, starting from 25 mg·L −1 , increased the percentage of damaged leaves in every species except ‘Black Oil’ sunflower, which remained unaffected by any applied concentration. Symptoms of leaf damage manifested in similar patterns on the surface of microgreen cotyledons and lettuce leaves, while mean DI values and extent of damage were unique to each crop. Fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf area of all crops were not significantly affected by daily H 2 O 2 spray. Identifying how foliar H 2 O 2 damage manifests throughout the crop, as well at individual cotyledon or leaf surfaces, is necessary to establish an upper concentration threshold for H 2 O 2 use. On the basis of the aforementioned metrics, maximum recommended concentrations were 150 mg·L −1 (radish), 100 mg·L −1 (arugula) for microgreens and 125 mg·L −1 (‘Othilie’), 75 mg·L −1 (‘Rouxai’), and 125 mg·L −1 (‘Xandra’) lettuce.</abstract>
			<url hash="2f2f54b3">G19-54001</url>
			<pages>283-289</pages>
			<doi>10.21273/horttech04255-18</doi>
			<bibkey>Eicher-Sodo-2019-Characterizing</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="55">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 221</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Proximal remote sensing of tree physiology at northern treeline: Do late-season changes in the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) respond to climate or photoperiod?</title>
			<author>
				<first>Jan U.H.</first>
				<last>Eitel</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Andrew J.</first>
				<last>Maguire</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Natalie T.</first>
				<last>Boelman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lee A.</first>
				<last>Vierling</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin L.</first>
				<last>Griffin</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Johanna</first>
				<last>Jensen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Troy S.</first>
				<last>Magney</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Peter J.</first>
				<last>Mahoney</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Arjan J. H.</first>
				<last>Meddens</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Carlos Alberto</first>
				<last>Silva</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Oliver</first>
				<last>Sonnentag</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Relatively little is known of how the world's largest vegetation transition zone – the Forest Tundra Ecotone (FTE) – is responding to climate change. Newly available, satellite-derived time-series of the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) across North America and Europe could provide new insights into the physiological response of evergreen trees to climate change by tracking changes in foliar pigment pools that have been linked to photosynthetic phenology. However, before implementing these data for such purpose at these evergreen dominated systems, it is important to increase our understanding of the fine scale mechanisms driving the connection between PRI and environmental conditions. The goal of this study is thus to gain a more mechanistic understanding of which environmental factors drive changes in PRI during late-season phenological transitions at the FTE – including factors that are susceptible to climate change (i.e., air- and soil-temperatures), and those that are not (photoperiod). We hypothesized that late-season phenological changes in foliar pigment pools captured by PRI are largely driven by photoperiod as opposed to less predictable drivers such as air temperature, complicating the utility of PRI time-series for understanding climate change effects on the FTE. Ground-based, time-series of PRI were acquired from individual trees in combination with meteorological variables and photoperiod information at six FTE sites in Alaska. A linear mixed-effects modeling approach was used to determine the significance (α = 0.001) and effect size (i.e., standardized slope b*) of environmental factors on late-seasonal changes in the PRI signal. Our results indicate that photoperiod had the strongest, significant effect on late-season changes in PRI (b* = 0.08, p</abstract>
			<url hash="979333d6">G19-55001</url>
			<pages>340-350</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.rse.2018.11.022</doi>
			<bibkey>Eitel-2019-Proximal</bibkey>
			<project>prj28</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="56">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Water Resources Research, Volume 55, Issue 2</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Hillslope Hydrology in Global Change Research and Earth System Modeling</title>
			<author>
				<first>Ying</first>
				<last>Fan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Martyn</first>
				<last>Clark</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>David M.</first>
				<last>Lawrence</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sean</first>
				<last>Swenson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lawrence E.</first>
				<last>Band</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Susan L.</first>
				<last>Brantley</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>P. D.</first>
				<last>Brooks</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>W. E.</first>
				<last>Dietrich</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Alejandro N.</first>
				<last>Flores</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gordon E.</first>
				<last>Grant</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>James W.</first>
				<last>Kirchner</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>D. S.</first>
				<last>Mackay</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jeffrey J.</first>
				<last>McDonnell</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>P. C. D.</first>
				<last>Milly</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Pamela</first>
				<last>Sullivan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>C.</first>
				<last>Tague</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hoori</first>
				<last>Ajami</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nathaniel W.</first>
				<last>Chaney</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Andreas</first>
				<last>Hartmann</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>P.</first>
				<last>Hazenberg</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. P.</first>
				<last>McNamara</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jon D.</first>
				<last>Pelletier</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J.</first>
				<last>Perket</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Elham Rouholahnejad</first>
				<last>Freund</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Thorsten</first>
				<last>Wagener</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xubin</first>
				<last>Zeng</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>R. Edward</first>
				<last>Beighley</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jonathan</first>
				<last>Buzan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Maoyi</first>
				<last>Huang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ben</first>
				<last>Livneh</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Binayak P.</first>
				<last>Mohanty</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bart</first>
				<last>Nijssen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mohammad</first>
				<last>Safeeq</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chaopeng</first>
				<last>Shen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Willem van</first>
				<last>Verseveld</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John</first>
				<last>Volk</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Dai</first>
				<last>Yamazaki</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Earth System Models (ESMs) are essential tools for understanding and predicting global change, but they cannot explicitly resolve hillslope‐scale terrain structures that fundamentally organize water, energy, and biogeochemical stores and fluxes at subgrid scales. Here we bring together hydrologists, Critical Zone scientists, and ESM developers, to explore how hillslope structures may modulate ESM grid‐level water, energy, and biogeochemical fluxes. In contrast to the one‐dimensional (1‐D), 2‐ to 3‐m deep, and free‐draining soil hydrology in most ESM land models, we hypothesize that 3‐D, lateral ridge‐to‐valley flow through shallow and deep paths and insolation contrasts between sunny and shady slopes are the top two globally quantifiable organizers of water and energy (and vegetation) within an ESM grid cell. We hypothesize that these two processes are likely to impact ESM predictions where (and when) water and/or energy are limiting. We further hypothesize that, if implemented in ESM land models, these processes will increase simulated continental water storage and residence time, buffering terrestrial ecosystems against seasonal and interannual droughts. We explore efficient ways to capture these mechanisms in ESMs and identify critical knowledge gaps preventing us from scaling up hillslope to global processes. One such gap is our extremely limited knowledge of the subsurface, where water is stored (supporting vegetation) and released to stream baseflow (supporting aquatic ecosystems). We conclude with a set of organizing hypotheses and a call for global syntheses activities and model experiments to assess the impact of hillslope hydrology on global change predictions.</abstract>
			<url hash="85269c38">G19-56001</url>
			<pages>1737-1772</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2018wr023903</doi>
			<bibkey>Fan-2019-Hillslope</bibkey>
			<project>prj9</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="57">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Earth System Science Data, Volume 11, Issue 2</booktitle>
			<publisher>Copernicus GmbH</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Hydrometeorological data from Marmot Creek Research Basin, Canadian Rockies</title>
			<author>
				<first>Xing</first>
				<last>Fang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John W.</first>
				<last>Pomeroy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>C. M.</first>
				<last>DeBeer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Phillip</first>
				<last>Harder</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Evan</first>
				<last>Siemens</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Meteorological, snow survey, streamflow, and groundwater data are presented from Marmot Creek Research Basin, Alberta, Canada. The basin is a 9.4 km2, alpine–montane forest headwater catchment of the Saskatchewan River basin that provides vital water supplies to the Prairie Provinces of Canada. It was heavily instrumented, experimented upon, and operated by several federal government agencies between 1962 and 1986, during which time its main and sub-basin streams were gauged, automated meteorological stations at multiple elevations were installed, groundwater observation wells were dug and automated, and frequent manual measurements of snow accumulation and ablation and other weather and water variables were made. Over this period, mature evergreen forests were harvested in two sub-basins, leaving large clear cuts in one basin and a “honeycomb” of small forest clearings in another basin. Whilst meteorological measurements and sub-basin streamflow discharge weirs in the basin were removed in the late 1980s, the federal government maintained the outlet streamflow discharge measurements and a nearby high-elevation meteorological station, and the Alberta provincial government maintained observation wells and a nearby fire weather station. Marmot Creek Research Basin was intensively re-instrumented with 12 automated meteorological stations, four sub-basin hydrometric sites, and seven snow survey transects starting in 2004 by the University of Saskatchewan Centre for Hydrology. The observations provide detailed information on meteorology, precipitation, soil moisture, snowpack, streamflow, and groundwater during the historical period from 1962 to 1987 and the modern period from 2005 to the present time. These data are ideal for monitoring climate change, developing hydrological process understanding, evaluating process algorithms and hydrological, cryospheric, or atmospheric models, and examining the response of basin hydrological cycling to changes in climate, extreme weather, and land cover through hydrological modelling and statistical analyses. The data presented are publicly available from Federated Research Data Repository (https://doi.org/10.20383/101.09, Fang et al., 2018).</abstract>
			<url hash="3d9afb5d">G19-57001</url>
			<pages>455-471</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/essd-11-455-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Fang-2019-Hydrometeorological</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="58">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Glaciology, Volume 65, Issue 254</booktitle>
			<publisher>Cambridge University Press (CUP)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Automatic mapping and geomorphometry extraction technique for crevasses in geodetic mass-balance calculations at Haig Glacier, Canadian Rockies</title>
			<author>
				<first>M.</first>
				<last>Foroutan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Shawn J.</first>
				<last>Marshall</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Brian</first>
				<last>Menounos</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Finely resolved geodetic data provide an opportunity to assess the extent and morphology of crevasses and their change over time. Crevasses have the potential to bias geodetic measurements of elevation and mass change unless they are properly accounted for. We developed a framework that automatically maps and extracts crevasse geometry and masks them where they interfere with surface mass-balance assessment. Our study examines airborne light detection and ranging digital elevation models (LiDAR DEMs) from Haig Glacier, which is experiencing a transient response in its crevassed upper regions as the glacier thins, using a self-organizing map algorithm. This method successfully extracts and characterizes ~1000 crevasses, with an overall accuracy of 94%. The resulting map provides insight into stress and flow conditions. The crevasse mask also enables refined geodetic estimates of summer mass balance. From differencing of September and April LiDAR DEMs, the raw LiDAR DEM gives a 9% overestimate in the magnitude of glacier thinning over the summer: −5.48 m compared with a mean elevation change of −5.02 m when crevasses are masked out. Without identification and removal of crevasses, the LiDAR-derived summer mass balance therefore has a negative bias relative to the glaciological surface mass balance.</abstract>
			<url hash="65f9eb0b">G19-58001</url>
			<pages>971-982</pages>
			<doi>10.1017/jog.2019.71</doi>
			<bibkey>Foroutan-2019-Automatic</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="59">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Hydrometeorology, Volume 20, Issue 12</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Meteorological Society</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Improving the Representation of Subsurface Water Movement in Land Models</title>
			<author>
				<first>Shervan</first>
				<last>Gharari</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Martyn</first>
				<last>Clark</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Naoki</first>
				<last>Mizukami</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jefferson S.</first>
				<last>Wong</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Alain</first>
				<last>Pietroniro</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>H. S.</first>
				<last>Wheater</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Land models are increasingly used and preferred in terrestrial hydrological prediction applications. One reason for selecting land models over simpler models is that their physically based backbone enables wider application under different conditions. This study evaluates the temporal variability in streamflow simulations in land models. Specifically, we evaluate how the subsurface structure and model parameters control the partitioning of water into different flow paths and the temporal variability in streamflow. Moreover, we use a suite of model diagnostics, typically not used in the land modeling community to clarify model weaknesses and identify a path toward model improvement. Our analyses show that the typical land model structure, and their functions for moisture movement between soil layers (an approximation of Richards equation), has a distinctive signature where flashy runoff is superimposed on slow recessions. This hampers the application of land models in simulating flashier basins and headwater catchments where floods are generated. We demonstrate the added value of the preferential flow in the model simulation by including macropores in both a toy model and the Variable Infiltration Capacity model. We argue that including preferential flow in land models is essential to enable their use for multiple applications across a myriad of temporal and spatial scales.</abstract>
			<url hash="dd458c6e">G19-59001</url>
			<pages>2401-2418</pages>
			<doi>10.1175/jhm-d-19-0108.1</doi>
			<bibkey>Gharari-2019-Improving</bibkey>
			<project>prj9</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="60">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrological Processes, Volume 33, Issue 15</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Differences in preferential flow with antecedent moisture conditions and soil texture: Implications for subsurface P transport</title>
			<author>
				<first>Kirsten N.</first>
				<last>Grant</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Merrin L.</first>
				<last>Macrae</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Geneviève</first>
				<last>Ali</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Preferential flowpaths transport phosphorus (P) to agricultural tile drains. However, if and to what extent this may vary with soil texture, moisture conditions, and P placement is poorly understood. This study investigated (a) interactions between soil texture, antecedent moisture conditions, and the relative contributions of matrix and preferential flow and (b) associated P distributions through the soil profile when fertilizers were applied to the surface or subsurface. Brilliant blue dye was used to stain subsurface flowpaths in clay and silt loam plots during simulated rainfall events under wet and dry conditions. Fertilizer P was applied to the surface or via subsurface placement to plots of different soil texture and moisture condition. Photographs of dye stains were analysed to classify the flow patterns as matrix dominated or macropore dominated, and soils within plots were analysed for their water‐extractable P (WEP) content. Preferential flow occurred under all soil texture and moisture conditions. Dye penetrated deeper into clay soils via macropores and had lower interaction with the soil matrix, compared with silt loam soil. Moisture conditions influenced preferential flowpaths in clay, with dry clay having deeper infiltration (92 ± 7.6 cm) and less dye–matrix interaction than wet clay (77 ± 4.7 cm). Depth of staining did not differ between wet (56 ± 7.2 cm) and dry (50 ± 6.6 cm) silt loam, nor did dominant flowpaths. WEP distribution in the top 10 cm of the soil profile differed with fertilizer placement, but no differences in soil WEP were observed at depth. These results demonstrate that large rainfall events following drought conditions in clay soil may be prone to rapid P transport to tile drains due to increased preferential flow, whereas flow in silt loams is less affected by antecedent moisture. Subsurface placement of fertilizer may minimize the risk of subsurface P transport, particularily in clay.</abstract>
			<url hash="e7edb934">G19-60001</url>
			<pages>2068-2079</pages>
			<doi>10.1002/hyp.13454</doi>
			<bibkey>Grant-2019-Differences</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="61">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Vadose Zone Journal, Volume 18, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Nutrient Leaching in Soil Affected by Fertilizer Application and Frozen Ground</title>
			<author>
				<first>Kirsten N.</first>
				<last>Grant</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Merrin L.</first>
				<last>Macrae</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Fereidoun</first>
				<last>Rezanezhad</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>W.V.</first>
				<last>Lam</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Preferential flow is prevalent in clay soil under both frozen and thawed conditions. Preferential flow dominates the infiltration regime under frozen soil conditions in silt loam. Subsurface placement of fertilizer can limit subsurface nutrient leaching. Subsurface placement is particularly effective in soil with abundant preferential flow. Subsurface placement is recommended for fall fertilizer application.</abstract>
			<url hash="5f51de51">G19-61001</url>
			<pages>1-13</pages>
			<doi>10.2136/vzj2018.08.0150</doi>
			<bibkey>Grant-2019-Nutrient</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="62">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, Volume 45, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Extended BACOLI</title>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin R.</first>
				<last>Green</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Raymond J.</first>
				<last>Spiteri</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>BACOLI is a Fortran software package for solving one-dimensional parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs) with separated boundary conditions by B-spline adaptive collocation methods. A distinguishing feature of BACOLI is its ability to estimate and control error and correspondingly adapt meshes in both space and time. Many models of scientific interest, however, can be formulated as multiscale parabolic PDE systems, that is, models that couple a system of parabolic PDEs describing dynamics on a global scale with a system of ordinary differential equations describing dynamics on a local scale. This article describes the Fortran software eBACOLI, the extension of BACOLI to solve such multiscale models. The performance of the extended software is demonstrated to be statistically equivalent to the original for purely parabolic PDE systems. Results from eBACOLI are given for various multiscale models from the extended problem class considered.</abstract>
			<url hash="4de471bf">G19-62001</url>
			<pages>1-19</pages>
			<doi>10.1145/3301320</doi>
			<bibkey>Green-2019-Extended</bibkey>
			<project>prj8</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="63">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, Volume 41, Issue 3</booktitle>
			<publisher>Society for Industrial &amp; Applied Mathematics (SIAM)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Direct Function Evaluation versus Lookup Tables: When to Use Which?</title>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin R.</first>
				<last>Green</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Tanner</first>
				<last>Bohn</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Raymond J.</first>
				<last>Spiteri</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The speed of mathematical function evaluations can significantly contribute to the overall performance of numerical simulations. Two common approaches to evaluate a mathematical function are by dir...</abstract>
			<url hash="f55816da">G19-63001</url>
			<pages>C194-C218</pages>
			<doi>10.1137/18m1201421</doi>
			<bibkey>Green-2019-Direct</bibkey>
			<project>prj8</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="64">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>AIMS Mathematics, Volume 4, Issue 6</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Institute of Mathematical Sciences (AIMS)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
	</volume>
	<volume id="65">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Environmental Modelling &amp; Software, Volume 119</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Introductory overview of identifiability analysis: A guide to evaluating whether you have the right type of data for your modeling purpose</title>
			<author>
				<first>Joseph H. A.</first>
				<last>Guillaume</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John</first>
				<last>Jakeman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Stefano</first>
				<last>Marsili-Libelli</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. J. C.</first>
				<last>Asher</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philip</first>
				<last>Brunner</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Barry</first>
				<last>Croke</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mary C.</first>
				<last>Hill</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Anthony J.</first>
				<last>Jakeman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Karel J.</first>
				<last>Keesman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Saman</first>
				<last>Razavi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J.D.</first>
				<last>Stigter</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Identifiability is a fundamental concept in parameter estimation, and therefore key to the large majority of environmental modeling applications. Parameter identifiability analysis assesses whether it is theoretically possible to estimate unique parameter values from data, given the quantities measured, conditions present in the forcing data, model structure (and objective function), and properties of errors in the model and observations. In other words, it tackles the problem of whether the right type of data is available to estimate the desired parameter values. Identifiability analysis is therefore an essential technique that should be adopted more routinely in practice, alongside complementary methods such as uncertainty analysis and evaluation of model performance. This article provides an introductory overview to the topic. We recommend that any modeling study should document whether a model is non-identifiable, the source of potential non-identifiability, and how this affects intended project outcomes.</abstract>
			<url hash="d0334906">G19-65001</url>
			<pages>418-432</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.envsoft.2019.07.007</doi>
			<bibkey>Guillaume-2019-Introductory</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="66">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>CIRP Annals, Volume 68, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Sink electrical discharge machining of hydrophobic surfaces</title>
			<author>
				<first>Chuanyong</first>
				<last>Guo</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philip</first>
				<last>Koshy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Felipe Pereira</first>
				<last>Coelho</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>P. Ravi</first>
				<last>Selvaganapathy</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract The phenomenon of hydrophobicity observed in such surfaces as lotus leaves is typically manifest by hierarchical structures on low-energy surfaces. Sustained interest in fabricating hydrophobic surfaces has resulted in a myriad of processes, which are but limited by their largely referring to soft materials and/or involving multiple process steps. The present work explored the application of electrical discharge machining (EDM) for the single-step manufacture of durable, metallic hydrophobic surfaces. Simple sink EDM in a hydrocarbon dielectric, with no special process kinematic or tooling requirements, is demonstrated to rapidly generate surfaces that are intrinsically water repellent, with contact angles approaching 150°.</abstract>
			<url hash="c286e6e8">G19-66001</url>
			<pages>185-188</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.cirp.2019.04.101</doi>
			<bibkey>Guo-2019-Sink</bibkey>
			<project>prj38</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="67">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 49, Issue 3</booktitle>
			<publisher>Canadian Science Publishing</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Fire-regime changes in Canada over the last half century</title>
			<author>
				<first>Chelene C.</first>
				<last>Hanes</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xianli</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Piyush</first>
				<last>Jain</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Marc‐André</first>
				<last>Parisien</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John M.</first>
				<last>Little</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mike</first>
				<last>Flannigan</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Contemporary fire regimes of Canadian forests have been well documented based on forest fire records between the late 1950s to 1990s. Due to known limitations of fire datasets, an analysis of changes in fire-regime characteristics could not be easily undertaken. This paper presents fire-regime trends nationally and within two zonation systems, the homogeneous fire-regime zones and ecozones, for two time periods, 1959–2015 and 1980–2015. Nationally, trends in both area burned and number of large fires (≥200 ha) have increased significantly since 1959, which might be due to increases in lightning-caused fires. Human-caused fires, in contrast, have shown a decline. Results suggest that large fires have been getting larger over the last 57 years and that the fire season has been starting approximately one week earlier and ending one week later. At the regional level, trends in fire regimes are variable across the country, with fewer significant trends. Area burned, number of large fires, and lightning-caused fires are increasing in most of western Canada, whereas human-caused fires are either stable or declining throughout the country. Overall, Canadian forests appear to have been engaged in a trajectory towards more active fire regimes over the last half century.</abstract>
			<url hash="7a3a818d">G19-67001</url>
			<pages>256-269</pages>
			<doi>10.1139/cjfr-2018-0293</doi>
			<bibkey>Hanes-2019-Fire-regime</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="68">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Volume 23, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>Copernicus GmbH</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>A simple model for local-scale sensible and latent heat advection contributions to snowmelt</title>
			<author>
				<first>Phillip</first>
				<last>Harder</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John W.</first>
				<last>Pomeroy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Warren</first>
				<last>Helgason</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Local-scale advection of energy from warm snow-free surfaces to cold snow-covered surfaces is an important component of the energy balance during snow-cover depletion. Unfortunately, this process is difficult to quantify in one-dimensional snowmelt models. This paper proposes a simple sensible and latent heat advection model for snowmelt situations that can be readily coupled to one-dimensional energy balance snowmelt models. An existing advection parameterization was coupled to a conceptual frozen soil infiltration surface water retention model to estimate the areal average sensible and latent heat advection contributions to snowmelt. The proposed model compared well with observations of latent and sensible heat advection, providing confidence in the process parameterizations and the assumptions applied. Snow-covered area observations from unmanned aerial vehicle imagery were used to update and evaluate the scaling properties of snow patch area distribution and lengths. Model dynamics and snowmelt implications were explored within an idealized modelling experiment, by coupling to a one-dimensional energy balance snowmelt model. Dry, snow-free surfaces were associated with advection of dry air that compensated for positive sensible heat advection fluxes and so limited the net influence of advection on snowmelt. Latent and sensible heat advection fluxes both contributed positive fluxes to snow when snow-free surfaces were wet and enhanced net advection contributions to snowmelt. The increased net advection fluxes from wet surfaces typically develop towards the end of snowmelt and offset decreases in the one-dimensional areal average melt energy that declines with snow-covered area. The new model can be readily incorporated into existing one-dimensional snowmelt hydrology and land surface scheme models and will foster improvements in snowmelt understanding and predictions.</abstract>
			<url hash="225991db">G19-68001</url>
			<pages>1-17</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-23-1-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Harder-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="69">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, Volume 30, Issue 2</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Application of distributed temperature sensing for mountain permafrost mapping</title>
			<author>
				<first>Jordan S.</first>
				<last>Harrington</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Masaki</first>
				<last>Hayashi</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Permafrost distribution in mountains is typically more heterogeneous relative to low‐relief environments due to greater variability in the factors controlling the ground thermal regime, such as topography, snow depth, and sediment grain size (e.g., coarse blocks). Measuring and understanding the geothermal variability in high mountains remains challenging due to logistical constraints. This study presents one of the first applications of distributed temperature sensing (DTS) in periglacial environments to measure ground surface temperatures in a mountain permafrost area at much higher spatial resolution than possible with conventional methods using discrete temperature sensors. DTS measures temperature along a fibre‐optic cable at high spatial resolution (i.e., ≤ 1 m). Its use can be limited by power supply and calibration requirements, although recent methodological developments have relaxed some of these restrictions. Spatially continuous DTS measurements at a studied rock glacier provided greater resolution of geothermal variability and facilitated the interpretation of bottom temperature of snowpack data to map patchy permafrost distribution. This research highlights the potential for DTS to be a useful tool for permafrost mapping, ground thermal regime interpretation, conceptual geothermal model development, and numerical model evaluation in areas of heterogeneous mountain permafrost.</abstract>
			<url hash="9ae5f6be">G19-69001</url>
			<pages>113-120</pages>
			<doi>10.1002/ppp.1997</doi>
			<bibkey>Harrington-2019-Application</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="70">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 231</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>A framework for engaging stakeholders in water quality modeling and management: Application to the Qu'Appelle River Basin, Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Elmira</first>
				<last>Hassanzadeh</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Graham</first>
				<last>Strickert</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>L. A.</first>
				<last>Morales-Marín</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bram</first>
				<last>Noble</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Helen M.</first>
				<last>Baulch</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Etienne</first>
				<last>Shupena-Soulodre</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Karl‐Erich</first>
				<last>Lindenschmidt</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Water quality is increasingly at risk due to nutrient pollution entering river systems from cities, industrial zones and agricultural areas. Agricultural activities are typically the largest non-point source of water pollution. The dynamics of agricultural impacts on water quality are complex and stem from the decisions and activities of multiple stakeholders, often with diverse business plans, values, and attitudes towards practices that can improve water quality. This study proposes a framework to understand and incorporate stakeholders' viewpoints into water quality modeling and management. The framework was applied to the Qu'Appelle River Basin, Saskatchewan, Canada. Q-methodology was used to understand viewpoints of stakeholders, namely agricultural producers (annual croppers, cattle producers, mixed farmers) and cottage owners, regarding a range of agricultural Beneficial Management Practices (BMPs) that can improve water quality, and to identify their preferred BMPs. A System Dynamics (SD) approach was employed to develop a transparent and user-friendly water quality model, SD-Qu'Appelle, to simulate nutrient loads in the region before and after implementation of stakeholder identified BMPs. The SD-Qu'Appelle was used in real-time engagement of stakeholders in model simulations to demonstrate and explore the potential effects of different BMPs in mitigating water pollution. Stakeholder perspectives were explored to understand the functionality and value of the SD-Qu'Appelle, preferred policies and potential barriers to BMP implementation on their land. Results show that although there are differences between viewpoints of stakeholders, they identified wetland restoration/retention, flow and erosion control, and relocation of corrals near creeks to sites more distant from waterways as the most effective BMPs for improving water quality. Economics was identified as a primary factor that causes agricultural producers to either accept or refuse the implementation of BMPs. Agricultural producers believe that incentives rather than regulations are the best policies for increasing the adoption of BMPs. Overall, stakeholders indicated the SD-Qu'Appelle had considerable value for water quality management and provided a set of recommendations to improve the model.</abstract>
			<url hash="da8d9084">G19-70001</url>
			<pages>1117-1126</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.016</doi>
			<bibkey>Hassanzadeh-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="71">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Global Change Biology, Volume 26, Issue 3</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Global vegetation biomass production efficiency constrained by models and observations</title>
			<author>
				<first>Yue</first>
				<last>He</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Shushi</first>
				<last>Peng</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yongwen</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xiangyi</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kai</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philippe</first>
				<last>Ciais</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. Altaf</first>
				<last>Arain</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yuanyuan</first>
				<last>Fang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Joshua B.</first>
				<last>Fisher</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Daniel S.</first>
				<last>Goll</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Daniel J.</first>
				<last>Hayes</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>D. N.</first>
				<last>Huntzinger</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Akihiko</first>
				<last>Ito</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Atul K.</first>
				<last>Jain</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ivan A.</first>
				<last>Janssens</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jiafu</first>
				<last>Mao</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Matteo</first>
				<last>Campioli</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>A. M.</first>
				<last>Michalak</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Changhui</first>
				<last>Peng</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Josep</first>
				<last>Peñuelas</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Benjamin</first>
				<last>Poulter</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Dahe</first>
				<last>Qin</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>D. M.</first>
				<last>Ricciuto</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin</first>
				<last>Schaefer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Christopher R.</first>
				<last>Schwalm</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xiaoying</first>
				<last>Shi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hanqin</first>
				<last>Tian</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sara</first>
				<last>Vicca</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yaxing</first>
				<last>Wei</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ning</first>
				<last>Zeng</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Qiuan</first>
				<last>Zhu</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Plants use only a fraction of their photosynthetically derived carbon for biomass production (BP). The biomass production efficiency (BPE), defined as the ratio of BP to photosynthesis, and its variation across and within vegetation types is poorly understood, which hinders our capacity to accurately estimate carbon turnover times and carbon sinks. Here, we present a new global estimation of BPE obtained by combining field measurements from 113 sites with 14 carbon cycle models. Our best estimate of global BPE is 0.41 ± 0.05, excluding cropland. The largest BPE is found in boreal forests (0.48 ± 0.06) and the lowest in tropical forests (0.40 ± 0.04). Carbon cycle models overestimate BPE, although models with carbon-nitrogen interactions tend to be more realistic. Using observation-based estimates of global photosynthesis, we quantify the global BP of non-cropland ecosystems of 41 ± 6 Pg C/year. This flux is less than net primary production as it does not contain carbon allocated to symbionts, used for exudates or volatile carbon compound emissions to the atmosphere. Our study reveals a positive bias of 24 ± 11% in the model-estimated BP (10 of 14 models). When correcting models for this bias while leaving modeled carbon turnover times unchanged, we found that the global ecosystem carbon storage change during the last century is decreased by 67% (or 58 Pg C).</abstract>
			<url hash="6231f7e1">G19-71001</url>
			<pages>1474-1484</pages>
			<doi>10.1111/gcb.14816</doi>
			<bibkey>He-2019-Global</bibkey>
			<project>prj41</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="72">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 46, Issue 16</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>The Groundwater Recovery Paradox in South India</title>
			<author>
				<first>Tejasvi</first>
				<last>Hora</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Veena</first>
				<last>Srinivasan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nandita B.</first>
				<last>Basu</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Reported groundwater recovery in South India has been attributed to both increasing rainfall and political interventions. Findings of increasing groundwater levels, however, are at odds with reports of well failure and decreases in the land area irrigated from shallow wells. We argue that recently reported results are skewed by the problem of survivor bias, with dry or defunct wells being systematically excluded from trend analyses due to missing data. We hypothesize that these dry wells carry critical information about groundwater stress that is missed when data are filtered. Indeed, we find strong correlations between missing well data and metrics related to climate stress and groundwater development, indicative of a systemic bias. Using two alternative metrics, which take into account information from dry and defunct wells, our results demonstrate increasing groundwater stress in South India. Our refined approach for identifying groundwater depletion hot spots is critical for policy interventions and resource allocation.</abstract>
			<url hash="7084580f">G19-72001</url>
			<pages>9602-9611</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2019gl083525</doi>
			<bibkey>Hora-2019-The</bibkey>
			<project>prj22</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="73">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Frontiers in Chemistry, Volume 7</booktitle>
			<publisher>Frontiers Media SA</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Phosphorothioate DNA Mediated Sequence-Insensitive Etching and Ripening of Silver Nanoparticles</title>
			<author>
				<first>Shengqiang</first>
				<last>Hu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Po‐Jung Jimmy</first>
				<last>Huang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jianxiu</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Juewen</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Many DNA-functionalized nanomaterials and biosensors have been reported, but most have ignored the influence of DNA on the stability of nanoparticles. We observed that cytosine-rich DNA oligonucleotides can etch silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). In this work, we showed that phosphorothioate (PS)-modified DNA (PS-DNA) can etch AgNPs independently of DNA sequence, suggesting that the thio-modifications are playing the major role in etching. Compared to unmodified DNA (e.g., poly-cytosine DNA), the concentration of required PS DNA decreases sharply, and the reaction rate increases. Furthermore, etching by PS-DNA occurs quite independent of pH, which is also different from unmodified DNA. The PS-DNA mediated etching could also be controlled well by varying DNA length and conformation, and the number and location of PS modifications. With a higher activity of PS-DNA, the process of etching, ripening, and further etching was taken place sequentially. The etching ability is inhibited by forming duplex DNA and thus etching can be used to measure the concentration of complementary DNA.</abstract>
			<url hash="c8383f6a">G19-73001</url>
			<doi>10.3389/fchem.2019.00198</doi>
			<bibkey>Hu-2019-Phosphorothioate</bibkey>
			<project>prj38</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="74">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Water Resources Research, Volume 55, Issue 5</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>A Race Against Time: Modeling Time Lags in Watershed Response</title>
			<author>
				<first>Idhayachandhiran</first>
				<last>Ilampooranan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>K. J. Van</first>
				<last>Meter</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nandita B.</first>
				<last>Basu</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Land use change and agricultural intensification have increased food production but at the cost of polluting surface and groundwater. Best management practices implemented to improve water quality have met with limited success. Such lack of success is increasingly attributed to legacy nutrient stores in the subsurface that may act as sources after reduction of external inputs. However, current water‐quality models lack a framework to capture these legacy effects. Here we have modified the SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tool) model to capture the effects of nitrogen (N) legacies on water quality under multiple land‐management scenarios. Our new SWAT‐LAG model includes (1) a modified carbon‐nitrogen cycling module to capture the dynamics of soil N accumulation, and (2) a groundwater travel time distribution module to capture a range of subsurface travel times. Using a 502‐km2 Iowa watershed as a case study, we found that between 1950 and 2016, 25% of the total watershed N surplus (N Deposition + Fertilizer + Manure + N Fixation − Crop N uptake) had accumulated within the root zone, 14% had accumulated in groundwater, while 27% was lost as riverine output, and 34% was denitrified. In future scenarios, a 100% reduction in fertilizer application led to a 79% reduction in stream N load, but the SWAT‐LAG results suggest that it would take 84 years to achieve this reduction, in contrast to the 2 years predicted in the original SWAT model. The framework proposed here constitutes a first step toward modifying a widely used modeling approach to assess the effects of legacy N on the time required to achieve water‐quality goals.</abstract>
			<url hash="55ef07d3">G19-74001</url>
			<pages>3941-3959</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2018wr023815</doi>
			<bibkey>Ilampooranan-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj22</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="75">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Volume 124, Issue 4</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Postfire Soil Carbon Accumulation Does Not Recover Boreal Peatland Combustion Loss in Some Hydrogeological Settings</title>
			<author>
				<first>Rebekah</first>
				<last>Ingram</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Paul</first>
				<last>Moore</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>SOPHIE</first>
				<last>WILKINSON</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Richard M.</first>
				<last>Petrone</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. M.</first>
				<last>Waddington</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Deep peat burning at the interface between subhumid Boreal Plains (BP) peatlands and forestlands (margin ecotones) in some hydrogeological settings has brought into question the long‐term stability of these peatlands under current and future predicted climate. Small peatlands located at midtopographic positions on coarse sediments have been identified as hot spots for severe burning, as these peatland margins are not regularly connected to regional groundwater flow. The ability of these peatland systems to recover carbon lost from both the interior and margin within the fire return interval, however, has not yet been investigated. Here we examine peatland soil carbon accumulation along a chronosequence of time since fire for 26 BP ombrotrophic bogs located across a range of hydrogeological settings. Soil organic carbon accumulation following wildfire does not appear to be influenced by hydrogeological setting; however, the ability of a peatland to recover the quantity of carbon lost within the fire return interval is dependent on the amount of carbon that was released through smoldering, which is influenced by hydrogeological setting for peatland margins. Based on published measurements of organic soil carbon loss during wildfire and our soil carbon accumulation rates, we suggest that peatlands located at topographic lows on coarse‐grained glaciofluvial outwash sediments or on low‐relief, fine‐grained sediment deposits from glaciolacustrine or subglacial paleoenvironments are currently resilient to wildfire on the BP landscape. Peatlands that experience severe smoldering at the margins, such as ephemerally perched systems on glaciofluvial outwash sediments, will likely undergo permanent loss of legacy carbon stores.</abstract>
			<url hash="ed5360b6">G19-75001</url>
			<pages>775-788</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2018jg004716</doi>
			<bibkey>Ingram-2019-Postfire</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="76">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Great Lakes Research, Volume 45, Issue 6</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Seasonal nutrient export dynamics in a mixed land use subwatershed of the Grand River, Ontario, Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Cameron</first>
				<last>Irvine</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Merrin L.</first>
				<last>Macrae</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Matthew Q.</first>
				<last>Morison</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Richard M.</first>
				<last>Petrone</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Algal blooms in the Great Lakes are a concern due to excess nutrient loading from non-point sources; however, there is uncertainty over the relative contributions of various non-point sources under different types of land use in rural watersheds, particularly over annual time scales. Four nested subwatersheds in Southern Ontario, Canada (one natural woodlot, two agricultural and one mixed agricultural and urban) were monitored over one year to identify peak periods (‘hot moments’) and areas (‘hot spots’) of nutrient (dissolved reactive phosphorus, DRP; total phosphorus, TP; and nitrate, NO3−) export and discharge. Annual nutrient export was small at the natural site (0.001 kg DRP ha−1; 0.004 kg TP ha−1; 0.04 kg NO3—N ha−1) compared to the agricultural and mixed-use sites (0.10–0.15 kg DRP ha−1; 0.70–0.94 kg TP ha−1; 9.15–11.55 kg NO3—N ha−1). Temporal patterns in P concentrations were similar throughout the sites, where spring was the dominant season for P export, irrespective of land use. Within the Hopewell Creek watershed, P and N hot spots existed that were consistently hot spots across all events with the location of these hot spots driven by local land use patterns, where there was elevated P export from a dairy-dominated sub-watershed and elevated N export from both of the two agricultural sub-watersheds. These estimates of seasonal- and event-based nutrient loads and discharge across nested sub-watersheds contribute to the growing body of evidence demonstrating the importance of identifying critical areas and periods in which to emphasize management efforts.</abstract>
			<url hash="ffe6cf58">G19-76001</url>
			<pages>1171-1181</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.jglr.2019.10.005</doi>
			<bibkey>Irvine-2019-Seasonal</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>Detroit River phosphorus loads: Anatomy of a binational watershed</title>
			<author>
				<first>Donald</first>
				<last>Scavia</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Serghei A.</first>
				<last>Bocaniov</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Awoke</first>
				<last>Dagnew</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yao</first>
				<last>Hu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Branko</first>
				<last>Kerkez</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Colleen M.</first>
				<last>Long</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Rebecca Logsdon</first>
				<last>Muenich</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jennifer</first>
				<last>Read</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lynn</first>
				<last>Vaccaro</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yu-Chen</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract As a result of increased harmful algal blooms and hypoxia in Lake Erie, the US and Canada revised their phosphorus loading targets under the 2012 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The focus of this paper is the Detroit River and its watershed, a source of 25% of the total phosphorus (TP) load to Lake Erie. Its load declined 37% since 1998, due chiefly to improvements at the regional Great Lakes Water Authority Water Resource Recovery Facility (WRRF) in Detroit and phosphorus sequestered by zebra and quagga mussels in Lake Huron. In addition to the 54% of the load from Lake Huron, nonpoint sources contribute 57% of the TP load and 50% of the dissolved reactive phosphorus load, with the remaining balance from point sources. After Lake Huron, the largest source is the WRRF, which has already reduced its load by over 40%. Currently, loads from Lake Huron and further reductions from the WRRF are not part of the reduction strategy, therefore remaining watershed sources will need to decline by 72% to meet the Water Quality Agreement target - a daunting challenge. Because other urban sources are very small, most of the reduction would have to come from agriculturally-dominated lands. The most effective way to reduce those loads is to apply combinations of practices like cover crops, buffer strips, wetlands, and applying fertilizer below the soil surface on the lands with the highest phosphorus losses. However, our simulations suggest even extensive conservation on those lands may not be enough.</abstract>
			<url hash="66ef9ee2">G19-76002</url>
			<pages>1150-1161</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.jglr.2019.09.008</doi>
			<bibkey>Scavia-2019-Detroit</bibkey>
			<project>prj22</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="77">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>2019 IEEE/ACM 27th International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC)</booktitle>
			<publisher>IEEE</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Comparing Bug Replication in Regular and Micro Code Clones</title>
			<author>
				<first>Judith F.</first>
				<last>Islam</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Manishankar</first>
				<last>Mondal</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chanchal K.</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin A.</first>
				<last>Schneider</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Copying and pasting source code during software development is known as code cloning. Clone fragments with a minimum size of 5 LOC were usually considered in previous studies. In recent studies, clone fragments which are less than 5 LOC are referred as micro-clones. It has been established by the literature that code clones are closely related with software bugs as well as bug replication. None of the previous studies have been conducted on bug-replication of micro-clones. In this paper we investigate and compare bug-replication in between regular and micro-clones. For the purpose of our investigation, we analyze the evolutionary history of our subject systems and identify occurrences of similarity preserving co-changes (SPCOs) in both regular and micro-clones where they experienced bug-fixes. From our experiment on thousands of revisions of six diverse subject systems written in three different programming languages, C, C# and Java we find that the percentage of clone fragments that take part in bug-replication is often higher in micro-clones than in regular code clones. The percentage of bugs that get replicated in micro-clones is almost the same as the percentage in regular clones. Finally, both regular and micro-clones have similar tendencies of replicating severe bugs according to our experiment. Thus, micro-clones in a code-base should not be ignored. We should rather consider these equally important as of the regular clones when making clone management decisions.</abstract>
			<url hash="475aa83d">G19-77001</url>
			<doi>10.1109/icpc.2019.00022</doi>
			<bibkey>Islam-2019-Comparing</bibkey>
			<project>prj8</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>Recommending Comprehensive Solutions for Programming Tasks by Mining Crowd Knowledge</title>
			<author>
				<first>Rodrigo F. G.</first>
				<last>Silva</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chanchal K.</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mohammad Masudur</first>
				<last>Rahman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin A.</first>
				<last>Schneider</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Klérisson V. R.</first>
				<last>Paixão</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Marcelo de Almeida</first>
				<last>Maia</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Developers often search for relevant code examples on the web for their programming tasks. Unfortunately, they face two major problems. First, the search is impaired due to a lexical gap between their query (task description) and the information associated with the solution. Second, the retrieved solution may not be comprehensive, i.e., the code segment might miss a succinct explanation. These problems make the developers browse dozens of documents in order to synthesize an appropriate solution. To address these two problems, we propose CROKAGE (Crowd Knowledge Answer Generator), a tool that takes the description of a programming task (the query) and provides a comprehensive solution for the task. Our solutions contain not only relevant code examples but also their succinct explanations. Our proposed approach expands the task description with relevant API classes from Stack Overflow Q &amp; A threads and then mitigates the lexical gap problems. Furthermore, we perform natural language processing on the top quality answers and then return such programming solutions containing code examples and code explanations unlike earlier studies. We evaluate our approach using 97 programming queries, of which 50% was used for training and 50% was used for testing, and show that it outperforms six baselines including the state-of-art by a statistically significant margin. Furthermore, our evaluation with 29 developers using 24 tasks (queries) confirms the superiority of CROKAGE over the state-of-art tool in terms of relevance of the suggested code examples, benefit of the code explanations and the overall solution quality (code + explanation).</abstract>
			<url hash="de53f987">G19-77002</url>
			<doi>10.1109/icpc.2019.00054</doi>
			<bibkey>Silva-2019-Recommending</bibkey>
			<project>prj8</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="78">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Volume 23, Issue 2</booktitle>
			<publisher>Copernicus GmbH</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Quantifying projected changes in runoff variability and flow regimes of the Fraser River Basin, British Columbia</title>
			<author>
				<first>Siraj Ul</first>
				<last>Islam</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Charles L.</first>
				<last>Curry</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Stephen J.</first>
				<last>Déry</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Francis W.</first>
				<last>Zwiers</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. In response to ongoing and future-projected global warming, mid-latitude, nival river basins are expected to transition from a snowmelt-dominated flow regime to a nival–pluvial one with an earlier spring freshet of reduced magnitude. There is, however, a rich variation in responses that depends on factors such as the topographic complexity of the basin and the strength of maritime influences. We illustrate the potential effects of a strong maritime influence by studying future changes in cold season flow variability in the Fraser River Basin (FRB) of British Columbia, a large extratropical watershed extending from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast. We use a process-based hydrological model driven by an ensemble of 21 statistically downscaled simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), following the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP 8.5). Warming under RCP 8.5 leads to reduced winter snowfall, shortening the average snow accumulation season by about one-third. Despite this, large increases in cold season rainfall lead to unprecedented cold season peak flows and increased overall runoff variability in the VIC simulations. Increased cold season rainfall is shown to be the dominant climatic driver in the Coast Mountains, contributing 60 % to mean cold season runoff changes in the 2080s. Cold season runoff at the outlet of the basin increases by 70 % by the 2080s, and its interannual variability more than doubles when compared to the 1990s, suggesting substantial challenges for operational flow forecasting in the region. Furthermore, almost half of the basin (45 %) transitions from a snow-dominated runoff regime in the 1990s to a primarily rain-dominated regime in the 2080s, according to a snowmelt pulse detection algorithm. While these projections are consistent with the anticipated transition from a nival to a nival–pluvial hydrologic regime, the marked increase in FRB cold season runoff is likely linked to more frequent landfalling atmospheric rivers in the region projected in the CMIP5 models, providing insights for other maritime-influenced extratropical basins.</abstract>
			<url hash="1f39b86b">G19-78001</url>
			<pages>811-828</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-23-811-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Islam-2019-Quantifying</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="79">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Chemosphere, Volume 233</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Vanadium and thallium exhibit biodilution in a northern river food web</title>
			<author>
				<first>Timothy D.</first>
				<last>Jardine</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lorne E.</first>
				<last>Doig</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Paul D.</first>
				<last>Jones</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lalita</first>
				<last>Bharadwaj</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Meghan</first>
				<last>Carr</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Brett</first>
				<last>Tendler</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Karl‐Erich</first>
				<last>Lindenschmidt</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Trophic transfer of contaminants dictates concentrations and potential toxic effects in top predators, yet biomagnification behaviour of many trace elements is poorly understood. We examined concentrations of vanadium and thallium, two globally-distributed and anthropogenically-enriched elements, in a food web of the Slave River, Northwest Territories, Canada. We found that tissue concentrations of both elements declined with increasing trophic position as measured by δ15N. Slopes of log [element] versus δ15N regressions were both negative, with a steeper slope for V (-0.369) compared with Tl (-0.099). These slopes correspond to declines of 94% with each step in the food chain for V and 54% with each step in the food chain for Tl. This biodilution behaviour for both elements meant that concentrations in fish were well below values considered to be of concern for the health of fish-eating consumers. Further study of these elements in food webs is needed to allow a fuller understanding of biomagnification patterns across a range of species and systems.</abstract>
			<url hash="a785df0e">G19-79001</url>
			<pages>381-386</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.282</doi>
			<bibkey>Jardine-2019-Vanadium</bibkey>
			<project>prj13</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="80">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Environmental Modelling &amp; Software, Volume 117</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>A hybrid partial and general equilibrium modeling approach to assess the hydro-economic impacts of large dams – The case of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam in the Eastern Nile River basin</title>
			<author>
				<first>Tewodros Negash</first>
				<last>Kahsay</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Diane</first>
				<last>Arjoon</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>O.J.</first>
				<last>Kuik</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Roy</first>
				<last>Brouwer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Amaury</first>
				<last>Tilmant</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Pieter van der</first>
				<last>Zaag</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>A novel integrated hydro-economic modeling framework that links a bottom-up partial equilibrium (engineering) model with a top-down (economic) general equilibrium model is developed for assessing the regional economic impacts of water resources management and infrastructure development decisions in a transboundary river basin. The engineering model is employed first to solve the water allocation problem for a river system in a partial equilibrium setting. The resulting system-wide changes in optimal water allocation are subsequently fed into the general equilibrium model to provide an economy-wide perspective. This integrated hydro-economic modeling framework is illustrated using the Eastern Nile River basin as a case study. The engineering-based stochastic dual dynamic programming (SDDP) model of the Eastern Nile basin is coupled with the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model GTAP-W to assess the economy-wide impacts of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the Eastern Nile economies.</abstract>
			<url hash="58dd0755">G19-80001</url>
			<pages>76-88</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.envsoft.2019.03.007</doi>
			<bibkey>Kahsay-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj22</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="81">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Environmental Research Communications, Volume 1, Issue 8</booktitle>
			<publisher>IOP Publishing</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Bi-directional hydrological changes in perched basins of the Athabasca Delta (Canada) in recent decades caused by natural processes</title>
			<author>
				<first>Mitchell L.</first>
				<last>Kay</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Johan A.</first>
				<last>Wiklund</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Casey R.</first>
				<last>Remmer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Laura K.</first>
				<last>Neary</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kathleen C.</first>
				<last>Brown</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Abhishek</first>
				<last>Ghosh</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Erin</first>
				<last>MacDonald</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>K.P.B.</first>
				<last>Thomson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jasmina M.</first>
				<last>Vucic</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Katherine</first>
				<last>Wesenberg</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Roland I.</first>
				<last>Hall</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Brent B.</first>
				<last>Wolfe</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>[1] Previous studies of river hydrometric records and Indigenous Knowledge holders claim that flood-induced recharge of ecologically important perched basins decreased across the Peace-Athabasca Delta after 1968 due mainly to hydroelectric regulation of Peace River flow. Natural deltaic processes and climate are acknowledged as additional, lesser contributors, but are challenging to evaluate. We use sediment records spanning ∼115 years from nine perched basins across the Athabasca Delta to test if unidirectional drying coincides with river regulation. Results show bi-directional hydrological changes since the early 1980s, not 1968, to reduced flooding in areas east of the Embarras River confluence with Cree/Mamawi creeks and increased flooding northward along the Cree/Mamawi distributary. The timing and pattern pinpoint the 1982 Embarras Breakthrough, a natural avulsion that diverted flow northward and away from the Athabasca Delta terminus, as the principal cause. The results demonstrate the need to factor natural deltaic processes into impending decisions on the delta’s UNESCO World Heritage status and implementation of a federal Action Plan to mitigate widespread drying.</abstract>
			<url hash="e0616030">G19-81001</url>
			<pages>081001</pages>
			<doi>10.1088/2515-7620/ab37e7</doi>
			<bibkey>Kay-2019-Bi-directional</bibkey>
			<project>prj28</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="82">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Scientific Reports, Volume 9, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Severe wildfire exposes remnant peat carbon stocks to increased post-fire drying</title>
			<author>
				<first>Nicholas</first>
				<last>Kettridge</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Maxwell</first>
				<last>Lukenbach</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kelly</first>
				<last>Hokanson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>K. J.</first>
				<last>Devito</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Richard M.</first>
				<last>Petrone</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>C. A.</first>
				<last>Mendoza</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. M.</first>
				<last>Waddington</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The potential of high severity wildfires to increase global terrestrial carbon emissions and exacerbate future climatic warming is of international concern. Nowhere is this more prevalent than within high latitude regions where peatlands have, over millennia, accumulated legacy carbon stocks comparable to all human CO2 emissions since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Drying increases rates of peat decomposition and associated atmospheric and aquatic carbon emissions. The degree to which severe wildfires enhance drying under future climates and induce instability in peatland ecological communities and carbon stocks is unknown. Here we show that high burn severities increased post-fire evapotranspiration by 410% within a feather moss peatland by burning through the protective capping layer that restricts evaporative drying in response to low severity burns. High burn severities projected under future climates will therefore leave peatlands that dominate dry sub-humid regions across the boreal, on the edge of their climatic envelopes, more vulnerable to intense post-fire drying, inducing high rates of carbon loss to the atmosphere that amplify the direct combustion emissions.</abstract>
			<url hash="f2d4cfde">G19-82001</url>
			<doi>10.1038/s41598-019-40033-7</doi>
			<bibkey>Kettridge-2019-Severe</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>Identifying Climate-Induced Groundwater Depletion in GRACE Observations</title>
			<author>
				<first>Brian</first>
				<last>Thomas</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. S.</first>
				<last>Famiglietti</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Depletion of groundwater resources has been identified in numerous global aquifers, suggesting that extractions have exceeded natural recharge rates in critically important global freshwater supplies. Groundwater depletion has been ascribed to groundwater pumping, often ignoring influences of direct and indirect consequences of climate variability. Here, we explore relations between natural and human drivers and spatiotemporal changes in groundwater storage derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites using regression procedures and dominance analysis. Changes in groundwater storage are found to be influenced by direct climate variability, whereby groundwater recharge and precipitation exhibited greater influence as compared to groundwater pumping. Weak influence of groundwater pumping may be explained, in part, by quasi-equilibrium aquifer conditions that occur after “long-time” pumping, while precipitation and groundwater recharge records capture groundwater responses linked to climate-induced groundwater depletion. Evaluating groundwater response to climate variability is critical given the reliance of groundwater resources to satisfy water demands and impending changes in climate variability that may threaten future water availability.</abstract>
			<url hash="6bdd9e64">G19-82002</url>
			<doi>10.1038/s41598-019-40155-y</doi>
			<bibkey>Thomas-2019-Identifying</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="83">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Atmosphere-Ocean, Volume 57, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>Informa UK Limited</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>An Assessment of Surface and Atmospheric Conditions Associated with the Extreme 2014 Wildfire Season in Canada’s Northwest Territories</title>
			<author>
				<first>Bohdan</first>
				<last>Kochtubajda</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ronald E.</first>
				<last>Stewart</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mike</first>
				<last>Flannigan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Barrie</first>
				<last>Bonsal</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Charles</first>
				<last>Cuell</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Curtis</first>
				<last>Mooney</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Weather and climate are major factors influencing worldwide wildfire activity. This study assesses surface and atmospheric conditions associated with the 2014 extreme wildfires in the Northwest Ter...</abstract>
			<url hash="4a68a8bb">G19-83001</url>
			<pages>73-90</pages>
			<doi>10.1080/07055900.2019.1576023</doi>
			<bibkey>Kochtubajda-2019-An</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="84">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Hydrometeorology, Volume 20, Issue 2</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Meteorological Society</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Impact of Future Climate and Vegetation on the Hydrology of an Arctic Headwater Basin at the Tundra–Taiga Transition</title>
			<author>
				<first>Sebastian A.</first>
				<last>Krogh</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John W.</first>
				<last>Pomeroy</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract The rapidly warming Arctic is experiencing permafrost degradation and shrub expansion. Future climate projections show a clear increase in mean annual temperature and increasing precipitation in the Arctic; however, the impact of these changes on hydrological cycling in Arctic headwater basins is poorly understood. This study investigates the impact of climate change, as represented by simulations using a high-resolution atmospheric model under a pseudo-global-warming configuration, and projected changes in vegetation, using a spatially distributed and physically based Arctic hydrological model, on a small headwater basin at the tundra–taiga transition in northwestern Canada. Climate projections under the RCP8.5 emission scenario show a 6.1°C warming, a 38% increase in annual precipitation, and a 19 W m−2 increase in all-wave annual irradiance over the twenty-first century. Hydrological modeling results suggest a shift in hydrological processes with maximum peak snow accumulation increasing by 70%, snow-cover duration shortening by 26 days, active layer deepening by 0.25 m, evapotranspiration increasing by 18%, and sublimation decreasing by 9%. This results in an intensification of the hydrological regime by doubling discharge volume, a 130% increase in spring runoff, and earlier and larger peak streamflow. Most hydrological changes were found to be driven by climate change; however, increasing vegetation cover and density reduced blowing snow redistribution and sublimation, and increased evaporation from intercepted rainfall. This study provides the first detailed investigation of projected changes in climate and vegetation on the hydrology of an Arctic headwater basin, and so it is expected to help inform larger-scale climate impact studies in the Arctic.</abstract>
			<url hash="d7bf9002">G19-84001</url>
			<pages>197-215</pages>
			<doi>10.1175/jhm-d-18-0187.1</doi>
			<bibkey>Krogh-2019-Impact</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="85">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Frontiers in Environmental Science, Volume 7</booktitle>
			<publisher>Frontiers Media SA</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Citizen Social Science for More Integrative and Effective Climate Action: A Science-Policy Perspective</title>
			<author>
				<first>Andrew P.</first>
				<last>Kythreotis</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chrystal</first>
				<last>Mantyka‐Pringle</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Theresa G.</first>
				<last>Mercer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lorraine</first>
				<last>Whitmarsh</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Adam</first>
				<last>Corner</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jouni</first>
				<last>Paavola</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chris</first>
				<last>Chambers</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Byron</first>
				<last>Miller</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Noel</first>
				<last>Castree</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Governments are struggling to limit global temperatures below the 2°C Paris target with existing climate change policy approaches. This is because conventional climate policies have been predominantly (inter)nationally top-down, which limits citizen agency in driving policy change and influencing citizen behavior. Here we propose elevating Citizen Social Science (CSS) to a new level across governments as an advanced collaborative approach of accelerating climate action and policies that moves beyond conventional citizen science and participatory approaches. Moving beyond the traditional science-policy model of the democratization of science in enabling more inclusive climate policy change, we present examples of how CSS can potentially transform citizen behavior and enable citizens to become key agents in driving climate policy change. We also discuss the barriers that could impede the implementation of CSS and offer solutions to these. In doing this, we articulate the implications of increased citizen action through CSS in moving forward the broader normative and political program of transdisciplinary and co-productive climate change research and policy.</abstract>
			<url hash="6f03f767">G19-85001</url>
			<doi>10.3389/fenvs.2019.00010</doi>
			<bibkey>Kythreotis-2019-Citizen</bibkey>
			<project>prj33</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="86">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Volume 11, Issue 12</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>The Community Land Model Version 5: Description of New Features, Benchmarking, and Impact of Forcing Uncertainty</title>
			<author>
				<first>David M.</first>
				<last>Lawrence</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Rosie A.</first>
				<last>Fisher</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Charles D.</first>
				<last>Koven</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Keith W.</first>
				<last>Oleson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sean</first>
				<last>Swenson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>G. B.</first>
				<last>Bonan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nathan</first>
				<last>Collier</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bardan</first>
				<last>Ghimire</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Leo van</first>
				<last>Kampenhout</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Daniel</first>
				<last>Kennedy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Erik</first>
				<last>Kluzek</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Peter</first>
				<last>Lawrence</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Fang</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hong‐Yi</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Danica</first>
				<last>Lombardozzi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>W. J.</first>
				<last>Riley</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>William J.</first>
				<last>Sacks</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mingjie</first>
				<last>Shi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mariana</first>
				<last>Vertenstein</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>William R.</first>
				<last>Wieder</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chonggang</first>
				<last>Xu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ashehad A.</first>
				<last>Ali</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Andrew M.</first>
				<last>Badger</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gautam</first>
				<last>Bisht</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. R. van den</first>
				<last>Broeke</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Michael A.</first>
				<last>Brunke</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sean P.</first>
				<last>Burns</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jonathan</first>
				<last>Buzan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Martyn</first>
				<last>Clark</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Anthony P</first>
				<last>Craig</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kyla M.</first>
				<last>Dahlin</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Beth</first>
				<last>Drewniak</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Joshua B.</first>
				<last>Fisher</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M.</first>
				<last>Flanner</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>A. M.</first>
				<last>Fox</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Pierre</first>
				<last>Gentine</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Forrest M.</first>
				<last>Hoffman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>G.</first>
				<last>Keppel‐Aleks</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>R. G.</first>
				<last>Knox</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sanjiv</first>
				<last>Kumar</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jan T. M.</first>
				<last>Lenaerts</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>L. Ruby</first>
				<last>Leung</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>William H.</first>
				<last>Lipscomb</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yaqiong</first>
				<last>Lü</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ashutosh</first>
				<last>Pandey</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jon D.</first>
				<last>Pelletier</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J.</first>
				<last>Perket</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>James T.</first>
				<last>Randerson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>D. M.</first>
				<last>Ricciuto</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Benjamin M.</first>
				<last>Sanderson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>A. G.</first>
				<last>Slater</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Z. M.</first>
				<last>Subin</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jinyun</first>
				<last>Tang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>R. Quinn</first>
				<last>Thomas</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Maria Val</first>
				<last>Martin</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xubin</first>
				<last>Zeng</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The Community Land Model (CLM) is the land component of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and is used in several global and regional modeling systems. In this paper, we introduce model developments included in CLM version 5 (CLM5), which is the default land component for CESM2. We assess an ensemble of simulations, including prescribed and prognostic vegetation state, multiple forcing data sets, and CLM4, CLM4.5, and CLM5, against a range of metrics including from the International Land Model Benchmarking (ILAMBv2) package. CLM5 includes new and updated processes and parameterizations: (1) dynamic land units, (2) updated parameterizations and structure for hydrology and snow (spatially explicit soil depth, dry surface layer, revised groundwater scheme, revised canopy interception and canopy snow processes, updated fresh snow density, simple firn model, and Model for Scale Adaptive River Transport), (3) plant hydraulics and hydraulic redistribution, (4) revised nitrogen cycling (flexible leaf stoichiometry, leaf N optimization for photosynthesis, and carbon costs for plant nitrogen uptake), (5) global crop model with six crop types and time‐evolving irrigated areas and fertilization rates, (6) updated urban building energy, (7) carbon isotopes, and (8) updated stomatal physiology. New optional features include demographically structured dynamic vegetation model (Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator), ozone damage to plants, and fire trace gas emissions coupling to the atmosphere. Conclusive establishment of improvement or degradation of individual variables or metrics is challenged by forcing uncertainty, parametric uncertainty, and model structural complexity, but the multivariate metrics presented here suggest a general broad improvement from CLM4 to CLM5.</abstract>
			<url hash="7db65889">G19-86001</url>
			<pages>4245-4287</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2018ms001583</doi>
			<bibkey>Lawrence-2019-The</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>Representing Intrahillslope Lateral Subsurface Flow in the Community Land Model</title>
			<author>
				<first>Sean</first>
				<last>Swenson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Martyn</first>
				<last>Clark</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ying</first>
				<last>Fan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>David M.</first>
				<last>Lawrence</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J.</first>
				<last>Perket</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The concept of using representative hillslopes to simulate hydrologically similar areas of a catchment has been incorporated in many hydrologic models but few Earth system models. Here we describe a configuration of the Community Land Model version 5 in which each grid cell is decomposed into one or more multicolumn hillslopes. Within each hillslope, the intercolumn connectivity is specified, and the lateral saturated subsurface flow from each column is passed to its downslope neighbor. We first apply the model to simulate a headwater catchment and assess the results against runoff and evapotranspiration flux measurements. By redistributing soil water within the catchment, the model is able to reproduce the observed difference between evapotranspiration in the upland and lowland portions of the catchment. Next, global simulations based on hypothetical hillslope geomorphic parameters are used to show the model's sensitivity to differences in hillslope shape and discretization. Differences in evapotranspiration between upland and lowland hillslope columns are found to be largest in arid and semiarid regions, while humid tropical and high‐latitude regions show limited evapotranspiration increases in lowlands relative to uplands.</abstract>
			<url hash="e4bf0933">G19-86002</url>
			<pages>4044-4065</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2019ms001833</doi>
			<bibkey>Swenson-2019-Representing</bibkey>
			<project>prj9</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="87">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Nature Climate Change, Volume 9, Issue 12</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>The potential to reduce uncertainty in regional runoff projections from climate models</title>
			<author>
				<first>Flavio</first>
				<last>Lehner</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Andrew W.</first>
				<last>Wood</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. A.</first>
				<last>Vano</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>David M.</first>
				<last>Lawrence</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Martyn</first>
				<last>Clark</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Justin</first>
				<last>Mankin</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Increasingly, climate change impact assessments rely directly on climate models. Assessments of future water security depend in part on how the land model components in climate models partition precipitation into evapotranspiration and runoff, and on the sensitivity of this partitioning to climate. Runoff sensitivities are not well constrained, with CMIP5 models displaying a large spread for the present day, which projects onto change under warming, creating uncertainty. Here we show that constraining CMIP5 model runoff sensitivities with observed estimates could reduce uncertainty in runoff projection over the western United States by up to 50%. We urge caution in the direct use of climate model runoff for applications and encourage model development to use regional-scale hydrological sensitivity metrics to improve projections for water security assessments.</abstract>
			<url hash="c50a3fec">G19-87001</url>
			<pages>926-933</pages>
			<doi>10.1038/s41558-019-0639-x</doi>
			<bibkey>Lehner-2019-The</bibkey>
			<project>prj9</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="88">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Water Resources Research, Volume 55, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Simulation of Capillary Pressure Overshoot in Snow Combining Trapping of the Wetting Phase With a Nonequilibrium Richards Equation Model</title>
			<author>
				<first>Nicolas</first>
				<last>Leroux</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John W.</first>
				<last>Pomeroy</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The timing and magnitude of snowmelt discharge and subsequent runoff are controlled by both matrix and preferential flows of water through snowpacks. Matrix flow can be estimated using the Richards equation, and recently, preferential flow in snowpacks has been represented in 2D and 3D models. A challenge for representing preferential flow through porous media in 2D or 3D is capillary pressure overshoot in 1D. Soil studies have developed sophisticated and largely realistic approaches to represent capillary pressure overshoot, but it has not been addressed in snowpack water flow models. Here a 1D nonequilibrium Richards equation model is implemented with dynamic capillary pressure and is combined with a new concept of entrapment of liquid water within the pore space. This new model well represented capillary pressure overshoot, as estimated by published capillary pressure measurements in snow samples of various grain sizes under different rates of liquid water infiltration. Three model parameters were calibrated, and their impacts on model outputs were evaluated. This improvement is a substantial step toward better understanding and simulating physical processes occurring while liquid water percolates an initially dry snowpack.</abstract>
			<url hash="9d692fba">G19-88001</url>
			<pages>236-248</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2018wr022969</doi>
			<bibkey>Leroux-2019-Simulation</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="89">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Environmental Pollution, Volume 245</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Temporal variation in zooplankton and phytoplankton community species composition and the affecting factors in Lake Taihu—a large freshwater lake in China</title>
			<author>
				<first>Cuicui</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Weiying</first>
				<last>Feng</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Haiyan</first>
				<last>Chen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xiaofeng</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Fanhao</first>
				<last>Song</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Wenjing</first>
				<last>Guo</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John P.</first>
				<last>Giesy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Fuhong</first>
				<last>Sun</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Monitoring diverse components of aquatic ecosystems is vital for elucidation of diversity dynamics and processes, which alter freshwater ecosystems, but such studies are seldom conducted. Phytoplankton and zooplankton are integral components which play indispensable parts in the structure and ecological service function of water bodies. However, few studies were made on how zooplankton and phytoplankton community may respond simultaneously to change of circumstance and their mutual relationship. Therefore, we researched synchronously the phytoplankton communities as well as zooplankton communities based on monthly monitoring data from September 2011 to August 2012 in heavily polluted areas and researched their responses to variation in environmental parameters and their mutual relationship. As indicated by Time-lag analysis (TLA), the long-term dynamics of phytoplankton and zooplankton were undergoing directional variations, what's more, there exists significant seasonal variations of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities as indicated by Non-Metric Multidimensional scaling (NMDS) methods. Also, Redundancy Analysis (RDA) demonstrated that environmental indicators together accounted for 25.6% and 50.1% variance of phytoplankton and zooplankton, respectively, indicating that environmental variations affected significantly on the temporal dynamics of phytoplankton as well as zooplankton communities. What's more, variance partioning suggested that the major environmental factors influencing variation structures of zooplankton communities were water temperature, concentration of nitrogen, revealing the dominating driving mechanism which shaped the communities of zooplankton. It was also found that there was significant synchronization between zooplankton biomass and phytoplankton biomass (expressed as Chl-a concentration), which suggested that zooplankton respond to changes in dynamic structure of phytoplankton community and can initiate a decrease in phytoplankton biomass through grazing in a few months.</abstract>
			<url hash="25d548df">G19-89001</url>
			<pages>1050-1057</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.007</doi>
			<bibkey>Li-2019-Temporal</bibkey>
			<project>prj1</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="90">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Earth's Future, Volume 7, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>How Much Information Is Required to Well Constrain Local Estimates of Future Precipitation Extremes?</title>
			<author>
				<first>Chao</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Francis W.</first>
				<last>Zwiers</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xuebin</first>
				<last>Zhang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Guilong</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Global warming is expected to increase the amount of atmospheric moisture, resulting in heavier extreme precipitation. Various studies have used the historical relationship between extreme precipitation and temperature (temperature scaling) to provide guidance about precipitation extremes in a future warmer climate. Here we assess how much information is required to robustly identify temperature scaling relationships, and whether these relationships are equally effective at different times in the future in estimating precipitation extremes everywhere across North America. Using a large ensemble of 35 North American regional climate simulations of the period 1951–2100, we show that individual climate simulations of length comparable to that of typical instrumental records are unable to constrain temperature scaling relationships well enough to reliably estimate future extremes of local precipitation accumulation for hourly to daily durations in the model's climate. Hence, temperature scaling relationships estimated from the limited historical observations are unlikely to be able to provide reliable guidance for future adaptation planning at local spatial scales. In contrast, well‐constrained temperature scaling relations based on multiple regional climate simulations do provide a feasible basis for accurately projecting precipitation extremes of hourly to daily durations in different future periods over more than 90% of the North American land area.</abstract>
			<url hash="65bd2ee5">G19-90001</url>
			<pages>11-24</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2018ef001001</doi>
			<bibkey>Li-2019-How</bibkey>
			<project>prj5</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="91">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 46, Issue 12</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Larger Increases in More Extreme Local Precipitation Events as Climate Warms</title>
			<author>
				<first>Chao</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Francis W.</first>
				<last>Zwiers</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xuebin</first>
				<last>Zhang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gang</first>
				<last>Chen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jian</first>
				<last>Lu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Guilong</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jesse</first>
				<last>Norris</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yaheng</first>
				<last>Tan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ying</first>
				<last>Sun</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Min</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Climate models project that extreme precipitation events will intensify in proportion to their intensity during the 21st century at large spatial scales. The identification of the causes of this phenomenon nevertheless remains tenuous. Using a large ensemble of North American regional climate simulations, we show that the more rapid intensification of more extreme events also appears as a robust feature at finer regional scales. The larger increases in more extreme events than in less extreme events are found to be primarily due to atmospheric circulation changes. Thermodynamically induced changes have relatively uniform effects across extreme events and regions. In contrast, circulation changes weaken moderate events over western interior regions of North America and enhance them elsewhere. The weakening effect decreases and even reverses for more extreme events, whereas there is further intensification over other parts of North America, creating an “intense gets intenser” pattern over most of the continent.</abstract>
			<url hash="dd014980">G19-91001</url>
			<pages>6885-6891</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2019gl082908</doi>
			<bibkey>Li-2019-Larger</bibkey>
			<project>prj39</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="92">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Environment International, Volume 133</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Sedimentary DNA reveals over 150 years of ecosystem change by human activities in Lake Chao, China</title>
			<author>
				<first>Feilong</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xiaowei</first>
				<last>Zhang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yuwei</first>
				<last>Xie</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ji‐Zhong</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Understanding the extent and directionality of the impact of human activities on ecosystems is directly related to their management and protection. However, the lack of historical data limits our understanding of ecosystem changes with long-term exposure to human activities. Recently, lake sedimentary DNA (sedDNA) has become a powerful tool for revealing changes in ecosystems at the century and millennium scales. Here, we used sedDNA to reveal the dynamic of the microbial community (including bacteria and micro-eukaryotes) in Lake Chao over the past 150 years, and further explored the effects of long-term nutrient and heavy metal loads on these communities. Our data show that nutrient and heavy metal loads in Lake Chao have increased by ca. 2 to 4-fold since the 1960s. In response, the community structure, diversity, and ecological network of bacteria and micro-eukaryotes changed significantly during the 1960s, the 1980s and the 2010s. Importantly, community structure was more sensitive to human activities than diversity. We also found that the relative abundance of some taxa associated with nitrification and algal blooms (e.g., taxa in Nitrospira sp., Peridinales) has increased ca. 100-fold since the 1960s. Nutrient could better explain the variation in the bacterial community (ca. twice as much as heavy metal), while heavy metal explained micro-eukaryotes better (ca. 3 or 5-fold as much as nutrient). In particular, based on parsimonious models from distance-based linear model (distLM), we further identified that Pb is the key factor affecting the bacterial and micro-eukaryotes community in Lake Chao in addition to nutrient. Our study reveals the impacts of long-term human activities on lake ecosystems from multiple perspectives of nutrient and heavy metal loads, community structure, diversity and ecological network, these findings will contribute to the management and conservation of lakes in the future.</abstract>
			<url hash="cfb4e66e">G19-92001</url>
			<pages>105214</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.envint.2019.105214</doi>
			<bibkey>Li-2019-Sedimentary</bibkey>
			<project>prj1</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="93">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Atmosphere-Ocean, Volume 57, Issue 4</booktitle>
			<publisher>Informa UK Limited</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Intercomparison of Multiple Hydroclimatic Datasets across the Lower Nelson River Basin, Manitoba, Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Rajtantra</first>
				<last>Lilhare</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Stephen J.</first>
				<last>Déry</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Scott</first>
				<last>Pokorny</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Tricia A.</first>
				<last>Stadnyk</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kristina</first>
				<last>Koenig</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>ABSTRACTThis study evaluates the 1981–2010 spatiotemporal differences in six available climate datasets (daily total precipitation and mean air temperature) over the Lower Nelson River Basin (LNRB)...</abstract>
			<url hash="7708810b">G19-93001</url>
			<pages>262-278</pages>
			<doi>10.1080/07055900.2019.1638226</doi>
			<bibkey>Lilhare-2019-Intercomparison</bibkey>
			<project>prj9</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="94">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Remote Sensing, Volume 11, Issue 3</booktitle>
			<publisher>MDPI AG</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Radar Scatter Decomposition to Differentiate between Running Ice Accumulations and Intact Ice Covers along Rivers</title>
			<author>
				<first>Karl‐Erich</first>
				<last>Lindenschmidt</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zhaoqin</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>For ice-jam flood forecasting it is important to differentiate between intact ice covers and ice runs. Ice runs consist of long accumulations of rubble ice that stem from broken up ice covers or ice-jams that have released. A water wave generally travels ahead of the ice run at a faster celerity, arriving at the potentially high flood–risk area much sooner than the ice accumulation. Hence, a rapid detection of the ice run is necessary to lengthen response times for flood mitigation. Intact ice covers are stationary and hence are not an immediate threat to a downstream flood situation, allowing more time for flood preparedness. However, once ice accumulations are moving and potentially pose imminent impacts to flooding, flood response may have to switch from a mitigation to an evacuation mode of the flood management plan. Ice runs are generally observed, often by chance, through ground observations or airborne surveys. In this technical note, we introduce a novel method of differentiating ice runs from intact ice covers using imagery acquired from space-borne radar backscatter signals. The signals are decomposed into different scatter components—surface scattering, volume scattering and double-bounce—the ratios of one to another allow differentiation between intact and running ice. The method is demonstrated for the breakup season of spring 2018 along the Athabasca River, when an ice run shoved into an intact ice cover which led to some flooding in Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada.</abstract>
			<url hash="eadfb9b2">G19-94001</url>
			<pages>307</pages>
			<doi>10.3390/rs11030307</doi>
			<bibkey>Lindenschmidt-2019-Radar</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="95">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Environmental Informatics</booktitle>
			<publisher>International Society for Environmental Information Science (ISEIS)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
	</volume>
	<volume id="96">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Scientific Data, Volume 6, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>CE-QUAL-W2 model of dam outflow elevation impact on temperature, dissolved oxygen and nutrients in a reservoir</title>
			<author>
				<first>Karl‐Erich</first>
				<last>Lindenschmidt</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Meghan</first>
				<last>Carr</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Amir</first>
				<last>Sadeghian</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>L. A.</first>
				<last>Morales-Marín</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Dams are typically designed to serve as flood protection, provide water for irrigation, human and animal consumption, and harness hydropower. Despite these benefits, dam operations can have adverse effects on in-reservoir and downstream water temperature regimes, biogeochemical cycling and aquatic ecosystems. We present a water quality dataset of water withdrawal scenarios generated after implementing the 2D hydrodynamic and water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2. The scenarios explore how six water extraction scenarios, starting at 5 m above the reservoir bottom at the dam and increasing upward at 10 m intervals to 55 m, influence water quality in Lake Diefenbaker reservoir, Saskatchewan, Canada. The model simulates daily water temperature, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, phosphate as phosphorus, labile phosphorus, total nitrogen, nitrate as nitrogen, labile nitrogen, and ammonium at 87 horizontal segments and at 60 water depths during the 2011–2013 period. This dataset intends to facilitate a broader investigation of in-reservoir nutrient dynamics under dam operations, and to extend the understanding of reservoir nutrient dynamics globally.</abstract>
			<url hash="40d67139">G19-96001</url>
			<doi>10.1038/s41597-019-0316-y</doi>
			<bibkey>Lindenschmidt-2019-CE-QUAL-W2</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>A long-term, temporally consistent, gridded daily meteorological dataset for northwestern North America</title>
			<author>
				<first>A. T.</first>
				<last>Werner</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Markus</first>
				<last>Schnorbus</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Rajesh R.</first>
				<last>Shrestha</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Alex J.</first>
				<last>Cannon</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Francis W.</first>
				<last>Zwiers</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gildas</first>
				<last>Dayon</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>F. S.</first>
				<last>Anslow</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>We describe a spatially contiguous, temporally consistent high-resolution gridded daily meteorological dataset for northwestern North America. This &gt;4 million km2 region has high topographic relief, seasonal snowpack, permafrost and glaciers, crosses multiple jurisdictional boundaries and contains the entire Yukon, Mackenzie, Saskatchewan, Fraser and Columbia drainages. We interpolate daily station data to 1/16° spatial resolution using a high-resolution monthly 1971-2000 climatology as a predictor in a thin-plate spline interpolating algorithm. Only temporally consistent climate stations with at least 40 years of record are included. Our approach is designed to produce a dataset well suited for driving hydrological models and training statistical downscaling schemes. We compare our results to two commonly used datasets and show improved performance for climate means, extremes and variability. When used to drive a hydrologic model, our dataset also outperforms these datasets for runoff ratios and streamflow trends in several, high elevation, sub-basins of the Fraser River.</abstract>
			<url hash="d9df2083">G19-96002</url>
			<doi>10.1038/sdata.2018.299</doi>
			<bibkey>Werner-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="97">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Water, Volume 11, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>MDPI AG</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Development of an Ice Jam Flood Forecasting System for the Lower Oder River—Requirements for Real-Time Predictions of Water, Ice and Sediment Transport</title>
			<author>
				<first>Karl‐Erich</first>
				<last>Lindenschmidt</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Dirk</first>
				<last>Carstensen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Wolfgang</first>
				<last>Fröhlich</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bernd</first>
				<last>Hentschel</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Stefan</first>
				<last>Iwicki</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Michael</first>
				<last>Kögel</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Michał</first>
				<last>Kubicki</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zbigniew W.</first>
				<last>Kundzewicz</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Cornelia</first>
				<last>Lauschke</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Adam</first>
				<last>Łazarów</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Helena</first>
				<last>Łoś</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Włodzimierz</first>
				<last>Marszelewski</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Tomasz</first>
				<last>Niedzielski</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Marcin</first>
				<last>Nowak</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bogusław</first>
				<last>Pawłowski</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Michael</first>
				<last>Roers</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Stefan</first>
				<last>Schlaffer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Adam</first>
				<last>Weintrit</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Despite ubiquitous warming, the lower Oder River typically freezes over almost every year. Ice jams may occur during freeze-up and ice cover breakup phases, particularly in the middle and lower reaches of the river, with weirs and piers. The slush ice and ice blocks may accumulate to form ice jams, leading to backwater effects and substantial water level rise. The small bottom slope of the lower Oder and the tidal backflow from the Baltic Sea enhance the formation of ice jams during cold weather conditions, jeopardizing the dikes. Therefore, development of an ice jam flood forecasting system for the Oder River is much needed. This commentary presents selected results from an international workshop that took place in Wrocław (Poland) on 26–27 November 2018 that brought together an international team of experts to explore the requirements and research opportunities in the field of ice jam flood forecasting and risk assessment for the Oder River section along the German–Polish border. The workshop launched a platform for collaboration amongst Canadian, German and Polish scientists, government officials and water managers to pave a way forward for joint research focused on achieving the long-term goal of forecasting, assessing and mitigating ice jam impacts along the lower Oder. German and Polish government agencies are in need of new tools to forecast ice jams and assess their subsequent consequences and risks to communities and ship navigation along a river. Addressing these issues will also help research and ice flood management in a Canadian context. A research program would aim to develop a modelling system by addressing fundamental issues that impede the prediction of ice jam events and their consequences in cold regions.</abstract>
			<url hash="f86a165c">G19-97001</url>
			<pages>95</pages>
			<doi>10.3390/w11010095</doi>
			<bibkey>Lindenschmidt-2019-Development</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="98">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Hydrology, Volume 575</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>A novel stochastic modelling approach for operational real-time ice-jam flood forecasting</title>
			<author>
				<first>Karl‐Erich</first>
				<last>Lindenschmidt</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Prabin</first>
				<last>Rokaya</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Apurba</first>
				<last>Das</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zhaoqin</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Dominique</first>
				<last>Richard</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Forecasting ice jams and their consequential flooding is more challenging than predicting open water flood conditions. This is due to the chaotic nature of ice jam formation since slight changes in water and ice flows, location of the ice jam toe along the river and initial water levels at the time of jam formation can lead to marked differences in the outcome of backwater level elevations and flood severity. In this paper, we introduce a novel, operational real-time flood forecasting system that captures this stochastic nature of ice-jam floods and places the forecasts in a probabilistic context in the form of flood hazard maps (probability of flood extents and depths). This novel system was tested successfully for the ice-cover breakup period in the spring of 2018 along the Athabasca River at the Town of Fort McMurray, Canada.</abstract>
			<url hash="a009060a">G19-98001</url>
			<pages>381-394</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.05.048</doi>
			<bibkey>Lindenschmidt-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="99">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Nature Geoscience, Volume 12, Issue 10</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Field-experiment constraints on the enhancement of the terrestrial carbon sink by CO2 fertilization</title>
			<author>
				<first>Yongwen</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Shilong</first>
				<last>Piao</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Thomas</first>
				<last>Gasser</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philippe</first>
				<last>Ciais</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hui</first>
				<last>Yang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Han</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Trevor F.</first>
				<last>Keenan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mengtian</first>
				<last>Huang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Shiqiang</first>
				<last>Wan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jian</first>
				<last>Song</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kai</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ivan A.</first>
				<last>Janssens</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Josep</first>
				<last>Peñuelas</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chris</first>
				<last>Huntingford</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xuhui</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. Altaf</first>
				<last>Arain</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yuanyuan</first>
				<last>Fang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Joshua B.</first>
				<last>Fisher</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Maoyi</first>
				<last>Huang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>D. N.</first>
				<last>Huntzinger</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Akihiko</first>
				<last>Ito</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Atul K.</first>
				<last>Jain</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jiafu</first>
				<last>Mao</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>A. M.</first>
				<last>Michalak</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Changhui</first>
				<last>Peng</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Benjamin</first>
				<last>Poulter</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Christopher R.</first>
				<last>Schwalm</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xiaoying</first>
				<last>Shi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hanqin</first>
				<last>Tian</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yaxing</first>
				<last>Wei</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ning</first>
				<last>Zeng</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Qiuan</first>
				<last>Zhu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Tao</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Clarifying how increased atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) contributes to accelerated land carbon sequestration remains important since this process is the largest negative feedback in the coupled carbon–climate system. Here, we constrain the sensitivity of the terrestrial carbon sink to eCO2 over the temperate Northern Hemisphere for the past five decades, using 12 terrestrial ecosystem models and data from seven CO2 enrichment experiments. This constraint uses the heuristic finding that the northern temperate carbon sink sensitivity to eCO2 is linearly related to the site-scale sensitivity across the models. The emerging data-constrained eCO2 sensitivity is 0.64 ± 0.28 PgC yr−1 per hundred ppm of eCO2. Extrapolating worldwide, this northern temperate sensitivity projects the global terrestrial carbon sink to increase by 3.5 ± 1.9 PgC yr−1 for an increase in CO2 of 100 ppm. This value suggests that CO2 fertilization alone explains most of the observed increase in global land carbon sink since the 1960s. More CO2 enrichment experiments, particularly in boreal, arctic and tropical ecosystems, are required to explain further the responsible processes. The northern temperate carbon sink is estimated to increase by 0.64 PgC each year for each increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations by 100 ppm, suggests an analysis of data from field experiments at 7 sites constraints.</abstract>
			<url hash="18b5616f">G19-99001</url>
			<pages>809-814</pages>
			<doi>10.1038/s41561-019-0436-1</doi>
			<bibkey>Liu-2019-Field-experiment</bibkey>
			<project>prj41</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="100">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Science of The Total Environment, Volume 671</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Turnover and legacy of sediment-associated PAH in a baseflow-dominated river</title>
			<author>
				<first>Yan</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Christiane</first>
				<last>Zarfl</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>N. B.</first>
				<last>Basu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Olaf A.</first>
				<last>Cirpka</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) ubiquitously occur in rivers and threaten the aquatic ecosystem. Understanding their fate and behaviour in rivers can help in improving management strategies. We develop a particle-facilitated transport model considering suspended sediments with sorbed PAH from different origins to investigate the turnover and legacy of sediment-bound PAH in the baseflow-dominated Ammer River in southwest Germany. Our model identifies the contributions of dissolved and particle-bound PAH during wet and dry periods to the annual load. The analysis of in-stream processes enables investigating the average turnover times of sediments and attached PAH for the main stem of the river. The legacy of sediment-bound PAH is studied by running the model assuming a 50% reduction in PAH emissions after the introduction of environmental regulation in the 1970s. Our results show that sediment-bound and dissolved PAH account for 75% and 25% of the annual PAH load, respectively. PAH are mainly emitted from urban areas that contribute over 74% to the total load. In steep reaches, the turnover times of sediments and attached PAH are similar, whereas they differ by 1-2 orders of magnitude in reaches with very mild slopes. Flow rates significantly affect PAH fluxes between the mobile water and the riverbed over the entire river. Total PAH fluxes from the river bed to the mobile water are simulated to occur when the discharge is larger than 5 m3s -1. River segments with large sediment storage show a potential of PAH legacy, which may have caused a PAH release over 10-20 years after the implementation of environmental regulation. This study is useful for assessing environmental impacts of PAH in rivers (e.g., their contribution to the river-water toxicity) and exemplifies that the longitudinal distribution, turnover, and legacy potential of PAH in a river system require a mechanistic understanding of river hydraulics and sediment transport.</abstract>
			<url hash="a691f742">G19-100001</url>
			<pages>754-764</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.236</doi>
			<bibkey>Liu-2019-Turnover</bibkey>
			<project>prj22</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="101">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Global Change Biology, Volume 26, Issue 2</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Increased high‐latitude photosynthetic carbon gain offset by respiration carbon loss during an anomalous warm winter to spring transition</title>
			<author>
				<first>Zhihua</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John S.</first>
				<last>Kimball</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>N.</first>
				<last>Parazoo</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ashley P.</first>
				<last>Ballantyne</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Wen J.</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nima</first>
				<last>Madani</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Caleb G.</first>
				<last>Pan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jennifer D.</first>
				<last>Watts</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Rolf H.</first>
				<last>Reichle</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Oliver</first>
				<last>Sonnentag</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philip</first>
				<last>Marsh</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Miriam</first>
				<last>Hurkuck</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Manuel</first>
				<last>Helbig</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>W. L.</first>
				<last>Quinton</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Donatella</first>
				<last>Zona</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Masahito</first>
				<last>Ueyama</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hideki</first>
				<last>Kobayashi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>E. S.</first>
				<last>Euskirchen</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Arctic and boreal ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon (C) budget, and whether they act as a future net C sink or source depends on climate and environmental change. Here, we used complementary in situ measurements, model simulations, and satellite observations to investigate the net carbon dioxide (CO2 ) seasonal cycle and its climatic and environmental controls across Alaska and northwestern Canada during the anomalously warm winter to spring conditions of 2015 and 2016 (relative to 2010-2014). In the warm spring, we found that photosynthesis was enhanced more than respiration, leading to greater CO2 uptake. However, photosynthetic enhancement from spring warming was partially offset by greater ecosystem respiration during the preceding anomalously warm winter, resulting in nearly neutral effects on the annual net CO2 balance. Eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements showed that air temperature has a primary influence on net CO2 exchange in winter and spring, while soil moisture has a primary control on net CO2 exchange in the fall. The net CO2 exchange was generally more moisture limited in the boreal region than in the Arctic tundra. Our analysis indicates complex seasonal interactions of underlying C cycle processes in response to changing climate and hydrology that may not manifest in changes in net annual CO2 exchange. Therefore, a better understanding of the seasonal response of C cycle processes may provide important insights for predicting future carbon-climate feedbacks and their consequences on atmospheric CO2 dynamics in the northern high latitudes.</abstract>
			<url hash="1e2d9027">G19-101001</url>
			<pages>682-696</pages>
			<doi>10.1111/gcb.14863</doi>
			<bibkey>Liu-2019-Increased</bibkey>
			<project>prj28</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>Extensive land cover change across Arctic–Boreal Northwestern North America from disturbance and climate forcing</title>
			<author>
				<first>Jonathan</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Damien</first>
				<last>Sulla‐Menashe</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Curtis E.</first>
				<last>Woodcock</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Oliver</first>
				<last>Sonnentag</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ralph F.</first>
				<last>Keeling</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. A.</first>
				<last>Friedl</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>A multitude of disturbance agents, such as wildfires, land use, and climate-driven expansion of woody shrubs, is transforming the distribution of plant functional types across Arctic–Boreal ecosystems, which has significant implications for interactions and feedbacks between terrestrial ecosystems and climate in the northern high-latitude. However, because the spatial resolution of existing land cover datasets is too coarse, large-scale land cover changes in the Arctic–Boreal region (ABR) have been poorly characterized. Here, we use 31 years (1984–2014) of moderate spatial resolution (30 m) satellite imagery over a region spanning 4.7 × 106 km2 in Alaska and northwestern Canada to characterize regional-scale ABR land cover changes. We find that 13.6 ± 1.3% of the domain has changed, primarily via two major modes of transformation: (a) simultaneous disturbance-driven decreases in Evergreen Forest area (−14.7 ± 3.0% relative to 1984) and increases in Deciduous Forest area (+14.8 ± 5.2%) in the Boreal biome; and (b) climate-driven expansion of Herbaceous and Shrub vegetation (+7.4 ± 2.0%) in the Arctic biome. By using time series of 30 m imagery, we characterize dynamics in forest and shrub cover occurring at relatively short spatial scales (hundreds of meters) due to fires, harvest, and climate-induced growth that are not observable in coarse spatial resolution (e.g., 500 m or greater pixel size) imagery. Wildfires caused most of Evergreen Forest Loss and Evergreen Forest Gain and substantial areas of Deciduous Forest Gain. Extensive shifts in the distribution of plant functional types at multiple spatial scales are consistent with observations of increased atmospheric CO2 seasonality and ecosystem productivity at northern high-latitudes and signal continental-scale shifts in the structure and function of northern high-latitude ecosystems in response to climate change.</abstract>
			<url hash="8724c19d">G19-101002</url>
			<pages>807-822</pages>
			<doi>10.1111/gcb.14804</doi>
			<bibkey>Wang-2019-Extensive</bibkey>
			<project>prj28</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="3">
			<title>Seasonal variability of forest sensitivity to heat and drought stresses: A synthesis based on carbon fluxes from North American forest ecosystems</title>
			<author>
				<first>Bing</first>
				<last>Xu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. Altaf</first>
				<last>Arain</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>T. Andrew</first>
				<last>Black</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>B. E.</first>
				<last>Law</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gilberto</first>
				<last>Pastorello</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Housen</first>
				<last>Chu</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Climate extremes such as heat waves and droughts are projected to occur more frequently with increasing temperature and an intensified hydrological cycle. It is important to understand and quantify how forest carbon fluxes respond to heat and drought stress. In this study, we developed a series of daily indices of sensitivity to heat and drought stress as indicated by air temperature (Ta ) and evaporative fraction (EF). Using normalized daily carbon fluxes from the FLUXNET Network for 34 forest sites in North America, the seasonal pattern of sensitivities of net ecosystem productivity (NEP), gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) in response to Ta and EF anomalies were compared for different forest types. The results showed that warm temperatures in spring had a positive effect on NEP in conifer forests but a negative impact in deciduous forests. GEP in conifer forests increased with higher temperature anomalies in spring but decreased in summer. The drought-induced decrease in NEP, which mostly occurred in the deciduous forests, was mostly driven by the reduction in GEP. In conifer forests, drought had a similar dampening effect on both GEP and RE, therefore leading to a neutral NEP response. The NEP sensitivity to Ta anomalies increased with increasing mean annual temperature. Drier sites were less sensitive to drought stress in summer. Natural forests with older stand age tended to be more resilient to the climate stresses compared to managed younger forests. The results of the Classification and Regression Tree analysis showed that seasons and ecosystem productivity were the most powerful variables in explaining the variation of forest sensitivity to heat and drought stress. Our results implied that the magnitude and direction of carbon flux changes in response to climate extremes are highly dependent on the seasonal dynamics of forests and the timing of the climate extremes.</abstract>
			<url hash="f023f10b">G19-101003</url>
			<pages>901-918</pages>
			<doi>10.1111/gcb.14843</doi>
			<bibkey>Xu-2019-Seasonal</bibkey>
			<project>prj41</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="4">
			<title>Refining the role of phenology in regulating gross ecosystem productivity across European peatlands</title>
			<author>
				<first>Franziska</first>
				<last>Koebsch</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Oliver</first>
				<last>Sonnentag</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Järvi</first>
				<last>Järveoja</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mikko</first>
				<last>Peltoniemi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Pavel</first>
				<last>Alekseychik</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mika</first>
				<last>Aurela</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ali Nadir</first>
				<last>Arslan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kerry J.</first>
				<last>Dinsmore</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Damiano</first>
				<last>Gianelle</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Carole</first>
				<last>Helfter</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M.</first>
				<last>Jackowicz-Korczyński</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Aino</first>
				<last>Korrensalo</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Fraser</first>
				<last>Leith</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Maiju</first>
				<last>Linkosalmi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Annalea</first>
				<last>Lohila</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Magnus</first>
				<last>Lund</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Martin</first>
				<last>Maddison</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ivan</first>
				<last>Mammarella</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ülo</first>
				<last>Mander</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kari</first>
				<last>Minkkinen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Amy</first>
				<last>Pickard</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Johannes Wilhelmus Maria</first>
				<last>Pullens</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Eeva‐Stiina</first>
				<last>Tuittila</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mats B.</first>
				<last>Nilsson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Matthias</first>
				<last>Peichl</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The role of plant phenology as a regulator for gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) in peatlands is empirically not well constrained. This is because proxies to track vegetation development with daily coverage at the ecosystem scale have only recently become available and the lack of such data has hampered the disentangling of biotic and abiotic effects. This study aimed at unraveling the mechanisms that regulate the seasonal variation in GEP across a network of eight European peatlands. Therefore, we described phenology with canopy greenness derived from digital repeat photography and disentangled the effects of radiation, temperature and phenology on GEP with commonality analysis and structural equation modeling. The resulting relational network could not only delineate direct effects but also accounted for possible effect combinations such as interdependencies (mediation) and interactions (moderation). We found that peatland GEP was controlled by the same mechanisms across all sites: phenology constituted a key predictor for the seasonal variation in GEP and further acted as a distinct mediator for temperature and radiation effects on GEP. In particular, the effect of air temperature on GEP was fully mediated through phenology, implying that direct temperature effects representing the thermoregulation of photosynthesis were negligible. The tight coupling between temperature, phenology and GEP applied especially to high latitude and high altitude peatlands and during phenological transition phases. Our study highlights the importance of phenological effects when evaluating the future response of peatland GEP to climate change. Climate change will affect peatland GEP especially through changing temperature patterns during plant phenologically sensitive phases in high latitude and high altitude regions.</abstract>
			<url hash="954514ea">G19-7001</url>
			<pages>876-887</pages>
			<doi>10.1111/gcb.14905</doi>
			<bibkey>Koebsch-2019-Refining</bibkey>
			<project>prj28</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="102">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Geosciences, Volume 9, Issue 10</booktitle>
			<publisher>MDPI AG</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Monitoring Groundwater Change in California’s Central Valley Using Sentinel-1 and GRACE Observations</title>
			<author>
				<first>Zhen</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Pang‐Wei</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Elias</first>
				<last>Massoud</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>T. G.</first>
				<last>Farr</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>P.</first>
				<last>Lundgren</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. S.</first>
				<last>Famiglietti</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The San Joaquin Valley and Tulare basins in California’s Central Valley have intensive agricultural activity and groundwater demand that has caused significant subsidence and depletion of water resources in the past. We measured groundwater pumping-induced land subsidence in the southern Central Valley from March 2015 to May 2017 using Sentinel-1 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data. The InSAR measurements provided fine spatial details of subsidence patterns and displayed a superposition of secular and seasonal variations that were coherent across our study region and correlated with precipitation variability and changes in freshwater demand. Combining InSAR and Global Positioning System (GPS) data, precipitation, and in situ well records showed a broad scale slowdown/cessation of long term subsidence in the wetter winter of 2017, likely reflecting the collective response of the Central Valley aquifer system to heavier-than-usual precipitation. We observed a very good temporal correlation between the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite groundwater anomaly (GWA) variation and long-term subsidence records, regardless of local hydrogeology and mechanical properties. This indicates the subsidence from satellite geodesy is a very useful indicator for tracking groundwater storage change. With the continuing acquisition of Sentinel-1 and other satellites, we anticipate decadal-scale subsidence records with a spatial resolution of tens to hundreds of meters will be available in the near future to be combined with basin-averaged GRACE measurements to improve our estimate of time-varying groundwater change.</abstract>
			<url hash="0c983fc9">G19-102001</url>
			<pages>436</pages>
			<doi>10.3390/geosciences9100436</doi>
			<bibkey>Liu-2019-Monitoring</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="103">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 232</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Do the societal benefits of river restoration outweigh their costs? A cost-benefit analysis</title>
			<author>
				<first>Ivana</first>
				<last>Logar</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Roy</first>
				<last>Brouwer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Amael</first>
				<last>Paillex</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Switzerland plans to restore 4000 km of rivers by 2090. Despite the immense investment costs, river restoration benefits have not been valued in monetary terms, and a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) does not exist for any river restoration project in Switzerland. We apply stated preference methods to elicit public preferences and willingness to pay for restoring two specific but representative river sites. The benefits of restoration are compared with its costs. Upscaling the results to the national level shows that the government budget allocated for river restoration (CHF 1200/m) is insufficient to cover the costs of local restoration projects. However, the surveyed local populations are willing to pay substantially more for restoring rivers in their area of residence than they are legally obliged to do. The CBA results demonstrate that the benefits outweigh the costs in the two case studies, and hence that restoration efforts are justified from an economic point of view. A sensitivity analysis shows that the main results and conclusions do not change when we change some of the key assumptions underlying the CBA.</abstract>
			<url hash="b42458ac">G19-103001</url>
			<pages>1075-1085</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.098</doi>
			<bibkey>Logar-2019-Do</bibkey>
			<project>prj22</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="104">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>International Journal of Water Resources Development, Volume 37, Issue 4</booktitle>
			<publisher>Informa UK Limited</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Meaningful engagement with Indigenous peoples: a case study of Ontario’s Great Lakes Protection Act</title>
			<author>
				<first>Jessica</first>
				<last>Lukawiecki</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Rhonda</first>
				<last>Gagnon</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Carly</first>
				<last>Dokis</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Dan</first>
				<last>Walters</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lewis A.</first>
				<last>Molot</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>While governments in Canada have a duty to act honourably in the development of legislative actions that may affect Aboriginal or treaty rights, Indigenous peoples’ input and knowledge have largely...</abstract>
			<url hash="29f36015">G19-104001</url>
			<pages>603-618</pages>
			<doi>10.1080/07900627.2019.1681261</doi>
			<bibkey>Lukawiecki-2019-Meaningful</bibkey>
			<project>prj16</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="105">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 231</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Detecting intercepted snow on mountain needleleaf forest canopies using satellite remote sensing</title>
			<author>
				<first>Zhibang</first>
				<last>Lv</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John W.</first>
				<last>Pomeroy</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Snow interception in cold regions needleleaf forest canopies is a crucial process that controls local snow accumulation and redistribution over &gt;20% of the Earth's land surface. Various ground-based methods exist to measure intercepted snow load, however all are based on single-tree measurements and are difficult to implement. No research has focussed on detecting large areal intercepted snow loads and no studies have assessed the use of satellite observations. In this study, four remote sensing indices (NDSI, NDVI, albedo, and land surface temperature (LST)) were retrieved from Landsat images to study their sensitivity to canopy intercepted snow and the possibility of using them to detect the presence of intercepted snow. The results indicate that presence of intercepted snow on canopy increased NDSI and albedo, but decreased NDVI. Intercepted snow presence also decreased the areal variability of NDSI and NDVI while increasing that of albedo. For these three indices, the differences between snow-free and snowcovered canopies were correlated to topography and forest canopy cover. Of these indices, NDSI changed the greatest. Intercepted snow noticeably decreased the LST difference between forest and open areas in springtime while the influence in wintertime was relatively smaller. An intercepted snow detection approach that uses both NDSI and NDVI to classify pixels into either snowcovered canopy or other (snow-free canopy and non-forest areas) is proposed here. A case study applying this approach compared remote sensing detection to simulations by the snow interception and sublimation model implemented in the Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling platform (CRHM). This used local meteorological observations from the pine, spruce and fir forest covered Marmot Creek Research Basin in the Canadian Rockies. The remote sensing detection of intercepted snow agreed well with CRHM simulations for continuous forests (83%) and less well for sparse forests (72%) and clearings with small trees (70%). Therefore, the approach is suitable for intercepted snow detection over continuous evergreen canopies. This technique provides a new capability for large-scale snow interception model validation and data assimilation to cold regions hydrological forecasting models.</abstract>
			<url hash="914f0770">G19-105001</url>
			<pages>111222</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.rse.2019.111222</doi>
			<bibkey>Lv-2019-Detecting</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="106">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Environmental Quality, Volume 48, Issue 5</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Evaluating Hydrologic Response in Tile‐Drained Landscapes: Implications for Phosphorus Transport</title>
			<author>
				<first>Merrin L.</first>
				<last>Macrae</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Geneviève</first>
				<last>Ali</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin W.</first>
				<last>King</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Janina M.</first>
				<last>Plach</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>William T.</first>
				<last>Pluer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mark R.</first>
				<last>Williams</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Matthew Q.</first>
				<last>Morison</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Weigang</first>
				<last>Tang</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Phosphorus (P) loss in agricultural discharge has typically been associated with surface runoff; however, tile drains have been identified as a key P pathway due to preferential transport. Identifying when and where these pathways are active may establish high-risk periods and regions that are vulnerable for P loss. A synthesis of high-frequency, runoff data from eight cropped fields across the Great Lakes region of North America over a 3-yr period showed that both surface and tile flow occurred year-round, although tile flow occurred more frequently. The relative timing of surface and tile flow activation was classified into four response types to infer runoff-generation processes. Response types were found to vary with season and soil texture. In most events across all sites, tile responses preceded surface flow, whereas the occurrence of surface flow prior to tile flow was uncommon. The simultaneous activation of pathways, indicating rapid connectivity through the vadose zone, was seldom observed at the loam sites but occurred at clay sites during spring and summer. Surface flow at the loam sites was often generated as saturation-excess, a phenomenon rarely observed on the clay sites. Contrary to expectations, significant differences in P loads in tiles were not apparent under the different response types. This may be due to the frequency of the water quality sampling or may indicate that factors other than surface-tile hydrologic connectivity drive tile P concentrations. This work provides new insight into spatial and temporal differences in runoff mechanisms in tile-drained landscapes.</abstract>
			<url hash="83faa89e">G19-106001</url>
			<pages>1347-1355</pages>
			<doi>10.2134/jeq2019.02.0060</doi>
			<bibkey>Macrae-2019-Evaluating</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>The Latitudes, Attitudes, and Platitudes of Watershed Phosphorus Management in North America</title>
			<author>
				<first>Douglas R.</first>
				<last>Smith</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Merrin L.</first>
				<last>Macrae</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Peter J. A.</first>
				<last>Kleinman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Helen P.</first>
				<last>Jarvie</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin W.</first>
				<last>King</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ray B.</first>
				<last>Bryant</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Phosphorus (P) plays a crucial role in agriculture as a primary fertilizer nutrient-and as a cause of the eutrophication of surface waters. Despite decades of efforts to keep P on agricultural fields and reduce losses to waterways, frequent algal blooms persist, triggering not only ecological disruption but also economic, social, and political consequences. We investigate historical and persistent factors affecting agricultural P mitigation in a transect of major watersheds across North America: Lake Winnipeg, Lake Erie, the Chesapeake Bay, and Lake Okeechobee/Everglades. These water bodies span 26 degrees of latitude, from the cold climate of central Canada to the subtropics of the southeastern United States. These water bodies and their associated watersheds have tracked trajectories of P mitigation that manifest remarkable similarities, and all have faced challenges in the application of science to agricultural management that continue to this day. An evolution of knowledge and experience in watershed P mitigation calls into question uniform solutions as well as efforts to transfer strategies from other arenas. As a result, there is a need to admit to shortcomings of past approaches, plotting a future for watershed P mitigation that accepts the sometimes two-sided nature of Hennig Brandt's "Devil's Element."</abstract>
			<url hash="1af3f924">G19-106002</url>
			<pages>1176-1190</pages>
			<doi>10.2134/jeq2019.03.0136</doi>
			<bibkey>Smith-2019-The</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="107">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>IEEE Sensors Journal, Volume 19, Issue 22</booktitle>
			<publisher>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Optofluidic Dissolved Oxygen Sensing With Sensitivity Enhancement Through Multiple Reflections</title>
			<author>
				<first>Eric</first>
				<last>Mahoney</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Huan‐Hsuan</first>
				<last>Hsu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Fei</first>
				<last>Du</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bo</first>
				<last>Xiong</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>P. Ravi</first>
				<last>Selvaganapathy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Qiyin</first>
				<last>Fang</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The development of compact and low-cost dissolved oxygen (DO) sensors is essential for the continuous in situ monitoring of environmental water quality and wastewater treatment processes. The optical detection of dynamic and reversible quenching of fluorescent dyes by oxygen has been used for DO sensing. In this paper, we have optimized a multilayer optofluidic device based on the measurement of fluorescence quenching in a Ruthenium-based oxygen sensitive dye by employing total internal reflection (TIR) of the excitation light to achieve sensitivity enhancement for the detection of 0-20-ppm DO in water. The incident angles of light and sensitive layer thickness are optimized experimentally in order to increase the path length of light in the sensitive layer of the device through multiple reflections. A model is developed to demonstrate how light propagates through different layers of the device at varying angles of excitation and to describe the mechanism of fluorescence generation for each of the types of TIR observed. The design principles identified in this paper may be applied to the development and optimization of new multilayered optofluidic sensors by employing TIR for sensitivity enhancement.</abstract>
			<url hash="3b46cffb">G19-107001</url>
			<pages>10452-10460</pages>
			<doi>10.1109/jsen.2019.2932414</doi>
			<bibkey>Mahoney-2019-Optofluidic</bibkey>
			<project>prj38</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="108">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Environmental Modelling &amp; Software, Volume 114</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Introductory overview: Optimization using evolutionary algorithms and other metaheuristics</title>
			<author>
				<first>Holger R.</first>
				<last>Maier</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Saman</first>
				<last>Razavi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zoran</first>
				<last>Kapelan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>L. Shawn</first>
				<last>Matott</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Joseph</first>
				<last>Kasprzyk</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bryan A.</first>
				<last>Tolson</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Environmental models are used extensively to evaluate the effectiveness of a range of design, planning, operational, management and policy options. However, the number of options that can be evaluated manually is generally limited, making it difficult to identify the most suitable options to consider in decision-making processes. By linking environmental models with evolutionary and other metaheuristic optimization algorithms, the decision options that make best use of scarce resources, achieve the best environmental outcomes for a given budget or provide the best trade-offs between competing objectives can be identified. This Introductory Overview presents reasons for embedding formal optimization approaches in environmental decision-making processes, details how environmental problems are formulated as optimization problems and outlines how single- and multi-objective optimization approaches find good solutions to environmental problems. Practical guidance and potential challenges are also provided.</abstract>
			<url hash="6325dfad">G19-108001</url>
			<pages>195-213</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.11.018</doi>
			<bibkey>Maier-2019-Introductory</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>A hydrological and water temperature modelling framework to simulate the timing of river freeze-up and ice-cover breakup in large-scale catchments</title>
			<author>
				<first>L. A.</first>
				<last>Morales-Marín</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Palash</first>
				<last>Sanyal</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>H.</first>
				<last>Kadowaki</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zhaoqin</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Prabin</first>
				<last>Rokaya</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Karl‐Erich</first>
				<last>Lindenschmidt</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Ice phenology, defined as the timing of freeze-up and ice-cover breakup, plays a key role in streamflow regimes in cold-region river catchments. River freeze-up and ice-cover breakup events are controlled by meteorological and hydrological variables. In this study, we present a modelling framework consisting of a physically-based semi-distributed hydrological model and the integration of a 1D stream temperature model that can predict the ice duration in cold region rivers. The hydrological model provides streamflow and hydraulic parameters for the stream temperature model to obtain instream water temperature. The model was successfully applied in the Athabasca River basin in western Canada. Calibration was carried out using the water temperature recorded in the stations at the towns of Hinton, Athabasca and Fort McMurray. Model results show consistent correspondence between simulated freeze-up and breakup dates and the hydrometric station data. In the main tributaries of the basin, freeze-up timing spans from the last week of September to the second week of November and ice-cover breakup occurs from the second week of March to the last week of May. The model presents an application of water temperature and ice phenology simulation which can be incorporated in ice-jam flood forecasting and future climate change studies.</abstract>
			<url hash="fa2c8e17">G19-108002</url>
			<pages>49-63</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.envsoft.2019.01.009</doi>
			<bibkey>Morales-Marín-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="3">
			<title>A multi-method Generalized Global Sensitivity Matrix approach to accounting for the dynamical nature of earth and environmental systems models</title>
			<author>
				<first>Saman</first>
				<last>Razavi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hoshin V.</first>
				<last>Gupta</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Many applications of global sensitivity analysis (GSA) do not adequately account for the dynamical nature of earth and environmental systems models. Gupta and Razavi (2018) highlight this fact and develop a sensitivity analysis framework from first principles, based on the sensitivity information contained in trajectories of partial derivatives of the dynamical model responses with respect to controlling factors. Here, we extend and generalize that framework to accommodate any GSA philosophy, including derivative-based approaches (such as Morris and DELSA), direct-response-based approaches (such as the variance-based Sobol’, distribution-based PAWN, and higher-moment-based methods), and unifying variogram-based approaches (such as VARS). The framework is implemented within the VARS-TOOL software toolbox and demonstrated using the HBV-SASK model applied to the Oldman Watershed, Canada. This enables a comprehensive multi-variate investigation of the influence of parameters and forcings on different modeled state variables and responses, without the need for observational data regarding those responses.</abstract>
			<url hash="8d2bbe81">G19-108003</url>
			<pages>1-11</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.12.002</doi>
			<bibkey>Razavi-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="109">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems</booktitle>
			<publisher>ACM</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Peripheral Notifications in Large Displays</title>
			<author>
				<first>Aristides</first>
				<last>Mairena</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Carl</first>
				<last>Gutwin</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Andy</first>
				<last>Cockburn</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Visual notifications are integral to interactive computing systems. With large displays, however, much of the content is in the user's visual periphery, where human capacity to notice visual effects is diminished. One design strategy for enhancing noticeability is to combine visual features, such as motion and colour. Yet little is known about how feature combinations affect noticeability across the visual field, or about how peripheral noticeability changes when a user's primary task involves the same visual features as the notification. We addressed these questions by conducting two studies. Results of the first study showed that noticeability of feature combinations were approximately equal to the better of the individual features. Results of the second study suggest that there can be interference between the features of primary tasks and the visual features in the notifications. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of how visual features operate when used as peripheral notifications.</abstract>
			<url hash="db99b8c8">G19-109001</url>
			<doi>10.1145/3290605.3300870</doi>
			<bibkey>Mairena-2019-Peripheral</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="110">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Diversity and Distributions, Volume 25, Issue 12</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Antagonistic, synergistic and direct effects of land use and climate on Prairie wetland ecosystems: Ghosts of the past or present?</title>
			<author>
				<first>Chrystal</first>
				<last>Mantyka‐Pringle</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lionel</first>
				<last>Leston</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Dave</first>
				<last>Messmer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Elvis</first>
				<last>Asong</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Erin M.</first>
				<last>Bayne</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lauren E.</first>
				<last>Bortolotti</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gregory</first>
				<last>Sekulic</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>H. S.</first>
				<last>Wheater</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>David W.</first>
				<last>Howerter</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Robert G.</first>
				<last>Clark</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>AIM: Wetland loss and degradation threaten biodiversity to an extent greater than most ecosystems. Science‐supported responses require understanding of interacting effects of land use and climate change on wetland biodiversity. LOCATION: Alberta, Canada. METHODS: We evaluated how current climate, climate change (as a ghost of the past), land use and wetland water quality relate to aquatic macroinvertebrates and birds. RESULTS: Climatic relationships and climate–land use interactions were observed on chironomid abundance, but not macroinvertebrate taxa richness (MTR) or odonate abundance, which responded to land use and water chemistry. Chironomid abundance was positively associated with cropland and negatively associated with total precipitation. Higher cropland cover and dissolved organic carbon synergistically interacted with total precipitation to affect chironomids. MTR was negatively related to salinity, yet greater area of non‐woody riparian vegetation attenuated salinity effects on MTR. Odonate abundance was negatively related to total phosphorus. Higher grassland cover also increased the negative relationship of total phosphorous to odonate abundance. Climatic relationships and climate–land use interactions were observed on bird species richness (BSR) and abundance of several bird functional groups. Higher BSR and abundances of several bird groups were positively related to average rainfall and greater warming temperatures over time. Area of non‐crop cover and wetlands was positively associated with most bird groups and BSR. Warming temperatures over time ameliorated the negative relationship of higher cropland or less shrubland on aerial insectivores and other bird groups. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Climate patterns and climate change are as important as land use pressures with stronger impacts on birds. Climate change was more influential than current climate and provided novel empirical evidence that progressively warmer, wetter conditions is benefiting some bird groups, including aerial insectivores, a group of conservation concern. Riparian vegetation ameliorated the negative impacts of climate and water quality gradients on MTR and could mitigate global change impacts in agricultural systems.</abstract>
			<url hash="9bf1def2">G19-110001</url>
			<pages>1924-1940</pages>
			<doi>10.1111/ddi.12990</doi>
			<bibkey>Mantyka‐Pringle-2019-Antagonistic,</bibkey>
			<project>prj33</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="111">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Volume 124, Issue 12</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Coupling Water Column and Sediment Biogeochemical Dynamics: Modeling Internal Phosphorus Loading, Climate Change Responses, and Mitigation Measures in Lake Vansjø, Norway</title>
			<author>
				<first>Igor</first>
				<last>Markelov</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Raoul‐Marie</first>
				<last>Couture</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Rachele</first>
				<last>Fischer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sigrid</first>
				<last>Haande</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philippe Van</first>
				<last>Cappellen</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>We expanded the existing one‐dimensional MyLake model by incorporating a vertically resolved sediment diagenesis module and developing a reaction network that seamlessly couples the water column and sediment biogeochemistry. The application of the MyLake‐Sediment model to boreal Lake Vansjø illustrates the model's ability to reproduce daily water quality variables and predict sediment‐water column exchange fluxes over a long historical period. In prognostic scenarios, we assessed the importance of sediment processes and the effects of various climatic and anthropogenic drivers on the lake's biogeochemistry and phytoplankton dynamics. First, MyLake‐Sediment was used to simulate the potential impacts of increasing air temperature on algal growth and water quality. Second, the key role of ice cover in controlling water column mixing and biogeochemical cycles was analyzed in a series of scenarios that included a fully ice‐free end‐member. Third, in another end‐member scenario P loading from the watershed to the lake was abruptly halted. The model results suggest that remobilization of legacy P stored in the bottom sediments could sustain the lake's primary productivity on a time scale of several centuries. Finally, while the majority of management practices to reduce excessive algal growth in lakes focus on reducing external P loads, other efforts rely on the addition of reactive materials that sequester P in the sediment. Therefore, we investigated the effectiveness of ferric iron additions in decreasing the dissolved phosphate efflux from the sediment and, consequently, limit phytoplankton growth in Lake Vansjø.</abstract>
			<url hash="234db997">G19-111001</url>
			<pages>3847-3866</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2019jg005254</doi>
			<bibkey>Markelov-2019-Coupling</bibkey>
			<project>prj22</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="112">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 124, Issue 21</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Assessment of Water Cycle Intensification Over Land using a Multisource Global Gridded Precipitation DataSet</title>
			<author>
				<first>Yannis</first>
				<last>Markonis</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Simon Michael</first>
				<last>Papalexiou</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Marta</first>
				<last>Martínková</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Martin</first>
				<last>Hanel</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The change in the empirical distribution of future global precipitation is one of the major implications regarding the intensification of global water cycle. Heavier events are expected to occur more often, compensated by decline of light precipitation and/or number of wet days. Here, we scrutinize a new global, high‐resolution precipitation data set, namely, the Multi‐Source Weighted‐Ensemble Precipitation v2.0, to determine changes in the precipitation distribution over land during 1979–2016. To this end, the fluctuations of wet days precipitation quantiles on an annual basis and their interplay with annual totals and number of wet days were investigated. The results show increase in total precipitation, number of wet days, and heavy events over land, as suggested by the intensification hypothesis. However, the decline in light/medium precipitation or wet days was weaker than expected, debating the “compensation” mechanism.</abstract>
			<url hash="31f81679">G19-112001</url>
			<pages>11175-11187</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2019jd030855</doi>
			<bibkey>Markonis-2019-Assessment</bibkey>
			<project>prj32</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="113">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 180</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Selenium oxyanion bioconcentration in natural freshwater periphyton</title>
			<author>
				<first>Blue E.</first>
				<last>Markwart</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Karsten</first>
				<last>Liber</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yuwei</first>
				<last>Xie</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Katherine</first>
				<last>Raes</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Markus</first>
				<last>Hecker</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>David M.</first>
				<last>Janz</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lorne E.</first>
				<last>Doig</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Selenium (Se) enrichment has been demonstrated to vary by several orders of magnitude among species of planktonic algae. This is a substantial source of uncertainty when modelling Se biodynamics in aquatic systems. In addition, Se bioconcentration data are largely lacking for periphytic species of algae, and for multi-species periphyton biofilms, adding to the challenge of modelling Se transfer in periphyton-based food webs. To better predict Se dynamics in periphyton dominated, freshwater ecosystems, the goal of this study was to assess the relative influence of periphyton community composition on the uptake of waterborne Se oxyanions. Naturally grown freshwater periphyton communities, sampled from five different water bodies, were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of selenite [Se(IV)] or selenate [Se(VI)] (nominal concentrations of 5 and 25 μg Se L-1) under similar, controlled laboratory conditions for a period of 8 days. Unique periphyton assemblages were derived from the five different field sites, as confirmed by light microscopy and targeted DNA sequencing of the plastid 23S rRNA gene in algae. Selenium accumulation demonstrated a maximum of 23.6-fold difference for Se(IV) enrichment and 2.1-fold difference for Se(VI) enrichment across the periphyton/biofilm assemblages tested. The assemblage from one field site demonstrated both high accumulation of Se(IV) and iron, and was subjected to additional experimentation to elucidate the mechanism(s) of Se accumulation. Selenite accumulation (at nominal concentrations of 5 and 25 μg Se L-1 and mean pH of 7.5 across all treatment replicates) was assessed in both unaltered and heat-killed periphyton, and in periphyton from the same site grown without light to exclude phototrophic organisms. Following an exposure length of 8 days, all periphyton treatments showed similar levels of Se accumulation, indicating that much of the apparent uptake of Se(IV) was due to non-biological processes (i.e., surface adsorption). The results of this study will help reduce uncertainty in the prediction of Se dynamics and food-chain transfer in freshwater environments. Further exploration of the ecological consequences of extracellular adsorption of Se(IV) to periphyton, rather than intracellular absorption, is recommended to further refine predictions related to Se biodynamics in freshwater food webs.</abstract>
			<url hash="8944711c">G19-113001</url>
			<pages>693-704</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.004</doi>
			<bibkey>Markwart-2019-Selenium</bibkey>
			<project>prj1</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="114">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Frontiers in Physiology, Volume 10</booktitle>
			<publisher>Frontiers Media SA</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Multiple Stressors in the Environment: The Effects of Exposure to an Antidepressant (Venlafaxine) and Increased Temperature on Zebrafish Metabolism</title>
			<author>
				<first>Hossein</first>
				<last>Mehdi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Leslie M.</first>
				<last>Bragg</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mark R.</first>
				<last>Servos</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Paul M.</first>
				<last>Craig</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Aquatic organisms are continuously exposed to multiple environmental stressors working cumulatively to alter ecosystems. Wastewater-dominated environments are often riddled by a myriad of stressors, such as chemical and thermal stressors. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of an environmentally relevant concentration of a commonly prescribed antidepressant, venlafaxine (VFX) [1.0 μg/L], in addition to a 5°C increase in water temperature on zebrafish metabolism. Fish were chronically exposed (21 days) to one of four conditions: (i) 0 μg/L VFX at 27°C; (ii) 1.0 μg/L VFX at 27°C; (iii) 0 μg/L VFX at 32°C; (iv) 1.0 μg/L VFX at 32°C. Following exposure, whole-body metabolism was assessed by routine metabolic rate (RMR) measurements, whereas tissue-specific metabolism was assessed by measuring the activities of major metabolic enzymes in addition to glucose levels in muscle. RMR was significantly higher in the multi-stressed group relative to Control. The combination of both stressors resulted in elevated pyruvate kinase activity and glucose levels, while lipid metabolism was depressed, as measured by 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase activity. Citrate synthase activity increased with the onset of temperature, but only in the group treatment without VFX. Catalase activity was also elevated with the onset of the temperature stressor, however, that was not the case for the multi-stressed group, potentially indicating a deleterious effect of VFX on the anti-oxidant defense mechanism. The results of this study highlight the importance of multiple-stressor research, as it able to further bridge the gap between field and laboratory studies, as well as have the potential of yielding surprising results that may have not been predicted using a conventional single-stressor approach.</abstract>
			<url hash="149349a5">G19-114001</url>
			<doi>10.3389/fphys.2019.01431</doi>
			<bibkey>Mehdi-2019-Multiple</bibkey>
			<project>prj23</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="115">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Hydrology, Volume 568</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Subjective modeling decisions can significantly impact the simulation of flood and drought events</title>
			<author>
				<first>Lieke</first>
				<last>Melsen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Adriaan J.</first>
				<last>Teuling</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>P.J.J.F.</first>
				<last>Torfs</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Massimiliano</first>
				<last>Zappa</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Naoki</first>
				<last>Mizukami</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Pablo A.</first>
				<last>Mendoza</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Martyn</first>
				<last>Clark</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>R.</first>
				<last>Uijlenhoet</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>It is generally acknowledged in the environmental sciences that the choice of a computational model impacts the research results. In this study of a flood and drought event in the Swiss Thur basin, we show that modeling decisions during the model configuration, beyond the model choice, also impact the model results. In our carefully designed experiment we investigated four modeling decisions in ten nested basins: the spatial resolution of the model, the spatial representation of the forcing data, the calibration period, and the performance metric. The flood characteristics were mainly affected by the performance metric, whereas the drought characteristics were mainly affected by the calibration period. The results could be related to the processes that triggered the particular events studied. The impact of the modeling decisions on the simulations did, however, vary among the investigated sub-basins. In spite of the limitations of this study, our findings have important implications for the understanding and quantification of uncertainty in any hydrological or even environmental model. Modeling decisions during model configuration introduce subjectivity from the modeler. Multiple working hypotheses during model configuration can provide insights on the impact of such subjective modeling decisions.</abstract>
			<url hash="ac2f2ec0">G19-115001</url>
			<pages>1093-1104</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.11.046</doi>
			<bibkey>Melsen-2019-Subjective</bibkey>
			<project>prj9</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="116">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 46, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Heterogeneous Changes in Western North American Glaciers Linked to Decadal Variability in Zonal Wind Strength</title>
			<author>
				<first>Brian</first>
				<last>Menounos</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Romain</first>
				<last>Hugonnet</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>David</first>
				<last>Shean</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Alex</first>
				<last>Gardner</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>I. M.</first>
				<last>Howat</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Étienne</first>
				<last>Berthier</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ben M.</first>
				<last>Pelto</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>C.</first>
				<last>Tennant</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. M.</first>
				<last>Shea</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Myoung‐Jong</first>
				<last>Noh</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Fanny</first>
				<last>Brun</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Amaury</first>
				<last>Dehecq</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Western North American (WNA) glaciers outside of Alaska cover 14,384 km2 of mountainous terrain. No comprehensive analysis of recent mass change exists for this region. We generated over 15,000 multisensor digital elevation models from spaceborne optical imagery to provide an assessment of mass change for WNA over the period 2000–2018. These glaciers lost 117 ± 42 gigatons (Gt) of mass, which accounts for up to 0.32 ± 0.11 mm of sea level rise over the full period of study. We observe a fourfold increase in mass loss rates between 2000–2009 [−2.9 ± 3.1 Gt yr−1] and 2009–2018 [−12.3 ± 4.6 Gt yr−1], and we attribute this change to a shift in regional meteorological conditions driven by the location and strength of upper level zonal wind. Our results document decadal‐scale climate variability over WNA that will likely modulate glacier mass change in the future.</abstract>
			<url hash="be9a812e">G19-116001</url>
			<pages>200-209</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2018gl080942</doi>
			<bibkey>Menounos-2019-Heterogeneous</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="117">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>River Research and Applications</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Seasonal effects of a hydropeaking dam on a downstream benthic macroinvertebrate community</title>
			<author>
				<first>Jordan E.</first>
				<last>Mihalicz</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Timothy D.</first>
				<last>Jardine</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Helen M.</first>
				<last>Baulch</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Iain D.</first>
				<last>Phillips</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>As more hydroelectric dams regulate rivers to meet growing energy demands, there is ongoing concern about downstream effects, including impacts on downstream benthic macroinvertebrate (BMI) communities. Hydropeaking is a common hydroelectric practice where short‐term variation in power production leads to large and often rapid fluctuations in discharge and water level. There are key knowledge gaps on the ecosystem impacts of hydropeaking in large rivers, the seasonality of these impacts, and whether dams can be managed to lessen impacts. We assessed how patterns of hydropeaking affect abundance, taxonomic richness, and relative tolerance of BMIs in the Saskatchewan River (Saskatchewan, Canada). Reaches immediately (&lt;2 km) downstream of the dam generally had high densities of BMIs and comparable taxonomic diversity relative to upstream locations but were characterized by lower ratios of sensitive (e.g., Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) to tolerant (e.g., Chironomidae) taxa. The magnitude of effect varied with seasonal changes in discharge. Understanding the effects of river regulation on BMI biodiversity and river health has implications for mitigating the impacts of hydropeaking dams on downstream ecosystems. Although we demonstrated that a hydropeaking dam may contribute to a significantly different downstream BMI assemblage, we emphasize that seasonality is a key consideration. The greatest differences between upstream and downstream locations occurred in spring, suggesting standard methods of late summer and fall sampling may underestimate ecosystem‐scale impacts.</abstract>
			<url hash="0626e64b">G19-117001</url>
			<doi>10.1002/rra.3434</doi>
			<bibkey>Mihalicz-2019-Seasonal</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>Modelling the effects of climate and flow regulation on ice‐affected backwater staging in a large northern river</title>
			<author>
				<first>Prabin</first>
				<last>Rokaya</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Daniel L.</first>
				<last>Peters</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Barrie</first>
				<last>Bonsal</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>H. S.</first>
				<last>Wheater</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Karl‐Erich</first>
				<last>Lindenschmidt</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>In cold region environments, ice‐jam floods (IJFs) pose a severe risk to local communities, economies, and ecosystems. Previous studies have shown that both climate and regulation affect IJF probabilities, but their relative impacts are poorly understood. This study presents a probabilistic modelling framework that couples hydrologic and hydraulic models to assess the relative role of regulated and naturalized flows on ice‐affected backwater staging. The framework is evaluated at an IJF‐prone town on the Peace River in western Canada, which has been regulated since 1972. Naturalized flows were generated for the comparison, and ice‐affected backwater profiles were calculated along jams of varying length and location and for different combinations of model parameters and boundary conditions. Results show significant differences in backwater staging (~2 m for a return period of T = 1:10 year) between two study time periods (1973–1992 vs 1993–2012) as compared with two different hydraulic flow conditions (regulated vs naturalized), suggesting a larger role of climate than regulation in backwater staging. However, regulation was found to offset flood risk during the 1973–1992 period and exacerbate flood risk during the 1993–2012 period.</abstract>
			<url hash="9f2fb7f1">G19-117002</url>
			<doi>10.1002/rra.3436</doi>
			<bibkey>Rokaya-2019-Modelling</bibkey>
			<project>prj9</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="118">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Geomatica, Volume 73, Issue 4</booktitle>
			<publisher>Canadian Science Publishing</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Application of a 1 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; resolution model for climate change effects upon Benin and Nigeria vegetable agriculture</title>
			<author>
				<first>Colin Michael</first>
				<last>Minielly</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>O.C.</first>
				<last>Adebooye</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>P. B. Irénikatché</first>
				<last>Akponikpè</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>D. J.</first>
				<last>Oyedele</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>D. de</first>
				<last>Boer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yanping</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Derek</first>
				<last>Peak</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Climate change and food security are complex global issues that require multidisciplinary approaches to resolve. A nexus exists between both issues, especially in developing countries, but little prior research has successfully bridged the divide. Existing resolutions to climate change and food security are expensive and resource demanding. Climate modelling is at the forefront of climate change literature and development planning, whereas agronomy research is leading food security plans. The Benin Republic and Nigeria have grown and developed in recent years but may not have all the tools required to implement and sustain long-term food security in the face of climate change. The objective of this paper is to describe the development and outputs of a new model that bridges climate change and food security. Data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 5th Regional Assessment (IPCC AR5) were combined with a biodiversity database to develop the model to derive these outputs. The model was used to demonstrate what potential impacts climate change will have on the regional food security by incorporating agronomic data from four local underutilized indigenous vegetables (Amaranthus cruentus L., Solanum macrocarpon L., Telfairia occidentalis Hook f., and Ocimum gratissimum L.). The model shows that, by 2099, there is significant uncertainty within the optimal recommendations that originated from the MicroVeg project. This suggests that MicroVeg will not have long-term success for food security unless additional options (e.g., new field trials, shifts in vegetable grown) are considered, creating the need for need for more dissemination tools.</abstract>
			<url hash="5e45f61d">G19-118001</url>
			<pages>93-106</pages>
			<doi>10.1139/geomat-2019-0014</doi>
			<bibkey>Minielly-2019-Application</bibkey>
			<project>prj39</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="119">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Volume 23, Issue 6</booktitle>
			<publisher>Copernicus GmbH</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>On the choice of calibration metrics for “high-flow” estimation using hydrologic models</title>
			<author>
				<first>Naoki</first>
				<last>Mizukami</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Oldřich</first>
				<last>Rakovec</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Andrew J.</first>
				<last>Newman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Martyn</first>
				<last>Clark</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Andrew W.</first>
				<last>Wood</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hoshin V.</first>
				<last>Gupta</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Rohini</first>
				<last>Kumar</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Calibration is an essential step for improving the accuracy of simulations generated using hydrologic models. A key modeling decision is selecting the performance metric to be optimized. It has been common to use squared error performance metrics, or normalized variants such as Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), based on the idea that their squared-error nature will emphasize the estimates of high flows. However, we conclude that NSE-based model calibrations actually result in poor reproduction of high-flow events, such as the annual peak flows that are used for flood frequency estimation. Using three different types of performance metrics, we calibrate two hydrological models at a daily step, the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model and the mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM), and evaluate their ability to simulate high-flow events for 492 basins throughout the contiguous United States. The metrics investigated are (1) NSE, (2) Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) and its variants, and (3) annual peak flow bias (APFB), where the latter is an application-specific metric that focuses on annual peak flows. As expected, the APFB metric produces the best annual peak flow estimates; however, performance on other high-flow-related metrics is poor. In contrast, the use of NSE results in annual peak flow estimates that are more than 20 % worse, primarily due to the tendency of NSE to underestimate observed flow variability. On the other hand, the use of KGE results in annual peak flow estimates that are better than from NSE, owing to improved flow time series metrics (mean and variance), with only a slight degradation in performance with respect to other related metrics, particularly when a non-standard weighting of the components of KGE is used. Stochastically generated ensemble simulations based on model residuals show the ability to improve the high-flow metrics, regardless of the deterministic performances. However, we emphasize that improving the fidelity of streamflow dynamics from deterministically calibrated models is still important, as it may improve high-flow metrics (for the right reasons). Overall, this work highlights the need for a deeper understanding of performance metric behavior and design in relation to the desired goals of model calibration.</abstract>
			<url hash="e6f99178">G19-119001</url>
			<pages>2601-2614</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-23-2601-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Mizukami-2019-On</bibkey>
			<project>prj9</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>Spatially distributed tracer-aided runoff modelling and dynamics of storage and water ages in a permafrost-influenced catchment</title>
			<author>
				<first>Thea Ilaria</first>
				<last>Piovano</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Doerthe</first>
				<last>Tetzlaff</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sean K.</first>
				<last>Carey</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nadine J.</first>
				<last>Shatilla</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Aaron</first>
				<last>Smith</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chris</first>
				<last>Soulsby</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Permafrost strongly controls hydrological processes in cold regions. Our understanding of how changes in seasonal and perennial frozen ground disposition and linked storage dynamics affect runoff generation processes remains limited. Storage dynamics and water redistribution are influenced by the seasonal variability and spatial heterogeneity of frozen ground, snow accumulation and melt. Stable isotopes are potentially useful for quantifying the dynamics of water sources, flow paths and ages, yet few studies have employed isotope data in permafrost-influenced catchments. Here, we applied the conceptual model STARR (the Spatially distributed Tracer-Aided Rainfall–Runoff model), which facilitates fully distributed simulations of hydrological storage dynamics and runoff processes, isotopic composition and water ages. We adapted this model for a subarctic catchment in Yukon Territory, Canada, with a time-variable implementation of field capacity to include the influence of thaw dynamics. A multi-criteria calibration based on stream flow, snow water equivalent and isotopes was applied to 3 years of data. The integration of isotope data in the spatially distributed model provided the basis for quantifying spatio-temporal dynamics of water storage and ages, emphasizing the importance of thaw layer dynamics in mixing and damping the melt signal. By using the model conceptualization of spatially and temporally variable storage, this study demonstrates the ability of tracer-aided modelling to capture thaw layer dynamics that cause mixing and damping of the isotopic melt signal.</abstract>
			<url hash="7ff0c0c2">G19-119002</url>
			<pages>2507-2523</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-23-2507-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Piovano-2019-Spatially</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="120">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Freshwater Science, Volume 38, Issue 4</booktitle>
			<publisher>University of Chicago Press</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Understanding and managing the re-eutrophication of Lake Erie: Knowledge gaps and research priorities</title>
			<author>
				<first>Mohamed N.</first>
				<last>Mohamed</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Christopher</first>
				<last>Wellen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chris T.</first>
				<last>Parsons</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>William D.</first>
				<last>Taylor</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>George B.</first>
				<last>Arhonditsis</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Krista M.</first>
				<last>Chomicki</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Duncan</first>
				<last>Boyd</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Paul</first>
				<last>Weidman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Scott O. C.</first>
				<last>Mundle</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philippe Van</first>
				<last>Cappellen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Andrew N.</first>
				<last>Sharpley</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Douglas</first>
				<last>Haffner</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>AbstractEutrophication of freshwaters is already a problem in many regions globally and will probably worsen as human populations grow and consume more resources. The ability of researchers and gov...</abstract>
			<url hash="dc51a422">G19-120001</url>
			<pages>675-691</pages>
			<doi>10.1086/705915</doi>
			<bibkey>Mohamed-2019-Understanding</bibkey>
			<project>prj22</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="121">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>2019 34th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering Workshop (ASEW)</booktitle>
			<publisher>IEEE</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Automatic Components Separation of Obfuscated Android Applications: An Empirical Study of Design Based Features</title>
			<author>
				<first>Amit Kumar</first>
				<last>Mondal</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chanchal K.</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Banani</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin A.</first>
				<last>Schneider</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>In modern days, mobile applications (apps) have become omnipresent. Components of mobile apps (such as 3rd party libraries) require to be separated and analyzed differently for security issue detection, repackaged app detection, tumor code purification and so on. Various techniques are available to automatically analyze mobile apps. However, analysis of the app's executable binary remains challenging due to required curated database, large codebases and obfuscation. Considering these, we focus on exploring a versatile technique to separate different components with design-based features independent of code obfuscation. Particularly, we conducted an empirical study using design patterns and fuzzy signatures to separate app components such as 3rd party libraries. In doing so, we built a system for automatically extracting design patterns from both the executable package (APK) and Jar of an Android application. The experimental results with various standard datasets containing 3rd party libraries, obfuscated apps and malwares reveal that design features like these are present significantly within them (within 60% APKs including malware). Moreover, these features remain unaltered even after app obfuscation. Finally, as a case study, we found that the design patterns alone can detect 3rd party libraries within the obfuscated apps considerably (F1 score is 32%). Overall, our empirical study reveals that design features might play a versatile role in separating various Android components for various purposes.</abstract>
			<url hash="64edc347">G19-121001</url>
			<doi>10.1109/asew.2019.00022</doi>
			<bibkey>Mondal-2019-Automatic</bibkey>
			<project>prj8</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="122">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Visual Informatics, Volume 3, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Clone-World: A visual analytic system for large scale software clones</title>
			<author>
				<first>Debajyoti</first>
				<last>Mondal</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Manishankar</first>
				<last>Mondal</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chanchal K.</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin A.</first>
				<last>Schneider</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yukun</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Shisong</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract With the era of big data approaching, the number of software systems, their dependencies, as well as the complexity of the individual system is becoming larger and more intricate. Understanding these evolving software systems is thus a primary challenge for cost-effective software management and maintenance. In this paper we perform a case study with evolving code clones. The programmers often need to manually analyze the co-evolution of clone fragments to decide about refactoring, tracking, and bug removal. However, manual analysis is time consuming, and nearly infeasible for a large number of clones, e.g., with millions of similarity pairs, where clones are evolving over hundreds of software revisions. We propose an interactive visual analytics system, Clone-World, which leverages big data visualization approach to manage code clones in large software systems. Clone-World, gives an intuitive yet powerful solution to the clone analytic problems. Clone-World combines multiple information-linked zoomable views, where users can explore and analyze clones through interactive exploration in real time. User studies and experts’ reviews suggest that Clone-World may assist developers in many real-life software development and maintenance scenarios. We believe that Clone-World will ease the management and maintenance of clones, and inspire future innovation to adapt visual analytics to manage big software systems.</abstract>
			<url hash="76586ca9">G19-122001</url>
			<pages>18-26</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.visinf.2019.03.003</doi>
			<bibkey>Mondal-2019-Clone-World:</bibkey>
			<project>prj8</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="123">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Systems and Software, Volume 158</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>An empirical study on bug propagation through code cloning</title>
			<author>
				<first>Manishankar</first>
				<last>Mondal</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Banani</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chanchal K.</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin A.</first>
				<last>Schneider</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Code clones are identical or nearly similar code fragments in a code-base. According to the existing studies, code clones are directly related to bugs. Code cloning, creating code clones, is suspected to propagate temporarily hidden bugs from one code fragment to another. However, there is no study on the intensity of bug-propagation through code cloning. In this paper, we define two clone evolutionary patterns that reasonably indicate bug propagation through code cloning. By analyzing software evolution history, we identify those code clones that evolved following the bug propagation patterns. According to our study on thousands of commits of seven subject systems, overall 18.42% of the clone fragments that experience bug-fixes contain propagated bugs. Type-3 clones are primarily involved with bug-propagation. Bug propagation is more likely to occur in the clone fragments that are created in the same commit rather than in different commits. Moreover, code clones residing in the same file have a higher possibility of containing propagated bugs compared to those residing in different files. Severe bugs can sometimes get propagated through code cloning. Automatic support for immediately identifying occurrences of bug-propagation can be beneficial for software maintenance. Our findings are important for prioritizing code clones for management.</abstract>
			<url hash="cee40bcc">G19-123001</url>
			<pages>110407</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.jss.2019.110407</doi>
			<bibkey>Mondal-2019-An</bibkey>
			<project>prj8</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="124">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>2019 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME)</booktitle>
			<publisher>IEEE</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Investigating Context Adaptation Bugs in Code Clones</title>
			<author>
				<first>Manishankar</first>
				<last>Mondal</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Banani</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chanchal K.</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin A.</first>
				<last>Schneider</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The identical or nearly similar code fragments in a code-base are called code clones. There is a common belief that code cloning (copy/pasting code fragments) can introduce bugs in a software system if the copied code fragments are not properly adapted to their contexts (i.e., surrounding code). However, none of the existing studies have investigated whether such bugs are really present in code clones. We denote these bugs as Context Adaptation Bugs, or simply Context-Bugs, in our paper and investigate the extent to which they can be present in code clones. We define and automatically analyze two clone evolutionary patterns that indicate fixing of Context-Bugs. According to our analysis on thousands of revisions of six open-source subject systems written in Java, C, and C#, code cloning often introduces Context-Bugs in software systems. Around 50% of the clone related bug-fixes can occur for fixing Context-Bugs. Cloning (copy/pasting) a newly created code fragment (i.e., a code fragment that was not added in a former revision) is more likely to introduce Context-Bugs compared to cloning a preexisting fragment (i.e., a code fragment that was added in a former revision). Moreover, cloning across different files appears to have a significantly higher tendency of introducing Context-Bugs compared to cloning within the same file. Finally, Type 3 clones (gapped clones) have the highest tendency of containing Context-Bugs among the three major clone-types. Our findings can be important for early detection as well as removal of Context-Bugs in code clones.</abstract>
			<url hash="53333375">G19-124001</url>
			<doi>10.1109/icsme.2019.00026</doi>
			<bibkey>Mondal-2019-Investigating</bibkey>
			<project>prj8</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="125">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>ChemBioChem, Volume 21, Issue 3</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Replacing Mg&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;by Fe&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;for RNA‐Cleaving DNAzymes</title>
			<author>
				<first>Woohyun J.</first>
				<last>Moon</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Juewen</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>It has been proposed that Mg2+ and Fe2+ are very similar in interacting with ribozymes and some protein-based enzymes, but their activities with DNAzymes have yet to be studied. Here, the activity of Fe2+ as cofactor for a few RNA-cleaving DNAzymes is investigated. 17E is a well-studied DNAzyme that is active in the presence of many different divalent metal ions; it is highly active with Fe2+ with an apparent Kd of 29.7±2.3 μm and a kobs of 1.12±0.11 min-1 in the presence of 1 mm Fe2+ at pH 7.5. Fe2+ has 21-fold higher activity than Mg2+ . Six different DNAzymes are then tested, and only the DNAzymes active with Mg2+ (17E, 8-17, and E5) are active with Fe2+ . Fe2+ has 25 and one- to twofold higher activity than Mg2+ for the 8-17 and E5 DNAzymes, respectively. In pH&gt;7 buffer and in presence of air, 1 mm Fe2+ results in a nonspecific degradation of the DNA strand due to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cleavage reactions in anoxic environment and antioxidant ascorbate can be used to overcome the effect of oxidation. The findings provide insights for potential DNAzyme catalysis in the early Earth, and they further support the similarity between Mg2+ and Fe2+ in enzyme catalysis.</abstract>
			<url hash="eb8f5410">G19-125001</url>
			<pages>401-407</pages>
			<doi>10.1002/cbic.201900344</doi>
			<bibkey>Moon-2019-Replacing</bibkey>
			<project>prj38</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="126">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Ecological Modelling, Volume 407</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Changes in streamflow and water temperature affect fish habitat in the Athabasca River basin in the context of climate change</title>
			<author>
				<first>L. A.</first>
				<last>Morales-Marín</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Prabin</first>
				<last>Rokaya</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Palash</first>
				<last>Sanyal</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jeff</first>
				<last>Sereda</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Karl‐Erich</first>
				<last>Lindenschmidt</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>• A physically-based semi-distributed hydrological model and a 1D stream water temperature model forced by climate change scenarios is presented here to analyze the effects of stream flow and water temperature changes on fish habitat in the Athabasca River catchment. • Streamflow decreases in most of the catchment will reduce flow velocities and water depths causing current Athabasca Rainbow Trout habitat to be suboptimal. • Increases in water temperature will result in habitat contraction concentrating Athabasca Rainbow Trout in the upper headwaters of the catchment. • Athabasca Rainbow Trout habitat can potentially be reduced as the frequency of occurrence of life threatening and lethal water temperatures tend to increase, particularly in summer. Changes to natural flow and air temperature in the context of climate change can have impacts on physiology, distribution and survival of fish. Of particular interest is the Athabasca River basin, a highly biologically productive basin that includes one of the largest boreal freshwater inland river deltas in the world and serves as habitat for many fish species. Earlier melt events, higher winter and spring flows and lower summer flows are expected as a consequence of climate change in this basin. Here, we model changes in river flow and water temperature under changing climate scenarios through the integration of a physically-based semi-distributed hydrological model and a 1D stream water temperature model forced by climate change scenarios. The modeled changes in streamflow and water temperature are used to predict changes in habitat suitability for the Athabasca Rainbow Trout (ART) ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), a unique ecotype of trout considered as a ‘species at risk’. The results indicate that future flow decreases in most of the basin can lead to reduced flow velocities and water depths making current ART habitat suboptimal. Also, warming low-land habitats and increasing water temperatures will increase metabolic rates and stress fish forcing them to migrate upstream to cooler waters confining their habitat range.</abstract>
			<url hash="f93afbfe">G19-126001</url>
			<pages>108718</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108718</doi>
			<bibkey>Morales-Marín-2019-Changes</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="127">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Environmental Management, Volume 64, Issue 5</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Flood Risk Management in Canada’s Prairie Provinces: an Analysis of Decision-Maker Priorities and Policy Preferences</title>
			<author>
				<first>Alasdair</first>
				<last>Morrison</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bram</first>
				<last>Noble</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Cherie J.</first>
				<last>Westbrook</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>If the aim of flood risk management (FRM) is to increase society’s resilience to floods, then a holistic treatment of flood risk is required that addresses flood prevention, defence, mitigation, preparation, and response and recovery. Progressing resilience-based management to flood risk requires both diversity and coordination of policy across multiple jurisdictions. Decision makers and the types of FRM policy decisions they make play a key role in implementing FRM policies and strategies that progress flood resilience. This paper explores how policy preferences held by FRM decision makers relate to the characteristics of resilient FRM policy. The research was conducted in three flood-prone provinces in western Canada using a multi-criteria analytical approach. The results show that while decision maker FRM priorities are similar across the Canadian Prairies, their preferred FRM policies differ. Further, preferred FRM policies were largely resistance-based and influenced at least as much by flood experiences and perceptions of flood risk as by more obvious administrative pressures such as cost, public acceptability, and environmental protection. Several observations emerge from these results for advancing a coordinated, diversified approach to FRM which is required for resilience, both for western Canada and for FRM more broadly.</abstract>
			<url hash="41869c9b">G19-127001</url>
			<pages>608-625</pages>
			<doi>10.1007/s00267-019-01208-0</doi>
			<bibkey>Morrison-2019-Flood</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="128">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Volume 3, Issue EICS</booktitle>
			<publisher>Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Designing for Real-Time Groupware Systems to Support Complex Scientific Data Analysis</title>
			<author>
				<first>Golam</first>
				<last>Mostaeen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Banani</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chanchal K.</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin A.</first>
				<last>Schneider</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Scientific Workflow Management Systems (SWfMSs) have become popular for accelerating the specification, execution, visualization, and monitoring of data-intensive scientific experiments. Unfortunately, to the best of our knowledge no existing SWfMSs directly support collaboration. Data is increasing in complexity, dimensionality, and volume, and the efficient analysis of data often goes beyond the realm of an individual and requires collaboration with multiple researchers from varying domains. In this paper, we propose a groupware system architecture for data analysis that in addition to supporting collaboration, also incorporates features from SWfMSs to support modern data analysis processes. As a proof of concept for the proposed architecture we developed SciWorCS - a groupware system for scientific data analysis. We present two real-world use-cases: collaborative software repository analysis and bioinformatics data analysis. The results of the experiments evaluating the proposed system are promising. Our bioinformatics user study demonstrates that SciWorCS can leverage real-world data analysis tasks by supporting real-time collaboration among users.</abstract>
			<url hash="19e58ccd">G19-128001</url>
			<pages>1-28</pages>
			<doi>10.1145/3331151</doi>
			<bibkey>Mostaeen-2019-Designing</bibkey>
			<project>prj8</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="129">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Proceedings of the 2019 27th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering</booktitle>
			<publisher>ACM</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>CloneCognition: machine learning based code clone validation tool</title>
			<author>
				<first>Golam</first>
				<last>Mostaeen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jeffrey</first>
				<last>Svajlenko</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Banani</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chanchal K.</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin A.</first>
				<last>Schneider</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>A code clone is a pair of similar code fragments, within or between software systems. To detect each possible clone pair from a software system while handling the complex code structures, the clone detection tools undergo a lot of generalization of the original source codes. The generalization often results in returning code fragments that are only coincidentally similar and not considered clones by users, and hence requires manual validation of the reported possible clones by users which is often both time-consuming and challenging. In this paper, we propose a machine learning based tool 'CloneCognition' (Open Source Codes: https://github.com/pseudoPixels/CloneCognition ; Video Demonstration: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYQjmdr8rsw) to automate the laborious manual validation process. The tool runs on top of any code clone detection tools to facilitate the clone validation process. The tool shows promising clone classification performance with an accuracy of up to 87.4%. The tool also exhibits significant improvement in the results when compared with state-of-the-art techniques for code clone validation.</abstract>
			<url hash="a159eba8">G19-129001</url>
			<doi>10.1145/3338906.3341182</doi>
			<bibkey>Mostaeen-2019-CloneCognition:</bibkey>
			<project>prj8</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="130">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>2019 34th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)</booktitle>
			<publisher>IEEE</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>CLCDSA: Cross Language Code Clone Detection using Syntactical Features and API Documentation</title>
			<author>
				<first>Kawser Wazed</first>
				<last>Nafi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Tonny Shekha</first>
				<last>Kar</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Banani</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chanchal K.</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin A.</first>
				<last>Schneider</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Software clones are detrimental to software maintenance and evolution and as a result many clone detectors have been proposed. These tools target clone detection in software applications written in a single programming language. However, a software application may be written in different languages for different platforms to improve the application's platform compatibility and adoption by users of different platforms. Cross language clones (CLCs) introduce additional challenges when maintaining multi-platform applications and would likely go undetected using existing tools. In this paper, we propose CLCDSA, a cross language clone detector which can detect CLCs without extensive processing of the source code and without the need to generate an intermediate representation. The proposed CLCDSA model analyzes different syntactic features of source code across different programming languages to detect CLCs. To support large scale clone detection, the CLCDSA model uses an action filter based on cross language API call similarity to discard non-potential clones. The design methodology of CLCDSA is two-fold: (a) it detects CLCs on the fly by comparing the similarity of features, and (b) it uses a deep neural network based feature vector learning model to learn the features and detect CLCs. Early evaluation of the model observed an average precision, recall and F-measure score of 0.55, 0.86, and 0.64 respectively for the first phase and 0.61, 0.93, and 0.71 respectively for the second phase which indicates that CLCDSA outperforms all available models in detecting cross language clones.</abstract>
			<url hash="e1318d92">G19-130001</url>
			<doi>10.1109/ase.2019.00099</doi>
			<bibkey>Nafi-2019-CLCDSA:</bibkey>
			<project>prj8</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>Learning from Examples to Find Fully Qualified Names of API Elements in Code Snippets</title>
			<author>
				<first>C M Khaled</first>
				<last>Saifullah</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Muhammad</first>
				<last>Asaduzzaman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chanchal K.</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Developers often reuse code snippets from online forums, such as Stack Overflow, to learn API usages of software frameworks or libraries. These code snippets often contain ambiguous undeclared external references. Such external references make it difficult to learn and use those APIs correctly. In particular, reusing code snippets containing such ambiguous undeclared external references requires significant manual efforts and expertise to resolve them. Manually resolving fully qualified names (FQN) of API elements is a non-trivial task. In this paper, we propose a novel context-sensitive technique, called COSTER, to resolve FQNs of API elements in such code snippets. The proposed technique collects locally specific source code elements as well as globally related tokens as the context of FQNs, calculates likelihood scores, and builds an occurrence likelihood dictionary (OLD). Given an API element as a query, COSTER captures the context of the query API element, matches that with the FQNs of API elements stored in the OLD, and rank those matched FQNs leveraging three different scores: likelihood, context similarity, and name similarity scores. Evaluation with more than 600K code examples collected from GitHub and two different Stack Overflow datasets shows that our proposed technique improves precision by 4-6% and recall by 3-22% compared to state-of-the-art techniques. The proposed technique significantly reduces the training time compared to the StatType, a state-of-the-art technique, without sacrificing accuracy. Extensive analyses on results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed technique.</abstract>
			<url hash="7838dc28">G19-130002</url>
			<doi>10.1109/ase.2019.00032</doi>
			<bibkey>Saifullah-2019-Learning</bibkey>
			<project>prj8</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="131">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Nature Climate Change, Volume 9, Issue 11</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Large loss of CO2 in winter observed across the northern permafrost region</title>
			<author>
				<first>Susan M.</first>
				<last>Natali</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jennifer D.</first>
				<last>Watts</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Brendan M.</first>
				<last>Rogers</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Stefano</first>
				<last>Potter</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>S.</first>
				<last>Ludwig</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>A. K.</first>
				<last>Selbmann</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Patrick F.</first>
				<last>Sullivan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Benjamin W.</first>
				<last>Abbott</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kyle A.</first>
				<last>Arndt</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Leah</first>
				<last>Birch</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mats P.</first>
				<last>Björkman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>A. Anthony</first>
				<last>Bloom</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gerardo</first>
				<last>Celis</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Torben R.</first>
				<last>Christensen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Casper T.</first>
				<last>Christiansen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>R.</first>
				<last>Commane</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Elisabeth J.</first>
				<last>Cooper</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>P. M.</first>
				<last>Crill</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>C. I.</first>
				<last>Czimczik</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>S. P.</first>
				<last>Davydov</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jinyang</first>
				<last>Du</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. E.</first>
				<last>Egan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bo</first>
				<last>Elberling</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>E. S.</first>
				<last>Euskirchen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Thomas</first>
				<last>Friborg</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hélène</first>
				<last>Genet</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mathias</first>
				<last>Göckede</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jordan P.</first>
				<last>Goodrich</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Paul</first>
				<last>Grogan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Manuel</first>
				<last>Helbig</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Elchin</first>
				<last>Jafarov</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Julie</first>
				<last>Jastrow</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Aram</first>
				<last>Kalhori</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yongwon</first>
				<last>Kim</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John S.</first>
				<last>Kimball</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lars</first>
				<last>Kutzbach</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mark J.</first>
				<last>Lara</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Klaus Steenberg</first>
				<last>Larsen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bang-Yong</first>
				<last>Lee</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zhihua</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. M.</first>
				<last>Loranty</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Magnus</first>
				<last>Lund</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Massimo</first>
				<last>Lupascu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nima</first>
				<last>Madani</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Avni</first>
				<last>Malhotra</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Roser</first>
				<last>Matamala</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jack W.</first>
				<last>McFarland</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>A. David</first>
				<last>McGuire</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Anders</first>
				<last>Michelsen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Christina</first>
				<last>Minions</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Walter C.</first>
				<last>Oechel</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>David</first>
				<last>Olefeldt</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Frans‐Jan W.</first>
				<last>Parmentier</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Norbert</first>
				<last>Pirk</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Benjamin</first>
				<last>Poulter</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>W. L.</first>
				<last>Quinton</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Fereidoun</first>
				<last>Rezanezhad</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>David</first>
				<last>Risk</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Torsten</first>
				<last>Sachs</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin</first>
				<last>Schaefer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Niels Martin</first>
				<last>Schmidt</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Edward A. G.</first>
				<last>Schuur</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philipp</first>
				<last>Semenchuk</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gaius R.</first>
				<last>Shaver</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Oliver</first>
				<last>Sonnentag</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gregory</first>
				<last>Starr</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Claire C.</first>
				<last>Treat</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mark P.</first>
				<last>Waldrop</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yihui</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. M.</first>
				<last>Welker</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Christian</first>
				<last>Wille</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xiaofeng</first>
				<last>Xu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zhen</first>
				<last>Zhang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Qianlai</first>
				<last>Zhuang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Donatella</first>
				<last>Zona</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Recent warming in the Arctic, which has been amplified during the winter1-3, greatly enhances microbial decomposition of soil organic matter and subsequent release of carbon dioxide (CO2)4. However, the amount of CO2 released in winter is highly uncertain and has not been well represented by ecosystem models or by empirically-based estimates5,6. Here we synthesize regional in situ observations of CO2 flux from arctic and boreal soils to assess current and future winter carbon losses from the northern permafrost domain. We estimate a contemporary loss of 1662 Tg C yr-1 from the permafrost region during the winter season (October through April). This loss is greater than the average growing season carbon uptake for this region estimated from process models (-1032 Tg C yr-1). Extending model predictions to warmer conditions in 2100 indicates that winter CO2 emissions will increase 17% under a moderate mitigation scenario-Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5-and 41% under business-as-usual emissions scenario-RCP 8.5. Our results provide a new baseline for winter CO2 emissions from northern terrestrial regions and indicate that enhanced soil CO2 loss due to winter warming may offset growing season carbon uptake under future climatic conditions.</abstract>
			<url hash="598deaf7">G19-131001</url>
			<pages>852-857</pages>
			<doi>10.1038/s41558-019-0592-8</doi>
			<bibkey>Natali-2019-Large</bibkey>
			<project>prj28</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="132">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrological Processes, Volume 34, Issue 4</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Controls on evapotranspiration from jack pine forests in the Boreal Plains Ecozone</title>
			<author>
				<first>Mahtab</first>
				<last>Nazarbakhsh</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Andrew</first>
				<last>Ireson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Alan</first>
				<last>Barr</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The exchanges of water, energy and carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere are tightly coupled, so that errors in simulating evapotranspiration lead to errors in simulating both the water and carbon balances. Areas with seasonally frozen soils present a particular challenge due to the snowmelt‐dominated hydrology and the impact of soil freezing on the soil hydraulic properties and plant root water uptake. Land surface schemes that have been applied in high latitudes often have reported problems with simulating the snowpack and runoff. Models applied at the Boreal Ecosystem Research and Monitoring Sites in central Saskatchewan have consistently over‐predicted evapotranspiration as compared with flux tower estimates. We assessed the performance of two Canadian land surface schemes (CLASS and CLASS‐CTEM) for simulating point‐scale evapotranspiration at an instrumented jack pine sandy upland site in the southern edge of the boreal forest in Saskatchewan, Canada. Consistent with past reported results, these models over‐predicted evapotranspiration, as compared with flux tower observations, but only in the spring period. Looking systematically at soil properties and vegetation characteristics, we found that the dominant control on evapotranspiration within these models was the canopy conductance. However, the problem of excessive spring ET could not be solved satisfactorily by changing the soil or vegetation parameters. The model overestimation of spring ET coincided with the overestimation of spring soil liquid water content. Improved algorithms for the infiltration of snowmelt into frozen soils and plant‐water uptake during the snowmelt and soil thaw periods may be key to addressing the biases in spring ET.</abstract>
			<url hash="4b384519">G19-132001</url>
			<pages>927-940</pages>
			<doi>10.1002/hyp.13674</doi>
			<bibkey>Nazarbakhsh-2019-Controls</bibkey>
			<project>prj19</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="133">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Advances in Water Resources, Volume 134</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Tails of extremes: Advancing a graphical method and harnessing big data to assess precipitation extremes</title>
			<author>
				<first>Sofia D.</first>
				<last>Nerantzaki</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Simon Michael</first>
				<last>Papalexiou</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Extremes are rare and unexpected. This limits observations and constrains our knowledge on their predictability and behavior. Graphical tools are among the many methods developed to study extremes. A major weakness is that they rely on visual-inspection inferences which are subjective and make applications to large datasets time-consuming and impractical. Here, we advance a graphical method, the so-called Mean Excess Function (MEF), into an algorithmic procedure. MEF investigates the mean value of a variable over threshold, and thus, focuses on extremes. We formulate precise and easy-to-apply statistical tests, based on the MEF, to assess if observed data can be described by exponential or heavier tails. As a real-world example, we apply our method in 21,348 daily precipitation records from all over the globe. Results show that the exponential-tail hypothesis is rejected in 75.8% of the records indicating that heavy-tail distributions (alternative hypothesis) can better describe rainfall extremes. The spatial variation of the tail heaviness reveals that heavy tails prevail in regions of Australia and Eurasia, with a “hot spot” found in central Russia and Kazakhstan. We deem this study offers a new diagnostic tool in assessing the behavior of extremes, easy to apply in large databases, and for any variable of interest. Our results on precipitation extremes reinforce past findings and further highlight that exponential tails should be used with caution.</abstract>
			<url hash="f384227c">G19-133001</url>
			<pages>103448</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.advwatres.2019.103448</doi>
			<bibkey>Nerantzaki-2019-Tails</bibkey>
			<project>prj32</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="134">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Hydrometeorology, Volume 20, Issue 3</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Meteorological Society</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Methodological Intercomparisons of Station-Based Gridded Meteorological Products: Utility, Limitations, and Paths Forward</title>
			<author>
				<first>Andrew J.</first>
				<last>Newman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Martyn</first>
				<last>Clark</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ryan J.</first>
				<last>Longman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Thomas W.</first>
				<last>Giambelluca</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract This study presents a gridded meteorology intercomparison using the State of Hawaii as a testbed. This is motivated by the goal to provide the broad user community with knowledge of interproduct differences and the reasons differences exist. More generally, the challenge of generating station-based gridded meteorological surfaces and the difficulties in attributing interproduct differences to specific methodological decisions are demonstrated. Hawaii is a useful testbed because it is traditionally underserved, yet meteorologically interesting and complex. In addition, several climatological and daily gridded meteorology datasets are now available, which are used extensively by the applications modeling community, thus an intercomparison enhances Hawaiian specific capabilities. We compare PRISM climatology and three daily datasets: new datasets from the University of Hawai‘i and the National Center for Atmospheric Research, and Daymet version 3 for precipitation and temperature variables only. General conclusions that have emerged are 1) differences in input station data significantly influence the product differences, 2) explicit prediction of precipitation occurrence is crucial across multiple metrics, and 3) attribution of differences to specific methodological choices is difficult and limits the usefulness of intercomparisons. Because generating gridded meteorological fields is an elaborate process with many methodological choices interacting in complex ways, future work should 1) develop modular frameworks that allows users to easily examine the breadth of methodological choices, 2) collate available nontraditional high-quality observational datasets for true out-of-sample validation and make them publicly available, and 3) define benchmarks of acceptable performance for methodological components and products.</abstract>
			<url hash="6e531ac5">G19-134001</url>
			<pages>531-547</pages>
			<doi>10.1175/jhm-d-18-0114.1</doi>
			<bibkey>Newman-2019-Methodological</bibkey>
			<project>prj9</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>A High-Resolution Data Assimilation Framework for Snow Water Equivalent Estimation across the Western United States and Validation with the Airborne Snow Observatory</title>
			<author>
				<first>C. M.</first>
				<last>Oaida</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. T.</first>
				<last>Reager</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Konstantinos M.</first>
				<last>Andreadis</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Cédric H.</first>
				<last>David</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Steve R.</first>
				<last>Levoe</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>T. H.</first>
				<last>Painter</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>K. J.</first>
				<last>Bormann</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>A.</first>
				<last>Trangsrud</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Manuela</first>
				<last>Girotto</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. S.</first>
				<last>Famiglietti</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Numerical simulations of snow water equivalent (SWE) in mountain systems can be biased, and few SWE observations have existed over large domains. New approaches for measuring SWE, like NASA’s ultra-high-resolution Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO), offer an opportunity to improve model estimates by providing a high-quality validation target. In this study, a computationally efficient snow data assimilation (DA) approach over the western United States at 1.75-km spatial resolution for water years (WYs) 2001–17 is presented. A local ensemble transform Kalman filter implemented as a batch smoother is used with the VIC hydrology model to assimilate the remotely sensed daily MODIS fractional snow-covered area (SCA). Validation of the high-resolution SWE estimates is done against ASO SWE data in the Tuolumne basin (California), Uncompahgre basin (Colorado), and Olympic Peninsula (Washington). Results indicate good performance in dry years and during melt, with DA reducing Tuolumne basin-average SWE percent differences from −68%, −92%, and −84% in open loop to 0.6%, 25%, and 3% after DA for WYs 2013–15, respectively, for ASO dates and spatial extent. DA also improved SWE percent difference over the Uncompahgre basin (−84% open loop, −65% DA) and Olympic Peninsula (26% open loop, −0.2% DA). However, in anomalously wet years DA underestimates SWE, likely due to an inadequate snow depletion curve parameterization. Despite potential shortcomings due to VIC model setup (e.g., water balance mode) or parameterization (snow depletion curve), the DA framework implemented in this study shows promise in overcoming some of these limitations and improving estimated SWE, in particular during drier years or at higher elevations, when most in situ observations cannot capture high-elevation snowpack due to lack of stations there.</abstract>
			<url hash="f75a4b7f">G19-134002</url>
			<pages>357-378</pages>
			<doi>10.1175/jhm-d-18-0009.1</doi>
			<bibkey>Oaida-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj9</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="135">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>ACS Sensors, Volume 4, Issue 3</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Chemical Society (ACS)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Suppression of Biofouling on a Permeable Membrane for Dissolved Oxygen Sensing Using a Lubricant-Infused Coating</title>
			<author>
				<first>Matthew</first>
				<last>Osborne</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Aditya</first>
				<last>Aryasomayajula</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Amid</first>
				<last>Shakeri</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>P. Ravi</first>
				<last>Selvaganapathy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Tohid F.</first>
				<last>Didar</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Specific ranges of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations must be maintained in a waterbody for it to be hospitable for aquatic animals. DO sensor designs can employ selectively permeable membranes to isolate DO from untargeted compounds or organisms in waterbodies. Hence, the DO concentration can be monitored and the health of the water can be evaluated over time. However, the presence of bacteria in natural waterbodies can lead to the formation of biofilms that can block pores and prevent analyte from permeating the membrane, resulting in inaccurate readings. In this work, we demonstrate the implementation of a fluorosilane-based omniphobic lubricant-infused (OLI) coating on a selectively permeable membrane and investigate the rate of biofilm formation for a commercially available DO sensor. Coated and unmodified membranes were incubated in an environment undergoing accelerated bacterial growth, and the change in sensitivity was evaluated after 40, 100, 250, and 500 h. Our findings show that the OLI membranes attenuate biofouling by 70% and maintain sensitivity after 3 weeks of incubation, further demonstrating that oxygen transfer through the OLI coating is achievable. Meanwhile, unmodified membranes exhibit significant biofouling that results in a 3.35 higher rate of decay in oxygen measurement sensitivity and an over 70% decrease in static contact angle. These results show that the OLI coating can be applied on commercially available membranes to prevent biofouling. Therefore, OLI coatings are a suitable candidate to suppress biofilm formation in the widespread use of selectively permeable membranes for environmental, medical, and fluid separation applications.</abstract>
			<url hash="d6ef7da0">G19-135001</url>
			<pages>687-693</pages>
			<doi>10.1021/acssensors.8b01541</doi>
			<bibkey>Osborne-2019-Suppression</bibkey>
			<project>prj38</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="136">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Forest Policy and Economics, Volume 100</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>A review of economic approaches modeling the complex interactions between forest management and watershed services</title>
			<author>
				<first>Paola</first>
				<last>Ovando</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Roy</first>
				<last>Brouwer</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract This paper provides a comprehensive review of two decades of published research that applies different economic approaches to address forested watershed management decisions. The review takes stock of the applied integrated economic and ecohydrological modeling approaches and assesses the way these approaches capture the complexities involved when linking ecohydrological and economic systems. The implications of integrating watershed services into forest management decisions are discussed, lessons are drawn from existing approaches and future research needs identified. Existing modeling approaches are categorized from independent modular models with a unidirectional flow of information to fully coupled holistic models, and are analyzed, among others, in terms of the efficiency improvement that forest-based investments achieve in watershed services provision. The review shows that the number of studies investigating the relationship between forest management and watershed services in economic decision-support models is very limited. Only 14 studies that were identified examine these relationships for water supply, while 9 studies were found to focus on the impact on water quality, 2 of which addressed water quality in combination with water supply. A shortcoming is that about half of the studies do not clearly specify baseline conditions to test the incremental value of the evaluated forest management actions in terms of watershed services provision, which undermines evaluating their cost-effectiveness or economic efficiency. A promising finding is nevertheless that in 8 of the 10 studies where these relationships were evaluated in terms of their costs and benefits compared to a specified baseline alternative, forest conservation or forest management is shown to be an economically efficient nature-based solution to supply the watershed services of interest. The limited availability of geo-referenced data and information, including the often complex and confidential nature of cost and price data, and the high data demands of more advanced spatial econometric models are among the main barriers to address relevant forest and water economic interactions. Important future extensions of existing integrated approaches include the further coupling of more detailed ecohydrological models and multi-sectoral hydro-economic models that are able to account for the different risks (floods, droughts, wildfires) and uncertainties under climate change and their impact on watershed services and water security.</abstract>
			<url hash="c45ad24e">G19-136001</url>
			<pages>164-176</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.forpol.2018.12.007</doi>
			<bibkey>Ovando-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj22</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="137">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Eos, Volume 100</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Is the Northern Permafrost Zone a Source or a Sink for Carbon?</title>
			<author>
				<first>Frans‐Jan W.</first>
				<last>Parmentier</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Oliver</first>
				<last>Sonnentag</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Marguerite</first>
				<last>Mauritz</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Anna‐Maria</first>
				<last>Virkkala</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Edward A. G.</first>
				<last>Schuur</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Thawing permafrost could release large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere, but finding out how much requires better collection and curation of data.</abstract>
			<url hash="7ce6b52b">G19-137001</url>
			<doi>10.1029/2019eo130507</doi>
			<bibkey>Parmentier-2019-Is</bibkey>
			<project>prj28</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="138">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrogeology Journal, Volume 27, Issue 6</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Estimation of depression-focussed groundwater recharge using chloride mass balance: problems and solutions across scales</title>
			<author>
				<first>Igor</first>
				<last>Pavlovskii</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Masaki</first>
				<last>Hayashi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Edwin E.</first>
				<last>Cey</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>This study evaluates the applicability of the chloride mass balance (CMB) method for groundwater recharge estimation in a semi-arid region in Canada, where recharge largely occurs under topographic depressions. The CMB applicability was tested at three scales: point-scale recharge rates at different topographical positions; average recharge rates incorporating multiple topographical positions on a local scale; and an identification of spatial trends of recharge on a regional scale. Agricultural chloride inputs were shown to be a major factor affecting chloride concentrations at all three scales, where elevated chloride concentrations in the shallow subsurface affected by agricultural inputs surpassed background concentrations by an order of magnitude. The propagation depth of elevated concentrations varied among study sites from being largely confined to the unsaturated zone to extending well into the saturated zone. Lateral chloride redistribution further affected the CMB applicability for point-scale recharge rates. Specific solutions enabling the CMB application in these conditions are presented, including runoff concentration measurements for point-scale estimates, using groundwater age tracers on a local scale, and using the harmonic mean concentration of a large number of samples on a regional scale.</abstract>
			<url hash="2485a57d">G19-138001</url>
			<pages>2263-2278</pages>
			<doi>10.1007/s10040-019-01993-2</doi>
			<bibkey>Pavlovskii-2019-Estimation</bibkey>
			<project>prj33</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="139">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>The Cryosphere, Volume 13, Issue 6</booktitle>
			<publisher>Copernicus GmbH</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Multi-year evaluation of airborne geodetic surveys to estimate seasonal mass balance, Columbia and Rocky Mountains, Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Ben M.</first>
				<last>Pelto</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Brian</first>
				<last>Menounos</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Shawn J.</first>
				<last>Marshall</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Seasonal measurements of glacier mass balance provide insight into the relation between climate forcing and glacier change. To evaluate the feasibility of using remotely sensed methods to assess seasonal balance, we completed tandem airborne laser scanning (ALS) surveys and field-based glaciological measurements over a 4-year period for six alpine glaciers that lie in the Columbia and Rocky Mountains, near the headwaters of the Columbia River, British Columbia, Canada. We calculated annual geodetic balance using coregistered late summer digital elevation models (DEMs) and distributed estimates of density based on surface classification of ice, snow, and firn surfaces. Winter balance was derived using coregistered late summer and spring DEMs, as well as density measurements from regional snow survey observations and our glaciological measurements. Geodetic summer balance was calculated as the difference between winter and annual balance. Winter mass balance from our glaciological observations averaged 1.95±0.09 m w.e. (meter water equivalent), 4 % larger than those derived from geodetic surveys. Average glaciological summer and annual balance were 3 % smaller and 3 % larger, respectively, than our geodetic estimates. We find that distributing snow, firn, and ice density based on surface classification has a greater influence on geodetic annual mass change than the density values themselves. Our results demonstrate that accurate assessments of seasonal mass change can be produced using ALS over a series of glaciers spanning several mountain ranges. Such agreement over multiple seasons, years, and glaciers demonstrates the ability of high-resolution geodetic methods to increase the number of glaciers where seasonal mass balance can be reliably estimated.</abstract>
			<url hash="9c39c218">G19-139001</url>
			<pages>1709-1727</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/tc-13-1709-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Pelto-2019-Multi-year</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="140">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Earth System Science Data, Volume 11, Issue 3</booktitle>
			<publisher>Copernicus GmbH</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Monthly gridded data product of northern wetland methane emissions based on upscaling eddy covariance observations</title>
			<author>
				<first>Olli</first>
				<last>Peltola</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Timo</first>
				<last>Vesala</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yao</first>
				<last>Gao</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Olle</first>
				<last>Räty</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Pavel</first>
				<last>Alekseychik</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mika</first>
				<last>Aurela</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bogdan H.</first>
				<last>Chojnicki</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ankur R.</first>
				<last>Desai</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>A. J.</first>
				<last>Dolman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>E. S.</first>
				<last>Euskirchen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Thomas</first>
				<last>Friborg</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mathias</first>
				<last>Göckede</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Manuel</first>
				<last>Helbig</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Elyn</first>
				<last>Humphreys</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Robert B.</first>
				<last>Jackson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Georg</first>
				<last>Jocher</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Fortunat</first>
				<last>Joos</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Janina</first>
				<last>Klatt</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sara</first>
				<last>Knox</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Natalia</first>
				<last>Kowalska</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lars</first>
				<last>Kutzbach</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sebastian</first>
				<last>Lienert</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Annalea</first>
				<last>Lohila</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ivan</first>
				<last>Mammarella</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Daniel F.</first>
				<last>Nadeau</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mats B.</first>
				<last>Nilsson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Walter C.</first>
				<last>Oechel</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Matthias</first>
				<last>Peichl</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Thomas G.</first>
				<last>Pypker</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>W. L.</first>
				<last>Quinton</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Janne</first>
				<last>Rinne</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Torsten</first>
				<last>Sachs</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mateusz</first>
				<last>Samson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hans Peter</first>
				<last>Schmid</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Oliver</first>
				<last>Sonnentag</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Christian</first>
				<last>Wille</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Donatella</first>
				<last>Zona</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Tuula</first>
				<last>Aalto</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Natural wetlands constitute the largest and most uncertain source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere and a large fraction of them are found in the northern latitudes. These emissions are typically estimated using process (“bottom-up”) or inversion (“top-down”) models. However, estimates from these two types of models are not independent of each other since the top-down estimates usually rely on the a priori estimation of these emissions obtained with process models. Hence, independent spatially explicit validation data are needed. Here we utilize a random forest (RF) machine-learning technique to upscale CH4 eddy covariance flux measurements from 25 sites to estimate CH4 wetland emissions from the northern latitudes (north of 45∘ N). Eddy covariance data from 2005 to 2016 are used for model development. The model is then used to predict emissions during 2013 and 2014. The predictive performance of the RF model is evaluated using a leave-one-site-out cross-validation scheme. The performance (Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency =0.47) is comparable to previous studies upscaling net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide and studies comparing process model output against site-level CH4 emission data. The global distribution of wetlands is one major source of uncertainty for upscaling CH4. Thus, three wetland distribution maps are utilized in the upscaling. Depending on the wetland distribution map, the annual emissions for the northern wetlands yield 32 (22.3–41.2, 95 % confidence interval calculated from a RF model ensemble), 31 (21.4–39.9) or 38 (25.9–49.5) Tg(CH4) yr−1. To further evaluate the uncertainties of the upscaled CH4 flux data products we also compared them against output from two process models (LPX-Bern and WetCHARTs), and methodological issues related to CH4 flux upscaling are discussed. The monthly upscaled CH4 flux data products are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2560163 (Peltola et al., 2019).</abstract>
			<url hash="53115182">G19-140001</url>
			<pages>1263-1289</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/essd-11-1263-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Peltola-2019-Monthly</bibkey>
			<project>prj28</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="141">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Volume 23, Issue 10</booktitle>
			<publisher>Copernicus GmbH</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Role of sublimation and riming in the precipitation distribution  in the Kananaskis Valley, Alberta, Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Émilie</first>
				<last>Poirier</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Julie M.</first>
				<last>Thériault</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Maud</first>
				<last>Leriche</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. The phase of precipitation and its distribution at the surface can affect water resources and the regional water cycle of a region. A field project was held in March–April 2015 on the eastern slope of the Canadian Rockies to document precipitation characteristics and associated atmospheric conditions. During the project, 60 % of the particles documented were rimed in relatively warm and dry conditions. Rain–snow transitions also occurred aloft and at the surface in sub-saturated conditions. Ice-phase precipitation falling through a saturated atmospheric layer with temperatures &gt; 0 ∘C will start melting. In contrast, if the melting layer is sub-saturated, the ice-phase precipitation undergoes sublimation, which increases the depth of the rain–snow transition. In this context, this study investigates the role of sublimation and riming in precipitation intensity and type reaching the surface in the Kananaskis Valley, Alberta, during March–April 2015. To address this, a set of numerical simulations of an event of mixed precipitation observed at the surface was conducted. This event on 31 March 2015 was documented with a set of devices at the main observation site (Kananaskis Emergency Services, KES), including a precipitation gauge, disdrometer, and micro rain radar. Sensitivity experiments were performed to assess the impacts of temperature changes from sublimation and the role of the production of graupel (riming) aloft in the surface precipitation evolution. A warmer environment associated with no temperature changes from sublimation leads to a peak in the intensity of graupel at the surface. When the formation of graupel is not considered, the maximum snowfall rate occurred at later times. Results suggest that unrimed snow reaching the surface is formed on the western flank and is advected eastward. In contrast, graupel would form aloft in the Kananaskis Valley. The cooling from sublimation and melting by rimed particles increases the vertical shear near KES. Overall, this study illustrated that the presence of graupel influenced the surface evolution of precipitation type in the valley due to the horizontal transport of precipitation particles.</abstract>
			<url hash="ebad36e7">G19-141001</url>
			<pages>4097-4111</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-23-4097-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Poirier-2019-Role</bibkey>
			<project>prj36</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="142">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Earth and Space Science, Volume 6, Issue 8</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>A Global Survey on the Perceptions and Impacts of Gender Inequality in the Earth and Space Sciences</title>
			<author>
				<first>Andrea</first>
				<last>Popp</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Stefanie</first>
				<last>Lutz</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sina</first>
				<last>Khatami</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Tim van</first>
				<last>Emmerik</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Wouter</first>
				<last>Knoben</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The leaky pipeline phenomenon refers to the disproportionate decline of female scientists at higher academic career levels and is a major problem in the natural sciences. Identifying the underlying causes is challenging, and thus, solving the problem remains difficult. To better understand the reasons for the leaky pipeline, we assess the perceptions and impacts of gender bias and imbalance—two major drivers of the leakage—at different academic career levels with an anonymous survey in geoscience academia (n=1,220). The survey results show that both genders view male geoscientists as substantially more gender biased than female scientists. Moreover, female geoscientists are more than twice as likely to experience negative gender bias at their workplaces and scientific organizations compared to male geoscientists. There are also pronounced gender differences regarding (i) the relevance of role models, (ii) family-friendly working conditions, and (iii) the approval of gender quotas for academic positions. Given the male dominance in senior career levels, our results emphasize that those feeling less impacted by the negative consequences of gender bias and imbalance are the ones in position to tackle the problem. We thus call for actions to better address gender biases and to ensure a balanced gender representation at decision-making levels to ultimately retain more women in geoscience academia.</abstract>
			<url hash="f9189909">G19-142001</url>
			<pages>1460-1468</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2019ea000706</doi>
			<bibkey>Popp-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj9</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="143">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Volume 23, Issue 4</booktitle>
			<publisher>Copernicus GmbH</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>A synthesis of three decades of hydrological research at Scotty Creek, NWT, Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>W. L.</first>
				<last>Quinton</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Aaron</first>
				<last>Berg</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Michael</first>
				<last>Braverman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Olivia</first>
				<last>Carpino</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>L.</first>
				<last>Chasmer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ryan F.</first>
				<last>Connon</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>James R.</first>
				<last>Craig</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Élise</first>
				<last>Devoie</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Masaki</first>
				<last>Hayashi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kristine M.</first>
				<last>Haynes</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>David</first>
				<last>Olefeldt</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Alain</first>
				<last>Pietroniro</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Fereidoun</first>
				<last>Rezanezhad</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Robert A.</first>
				<last>Schincariol</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Oliver</first>
				<last>Sonnentag</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Scotty Creek, Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada, has been the focus of hydrological research for nearly three decades. Over this period, field and modelling studies have generated new insights into the thermal and physical mechanisms governing the flux and storage of water in the wetland-dominated regions of discontinuous permafrost that characterises much of the Canadian and circumpolar subarctic. Research at Scotty Creek has coincided with a period of unprecedented climate warming, permafrost thaw, and resulting land cover transformations including the expansion of wetland areas and loss of forests. This paper (1) synthesises field and modelling studies at Scotty Creek, (2) highlights the key insights of these studies on the major water flux and storage processes operating within and between the major land cover types, and (3) provides insights into the rate and pattern of the permafrost-thaw-induced land cover change and how such changes will affect the hydrology and water resources of the study region.</abstract>
			<url hash="41a4fe6c">G19-143001</url>
			<pages>2015-2039</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-23-2015-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Quinton-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj28</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="144">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume 124, Issue 24</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Diagnostic Evaluation of Large‐Domain Hydrologic Models Calibrated Across the Contiguous United States</title>
			<author>
				<first>Oldřich</first>
				<last>Rakovec</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Naoki</first>
				<last>Mizukami</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Rohini</first>
				<last>Kumar</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Andrew J.</first>
				<last>Newman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Stephan</first>
				<last>Thober</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Andrew W.</first>
				<last>Wood</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Martyn</first>
				<last>Clark</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Luis</first>
				<last>Samaniego</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>This study presents diagnostic evaluation of two large‐domain hydrologic models: the mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM) and the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) over the contiguous United States (CONUS). These models have been calibrated using the Multiscale Parameter Regionalization scheme in a joint, multibasin approach using 492 medium‐sized basins across the CONUS yielding spatially distributed model parameter sets. The mHM simulations are used as a performance benchmark to examine performance deficiencies in the VIC model. We find that after calibration to streamflow, VIC generally overestimates the magnitude and temporal variability of evapotranspiration (ET) as compared to mHM as well as the FLUXNET observation‐based ET product, resulting in underestimation of the mean and variability of runoff. We perform a controlled calibration experiment to investigate the effect of varying number of transfer function parameters in mHM and to enable a fair comparison between both models (14 and 48 for mHM vs. 14 for VIC). Results of this experiment show similar behavior of mHM with 14 and 48 parameters. Furthermore, we diagnose the internal functioning of the VIC model by looking at the relationship of the evaporative fraction versus the degree of soil saturation and compare it with that of the mHM model, which has a different model structure, a prescribed nonlinear relationship between these variables and exhibits better model skill than VIC. Despite these limitations, the VIC‐based CONUS‐wide calibration constrained against streamflow exhibits better ET skill as compared to two preexisting independent VIC studies.</abstract>
			<url hash="dc73c6d5">G19-144001</url>
			<pages>13991-14007</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2019jd030767</doi>
			<bibkey>Rakovec-2019-Diagnostic</bibkey>
			<project>prj9</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="145">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Hydrometeorology, Volume 20, Issue 5</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Meteorological Society</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Hydrological Responses of Headwater Basins to Monthly Perturbed Climate in the North American Cordillera</title>
			<author>
				<first>Kabir</first>
				<last>Rasouli</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John W.</first>
				<last>Pomeroy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Paul H.</first>
				<last>Whitfield</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract How mountain hydrology at different elevations will respond to climate change is a challenging question of great importance to assessing changing water resources. Here, three North American Cordilleran snow-dominated basins—Wolf Creek, Yukon; Marmot Creek, Alberta; and Reynolds Mountain East, Idaho—each with good meteorological and hydrological records, were modeled using the physically based, spatially distributed Cold Regions Hydrological Model. Model performance was verified using field observations and found adequate for diagnostic analysis. To diagnose the effects of future climate, the monthly temperature and precipitation changes projected for the future by 11 regional climate models for the mid-twenty-first century were added to the observed meteorological time series. The modeled future was warmer and wetter, increasing the rainfall fraction of precipitation and shifting all three basins toward rainfall–runoff hydrology. This shift was largest at lower elevations and in the relatively warmer Reynolds Mountain East. In the warmer future, there was decreased blowing snow transport, snow interception and sublimation, peak snow accumulation, and melt rates, and increased evapotranspiration and the duration of the snow-free season. Annual runoff in these basins did not change despite precipitation increases, warming, and an increased prominence of rainfall over snowfall. Reduced snow sublimation offset reduced snowfall amounts, and increased evapotranspiration offset increased rainfall amounts. The hydrological uncertainty due to variation among climate models was greater than the predicted hydrological changes. While the results of this study can be used to assess the vulnerability and resiliency of water resources that are dependent on mountain snow, stakeholders and water managers must make decisions under considerable uncertainty, which this paper illustrates.</abstract>
			<url hash="64cfa1b0">G19-145001</url>
			<pages>863-882</pages>
			<doi>10.1175/jhm-d-18-0166.1</doi>
			<bibkey>Rasouli-2019-Hydrological</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="146">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Environmental Modelling &amp; Software, Volume 112</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>VARS-TOOL: A toolbox for comprehensive, efficient, and robust sensitivity and uncertainty analysis</title>
			<author>
				<first>Saman</first>
				<last>Razavi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Razi</first>
				<last>Sheikholeslami</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hoshin V.</first>
				<last>Gupta</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Amin</first>
				<last>Haghnegahdar</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract VARS-TOOL is a software toolbox for sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. Developed primarily around the “Variogram Analysis of Response Surfaces” framework, VARS-TOOL adopts a multi-method approach that enables simultaneous generation of a range of sensitivity indices, including ones based on derivative, variance, and variogram concepts, from a single sample. Other special features of VARS-TOOL include (1) novel tools for time-varying and time-aggregate sensitivity analysis of dynamical systems models, (2) highly efficient sampling techniques, such as Progressive Latin Hypercube Sampling (PLHS), that maximize robustness and rapid convergence to stable sensitivity estimates, (3) factor grouping for dealing with high-dimensional problems, (4) visualization for monitoring stability and convergence, (5) model emulation for handling model crashes, and (6) an interface that allows working with any model in any programming language and operating system. As a test bed for training and research, VARS-TOOL provides a set of mathematical test functions and the (dynamical) HBV-SASK hydrologic model.</abstract>
			<url hash="767a0e5e">G19-146001</url>
			<pages>95-107</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.10.005</doi>
			<bibkey>Razavi-2019-VARS-TOOL:</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="147">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Forests, Volume 10, Issue 5</booktitle>
			<publisher>MDPI AG</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>A Regional-Scale Index for Assessing the Exposure of Drinking-Water Sources to Wildfires</title>
			<author>
				<first>François‐Nicolas</first>
				<last>Robinne</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin D.</first>
				<last>Bladon</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>U.</first>
				<last>Silins</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Monica B.</first>
				<last>Emelko</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mike</first>
				<last>Flannigan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Marc‐André</first>
				<last>Parisien</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xianli</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>S. W.</first>
				<last>Kienzle</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Diane</first>
				<last>Dupont</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Recent human-interface wildfires around the world have raised concerns regarding the reliability of freshwater supply flowing from severely burned watersheds. Degraded source water quality can often be expected after severe wildfire and can pose challenges to drinking water facilities by straining treatment response capacities, increasing operating costs, and jeopardizing their ability to supply consumers. Identifying source watersheds that are dangerously exposed to post-wildfire hydrologic changes is important for protecting community drinking-water supplies from contamination risks that may lead to service disruptions. This study presents a spatial index of watershed exposure to wildfires in the province of Alberta, Canada, where growing water demands coupled with increasing fire activity threaten municipal drinking-water supplies. Using a multi-criteria analysis design, we integrated information regarding provincial forest cover, fire danger, source water volume, source-water origin (i.e., forested/un-forested), and population served. We found that (1) &gt;2/3 of the population of the province relies on drinking-water supplies originating in forested watersheds, (2) forest cover is the most important variable controlling final exposure scores, and (3) watersheds supplying small drinking water treatment plants are particularly exposed, especially in central Alberta. The index can help regional authorities prioritize the allocation of risk management resources to mitigate adverse impacts from wildfire. The flexible design of this tool readily allows its deployment at larger national and continental scales to inform broader water security frameworks.</abstract>
			<url hash="cec6693b">G19-147001</url>
			<pages>384</pages>
			<doi>10.3390/f10050384</doi>
			<bibkey>Robinne-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="148">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Ecosystem Services, Volume 36</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>A novel tool for measuring the penetration of the ecosystem service concept into public policy</title>
			<author>
				<first>François‐Nicolas</first>
				<last>Robinne</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Louise</first>
				<last>Gallagher</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Christian</first>
				<last>Bréthaut</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Martin A.</first>
				<last>Schlaepfer</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>• Little is known about the uptake of the ES concept into policy at a global scale. • GlobaLDES is an open-access database recording ES policy documents. • The database is crowdsourced by learners of a free online ES course. • 136 relevant documents were analyzed, 60% of them were originally not in English. • Many entries refer to multiple ES at once, with an accelerating uptake since 2011. The ecosystem services (ES) concept has gained traction amongst stakeholders involved in environmental regulation, yet little is known about the extent to which the ES concept has been translated into public policy. Here, we present a new online database of policy documents related to ES: GlobaLDES ( https://tinyurl.com/GlobalDES ). The database was created in 2016 and compiled through a crowdsourced process. Learners involved in a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) were invited to submit documents that explicitly refer to ES. We included in our analysis documents related to laws, regulations, ordonnances, tax incentives, certification, and strategic planning. By early 2018 the database contained 136 relevant entries from 46 countries. Most examples (60%) were in a language other than English. More than 50% of entries addressed multiple ES or the link between biodiversity and ES. There was also a positive temporal trend towards inclusion of multiple ecosystem services. The GlobaLDES database represents the first known snapshot of the mainstreaming of the ES concept at a global scale. Our analysis suggests an accelerating adoption of the ES concept into policy. As the number of entries improves, GlobaLDES will serve as a useful benchmarking tool for monitoring the diffusion of the ES concept into policy-making.</abstract>
			<url hash="96a5796d">G19-148001</url>
			<pages>100914</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100914</doi>
			<bibkey>Robinne-Gallagher-2019-A-novel</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="149">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, Volume 6, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Correlation among parameters and boundary conditions in river ice models</title>
			<author>
				<first>Prabin</first>
				<last>Rokaya</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Karl‐Erich</first>
				<last>Lindenschmidt</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>In river ice modelling, deterministic river ice models are often embedded into a Monte-Carlo framework to generate ensembles of backwater staging for jams of varying length and location, and for different combinations of model parameters and boundary conditions. In this approach, values for parameters and boundary conditions are usually sampled independently (of each other) from their probability distributions. However, many of the parameters and boundary conditions are interdependent and thus warrant sampling methods that consider correlation effects. But, such correlation studies have not been previously conducted for river ice models, which is the main motivation for this study. A review of literature was performed to compile data from more than 40 different ice-jam case studies from 24 ice-jam prone locations in Canada and the United States. Then correlations among parameters and boundary conditions in three commonly used river ice models were investigated. The results show that the model parameters in river ice models are ice-jam centric and have varying degrees of correlations, but boundary conditions are independent of each other and, instead, have potentially stronger ties to catchment characteristics, fluvial geomorphology and meteorological conditions. The findings of this study provide important insights in understanding and improving parameterization, calibration and ensemble modelling of river ice models.</abstract>
			<url hash="2e191e08">G19-149001</url>
			<pages>499-512</pages>
			<doi>10.1007/s40808-019-00696-7</doi>
			<bibkey>Rokaya-2019-Correlation</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="150">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrological Sciences Journal, Volume 64, Issue 11</booktitle>
			<publisher>Informa UK Limited</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Climatic effects on ice phenology and ice-jam flooding of the Athabasca River in western Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Prabin</first>
				<last>Rokaya</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>L. A.</first>
				<last>Morales-Marín</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Barrie</first>
				<last>Bonsal</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>H. S.</first>
				<last>Wheater</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Karl‐Erich</first>
				<last>Lindenschmidt</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>ABSTRACTIn cold region environments, any alteration in the hydro-climatic regime can have profound impacts on river ice processes. This paper studies the implications of hydro-climatic trends on ri...</abstract>
			<url hash="6e717832">G19-150001</url>
			<pages>1265-1278</pages>
			<doi>10.1080/02626667.2019.1638927</doi>
			<bibkey>Rokaya-2019-Climatic</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="151">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Volume 145, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Promoting Sustainable Ice-Jam Flood Management along the Peace River and Peace-Athabasca Delta</title>
			<author>
				<first>Prabin</first>
				<last>Rokaya</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>H. S.</first>
				<last>Wheater</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Karl‐Erich</first>
				<last>Lindenschmidt</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>AbstractThe regulation of rivers has always been a controversial issue, with potential benefits but also environmental impacts. In western Canada, the construction of W.A.C. Bennett Dam in the head...</abstract>
			<url hash="d6cd1f57">G19-151001</url>
			<doi>10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0001021</doi>
			<bibkey>Rokaya-2019-Promoting</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="152">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Wetlands Ecology and Management, Volume 27, Issue 4</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Identification of most spectrally distinguishable phenological stage of invasive Phramites australis in Lake Erie wetlands (Canada) for accurate mapping using multispectral satellite imagery</title>
			<author>
				<first>Prabha Amali</first>
				<last>Rupasinghe</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Patricia</first>
				<last>Chow‐Fraser</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel subspecies australis is one of the worst plant invaders in wetlands of North America. Remote sensing is the most cost-effective method to track its spread given its widespread distribution and rapid colonization rate. We hypothesize that the morphological and/or physiological features associated with different phenological states of Phragmites can influence their reflectance signal and thus affect mapping accuracies. We tested this hypothesis by comparing classification accuracies of cloud-free images acquired by Landsat 7, Landsat 8, and Sentinel 2 at roughly monthly intervals over a calendar year for two wetlands in southern Ontario. We used the Support Vector Machines classification and employed field observations and image acquired from unmanned aerial vehicle (8 cm) to perform accuracy assessments. The highest Phragmites producer’s, user’s, and overall accuracy (96.00, 91.11, and 88.56% respectively) were provided by images acquired in late summer and fall period. During this period, green, Near Infrared, and Short-Wave Infrared bands generated more unique reflectance signals for Phragmites. Both Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Normalized Difference Water Index showed significant difference between Phragmites and the most confused classes (cattail; Typha latifolia L., and meadow marsh) during the late summer and fall period. Since meadow marsh separated out best from Phragmites and cattail in the February image, we used it to mask the meadow marsh in the July image to reduce confusion. The unique reflectance signal of Phragmites in late summer and fall is likely due to prolonged greenness of Phragmites when compared to other wetland vegetation, large, distinct inflorescence, and the water content of Phragmites during this period.</abstract>
			<url hash="c478b0b9">G19-152001</url>
			<pages>513-538</pages>
			<doi>10.1007/s11273-019-09675-2</doi>
			<bibkey>Rupasinghe-2019-Identification</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="153">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Volume 38, Issue 12</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Detecting Amphibians in Agricultural Landscapes Using Environmental DNA Reveals the Importance of Wetland Condition</title>
			<author>
				<first>Gabrielle E.</first>
				<last>Ruso</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Christy A.</first>
				<last>Morrissey</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Natacha S.</first>
				<last>Hogan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Claudia</first>
				<last>Sheedy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Melanie J.</first>
				<last>Gallant</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Timothy D.</first>
				<last>Jardine</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Amphibians are declining worldwide, in part because of large-scale degradation of habitat from agriculture and pervasive pathogens. Yet a common North American amphibian, the wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus), ranges widely and persists in agricultural landscapes. Conventional survey techniques rely on visual encounters and dip-netting efforts, but detectability limits the ability to test for the effects of environmental variables on amphibian habitat suitability. We used environmental DNA to determine the presence of wood frogs and an amphibian pathogen (ranavirus) in Prairie Pothole wetlands and investigated the effects of 32 water quality, wetland habitat, and landscape-level variables on frog presence at sites representing different degrees of agricultural intensity. Several wetland variables influenced wood frog presence, the most influential being those associated with wetland productivity (i.e., nutrients), vegetation buffer width, and proportion of the surrounding landscape that is comprised of other water bodies. Wood frog presence was positively associated with higher dissolved phosphorus (&gt;0.4 mg/L), moderate dissolved nitrogen (0.1-0.2 mg/L), lower chlorophyll a (≤15 µg/L), wider vegetation buffers (≥10 m), and more water on the landscape (≥0.25). These results highlight the effects of environmental factors at multiple scales on the presence of amphibians in this highly modified landscape-namely the importance of maintaining wetland water quality, vegetation buffers, and surrounding habitat heterogeneity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2750-2763. © 2019 SETAC.</abstract>
			<url hash="7cc4d7dc">G19-153001</url>
			<pages>2750-2763</pages>
			<doi>10.1002/etc.4598</doi>
			<bibkey>Ruso-2019-Detecting</bibkey>
			<project>prj1</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="154">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>The Cryosphere, Volume 13, Issue 11</booktitle>
			<publisher>Copernicus GmbH</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Effect of snow microstructure variability on Ku-band radar snow water equivalent retrievals</title>
			<author>
				<first>Nick</first>
				<last>Rutter</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Melody</first>
				<last>Sandells</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chris</first>
				<last>Derksen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Joshua</first>
				<last>King</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Peter</first>
				<last>Toose</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Leanne</first>
				<last>Wake</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Tom</first>
				<last>Watts</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Richard</first>
				<last>Essery</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Alexandre</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>A.</first>
				<last>Royer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philip</first>
				<last>Marsh</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>C. F.</first>
				<last>Larsen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Matthew</first>
				<last>Sturm</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Spatial variability in snowpack properties negatively impacts our capacity to make direct measurements of snow water equivalent (SWE) using satellites. A comprehensive data set of snow microstructure (94 profiles at 36 sites) and snow layer thickness (9000 vertical profiles across nine trenches) collected over two winters at Trail Valley Creek, NWT, Canada, was applied in synthetic radiative transfer experiments. This allowed for robust assessment of the impact of estimation accuracy of unknown snow microstructural characteristics on the viability of SWE retrievals. Depth hoar layer thickness varied over the shortest horizontal distances, controlled by subnivean vegetation and topography, while variability in total snowpack thickness approximated that of wind slab layers. Mean horizontal correlation lengths of layer thickness were less than a metre for all layers. Depth hoar was consistently ∼30 % of total depth, and with increasing total depth the proportion of wind slab increased at the expense of the decreasing surface snow layer. Distinct differences were evident between distributions of layer properties; a single median value represented density and specific surface area (SSA) of each layer well. Spatial variability in microstructure of depth hoar layers dominated SWE retrieval errors. A depth hoar SSA estimate of around 7 % under the median value was needed to accurately retrieve SWE. In shallow snowpacks &lt;0.6 m, depth hoar SSA estimates of ±5 %–10 % around the optimal retrieval SSA allowed SWE retrievals within a tolerance of ±30 mm. Where snowpacks were deeper than ∼30 cm, accurate values of representative SSA for depth hoar became critical as retrieval errors were exceeded if the median depth hoar SSA was applied.</abstract>
			<url hash="e113ef65">G19-154001</url>
			<pages>3045-3059</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/tc-13-3045-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Rutter-2019-Effect</bibkey>
			<project>prj28</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="155">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Climate Dynamics, Volume 55, Issue 1-2</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Simulating the convective precipitation diurnal cycle in North America’s current and future climate</title>
			<author>
				<first>Lucía</first>
				<last>Scaff</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Andreas F.</first>
				<last>Prein</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yanping</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Changhai</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Roy</first>
				<last>Rasmussen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kyoko</first>
				<last>Ikeda</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Convection-permitting models (CPM) with at least 4 km horizontal grid spacing enable the cumulus parameterization to be switched off and thus simulate convective processes more realistically than coarse resolution models. This study investigates if a North American scale CPM can reproduce the observed warm season precipitation diurnal cycle on a climate scale. Potential changes in the precipitation diurnal cycle characteristics at the end of the twenty first century are also investigated using the pseudo global warming approach under a high-end anthropogenic emission scenario (RCP8.5). Simulations are performed with the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW-WRF) model with 4-km horizontal grid spacing. Results from the WRF historical run (2001–2013) are evaluated against hourly precipitation from 2903 weather stations and a gridded hourly precipitation product in the U.S. The magnitude and timing of the diurnal cycle peak are realistically simulated in most of the U.S. and southern Canada. The model also captures the transition from afternoon precipitation peaks eastward of the Rocky Mountains to night peaks in the central U.S., which is related to propagating mesoscale convective systems. However, the historical climate simulation does not capture the observed early morning peaks in the central U.S. and overestimates the magnitude of the diurnal precipitation peak in the southeast region. In the simulation of the future climate, both the precipitation amount of the diurnal cycle and precipitation intensity increase throughout the domain, along with an increase in precipitation frequency in the northern region of the domain in May. These increases indicate a clear intensification of the hydrologic cycle during the warm season with potential impacts on future water resources, agriculture, and flooding.</abstract>
			<url hash="59af8800">G19-155001</url>
			<pages>369-382</pages>
			<doi>10.1007/s00382-019-04754-9</doi>
			<bibkey>Scaff-2019-Simulating</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="156">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Journal of Great Lakes Research, Volume 45, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>St. Clair-Detroit River system: Phosphorus mass balance and implications for Lake Erie load reduction, monitoring, and climate change</title>
			<author>
				<first>Donald</first>
				<last>Scavia</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Serghei A.</first>
				<last>Bocaniov</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Awoke</first>
				<last>Dagnew</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Colleen M.</first>
				<last>Long</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yu-Chen</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract To support the 2012 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement on reducing Lake Erie's phosphorus inputs, we integrated US and Canadian data to update and extend total phosphorus (TP) loads into and out of the St. Clair-Detroit River System for 1998–2016. The most significant changes were decreased loads from Lake Huron caused by mussel-induced oligotrophication of the lake, and decreased loads from upgraded Great Lakes Water Authority sewage treatment facilities in Detroit. By comparing Lake St. Clair inputs and outputs, we demonstrated that on average the lake retains 20% of its TP inputs. We also identified for the first time that loads from resuspended Lake Huron sediment were likely not always detected in US and Canadian monitoring programs due to mismatches in sampling and resuspension event frequencies, substantially underestimating the load. This additional load increased over time due to climate-induced decreases in Lake Huron ice cover and increases in winter storm frequencies. Given this more complete load inventory, we estimated that to reach a 40% reduction in the Detroit River TP load to Lake Erie, accounting for the missed load, point and non-point sources other than that coming from Lake Huron and the atmosphere would have to be reduced by at least 50%. We also discuss the implications of discontinuous monitoring efforts.</abstract>
			<url hash="4b1a27ee">G19-156001</url>
			<pages>40-49</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.jglr.2018.11.008</doi>
			<bibkey>Scavia-2019-St.</bibkey>
			<project>prj22</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="157">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Water Resources Research, Volume 55, Issue 4</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Can Improved Flow Partitioning in Hydrologic Models Increase Biogeochemical Predictability?</title>
			<author>
				<first>Mahyar</first>
				<last>Shafii</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>James R.</first>
				<last>Craig</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Merrin L.</first>
				<last>Macrae</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Michael</first>
				<last>English</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sherry L.</first>
				<last>Schiff</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philippe Van</first>
				<last>Cappellen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nandita B.</first>
				<last>Basu</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Hydrologic models partition flows into surface and subsurface pathways, but their calibration is typically conducted only against streamflow. Here we argue that unless model outcomes are constrained using flow pathway data, multiple partitioning schemes can lead to the same streamflow. This point becomes critical for biogeochemical modeling as individual flow paths may yield unique chemical signatures. We show how information on flow pathways can be used to constrain hydrologic flow partitioning and how improved partitioning can lead to better water quality predictions. As a case study, an agricultural basin in Ontario is used to demonstrate that using tile discharge data could increase the performance of both the hydrology and the nitrogen transport models. Watershed‐scale tile discharge was estimated based on sparse tile data collected at some tiles using a novel regression‐based approach. Through a series of calibration experiments, we show that utilizing tile flow signatures as calibration criteria improves model performance in the prediction of nitrate loads in both the calibration and validation periods. Predictability of nitrate loads is improved even with no tile flow data and by model calibration only against an approximate understanding of annual tile flow percent. However, despite high values of goodness‐of‐fit metrics in this case, temporal dynamics of predictions are inconsistent with reality. For instance, the model predicts significant tile discharge in summer with no tile flow occurrence in the field. Hence, the proposed tile flow upscaling approach and the partitioning‐constrained model calibration are vital steps toward improving the predictability of biogeochemical models in tiled landscapes.</abstract>
			<url hash="f3a6408b">G19-157001</url>
			<pages>2939-2960</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2018wr024487</doi>
			<bibkey>Shafii-2019-Can</bibkey>
			<project>prj22</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>Uncertainties in Snowpack Simulations—Assessing the Impact of Model Structure, Parameter Choice, and Forcing Data Error on Point‐Scale Energy Balance Snow Model Performance</title>
			<author>
				<first>Daniel</first>
				<last>Günther</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Thomas</first>
				<last>Marke</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Richard</first>
				<last>Essery</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ulrich</first>
				<last>Strasser</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>In this study, we assess the impact of forcing data errors, model structure, and parameter choices on 1‐D snow simulations simultaneously within a global variance‐based sensitivity analysis framework. This approach allows inclusion of interaction effects, drawing a more representative picture of the resulting sensitivities. We utilize all combinations of a multiphysics snowpack model to mirror the influence of model structure. Uncertainty ranges of model parameters and input data are extracted from the literature. We evaluate a suite of 230,000 model realizations at the snow monitoring station Kühtai (Tyrol, Austria, 1,920 m above sea level) against snow water equivalent observations. The results show throughout the course of 25 winter seasons (1991–2015) and different model performance criteria a large influence of forcing data uncertainty and its interactions on the model performance. Mean interannual total sensitivity indices are in the general order of parameter choice &lt; model structure &lt; forcing error, with precipitation, air temperature, and the radiative forcings controlling the variance during the accumulation period and air temperature and longwave irradiance controlling the variance during the ablation period, respectively. Model skill is highly sensitive to the snowpack liquid water transport scheme throughout the whole winter period and to albedo representation during the ablation period. We found a sufficiently long evaluation period (&gt;10 years) is required for robust averaging. A considerable interaction effect was revealed, indicating that an improvement in the knowledge (i.e., reduction of uncertainty) of one factor alone might not necessarily improve model results.</abstract>
			<url hash="3f4cdc61">G19-5001</url>
			<pages>2779-2800</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2018wr023403</doi>
			<bibkey>Günther-2019-Uncertainties</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="158">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>International Journal of Climatology, Volume 40, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Variability and trends of landfalling atmospheric rivers along the Pacific Coast of northwestern North America</title>
			<author>
				<first>Aseem R.</first>
				<last>Sharma</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Stephen J.</first>
				<last>Déry</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Atmospheric rivers (ARs), defined as narrow, transient corridors of strong moisture transport in the lower troposphere, are important phenomena for freshwater recharge and water resources, especially along the west coast of North America. This study presents the variability and trends of landfalling ARs (LARs) along the higher (53.5°–60.0°N) and lower (47.0°–53.5°N) latitudes of British Columbia and southeastern Alaska (BCSAK) during the 1948–2016 period. Moreover, we present the synoptic evolution and distribution of LARs in BCSAK during different phases of ocean–atmosphere climate variability using a six‐hourly AR catalogue from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and reanalysis data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research. During 1948–2016, BCSAK averages 35 ± 5 LARs annually, with the highest frequency during fall (13 ± 2) and lowest during spring (5 ± 2). The frequency of LARs across BCSAK rises during the study period, and the increase between 1979 and 2016 is statistically significant (p &lt; .05). A strong ridge over the Pacific Northwest and BC and a trough over the Gulf of Alaska and the Northeastern Pacific Ocean favours AR landfalls at the higher and lower latitudes, respectively. BCSAK experiences greater numbers of LARs during neutral phases of El Niño/Southern Oscillation, the 2013/2014 Pacific oceanic blob, and during the positive phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Pacific North American Pattern.</abstract>
			<url hash="abc550dd">G19-158001</url>
			<pages>544-558</pages>
			<doi>10.1002/joc.6227</doi>
			<bibkey>Sharma-2019-Variability</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="159">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Geoscientific Model Development, Volume 12, Issue 10</booktitle>
			<publisher>Copernicus GmbH</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>What should we do when a model crashes? Recommendations for global sensitivity analysis of Earth and environmental systems models</title>
			<author>
				<first>Razi</first>
				<last>Sheikholeslami</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Saman</first>
				<last>Razavi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Amin</first>
				<last>Haghnegahdar</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Complex, software-intensive, technically advanced, and computationally demanding models, presumably with ever-growing realism and fidelity, have been widely used to simulate and predict the dynamics of the Earth and environmental systems. The parameter-induced simulation crash (failure) problem is typical across most of these models despite considerable efforts that modellers have directed at model development and implementation over the last few decades. A simulation failure mainly occurs due to the violation of numerical stability conditions, non-robust numerical implementations, or errors in programming. However, the existing sampling-based analysis techniques such as global sensitivity analysis (GSA) methods, which require running these models under many configurations of parameter values, are ill equipped to effectively deal with model failures. To tackle this problem, we propose a new approach that allows users to cope with failed designs (samples) when performing GSA without rerunning the entire experiment. This approach deems model crashes as missing data and uses strategies such as median substitution, single nearest-neighbor, or response surface modeling to fill in for model crashes. We test the proposed approach on a 10-parameter HBV-SASK (Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning modified by the second author for educational purposes) rainfall–runoff model and a 111-parameter Modélisation Environmentale–Surface et Hydrologie (MESH) land surface–hydrology model. Our results show that response surface modeling is a superior strategy, out of the data-filling strategies tested, and can comply with the dimensionality of the model, sample size, and the ratio of the number of failures to the sample size. Further, we conduct a “failure analysis” and discuss some possible causes of the MESH model failure that can be used for future model improvement.</abstract>
			<url hash="137937b8">G19-159001</url>
			<pages>4275-4296</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/gmd-12-4275-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Sheikholeslami-Razavi-2019-What-should</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="160">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Environmental Modelling &amp; Software, Volume 111</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Global sensitivity analysis for high-dimensional problems: How to objectively group factors and measure robustness and convergence while reducing computational cost</title>
			<author>
				<first>Razi</first>
				<last>Sheikholeslami</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Saman</first>
				<last>Razavi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hoshin V.</first>
				<last>Gupta</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>William E.</first>
				<last>Becker</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Amin</first>
				<last>Haghnegahdar</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Dynamical earth and environmental systems models are typically computationally intensive and highly parameterized with many uncertain parameters. Together, these characteristics severely limit the applicability of Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) to high-dimensional models because very large numbers of model runs are typically required to achieve convergence and provide a robust assessment. Paradoxically, only 30 percent of GSA applications in the environmental modelling literature have investigated models with more than 20 parameters, suggesting that GSA is under-utilized on problems for which it should prove most useful. We develop a novel grouping strategy, based on bootstrap-based clustering, that enables efficient application of GSA to high-dimensional models. We also provide a new measure of robustness that assesses GSA stability and convergence. For two models, having 50 and 111 parameters, we show that grouping-enabled GSA provides results that are highly robust to sampling variability, while converging with a much smaller number of model runs.</abstract>
			<url hash="29d102e2">G19-160001</url>
			<pages>282-299</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.09.002</doi>
			<bibkey>Sheikholeslami-2019-Global</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="161">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Advances in Water Resources, Volume 128</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Model-data fusion of hydrologic simulations and GRACE terrestrial water storage observations to estimate changes in water table depth</title>
			<author>
				<first>D.</first>
				<last>Stampoulis</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. T.</first>
				<last>Reager</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Cédric H.</first>
				<last>David</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Konstantinos M.</first>
				<last>Andreadis</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. S.</first>
				<last>Famiglietti</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>T. G.</first>
				<last>Farr</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>A.</first>
				<last>Trangsrud</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ralph R.</first>
				<last>Basilio</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John L.</first>
				<last>Sabo</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>G. B.</first>
				<last>Osterman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>P.</first>
				<last>Lundgren</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zhen</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Despite numerous advances in continental-scale hydrologic modeling and improvements in global Land Surface Models, an accurate representation of regional water table depth (WTD) remains a challenge. Data assimilation of observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission leads to improvements in the accuracy of hydrologic models, ultimately resulting in more reliable estimates of lumped water storage. However, the usually shallow groundwater compartment of many models presents a problem with GRACE assimilation techniques, as these satellite observations also represent changes in deeper soils and aquifers. To improve the accuracy of modeled groundwater estimates and allow the representation of WTD at finer spatial scales, we implemented a simple, yet novel approach to integrate GRACE data, by augmenting the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrologic model. First, the subsurface model structural representation was modified by incorporating an additional (fourth) soil layer of varying depth (up to 1000 m) in VIC as the bottom ‘groundwater’ layer. This addition allows the model to reproduce water storage variability not only in shallow soils but also in deeper groundwater, in order to allow integration of the full GRACE-observed variability. Second, a Direct Insertion scheme was developed that integrates the high temporal (daily) and spatial (∼6.94 km) resolution model outputs to match the GRACE resolution, performs the integration, and then disaggregates the updated model state after the assimilation step. Simulations were performed with and without Direct Insertion over the three largest river basins in California and including the Central Valley, in order to test the augmented model's ability to capture seasonal and inter-annual trends in the water table. This is the first-ever fusion of GRACE total water storage change observations with hydrologic simulations aiming at the determination of water table depth dynamics, at spatial scales potentially useful for local water management.</abstract>
			<url hash="916d6587">G19-161001</url>
			<pages>13-27</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.advwatres.2019.04.004</doi>
			<bibkey>Stampoulis-2019-Model-data</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="162">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Volume 23, Issue 8</booktitle>
			<publisher>Copernicus GmbH</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Summary and synthesis of Changing Cold Regions Network (CCRN) research in the interior of western Canada –  Part 1: Projected climate and meteorology</title>
			<author>
				<first>Ronald E.</first>
				<last>Stewart</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kit K.</first>
				<last>Szeto</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Barrie</first>
				<last>Bonsal</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John</first>
				<last>Hanesiak</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bohdan</first>
				<last>Kochtubajda</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yanping</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Julie M.</first>
				<last>Thériault</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>C. M.</first>
				<last>DeBeer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Benita Y.</first>
				<last>Tam</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zhenhua</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zhuo</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jennifer</first>
				<last>Bruneau</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Patrick</first>
				<last>Duplessis</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sébastien</first>
				<last>Marinier</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Dominic</first>
				<last>Matte</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. The interior of western Canada, up to and including the Arctic, has experienced rapid change in its climate, hydrology, cryosphere, and ecosystems, and this is expected to continue. Although there is general consensus that warming will occur in the future, many critical issues remain. In this first of two articles, attention is placed on atmospheric-related issues that range from large scales down to individual precipitation events. Each of these is considered in terms of expected change organized by season and utilizing mainly “business-as-usual” climate scenario information. Large-scale atmospheric circulations affecting this region are projected to shift differently in each season, with conditions that are conducive to the development of hydroclimate extremes in the domain becoming substantially more intense and frequent after the mid-century. When coupled with warming temperatures, changes in the large-scale atmospheric drivers lead to enhancements of numerous water-related and temperature-related extremes. These include winter snowstorms, freezing rain, drought, forest fires, as well as atmospheric forcing of spring floods, although not necessarily summer convection. Collective insights of these atmospheric findings are summarized in a consistent, connected physical framework.</abstract>
			<url hash="83d8ca69">G19-162001</url>
			<pages>3437-3455</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-23-3437-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Stewart-2019-Summary</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="163">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Ecosphere, Volume 10, Issue 2</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Could restoration of a landscape to a pre-European historical vegetation condition reduce burn probability?</title>
			<author>
				<first>Christopher A.</first>
				<last>Stockdale</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Neal</first>
				<last>McLoughlin</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mike</first>
				<last>Flannigan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>S. Ellen</first>
				<last>Macdonald</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Montane regions throughout western North America have experienced increases in forest canopy closure and forest encroachment into grasslands over the past century; this has been attributed to climate change and fire suppression/exclusion. These changes threaten ecological values and potentially increase probabilities of intense wildfire. Restoration of landscapes to historical conditions has been proposed as a potential solution. We used historical oblique photographs of an area in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada, to determine the vegetation composition in 1909 and then asked whether restoration to a historical vegetation condition would: (1) reduce the overall burn probability of fire; (2) reduce the probability of high-intensity fires; and (3) change the spatial pattern of burn probabilities, as compared to current conditions. We used the Burn-P3 model to calculate the overall and high-intensity burn probabilities in two scenarios: (1) the baseline (current (2014) vegetation composition) and (2) historical restoration (vegetation in the study area as of 1909 with the surrounding landscape in its current condition). In the baseline, the landscape had 50% less grassland and more coniferous forest than 100 yr ago. Except for the fuel grids, we ensured all input parameters (number and locations of ignitions, weather conditions, etc.) were identical between the two scenarios; therefore, any differences in outputs are solely attributable to the changed fuels. The historical restoration scenario reduced the overall burn probability by only 1.3%, but the probability of high-intensity wildfires was reduced by nearly half (44.2%), as compared to the baseline scenario. There were also differences in the spatial pattern of overall burn probabilities between the two scenarios. While 6.7% of the landscape burned with half (or less) the probability in the restoration scenario (compared to the baseline), other areas (3.2%) had burn probabilities two to five times higher. More than 21.5% had high-intensity burn probabilities that were 20% or less of those in the baseline scenario. Differences in burn probabilities between the two scenarios were largely attributable to the effects of the vegetation difference on rate of fire spread. Restoration to historical vegetation structure significantly lowered wildfire risk to the landscape.</abstract>
			<url hash="3b64ad0c">G19-163001</url>
			<pages>e02584</pages>
			<doi>10.1002/ecs2.2584</doi>
			<bibkey>Stockdale-2019-Could</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="164">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrological Processes, Volume 33, Issue 20</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Modelling the effects of permafrost loss on discharge from a wetland‐dominated, discontinuous permafrost basin</title>
			<author>
				<first>Lindsay E.</first>
				<last>Stone</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xing</first>
				<last>Fang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kristine M.</first>
				<last>Haynes</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Manuel</first>
				<last>Helbig</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John W.</first>
				<last>Pomeroy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Oliver</first>
				<last>Sonnentag</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>W. L.</first>
				<last>Quinton</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Permafrost degradation in the peat‐rich southern fringe of the discontinuous permafrost zone is catalysing substantial changes to land cover with expansion of permafrost‐free wetlands (bogs and fens) and shrinkage of forest‐dominated permafrost peat plateaux. Predicting discharge from headwater basins in this region depends upon understanding and numerically representing the interactions between storage and discharge within and between the major land cover types and how these interactions are changing. To better understand the implications of advanced permafrost thaw‐induced land cover change on wetland discharge, with all landscape features capable of contributing to drainage networks, the hydrological behaviour of a channel fen sub‐basin in the headwaters of Scotty Creek, Northwest Territories, Canada, dominated by peat plateau–bog complexes, was modelled using the Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling platform for the period of 2009 to 2015. The model construction was based on field water balance observations, and performance was deemed adequate when evaluated against measured water balance components. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the impact of progressive permafrost loss on discharge from the sub‐basin, in which all units of the sub‐basin have the potential to contribute to the drainage network, by incrementally reducing the ratio of wetland to plateau in the modelled sub‐basin. Simulated reductions in permafrost extent decreased total annual discharge from the channel fen by 2.5% for every 10% decrease in permafrost area due to increased surface storage capacity, reduced run‐off efficiency, and increased landscape evapotranspiration. Runoff ratios for the fen hydrological response unit dropped from 0.54 to 0.48 after the simulated 50% permafrost area loss with a substantial reduction of 0.47 to 0.31 during the snowmelt season. The reduction in peat plateau area resulted in decreased seasonal variability in discharge due to changes in the flow path routing, with amplified low flows associated with small increases in subsurface discharge, and decreased peak discharge with large reductions in surface run‐off.</abstract>
			<url hash="a6b395b5">G19-164001</url>
			<pages>2607-2626</pages>
			<doi>10.1002/hyp.13546</doi>
			<bibkey>Stone-2019-Modelling</bibkey>
			<project>prj28</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="165">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Atmosphere-Ocean, Volume 57, Issue 2</booktitle>
			<publisher>Informa UK Limited</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Influence of the Model Horizontal Resolution on Atmospheric Conditions Leading to Freezing Rain in Regional Climate Simulations</title>
			<author>
				<first>Médéric</first>
				<last>St-Pierre</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Julie M.</first>
				<last>Thériault</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Dominique</first>
				<last>Paquin</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Freezing rain occurs in complex atmospheric conditions when the temperature is close to 0°C. To better understand how its occurrence will change in the future, there is a need to assess how well regional climate models can reproduce those conditions. The goal of the present study is to investigate the influence of horizontal resolution on the simulation of freezing rain using the fifth generation of the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM5). Three CRCM5 simulations driven by the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim) over eastern North America at resolutions of 0.11°, 0.22°, and 0.44° were conducted over a period of 36 years (1979–2014). Freezing rain is diagnosed using an in-line diagnostic method for precipitation partitioning. A climatological study of annual and seasonal accumulated freezing rain was conducted. In addition, the ability of the three simulations to reproduce individual freezing rain events was evaluated. Our analyses include frequency and partitioning of different precipitation types and comparisons with observations. All simulations reproduced the climatology of freezing rain sufficiently well and show similar large-scale patterns. The number of freezing rain events tends to be overestimated at higher resolution and underestimated at lower resolution. Despite the overestimation, detailed maxima associated with freezing rain are well defined and located at higher resolution, notably in regions of the St. Lawrence River Valley. Overall, this study is consistent with other added-value studies, generally showing a mix of improvement and deterioration in the precipitation fields by the higher resolution simulations.</abstract>
			<url hash="1e0ff2d0">G19-165001</url>
			<pages>101-119</pages>
			<doi>10.1080/07055900.2019.1583088</doi>
			<bibkey>St-Pierre-2019-Influence</bibkey>
			<project>prj5</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="166">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Nature Climate Change, Volume 9, Issue 5</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Contributions of GRACE to understanding climate change</title>
			<author>
				<first>B. D.</first>
				<last>Tapley</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. M.</first>
				<last>Watkins</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Frank</first>
				<last>Flechtner</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Christoph</first>
				<last>Reigber</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Srinivas</first>
				<last>Bettadpur</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Matthew</first>
				<last>Rodell</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ingo</first>
				<last>Sasgen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. S.</first>
				<last>Famiglietti</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Felix W.</first>
				<last>Landerer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>D. P.</first>
				<last>Chambers</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. T.</first>
				<last>Reager</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Alex</first>
				<last>Gardner</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Himanshu</first>
				<last>Save</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Erik R.</first>
				<last>Ivins</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sean</first>
				<last>Swenson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Carmen</first>
				<last>Böening</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Christoph</first>
				<last>Dahle</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>D. N.</first>
				<last>Wiese</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Henryk</first>
				<last>Dobslaw</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. E.</first>
				<last>Tamisiea</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>I.</first>
				<last>Velicogna</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Time-resolved satellite gravimetry has revolutionized understanding of mass transport in the Earth system. Since 2002, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) has enabled monitoring of the terrestrial water cycle, ice sheet and glacier mass balance, sea level change and ocean bottom pressure variations and understanding responses to changes in the global climate system. Initially a pioneering experiment of geodesy, the time-variable observations have matured into reliable mass transport products, allowing assessment and forecast of a number of important climate trends and improve service applications such as the U.S. Drought Monitor. With the successful launch of the GRACE Follow-On mission, a multi decadal record of mass variability in the Earth system is within reach.</abstract>
			<url hash="0cba5d3e">G19-166001</url>
			<pages>358-369</pages>
			<doi>10.1038/s41558-019-0456-2</doi>
			<bibkey>Tapley-2019-Contributions</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="167">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Nature, Volume 569, Issue 7754</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Permafrost collapse is accelerating carbon release</title>
			<author>
				<first>M. R.</first>
				<last>Turetsky</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Benjamin W.</first>
				<last>Abbott</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Miriam C.</first>
				<last>Jones</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>K. M. Walter</first>
				<last>Anthony</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>David</first>
				<last>Olefeldt</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Edward A. G.</first>
				<last>Schuur</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Charles D.</first>
				<last>Koven</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>A. D.</first>
				<last>McGuire</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Guido</first>
				<last>Grosse</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Peter</first>
				<last>Kuhry</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gustaf</first>
				<last>Hugelius</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>David M.</first>
				<last>Lawrence</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Carolyn</first>
				<last>Gibson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>A. Britta K.</first>
				<last>Sannel</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The sudden collapse of thawing soils in the Arctic might double the warming from greenhouse gases released from tundra, warn Merritt R. Turetsky and colleagues. The sudden collapse of thawing soils in the Arctic might double the warming from greenhouse gases released from tundra, warn Merritt R. Turetsky and colleagues.</abstract>
			<url hash="b4063a5b">G19-167001</url>
			<pages>32-34</pages>
			<doi>10.1038/d41586-019-01313-4</doi>
			<bibkey>Turetsky-2019-Permafrost</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="168">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrological Processes, Volume 34, Issue 3</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Seasonal ground ice impacts on spring ecohydrological conditions in a western boreal plains peatland</title>
			<author>
				<first>Brandon Van</first>
				<last>Huizen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Richard M.</first>
				<last>Petrone</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jonathan S.</first>
				<last>Price</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>W. L.</first>
				<last>Quinton</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John W.</first>
				<last>Pomeroy</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Peatlands in the Western Boreal Plains act as important water sources in the landscape. Their persistence, despite potential evapotranspiration (PET) often exceeding annual precipitation, is attributed to various water storage mechanisms. One storage element that has been understudied is seasonal ground ice (SGI). This study characterized spring SGI conditions and explored its impacts on available energy, actual evapotranspiration, water table, and near surface soil moisture in a western boreal plains peatland. The majority of SGI melt took place over May 2017. Microtopography had limited impact on melt rates due to wet conditions. SGI melt released 139mm in ice water equivalent (IWE) within the top 30cm of the peat, and weak significant relationships with water table and surface moisture suggest that SGI could be important for maintaining vegetation transpiration during dry springs. Melting SGI decreased available energy causing small reductions in PET (&lt;10mm over the melt period) and appeared to reduce actual evapotranspiration variability but not mean rates, likely due to slow melt rates. This suggests that melting SGI supplies water, allowing evapotranspiration to occur at near potential rates, but reduces the overall rate at which evapotranspiration could occur (PET). The role of SGI may help peatlands in headwater catchments act as a conveyor of water to downstream landscapes during the spring while acting as a supply of water for the peatland. Future work should investigate SGI influences on evapotranspiration under differing peatland types, wet and dry spring conditions, and if the spatial variability of SGI melt leads to spatial variability in evapotranspiration.</abstract>
			<url hash="ec652a0d">G19-168001</url>
			<pages>765-779</pages>
			<doi>10.1002/hyp.13626</doi>
			<bibkey>Van Huizen-2019-Seasonal</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>Developing observational methods to drive future hydrological science: Can we make a start as a community?</title>
			<author>
				<first>Keith</first>
				<last>Beven</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Anita</first>
				<last>Asadullah</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Paul</first>
				<last>Bates</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Eleanor</first>
				<last>Blyth</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nick A.</first>
				<last>Chappell</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Stewart</first>
				<last>Child</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hannah</first>
				<last>Cloke</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Simon</first>
				<last>Dadson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nick</first>
				<last>Everard</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hayley J.</first>
				<last>Fowler</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jim</first>
				<last>Freer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>David M.</first>
				<last>Hannah</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kate</first>
				<last>Heppell</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Joseph</first>
				<last>Holden</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Rob</first>
				<last>Lamb</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Huw</first>
				<last>Lewis</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gerald</first>
				<last>Morgan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Louise</first>
				<last>Parry</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Thorsten</first>
				<last>Wagener</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Hydrology is still, and for good reasons, an inexact science, even if evolving hydrological understanding has provided a basis for improved water management for at least the last three millennia. The limitations of that understanding have, however, become much more apparent and important in the last century as the pressures of increasing populations, and the anthropogenic impacts on catchment forcing and responses, have intensified. At the same time, the sophistication of hydrological analyses and models has been developing rapidly, often driven more by the availability of computational power and geographical data sets than any real increases in understanding of hydrological processes. 
This sophistication has created an illusion of real progress but a case can be made that we are still rather muddling along, limited by the significant uncertainties in hydrological observations, knowledge of catchment characteristics and related gaps in conceptual understanding, particularly of the sub-surface. These knowledge gaps are illustrated by the fact that for many catchments we cannot close the water balance without significant uncertainty, uncertainty that is often neglected in evaluating models for practical applications.</abstract>
			<url hash="1a2783bd">G19-3001</url>
			<pages>868-873</pages>
			<doi>10.1002/hyp.13622</doi>
			<bibkey>Beven-2019-Developing</bibkey>
			<project>prj9</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="169">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Limnology and Oceanography, Volume 65, Issue 4</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Biogeochemical asynchrony: Ecosystem drivers of seasonal concentration regimes across the Great Lakes Basin</title>
			<author>
				<first>K. J. Van</first>
				<last>Meter</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>S.</first>
				<last>Chowdhury</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>D.</first>
				<last>Byrnes</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>N. B.</first>
				<last>Basu</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Changes in seasonal nutrient dynamics are occurring across a range of climates and land use types. Although it is known that seasonal patterns in nutrient availability are key drivers of both stream metabolism and eutrophication, there has been little success in developing a comprehensive understanding of seasonal variations in nutrient export across watersheds or of the relationship between nutrient seasonality and watershed characteristics. In the present study, we have used concentration and discharge data from more than 200 stations across U.S. and Canadian watersheds to identify (1) archetypal seasonal concentration regimes for nitrate, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and total phosphorus, and (2) dominant watershed controls on these regimes across a gradient of climate, land use, and topography. Our analysis shows that less impacted watersheds, with more forested and wetland area, most commonly exhibit concentration regimes that are in phase with discharge, with concentration lows occurring during summer low‐flow periods. Agricultural watersheds also commonly exhibit in‐phase behavior, though the seasonality is usually muted compared to that seen in less impacted areas. With increasing urban area, however, nutrient concentrations frequently become essentially aseasonal or even exhibit clearly out‐of‐phase behavior. In addition, our data indicate that seasonal SRP concentration patterns may be strongly influenced by proximal controls such as the presence of dams and reservoirs. In all, these results suggest that human activity is significantly altering nutrient concentration regimes, with large potential consequences for both in‐stream metabolism and eutrophication risk in downstream waterbodies.</abstract>
			<url hash="54d94d68">G19-169001</url>
			<pages>848-862</pages>
			<doi>10.1002/lno.11353</doi>
			<bibkey>Van Meter-2019-Biogeochemical</bibkey>
			<project>prj22</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="170">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Science, Volume 365, Issue 6455</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Response to Comment on “Legacy nitrogen may prevent achievement of water quality goals in the Gulf of Mexico”</title>
			<author>
				<first>K. J. Van</first>
				<last>Meter</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philippe Van</first>
				<last>Cappellen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nandita B.</first>
				<last>Basu</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Ballard et al . argue that our prediction of a 30-year or longer recovery time for Gulf of Mexico water quality is highly uncertain, and that much shorter time lags are equally likely. We demonstrate that their argument, based on the use of a two-component regression model, does not sufficiently consider fundamental watershed processes or multiple lines of evidence suggesting the existence of decadal-scale lags.</abstract>
			<url hash="14b12b52">G19-170001</url>
			<doi>10.1126/science.aav3851</doi>
			<bibkey>Van Meter-2019-Response</bibkey>
			<project>prj22</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="171">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Nature, Volume 572, Issue 7770</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Increasing wildfires threaten historic carbon sink of boreal forest soils</title>
			<author>
				<first>Xanthe J.</first>
				<last>Walker</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jennifer L.</first>
				<last>Baltzer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Steven G.</first>
				<last>Cumming</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nicola J.</first>
				<last>Day</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Christopher</first>
				<last>Ebert</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>S. J.</first>
				<last>Goetz</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jill F.</first>
				<last>Johnstone</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Stefano</first>
				<last>Potter</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Brendan M.</first>
				<last>Rogers</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Edward A. G.</first>
				<last>Schuur</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. R.</first>
				<last>Turetsky</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Michelle C.</first>
				<last>Mack</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Boreal forest fires emit large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere primarily through the combustion of soil organic matter1,2,3. During each fire, a portion of this soil beneath the burned layer can escape combustion, leading to a net accumulation of carbon in forests over multiple fire events4. Climate warming and drying has led to more severe and frequent forest fires5,6,7, which threaten to shift the carbon balance of the boreal ecosystem from net accumulation to net loss1, resulting in a positive climate feedback8. This feedback will occur if organic-soil carbon that escaped burning in previous fires, termed ‘legacy carbon’, combusts. Here we use soil radiocarbon dating to quantitatively assess legacy carbon loss in the 2014 wildfires in the Northwest Territories of Canada2. We found no evidence for the combustion of legacy carbon in forests that were older than the historic fire-return interval of northwestern boreal forests9. In forests that were in dry landscapes and less than 60 years old at the time of the fire, legacy carbon that had escaped burning in the previous fire cycle was combusted. We estimate that 0.34 million hectares of young forests (&lt;60 years) that burned in the 2014 fires could have experienced legacy carbon combustion. This implies a shift to a domain of carbon cycling in which these forests become a net source—instead of a sink—of carbon to the atmosphere over consecutive fires. As boreal wildfires continue to increase in size, frequency and intensity7, the area of young forests that experience legacy carbon combustion will probably increase and have a key role in shifting the boreal carbon balance.</abstract>
			<url hash="ac0d4c37">G19-171001</url>
			<pages>520-523</pages>
			<doi>10.1038/s41586-019-1474-y</doi>
			<bibkey>Walker-2019-Increasing</bibkey>
			<project>prj28</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="172">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Ecosystems, Volume 23, Issue 4</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Tall Shrubs Mediate Abiotic Conditions and Plant Communities at the Taiga–Tundra Ecotone</title>
			<author>
				<first>Cory A.</first>
				<last>Wallace</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jennifer L.</first>
				<last>Baltzer</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Shrub expansion has occurred across much of the arctic tundra over the past century. Increasing dominance of woody vegetation is expected to have global influences on climate patterns and lead to local changes in hydrological function and nutrient cycling. Changing abiotic conditions associated with shrubs will likely alter the relative fitness of neighbouring plants resulting in distinct community composition. Here, we use an extensive set of paired abiotic and biotic data to investigate the capacity for Alnus alnobetula (green alder) patches to modify the habitat of the local plant community at the taiga–tundra ecotone of the Northwest Territories, Canada. Plots were established across topographic positions in ten alder patches and adjacent, alder-free tundra. Habitat corresponded to the strongest gradient of among-site variation in abiotic measures and plant community composition, indicating that alder patch growing conditions were distinct from those of alder-free tundra. Slope position was generally unimportant in determining environmental conditions. Alder patches changed the vertical structure of the understory by increasing the maximum height of birch. Tall shrubs also decreased the richness of tundra specialists, suggesting that these species face competitive pressures from shrub expansion at the southern edge of their ranges. Our findings demonstrate that tall shrub patches can substantially modify their local environment in taiga–tundra ecotone systems, altering available habitat and acting as niche constructors for the local plant community. These habitats will therefore be important to consider in regional predictions of hydrology, nutrient cycling, and biodiversity as shrubs continue to expand across the arctic.</abstract>
			<url hash="beb8e3d9">G19-172001</url>
			<pages>828-841</pages>
			<doi>10.1007/s10021-019-00435-0</doi>
			<bibkey>Wallace-2019-Tall</bibkey>
			<project>prj28</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="173">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Nature Communications, Volume 10, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>No trends in spring and autumn phenology during the global warming hiatus</title>
			<author>
				<first>Xufeng</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jingfeng</first>
				<last>Xiao</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xin</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Guodong</first>
				<last>Cheng</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mingguo</first>
				<last>Ma</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gaofeng</first>
				<last>Zhu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. Altaf</first>
				<last>Arain</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>T. Andrew</first>
				<last>Black</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Rachhpal S.</first>
				<last>Jassal</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Phenology plays a fundamental role in regulating photosynthesis, evapotranspiration, and surface energy fluxes and is sensitive to climate change. The global mean surface air temperature data indicate a global warming hiatus between 1998 and 2012, while its impacts on global phenology remains unclear. Here we use long-term satellite and FLUXNET records to examine phenology trends in the northern hemisphere before and during the warming hiatus. Our results based on the satellite record show that the phenology change rate slowed down during the warming hiatus. The analysis of the long-term FLUXNET measurements, mainly within the warming hiatus, shows that there were no widespread advancing (or delaying) trends in spring (or autumn) phenology. The lack of widespread phenology trends partly led to the lack of widespread trends in spring and autumn carbon fluxes. Our findings have significant implications for understanding the responses of phenology to climate change and the climate-carbon feedbacks.</abstract>
			<url hash="060484bc">G19-173001</url>
			<doi>10.1038/s41467-019-10235-8</doi>
			<bibkey>Wang-2019-No</bibkey>
			<project>prj41</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="174">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>ACS Applied Nano Materials, Volume 3, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Chemical Society (ACS)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Synergistically Boosted Degradation of Organic Dyes by CeO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Nanoparticles with Fluoride at Low pH</title>
			<author>
				<first>Yawen</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lei</first>
				<last>Zhu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Juewen</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Catalysts that can work without the need of light and additional oxidants such as H2O2 to degrade organic pollutants have been long sought. In this work, we report that at acidic condition, CeO2 na...</abstract>
			<url hash="9bd3bc05">G19-174001</url>
			<pages>842-849</pages>
			<doi>10.1021/acsanm.9b02356</doi>
			<bibkey>Wang-2019-Synergistically</bibkey>
			<project>prj38</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="175">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Chemical Communications, Volume 55, Issue 89</booktitle>
			<publisher>Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Intentional hydrolysis to overcome the hydrolysis problem: detection of Ce(&lt;scp&gt;iv&lt;/scp&gt;) by producing oxidase-like nanozymes with F&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;</title>
			<author>
				<first>Yawen</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jianzhong</first>
				<last>Yang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yilin</first>
				<last>Zhao</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Juewen</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Fluoride boosts the oxidase-like activity of hydrolyzed Ce(&lt;sc&gt;iv&lt;/sc&gt;) but inhibits the activity of Ce(&lt;sc&gt;iv&lt;/sc&gt;), allowing intentional hydrolysis to be performed for consistent analysis of Ce(&lt;sc&gt;iv&lt;/sc&gt;).</abstract>
			<url hash="236fdb60">G19-175001</url>
			<pages>13434-13437</pages>
			<doi>10.1039/c9cc06167c</doi>
			<bibkey>Wang-2019-Intentional</bibkey>
			<project>prj38</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="176">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Meteorological Applications, Volume 27, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Climate indices to characterize climatic changes across southern Canada</title>
			<author>
				<first>Hussein</first>
				<last>Wazneh</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. Altaf</first>
				<last>Arain</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Paulin</first>
				<last>Coulibaly</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The present study analyses the impacts of past and future climate change on extreme weather events for southern parts of Canada from 1981 to 2100. A set of precipitation and temperature‐based indices were computed using the downscaled Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) multi‐model ensemble projections at 8 km resolution over the 21st Century for two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios: RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The results show that this region is expected to experience stronger warming and a higher increase in precipitation extremes in future. Generally, projected changes in minimum temperature will be greater than changes in maximum temperature, as shown by respective indices. A decrease in frost days and an increase in warm nights will be expected. By 2100 there will be no cool nights and cool days. Daily minimum and maximum temperatures will increase by 12 and 7°C, respectively, under the RCP8.5 scenario, when compared with the reference period 1981–2000. The highest warming in minimum temperature and decrease in cool nights and days will occur in Ontario and Quebec provinces close to the Great Lakes and Hudson Bay. The highest warming in maximum temperature will occur in the southern parts of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Annual total precipitation is expected to increase by about 16% and the occurrence of heavy precipitation events by five days. The highest increase in annual total precipitation will occur in the northern parts of Ontario and Quebec and in western British Columbia.</abstract>
			<url hash="31da748e">G19-176001</url>
			<doi>10.1002/met.1861</doi>
			<bibkey>Wazneh-2019-Climate</bibkey>
			<project>prj41</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="177">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques, Volume 44, Issue 4</booktitle>
			<publisher>Informa UK Limited</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Identifying the groundwater sustainability implications of water policy in high-use situations in the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin</title>
			<author>
				<first>Khafi</first>
				<last>Weekes</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gail</first>
				<last>Krantzberg</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Maria</first>
				<last>Pinheiro</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>AbstractAlthough the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin contains the largest global store of fresh water, long-term groundwater storage (GWS) decline has been observed in some aquifers supplying communit...</abstract>
			<url hash="896613eb">G19-177001</url>
			<pages>337-349</pages>
			<doi>10.1080/07011784.2019.1623079</doi>
			<bibkey>Weekes-2019-Identifying</bibkey>
			<project>prj22</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="178">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques, Volume 44, Issue 2</booktitle>
			<publisher>Informa UK Limited</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>The effect of freeze-thaw cycles on phosphorus release from riparian macrophytes in cold regions</title>
			<author>
				<first>Colin J.</first>
				<last>Whitfield</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nora J.</first>
				<last>Casson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Rebecca L.</first>
				<last>North</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jason J.</first>
				<last>Venkiteswaran</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Osama</first>
				<last>Ahmed</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jeremy</first>
				<last>Leathers</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Katy</first>
				<last>Nugent</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Tyler</first>
				<last>Prentice</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Helen M.</first>
				<last>Baulch</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Storage and removal of nutrients by wetlands and riparian areas is an important process in understanding catchment nutrient fluxes and in helping to mitigate current issues of eutrophication in man...</abstract>
			<url hash="d10503bd">G19-178001</url>
			<pages>160-173</pages>
			<doi>10.1080/07011784.2018.1558115</doi>
			<bibkey>Whitfield-2019-The</bibkey>
			<project>prj33</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>Implications of stubble management on snow hydrology and meltwater partitioning</title>
			<author>
				<first>Phillip</first>
				<last>Harder</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John W.</first>
				<last>Pomeroy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Warren</first>
				<last>Helgason</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Spring snowmelt is the most important hydrological event in agricultural cold regions, recharging soil moisture and generating the majority of annual runoff. Melting agricultural snowcovers are pat...</abstract>
			<url hash="480c5207">G19-178002</url>
			<pages>193-204</pages>
			<doi>10.1080/07011784.2019.1575774</doi>
			<bibkey>Harder-2019-Implications</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="179">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques, Volume 45, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>Informa UK Limited</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Changes to rainfall, snowfall, and runoff events during the autumn–winter transition in the Rocky Mountains of North America</title>
			<author>
				<first>Paul H.</first>
				<last>Whitfield</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin</first>
				<last>Shook</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>AbstractIn cold conditions, early winter precipitation occurs as snowfall and contributes to the accumulating seasonal snowpack. In a warming climate, precipitation may occur as rainfall in mountai...</abstract>
			<url hash="69b964d8">G19-179001</url>
			<pages>28-42</pages>
			<doi>10.1080/07011784.2019.1685910</doi>
			<bibkey>Whitfield-2019-Changes</bibkey>
			<project>prj2</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="180">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Volume 138</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Soil bacterial and fungal response to wildfires in the Canadian boreal forest across a burn severity gradient</title>
			<author>
				<first>Thea</first>
				<last>Whitman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ellen</first>
				<last>Whitman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jamie</first>
				<last>Woolet</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mike</first>
				<last>Flannigan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Dan K.</first>
				<last>Thompson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Marc‐André</first>
				<last>Parisien</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Global fire regimes are changing, with increases in wildfire frequency and severity expected for many North American forests over the next 100 years. Fires can result in dramatic changes to carbon (C) stocks and can restructure plant and microbial communities, with long-lasting effects on ecosystem functions. We investigated wildfire effects on soil microbial communities (bacteria and fungi) in an extreme fire season in the northwestern Canadian boreal forest, using field surveys, remote sensing, and high-throughput amplicon sequencing in upland and wetland sites. We hypothesized that vegetation community and soil pH would be the most important determinants of microbial community composition, while the effect of fire might not be significant, and found that fire occurrence, along with vegetation community, moisture regime, pH, total carbon, and soil texture are all significant predictors of soil microbial community composition. Burned communities become increasingly dissimilar to unburned communities with increasingly severe burns, and the burn severity index (an index of the fractional area of consumed organic soils and exposed mineral soils) best predicted total bacterial community composition, while whether a site was burned or not was the best predictor for fungi. Globally abundant taxa were identified as significant positive fire responders in this system, including the bacteria Massilia sp. (64 × more abundant with fire) and Arthrobacter sp. (35 × ), and the fungi Penicillium sp. (22 × ) and Fusicladium sp. (12 × ). Bacterial and fungal co-occurrence network modules were characterized by fire responsiveness as well as pH and moisture regime. Building on the efforts of previous studies, our results consider a particularly wide range of soils, vegetation, and burn severities, and we identify specific fire-responsive microbial taxa and suggest that accounting for burn severity improves our understanding of microbial response to fires.</abstract>
			<url hash="96e1bc83">G19-180001</url>
			<pages>107571</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107571</doi>
			<bibkey>Whitman-Whitman-2019-Soil-bacterial</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="181">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Arctic Science, Volume 5, Issue 4</booktitle>
			<publisher>Canadian Science Publishing</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Tundra shrub expansion may amplify permafrost thaw by advancing snowmelt timing</title>
			<author>
				<first>Evan J.</first>
				<last>Wilcox</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>D</first>
				<last>Keim</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Tyler de</first>
				<last>Jong</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Branden</first>
				<last>Walker</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Oliver</first>
				<last>Sonnentag</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Anastasia E.</first>
				<last>Sniderhan</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philip</first>
				<last>Mann</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philip</first>
				<last>Marsh</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The overall spatial and temporal influence of shrub expansion on permafrost is largely unknown due to uncertainty in estimating the magnitude of many counteracting processes. For example, shrubs shade the ground during the snow-free season, which can reduce active layer thickness. At the same time, shrubs advance the timing of snowmelt when they protrude through the snow surface, thereby exposing the active layer to thawing earlier in spring. Here, we compare 3056 in situ frost table depth measurements split between mineral earth hummocks and organic inter-hummock zones across four dominant shrub–tundra vegetation types. Snow-free date, snow depth, hummock development, topography, and vegetation cover were compared to frost table depth measurements using a structural equation modeling approach that quantifies the direct and combined interacting influence of these variables. Areas of birch shrubs became snow free earlier regardless of snow depth or hillslope aspect because they protruded through the snow surface, leading to deeper hummock frost table depths. Projected increases in shrub height and extent combined with projected decreases in snowfall would lead to increased shrub protrusion across the Arctic, potentially deepening the active layer in areas where shrub protrusion advances the snow-free date.</abstract>
			<url hash="2e5ddbe6">G19-181001</url>
			<pages>202-217</pages>
			<doi>10.1139/as-2018-0028</doi>
			<bibkey>Wilcox-2019-Tundra</bibkey>
			<project>prj28</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="182">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, Volume 2</booktitle>
			<publisher>Frontiers Media SA</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Assessing Drivers of Cross-Scale Variability in Peat Smoldering Combustion Vulnerability in Forested Boreal Peatlands</title>
			<author>
				<first>SOPHIE</first>
				<last>WILKINSON</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Paul</first>
				<last>Moore</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. M.</first>
				<last>Waddington</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Wildfire represents the largest areal disturbance of forested boreal peatlands and the spatial variability in the severity of these peat fires is both a leading source of uncertainty in boreal wildfire carbon emissions and a major challenge for regional wildfire management. Peat smouldering can emit large quantities of carbon and smoke to the atmosphere, and therefore can contribute to hazardous air quality. The wildland-industry interface and wildland-urban interface are both extensive across the sub-humid boreal plains (BP) ecozone where one-third of the area is covered by peatlands. As such, there is a growing research need to identify drivers of variability in smouldering combustion. This study uses hydrophysical peat properties to assess the drivers of cross-scale variability in peat smouldering combustion vulnerability in forested peatlands across the BP. Using a space-for-time chronosequence across the 120-year fire return interval and three main hydrogeological settings, and by incorporating hummock, hollow and margin locations, cross-scale variability is studied. We find that, based on peat properties such as specific yield (Sy) and gravimetric water content, forested peatland margins represent areas of high peat smouldering vulnerability, and that this is exacerbated with an increasing time-since-fire (stand-age). Although increasing Sy with time-since-fire in peatland middles may buffer water table drawdown, when accounting for increases in canopy fuel load, transpiration, and feather moss dominance forested peatland middles also become more vulnerable to smouldering combustion with time-since-fire. Moreover, the interaction of peatland margins with coarse- and heterogeneous-grained hydrogeological settings leads to lower Sy and higher density margin peat than in fine-grained settings, further increasing smouldering vulnerability. We estimate that forested peatland margins are vulnerable to combustion throughout their entire profile i.e. burn-out, under moderate-high water deficits in the BP. Furthermore, we identify peatland margin: total area ratio as a driver of smouldering vulnerability where small peatlands that are periodically disconnected from regional groundwater systems are the most vulnerable to high total peat carbon loss. We suggest that these drivers of cross-scale variability should be incorporated into peatland and wildfire management strategies, especially in areas near the wildland-industry and wildland-urban interface.</abstract>
			<url hash="3ce87408">G19-182001</url>
			<doi>10.3389/ffgc.2019.00084</doi>
			<bibkey>Wilkinson-2019-Assessing</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="183">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Ecohydrology, Volume 13, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Threshold peat burn severity breaks evaporation‐limiting feedback</title>
			<author>
				<first>SOPHIE</first>
				<last>WILKINSON</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gregory J.</first>
				<last>Verkaik</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Paul</first>
				<last>Moore</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. M.</first>
				<last>Waddington</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>A suite of autogenic ecohydrological feedbacks and moss traits are important for protecting vast peatland carbon stocks following wildfire disturbance. Here, we examine how peat burn severity and water table depth (WTD) affect the strength of one such feedback—the hydrophobicity–evaporation feedback (HEF). The HEF is an evaporation‐limiting feedback known to minimize water loss following wildfire. The peatland surface becomes hydrophobic creating an evaporative cap and thereby reducing post‐fire evaporation; however, recent studies hypothesize that this is dependent on peat burn severity. To test this hypothesis, we studied plots along a peat burn severity gradient in a partially drained black spruce peatland that burned during the 2016 Fort McMurray Horse River wildfire. Evaporation rates were significantly lower in plots where hydrophobicity was present. Hydrophobicity was lowest in the severely burned area, and the average instantaneous evaporation rate (2.75 mm day−1) was significantly higher than moderately and typical‐lightly burned areas (0.82 and 1.64 mm day−1, respectively). Based on lab results, increasing WTD affected hydrophobicity within lightly burned (singed) feather moss samples but not in heavily burned feather moss, showing the importance of post‐fire ground cover and in situ WTD. Our results provide evidence of a burn severity threshold where increased depth of burn removes the feather moss evaporative cap and causes the HEF to break down. We argue that this threshold has important implications for boreal peatlands, which are predicted to undergo climate‐mediated pre‐fire drying and increasing burn severities, potentially leading to further carbon losses due to enhanced post‐fire drying and concomitant decomposition.</abstract>
			<url hash="8454136d">G19-183001</url>
			<doi>10.1002/eco.2168</doi>
			<bibkey>Wilkinson-2019-Threshold</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="184">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, Volume 51, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>Informa UK Limited</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Land cover and landform-based upscaling of soil organic carbon stocks on the Brøgger Peninsula, Svalbard</title>
			<author>
				<first>Robin</first>
				<last>Wojcik</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Juri</first>
				<last>Palmtag</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gustaf</first>
				<last>Hugelius</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Niels</first>
				<last>Weiss</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Peter</first>
				<last>Kuhry</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>In this study we assess the total storage, landscape distribution, and vertical partitioning of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks on the Brogger Peninsula, Svalbard. This type of high Arctic...</abstract>
			<url hash="19832bd4">G19-184001</url>
			<pages>40-57</pages>
			<doi>10.1080/15230430.2019.1570784</doi>
			<bibkey>Wojcik-2019-Land</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="185">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 233</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Carotenoid based vegetation indices for accurate monitoring of the phenology of photosynthesis at the leaf-scale in deciduous and evergreen trees</title>
			<author>
				<first>Christopher Y. S.</first>
				<last>Wong</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Petra</first>
				<last>D’Odorico</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yazad</first>
				<last>Bhathena</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. Altaf</first>
				<last>Arain</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ingo</first>
				<last>Ensminger</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Carotenoid pigments play an important role in the seasonal regulation of photosynthesis and photoprotection of overwintering conifers. Because the seasonal changes in the rate of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation are linked to changes in carotenoid pigment composition, it has been suggested that carotenoid sensitive vegetation indices might be used to track the otherwise “invisible” phenology of photosynthesis of conifer forests through remote sensing of leaf spectral reflectance. In this study we aimed to assess differences in the seasonal regulation of photosynthesis and the associated variation of carotenoids and chlorophylls at the leaf-scale for eastern white pine, red maple and white oak, in order to understand if photosynthetic and photoprotective processes are adequately represented by different vegetation indices over the course of the year. For this purpose we measured maximum rates of CO2 assimilation (Amax), quantified photosynthetic pigments, estimated photochemical and non-photochemical quenching processes via chlorophyll fluorescence and determined leaf spectral reflectance in pine, maple and oak trees over the course of two years. Seasonal variation in Amax, used here as a proxy for photosynthetic phenology, and photosynthetic pigments were adequately represented by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for the deciduous trees. For pine, NDVI overestimated photosynthetic activity for most of the year and was hence not able to represent photosynthetic phenology, due to the fact that needle chlorophyll content shows only little variation over the course of the year. By contrast, using the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and the chlorophyll/carotenoid index (CCI), which both detect variations in carotenoids, we were able to observe an improved representation of the seasonal variation of CO2 assimilation and photosynthetic phenology for the two deciduous and the conifer species. Based on the accurate detection of the seasonal regulation of leaf-scale photosynthetic activity for all three species, we conclude that carotenoid-sensitive vegetation indices are promising tools to improve monitoring of phenology in both deciduous and conifer forests.</abstract>
			<url hash="a13f4cb1">G19-185001</url>
			<pages>111407</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.rse.2019.111407</doi>
			<bibkey>Wong-2019-Carotenoid</bibkey>
			<project>prj41</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="186">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Global Change Biology, Volume 25, Issue 4</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence exhibits a universal relationship with gross primary productivity across a wide variety of biomes</title>
			<author>
				<first>Jingfeng</first>
				<last>Xiao</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xing</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Binbin</first>
				<last>He</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. Altaf</first>
				<last>Arain</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jason</first>
				<last>Beringer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ankur R.</first>
				<last>Desai</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Carmen</first>
				<last>Emmel</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>David Y.</first>
				<last>Hollinger</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Alisa</first>
				<last>Krasnova</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ivan</first>
				<last>Mammarella</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Steffen M.</first>
				<last>Noe</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Penélope</first>
				<last>Serrano-Ortíz</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Camilo</first>
				<last>Rey‐Sánchez</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Adrian V.</first>
				<last>Rocha</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Andrej</first>
				<last>Varlagin</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>In our recent study in Global Change Biology (Li et al., ), we examined the relationship between solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) measured from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) and gross primary productivity (GPP) derived from eddy covariance flux towers across the globe, and we discovered that there is a nearly universal relationship between SIF and GPP across a wide variety of biomes. This finding reveals the tremendous potential of SIF for accurately mapping terrestrial photosynthesis globally.</abstract>
			<url hash="b38ae35f">G19-186001</url>
			<doi>10.1111/gcb.14565</doi>
			<bibkey>Xiao-2019-Solar‐induced</bibkey>
			<project>prj41</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="187">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Volume 279</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Trends of actual and potential evapotranspiration based on Bouchet’s complementary concept in a cold and arid steppe site of Northeastern Asia</title>
			<author>
				<first>Guangyong</first>
				<last>You</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>M. Altaf</first>
				<last>Arain</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Shusen</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Naifeng</first>
				<last>Lin</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Dan</first>
				<last>Wu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Shawn</first>
				<last>McKenzie</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Changxin</first>
				<last>Zou</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bo</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xiao‐Hua</first>
				<last>Zhang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jixi</first>
				<last>Gao</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Due to complex natural water flux processes and the ambiguous explanation of Bouchet’s complementary theory, site-level investigations on evapotranspiration (ET) and related climate variables assist in understanding the regional hydrological response to climate change. In this study, site specific empirical parameters were incorporated in the Bouchet’s complementary relationship (CR) and potential and actual ET were estimated by CR method and subsequently validated by 6 years of ground-based vapor flux observations. Time series analysis, correlation analysis and principal regression analysis were conducted to reveal the characteristics of climate change and the controlling factor(s) of the variations of potential ET and actual ET. The results show that this region is exhibiting a combined warming and drying trend over the past decades with two change points that occurred in 1993 and in 2000. Potential ET was predominantly influenced by temperature and vapor pressure deficit, while actual ET was mostly influenced by vegetation activity. Potential ET was found to be increasing concurrently with declining actual ET to constitute nearly a symmetric complementary relationship over the past decades. This study help to enhance our understanding of the regional hydrological response to climate change. Further studies are needed to partition the actual ET into transpiration and other components and to reveal the role of vegetation activity in determining regional ET as well as water balance.</abstract>
			<url hash="0b36843a">G19-187001</url>
			<pages>107684</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107684</doi>
			<bibkey>You-2019-Trends</bibkey>
			<project>prj41</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="188">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Chemosphere, Volume 217</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Acid mine drainage affects the diversity and metal resistance gene profile of sediment bacterial community along a river</title>
			<author>
				<first>Xiaohui</first>
				<last>Zhang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Song</first>
				<last>Tang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mao</first>
				<last>Wang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Weimin</first>
				<last>Sun</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Yuwei</first>
				<last>Xie</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hui</first>
				<last>Peng</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Aimin</first>
				<last>Zhong</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hongling</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xiaowei</first>
				<last>Zhang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hongxia</first>
				<last>Yu</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John P.</first>
				<last>Giesy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Markus</first>
				<last>Hecker</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the most hazardous byproducts of some types of mining. However, research on how AMD affects the bacterial community structure of downstream riverine ecosystems and the distribution of metal resistance genes (MRGs) along pollution gradient is limited. Comprehensive geochemical and high-throughput next-generation sequencing analyses can be integrated to characterize spatial distributions and MRG profiles of sediment bacteria communities along the AMD-contaminated Hengshi River. We found that (1) diversities of bacterial communities significantly and gradually increased along the river with decreasing contamination, suggesting community composition reflected changes in geochemical conditions; (2) relative abundances of phyla Proteobacteria and genus Halomonas and Planococcaceae that function in metal reduction decreased along the AMD gradient; (3) low levels of sediment salinity, sulfate, aquatic lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) were negatively correlated with bacterial diversity despite pH was in a positive manner with diversity; and (4) arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) resistance genes corresponded to sediment concentrations of As and Cu, respectively. Altogether, our findings offer initial insight into the distribution patterns of sediment bacterial community structure, diversity and MRGs along a lotic ecosystem contaminated by AMD, and the factors that affect them.</abstract>
			<url hash="5355946c">G19-188001</url>
			<pages>790-799</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.210</doi>
			<bibkey>Zhang-2019-Acid</bibkey>
			<project>prj1</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="189">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Sensors, Volume 20, Issue 1</booktitle>
			<publisher>MDPI AG</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>A Systematic Study on Transit Time and Its Impact on Accuracy of Concentration Measured by Microfluidic Devices</title>
			<author>
				<first>Yushan</first>
				<last>Zhang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Tianyi</first>
				<last>Guo</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chang‐Qing</first>
				<last>Xu</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Gating or threshold selection is very important in analyzing data from a microflow cytometer, which is especially critical in analyzing weak signals from particles/cells with small sizes. It has been reported that using the amplitude gating alone may result in false positive events in analyzing data with a poor signal-to-noise ratio. Transit time (τ) can be set as a gating threshold along with side-scattered light or fluorescent light signals in the detection of particles/cells using a microflow cytometer. In this study, transit time of microspheres was studied systematically when the microspheres passed through a laser beam in a microflow cytometer and side-scattered light was detected. A clear linear relationship between the inverse of the average transit time and total flow rate was found. Transit time was used as another gate (other than the amplitude of side-scattering signals) to distinguish real scattering signals from noise. It was shown that the relative difference of the measured microsphere concentration can be reduced significantly from the range of 3.43%–8.77% to the range of 8.42%–111.76% by employing both amplitude and transit time as gates in analysis of collected scattering data. By using optimized transit time and amplitude gate thresholds, a good correlation with the traditional hemocytometer-based particle counting was achieved (R2 &gt; 0.94). The obtained results suggest that the transit time could be used as another gate together with the amplitude gate to improve measurement accuracy of particle/cell concentration for microfluidic devices.</abstract>
			<url hash="ebe9f309">G19-189001</url>
			<pages>14</pages>
			<doi>10.3390/s20010014</doi>
			<bibkey>Zhang-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj38</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="190">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Applied Surface Science, Volume 466</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Polyamide 6.6 separates oil/water due to its dual underwater oleophobicity/underoil hydrophobicity: Role of 2D and 3D porous structures</title>
			<author>
				<first>Pei</first>
				<last>Zhao</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Na</first>
				<last>Qin</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Carolyn L.</first>
				<last>Ren</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John Z.</first>
				<last>Wen</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Porous polyamide functionalized by plasma or various coatings has been investigated for oil/water separation. In literature, polyamide has rarely been studied for oil removal, and this work investigated the performance of bare polyamide 6.6 (nylon 6.6) in terms of the oil/water separation efficiency and the intrusion pressure, inspiring cost-effective solutions for large-scale oil removal in the industry. Both polyamide meshes possessing two-dimensional (2D) one-layer pores and nonwoven fabrics with three-dimensional (3D) irregular pores were found to be able to separate oil/water with a high efficiency above 98.5%. This finding was attributed to the dual underwater oleophobicity and underoil hydrophobicity of these polyamide samples. The roles of 2D and 3D structures in oil/water separation were illustrated, to provide a new insight into filter designing. Due to its greater intrusion pressure, the 3D netting structure was suggested as being more beneficial for oil/water separation than the 2D structure.</abstract>
			<url hash="ab819533">G19-190001</url>
			<pages>282-288</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.10.041</doi>
			<bibkey>Zhao-2019-Polyamide</bibkey>
			<project>prj38</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="191">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Applied Surface Science, Volume 481</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Surface modification of polyamide meshes and nonwoven fabrics by plasma etching and a PDA/cellulose coating for oil/water separation</title>
			<author>
				<first>Pei</first>
				<last>Zhao</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Na</first>
				<last>Qin</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Carolyn L.</first>
				<last>Ren</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>John Z.</first>
				<last>Wen</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract This work investigated a two-step surface modification of polyamide meshes and nonwoven fabrics for oil/water separation and looked into the durability of such modified polyamide. The two-step modification included 1) pre-etching the polyamide surface using plasma treatment and 2) coating the pre-etched surface by eco-friendly polydopamine (PDA)/cellulose. The pre-etching increased the surface roughness, which further improved the underwater superoleophobicity of the coating. Therefore, the modified polyamide was able to separate various oil/water mixtures and showed a higher intrusion pressure than the original sample and the samples which were only etched or only coated. The grooves on the surface that resulted from the pre-etching prevented the coating from peeling off. In durability tests, after 6 repeated uses, the modified nonwoven sample lost its underwater oleophobicity due to severe oil fouling, coming to a complete failure in oil/water separation. After 19 cycles, the modified mesh was still able to separate a certain amount of oil/water but showed reduced intrusion pressure because of slight oil contamination. Filters with different structures, like meshes with one layer of pores and nonwoven fabrics with complex three dimensional pores, had different oil fouling levels that affected oil/water separation. The recoverability of filters from oil contamination should be considered for practical applications.</abstract>
			<url hash="133df256">G19-191001</url>
			<pages>883-891</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.03.152</doi>
			<bibkey>Zhao-2019-Surface</bibkey>
			<project>prj38</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="192">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 46, Issue 11</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Fresh Submarine Groundwater Discharge to the Near‐Global Coast</title>
			<author>
				<first>YaoQuan</first>
				<last>Zhou</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Audrey H.</first>
				<last>Sawyer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Cédric H.</first>
				<last>David</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. S.</first>
				<last>Famiglietti</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>The flow of fresh groundwater to the ocean through the coast (fresh submarine groundwater discharge or fresh SGD) plays an important role in global biogeochemical cycles and coastal water quality. In addition to delivering dissolved elements from land to sea, fresh SGD forms a natural barrier against salinization of coastal aquifers. Here we estimate groundwater discharge rates through the near‐global coast (60°N to 60°S) at high resolution using a water budget approach. We find that tropical coasts export more than 56% of all fresh SGD, while midlatitude arid regions export only 10%. Fresh SGD rates from tectonically active margins (coastlines along tectonic plate boundaries) are also significantly greater than passive margins, where most field studies have been focused. Active margins combine rapid uplift and weathering with high rates of fresh SGD and may therefore host exceptionally large groundwater‐borne solute fluxes to the coast.</abstract>
			<url hash="01885db8">G19-192001</url>
			<pages>5855-5863</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2019gl082749</doi>
			<bibkey>Zhou-2019-Fresh</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="193">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Analytical Chemistry, Volume 91, Issue 16</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Chemical Society (ACS)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>The Arsenic-Binding Aptamer Cannot Bind Arsenic: Critical Evaluation of Aptamer Selection and Binding</title>
			<author>
				<first>Chenghua</first>
				<last>Zong</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Juewen</first>
				<last>Liu</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>An arsenic-binding aptamer named Ars-3 was reported in 2009, and it has been used for detection of As(III) in more than two dozen papers. In this work, we performed extensive binding assays using isothermal titration calorimetry, various DNA-staining dyes, and gold nanoparticles. By carefully comparing Ars-3 and a few random control DNA sequences, no specific binding of As(III) was observed in each case. Therefore, we conclude that Ars-3 cannot bind As(III). Possible reasons for some of the previously reported binding and detection were speculated to be related to the adsorption of As(III) onto gold surfaces, which were used in many related sensor designs, and As(III)/Au interactions were not considered before. The selection data in the original paper were then analyzed in terms of sequence alignment, secondary structure prediction, and dissociation constant measurement. These steps need rigorous testing before confirming specific binding of newly selected aptamers. This study calls for attention to the gap between aptamer selection and biosensor design, and the gap needs to be filled by careful binding assays to further the growth of the aptamer field.</abstract>
			<url hash="b9343add">G19-193001</url>
			<pages>10887-10893</pages>
			<doi>10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02789</doi>
			<bibkey>Zong-2019-The</bibkey>
			<project>prj38</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="194">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 57, Issue 7</booktitle>
			<publisher>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Fine-Scale SAR Soil Moisture Estimation in the Subarctic Tundra</title>
			<author>
				<first>Simon</first>
				<last>Zwieback</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Aaron</first>
				<last>Berg</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>In the subarctic tundra, soil moisture information can benefit permafrost monitoring and ecological studies, but fine-scale remote-sensing approaches are lacking. We explore the suitability of C-band SAR, paying attention to two challenges soil moisture retrieval faces. First, the microtopography and the heterogeneous organic soils impart unique microwave scattering properties, even in absence of noteworthy shrub cover. Empirically, we find the polarimetric response is highly random (entropies &gt;0.7). The randomness limits the applicability of purely polarimetric approaches to soil moisture estimation, as it causes a tailor-made decomposition to break down. For comparison, the L-band scattering response is more surfacelike, also in terms of its angular characteristics. The second challenge concerns the large spatial but small temporal variability of soil moisture observed at our site. Accordingly, the Radarsat-2 C-band backscatter has a limited dynamic range (~2 dB). However, contrary to polarimetric indicators, it shows a clear surface soil moisture signal. To account for the small dynamic range while retaining a 100-m spatial resolution, we embed an empirical time-series model in a Bayesian framework. This framework adaptively pools information from neighboring grid cells, thus increasing the precision. The retrieved soil moisture index achieves correlations of 0.3–0.5 with in situ data at 5 cm depth and, upon calibration, root-mean-square errors of &lt;0.04 m3m−3. As this approach is applicable to Sentinel-1 data, it can potentially provide frequent soil moisture estimates across large regions. In the long term, L-band data hold greater promise for operational retrievals.</abstract>
			<url hash="24e30264">G19-194001</url>
			<pages>4898-4912</pages>
			<doi>10.1109/tgrs.2019.2893908</doi>
			<bibkey>Zwieback-2019-Fine-Scale</bibkey>
			<project>prj42</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="195">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Water Resources Research, Volume 55, Issue 3</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Geophysical Union (AGU)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Improving Permafrost Modeling by Assimilating Remotely Sensed Soil Moisture</title>
			<author>
				<first>Simon</first>
				<last>Zwieback</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sebastian</first>
				<last>Westermann</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Moritz</first>
				<last>Langer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Julia</first>
				<last>Boike</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Philip</first>
				<last>Marsh</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Aaron</first>
				<last>Berg</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Knowledge of soil moisture conditions is important for modeling soil temperatures, as soil moisture influences the thermal dynamics in multiple ways. However, in permafrost regions, soil moisture is highly heterogeneous and difficult to model. Satellite soil moisture data may fill this gap, but the degree to which they can improve permafrost modeling is unknown. To explore their added value for modeling soil temperatures, we assimilate fine‐scale satellite surface soil moisture into the CryoGrid‐3 permafrost model, which accounts for the soil moisture's influence on the soil thermal properties and the surface energy balance. At our study site in the Canadian Arctic, the assimilation improves the estimates of deeper (&gt;10 cm) soil temperatures during summer but not consistently those of the near‐surface temperatures. The improvements in the deeper temperatures are strongly contingent on soil type: They are largest for porous organic soils (30%), smaller for thin organic soil covers (20%), and they essentially vanish for mineral soils (only synthetic data available). That the improvements are greatest over organic soils reflects the strong coupling between soil moisture and deeper temperatures. The coupling arises largely from the diminishing soil thermal conductivity with increasing desiccation thanks to which the deeper soil is kept cool. It is this association of dry organic soils being cool at depth that lets the assimilation revise the simulated soil temperatures toward the actually measured ones. In the future, the increasing availability of satellite soil moisture data holds promise for the operational monitoring of soil temperatures, hydrology, and biogeochemistry.</abstract>
			<url hash="9c5f6501">G19-195001</url>
			<pages>1814-1832</pages>
			<doi>10.1029/2018wr023247</doi>
			<bibkey>Zwieback-2019-Improving</bibkey>
			<project>prj42</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="196">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Science of The Total Environment, Volume 653</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Increases in salinity following a shift in hydrologic regime in a constructed wetland watershed in a post-mining oil sands landscape</title>
			<author>
				<first>Kelly</first>
				<last>Biagi</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Claire</first>
				<last>Oswald</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Erin M.</first>
				<last>Nicholls</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sean K.</first>
				<last>Carey</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Bitumen extraction via surface mining in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region results in permanent alteration of boreal forests and wetlands. As part of their legal requirements, oil companies must reclaim disturbed landscapes into functioning ecosystems. Despite considerable work establishing upland forests, only two pilot wetland-peatland systems integrated within a watershed have been constructed to date. Peatland reclamation is challenging as it requires complete reconstruction with few guidelines or previous work in this region. Furthermore, the variable sub-humid climate and salinity of tailings materials present additional challenges. In 2012, Syncrude Canada Ltd. constructed a 52-ha pilot upland-wetland system, the Sandhill Fen Watershed, which was designed with a pump and underdrain system to provide freshwater and enhance drainage to limit salinization from underlying soft tailings materials that have elevated electrical conductivity (EC) and Na+. The objective of this research is to evaluate the hydrochemical response of a constructed wetland to variations in hydrology and water management with respect to water sources, flow pathways and major chemical transformations in the three years following commissioning. Results suggest that active water management practices in 2013 kept EC relatively low, with most wetland sites &lt;1000 μS/cm with Na+ concentrations &lt;250 mg/L. With limited management in 2014 and 2015, the EC increased in the wetland to &gt;1000 μS/cm in 2014 and &gt;2000 μS/cm in 2015. The most notable change was the emergence of several Na+ enriched zones in the margins. Here, Na+ concentrations were two to three times higher than other sites. Stable isotopes of water support that the Na+ enriched areas arise from underlying process-affected water in the tailings, providing evidence of its upward transport and seepage under a natural hydrologic regime. In future years, salinity is expected to evolve in its flow pathways and diffusion, yet the timeline and extent of these changes are uncertain.</abstract>
			<url hash="8eeacaef">G19-196001</url>
			<pages>1445-1457</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.341</doi>
			<bibkey>Biagi-2019-Increases</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="197">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Environmental Science</booktitle>
			<publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Beavers as Agents of Landscape Change</title>
			<author>
				<first>Cherie J.</first>
				<last>Westbrook</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Beavers ingeniously alter environments to suit their needs of predator protection and food access, creating widespread effects on surface waters throughout their range. Beaver are thus considered the quintessential ecosystem engineer. They “engineer” landscapes largely by building dams across low-order streams to retain water. Dam building changes a wide range of ecological, hydrologic, and geomorphic processes that transform rivers into complex wetland systems capable of supporting a diversity of aquatic and terrestrial species. Although less studied, beavers live in and can significantly impact landscape processes in large rivers, wetlands, and lakes and unexpected places like landslides, brackish deltas, and glacial discharge environments. The earliest works on beaver are from a time when beaver were very much still being trapped to supply the fashion market in Europe with pelts (c. late 1800s to early 1900s). Works from this period primarily document the natural history of beaver. Research interest in beaver waned for several decades, coincident with low beaver populations. In the 1980s and 1990s, however, researcher interest in beaver was again piqued, which led to a little over a decade of studies documenting a range of ecosystem effects of beaver. Research on beaver ecosystem engineering was reinvigorated again in the mid- to late-2000s, coincident with rewilding efforts in Europe, beaver use in stream restoration activities in the United States, and rapid spread of the exotic, invasive beaver population in Tierra del Fuego. This encyclopedia entry provides a summary of the hydrogeomorphic processes known to be beaver-mediated, as well as the state of knowledge of how beaver form stream valleys and shape wetland ecosystems. Included are brief annotations of key literature. Ecological and biogeochemical impacts of beaver ponds are extensive, but a full description of them are beyond the scope of this annotated bibliography. The topic could benefit from greater synergistic and integrative research among biologists, geomorphologists, ecologists, and hydrologists.</abstract>
			<url hash="3f4cdc61">G19-5001</url>
			<doi>10.1093/obo/9780199363445-0115</doi>
			<bibkey>Westbrook-2019-Beavers</bibkey>
			<project>prj27</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="198">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Science of The Total Environment, Volume 657</booktitle>
			<publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Storylines of combined future land use and climate scenarios and their hydrological impacts in an Alpine catchment (Brixental/Austria)</title>
			<author>
				<first>Ulrich</first>
				<last>Strasser</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kristian</first>
				<last>Förster</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Herbert</first>
				<last>Formayer</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Florentin</first>
				<last>Hofmeister</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Thomas</first>
				<last>Marke</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gertraud</first>
				<last>Meißl</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Imran</first>
				<last>Nadeem</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Rike</first>
				<last>Stotten</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Markus</first>
				<last>Schermer</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>In this paper, the hydrological impacts of future socio-economic and climatic development are assessed for a regional-scale Alpine catchment (Brixental, Tyrol, Austria). Therefore, coupled storylines of future land use and climate scenarios were developed in a transdisciplinary stakeholder process by means of questionnaire analyses and interviews with local experts from various relevant societal sectors. Resulting future land use maps for each decade were used as spatial input in the hydrological model WaSiM, to which a new module for the consideration of snow-canopy interaction processes has been added. Simulation results for three developed storylines, each combined with a moderate (A1B) and an extreme (RCP8.5) climate future, show that in a warmer and dryer climate the amount of annual simulated streamflow at the gauge of the catchment undergoes a significant reduction. The (mainly natural) reforestation of the catchment - caused by abandonment of previously cultivated areas - leads to additional losses of water by enhanced interception and evapotranspiration processes. Further cultivation of the current mountain pasture areas has a certain potential to attenuate undesirable long-term impacts of climate change on the catchment water balance.</abstract>
			<url hash="87f0bb04">G19-4001</url>
			<pages>746-763</pages>
			<doi>10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.077</doi>
			<bibkey>Strasser-2019-Storylines</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="199">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Volume 12, Issue 8</booktitle>
			<publisher>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>A Novel Data Fusion Technique for Snow Cover Retrieval</title>
			<author>
				<first>Ludovica De</first>
				<last>Gregorio</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mattia</first>
				<last>Callegari</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Carlo</first>
				<last>Marín</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Marc</first>
				<last>Zebisch</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lorenzo</first>
				<last>Bruzzone</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Begüm</first>
				<last>Demir</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ulrich</first>
				<last>Strasser</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Thomas</first>
				<last>Marke</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Daniel</first>
				<last>Günther</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Rudi</first>
				<last>Nadalet</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Claudia</first>
				<last>Notarnicola</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>This paper presents a novel data fusion technique for improving the snow cover monitoring for a mesoscale Alpine region, in particular in those areas where two information sources disagree. The presented methodological innovation consists in the integration of remote-sensing data products and the numerical simulation results by means of a machine learning classifier (support vector machine), capable to extract information from their quality measures. This differs from the existing approaches where remote sensing is only used for model tuning or data assimilation. The technique has been tested to generate a time series of about 1300 snow maps for the period between October 2012 and July 2016. The results show an average agreement between the fused product and the reference ground data of 96%, compared to 90% of the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data product and 92% of the numerical model simulation. Moreover, one of the most important results is observed from the analysis of snow cover area (SCA) time series, where the fused product seems to overcome the well-known underestimation of snow in forest of the MODIS product, by accurately reproducing the SCA peaks of winter season.</abstract>
			<url hash="2df9738f">G19-6001</url>
			<pages>2862-2877</pages>
			<doi>10.1109/jstars.2019.2920676</doi>
			<bibkey>De Gregorio-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="200">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Geographical Analysis, Volume 52, Issue 4</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Exploring the Use of Computer Vision Metrics for Spatial Pattern Comparison</title>
			<author>
				<first>Karim</first>
				<last>Malik</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Colin</first>
				<last>Robertson</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Detection of changes in spatial processes has long been of interest to quantitative geographers seeking to test models, validate theories, and anticipate change. Given the current “data-rich” environment of today, it may be time to reconsider the methodological approaches used for quantifying change in spatial processes. New tools emerging from computer vision research may hold particular potential to make significant advances in quantifying changes in spatial processes. In this article, two comparative indices from computer vision, the structural similarity (SSIM) index, and the complex wavelet structural similarity (CWSSIM) index were examined for their utility in the comparison of real and simulated spatial data sets. Gaussian Markov random fields were simulated and compared with both metrics. A case study into comparison of snow water equivalent spatial patterns over northern Canada was used to explore the properties of these indices on real-world data. CWSSIM was found to be less sensitive than SSIM to changing window dimension. The CWSSIM appears to have significant potential in characterizing change and/or similarity; distinguishing between map pairs that possess subtle structural differences. Further research is required to explore the utility of these approaches for empirical comparison cases of different forms of landscape change and in comparison to human judgments of spatial pattern differences.</abstract>
			<url hash="cd2604bc">G19-8001</url>
			<pages>617-641</pages>
			<doi>10.1111/gean.12228</doi>
			<bibkey>Malik-2019-Exploring</bibkey>
			<project>prj17</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="201">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Volume 100, Issue 12</booktitle>
			<publisher>American Meteorological Society</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Our Skill in Modeling Mountain Rain and Snow is Bypassing the Skill of Our Observational Networks</title>
			<author>
				<first>Jessica D.</first>
				<last>Lundquist</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mimi</first>
				<last>Hughes</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>E. D.</first>
				<last>Gutmann</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sarah</first>
				<last>Kapnick</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract In mountain terrain, well-configured high-resolution atmospheric models are able to simulate total annual rain and snowfall better than spatial estimates derived from in situ observational networks of precipitation gauges, and significantly better than radar or satellite-derived estimates. This conclusion is primarily based on comparisons with streamflow and snow in basins across the western United States and in Iceland, Europe, and Asia. Even though they outperform gridded datasets based on gauge networks, atmospheric models still disagree with each other on annual average precipitation and often disagree more on their representation of individual storms. Research to address these difficulties must make use of a wide range of observations (snow, streamflow, ecology, radar, satellite) and bring together scientists from different disciplines and a wide range of communities.</abstract>
			<url hash="759a63d9">G19-9001</url>
			<pages>2473-2490</pages>
			<doi>10.1175/bams-d-19-0001.1</doi>
			<bibkey>Lundquist-2019-Our</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="202">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Atmosphere, Volume 10, Issue 11</booktitle>
			<publisher>MDPI AG</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>A 5 km Resolution Regional Climate Simulation for Central Europe: Performance in High Mountain Areas and Seasonal, Regional and Elevation-Dependent Variations</title>
			<author>
				<first>Michael</first>
				<last>Warscher</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sven</first>
				<last>Wagner</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Thomas</first>
				<last>Marke</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Patrick</first>
				<last>Laux</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gerhard</first>
				<last>Smiatek</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ulrich</first>
				<last>Strasser</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Harald</first>
				<last>Kunstmann</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Mountain regions with complex orography are a particular challenge for regional climate simulations. High spatial resolution is required to account for the high spatial variability in meteorological conditions. This study presents a very high-resolution regional climate simulation (5 km) using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) for the central part of Europe including the Alps. Global boundaries are dynamically downscaled for the historical period 1980–2009 (ERA-Interim and MPI-ESM), and for the near future period 2020–2049 (MPI-ESM, scenario RCP4.5). Model results are compared to gridded observation datasets and to data from a dense meteorological station network in the Berchtesgaden Alps (Germany). Averaged for the Alps, the mean bias in temperature is about −0.3 °C, whereas precipitation is overestimated by +14% to +19%. R 2 values for hourly, daily and monthly temperature range between 0.71 and 0.99. Temporal precipitation dynamics are well reproduced at daily and monthly scales (R 2 between 0.36 and 0.85), but are not well captured at hourly scale. The spatial patterns, seasonal distributions, and elevation-dependencies of the climate change signals are investigated. Mean warming in Central Europe exhibits a temperature increase between 0.44 °C and 1.59 °C and is strongest in winter and spring. An elevation-dependent warming is found for different specific regions and seasons, but is absent in others. Annual precipitation changes between −4% and +25% in Central Europe. The change signals for humidity, wind speed, and incoming short-wave radiation are small, but they show distinct spatial and elevation-dependent patterns. On large-scale spatial and temporal averages, the presented 5 km RCM setup has in general similar biases as EURO-CORDEX simulations, but it shows very good model performance at the regional and local scale for daily meteorology, and, apart from wind-speed and precipitation, even for hourly values.</abstract>
			<url hash="55cd6524">G19-10001</url>
			<pages>682</pages>
			<doi>10.3390/atmos10110682</doi>
			<bibkey>Warscher-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="203">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrology, Volume 6, Issue 4</booktitle>
			<publisher>MDPI AG</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>‘Teflon Basin’ or Not? A High-Elevation Catchment Transit Time Modeling Approach</title>
			<author>
				<first>Jan</first>
				<last>Schmieder</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Stefan</first>
				<last>Seeger</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Markus</first>
				<last>Weiler</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ulrich</first>
				<last>Strasser</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>We determined the streamflow transit time and the subsurface water storage volume in the glacierized high-elevation catchment of the Rofenache (Oetztal Alps, Austria) with the lumped parameter transit time model TRANSEP. Therefore we enhanced the surface energy-balance model ESCIMO to simulate the ice melt, snowmelt and rain input to the catchment and associated δ18O values for 100 m elevation bands. We then optimized TRANSEP with streamflow volume and δ18O for a four-year period with input data from the modified version of ESCIMO at a daily resolution. The median of the 100 best TRANSEP runs revealed a catchment mean transit time of 9.5 years and a mobile storage of 13,846 mm. The interquartile ranges of the best 100 runs were large for both, the mean transit time (8.2–10.5 years) and the mobile storage (11,975–15,382 mm). The young water fraction estimated with the sinusoidal amplitude ratio of input and output δ18O values and delayed input of snow and ice melt was 47%. Our results indicate that streamflow is dominated by the release of water younger than 56 days. However, tracers also revealed a large water volume in the subsurface with a long transit time resulting to a strongly delayed exchange with streamflow and hence also to a certain portion of relatively old water: The median of the best 100 TRANSEP runs for streamflow fraction older than five years is 28%.</abstract>
			<url hash="ed710241">G19-11001</url>
			<pages>92</pages>
			<doi>10.3390/hydrology6040092</doi>
			<bibkey>Schmieder-2019-‘Teflon</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="204">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Remote Sensing, Volume 11, Issue 17</booktitle>
			<publisher>MDPI AG</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Improving SWE Estimation by Fusion of Snow Models with Topographic and Remotely Sensed Data</title>
			<author>
				<first>Ludovica De</first>
				<last>Gregorio</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Daniel</first>
				<last>Günther</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mattia</first>
				<last>Callegari</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ulrich</first>
				<last>Strasser</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Marc</first>
				<last>Zebisch</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lorenzo</first>
				<last>Bruzzone</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Claudia</first>
				<last>Notarnicola</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>This paper presents a new concept to derive the snow water equivalent (SWE) based on the joint use of snow model (AMUNDSEN) simulation, ground data, and auxiliary products derived from remote sensing. The main objective is to characterize the spatial-temporal distribution of the model-derived SWE deviation with respect to the real SWE values derived from ground measurements. This deviation is due to the intrinsic uncertainty of any theoretical model, related to the approximations in the analytical formulation. The method, based on the k-NN algorithm, computes the deviation for some labeled samples, i.e., samples for which ground measurements are available, in order to characterize and model the deviations associated to unlabeled samples (no ground measurements available), by assuming that the deviations of samples vary depending on the location within the feature space. Obtained results indicate an improved performance with respect to AMUNDSEN model, by decreasing the RMSE and the MAE with ground data, on average, from 154 to 75 mm and from 99 to 45 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the slope of regression line between estimated SWE and ground reference samples reaches 0.9 from 0.6 of AMUNDSEN simulations, by reducing the data spread and the number of outliers.</abstract>
			<url hash="ffc4adaf">G19-12001</url>
			<pages>2033</pages>
			<doi>10.3390/rs11172033</doi>
			<bibkey>De Gregorio-2019-Improving</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="205">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Sustainability, Volume 11, Issue 21</booktitle>
			<publisher>MDPI AG</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Agent-Based Modelling of a Coupled Water Demand and Supply System at the Catchment Scale</title>
			<author>
				<first>Lisa</first>
				<last>Huber</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nico</first>
				<last>Bahro</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Georg</first>
				<last>Leitinger</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ulrike</first>
				<last>Tappeiner</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ulrich</first>
				<last>Strasser</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Water is of uttermost importance for human well-being and a central resource in sustainable development. Many simulation models for sustainable water management, however, lack explanatory and predictive power because the two-way dynamic feedbacks between human and water systems are neglected. With Agent-based Modelling of Resources (Aqua.MORE; here, of the resource water), we present a platform that can support understanding, interpretation and scenario development of resource flows in coupled human–water systems at the catchment scale. Aqua.MORE simulates the water resources in a demand and supply system, whereby water fluxes and socioeconomic actors are represented by individual agents that mutually interact and cause complex feedback loops. First, we describe the key steps for developing an agent-based model (ABM) of water demand and supply, using the platform Aqua.MORE. Second, we illustrate the modelling process by application in an idealized Alpine valley, characterized by touristic and agricultural water demand sectors. Here, the implementation and analysis of scenarios highlights the possibilities of Aqua.MORE (1) to easily deploy case study-specific agents and characterize them, (2) to evaluate feedbacks between water demand and supply and (3) to compare the effects of different agent behavior or water use strategies. Thereby, we corroborate the potential of Aqua.MORE as a decision-support tool for sustainable watershed management.</abstract>
			<url hash="4778caca">G19-13001</url>
			<pages>6178</pages>
			<doi>10.3390/su11216178</doi>
			<bibkey>Huber-2019-Agent-Based</bibkey>
			<project>prj31</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="206">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Studies in Big Data</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer International Publishing</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Workflow Provenance for Big Data: From Modelling to Reporting</title>
			<author>
				<first>Rayhan</first>
				<last>Ferdous</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Banani</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chanchal K.</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin A.</first>
				<last>Schneider</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Scientific workflow management system (SWFMS) is one of the inherent parts of Big Data analytics systems. Analyses in such data intensive research using workflows are very costly. SWFMSs or workflows keep track of every bit of executions through logs, which later could be used on demand. For example, in the case of errors, security breaches, or even any conditions, we may need to trace back to the previous steps or look at the intermediate data elements. Such fashion of logging is known as workflow provenance. However, prominent workflows being domain specific and developed following different programming paradigms, their architectures, logging mechanisms, information in the logs, provenance queries, and so on differ significantly. So, provenance technology of one workflow from a certain domain is not easily applicable in another domain. Facing the lack of a general workflow provenance standard, we propose a programming model for automated workflow logging. The programming model is easy to implement and easily configurable by domain experts independent of workflow users. We implement our workflow programming model on Bioinformatics research—for evaluation and collect workflow logs from various scientific pipelines’ executions. Then we focus on some fundamental provenance questions inspired by recent literature that can derive many other complex provenance questions. Finally, the end users are provided with discovered insights from the workflow provenance through online data visualization as a separate web service.</abstract>
			<url hash="87f0bb04">G19-4001</url>
			<pages>185-200</pages>
			<doi>10.1007/978-3-030-32587-9_11</doi>
			<bibkey>Ferdous-2019-Workflow</bibkey>
			<project>prj8</project>
		</paper>
		<paper id="2">
			<title>A Data Management Scheme for Micro-Level Modular Computation-Intensive Programs in Big Data Platforms</title>
			<author>
				<first>Debasish</first>
				<last>Chakroborti</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Banani</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Amit Kumar</first>
				<last>Mondal</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Golam</first>
				<last>Mostaeen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Chanchal K.</first>
				<last>Roy</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Kevin A.</first>
				<last>Schneider</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Ralph</first>
				<last>Deters</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Big Data analytics or systems developed with parallel distributed processing frameworks (e.g., Hadoop and Spark) are becoming popular for finding important insights from a huge amount of heterogeneous data (e.g., image, text, and sensor data). These systems offer a wide range of tools and connect them to form workflows for processing Big Data. Independent schemes from different studies for managing programs and data of workflows have been already proposed by many researchers and most of the systems have been presented with data or metadata management. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study particularly discusses the performance implications of utilizing intermediate states of data and programs generated at various execution steps of a workflow in distributed platforms. In order to address the shortcomings, we propose a scheme of Big Data management for micro-level modular computation-intensive programs in a Spark and Hadoop-based platform. In this paper, we investigate whether management of the intermediate states can speed up the execution of an image processing pipeline consisting of various image processing tools/APIs in Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) while ensuring appropriate reusability and error monitoring. From our experiments, we obtained prominent results, e.g., we have reported that with the intermediate data management, we can gain up to 87% computation time for an image processing job.</abstract>
			<url hash="1ef9eabe">G19-4002</url>
			<pages>135-153</pages>
			<doi>10.1007/978-3-030-32587-9_9</doi>
			<bibkey>Chakroborti-2019-A</bibkey>
			<project>prj8</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="207">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Ecohydrology, Volume 12, Issue 7</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Hydrogeologic setting overrides any influence of wildfire on pore water dissolved organic carbon concentration and quality at a boreal fen</title>
			<author>
				<first>Scott J.</first>
				<last>Davidson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Matthew C.</first>
				<last>Elmes</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Hayley</first>
				<last>Rogers</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Christine van</first>
				<last>Beest</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Richard M.</first>
				<last>Petrone</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Jonathan S.</first>
				<last>Price</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Maria</first>
				<last>Strack</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract Western Boreal Canada could experience drier hydrometeorological conditions under future climatic changes, and the drying of nonpermafrost peatlands can lead to higher frequency and extent of wildfires. Despite increasing pressures, our understanding of the impact of fire on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and quality across boreal peatlands is not consistent. This study capitalizes on the rare opportunity of having 3 years of prefire and 3 years of postfire DOC data at a treed, moderate‐rich fen in the Western Boreal Plain, northern Alberta, to investigate wildfire effects on peatland DOC dynamics. We investigated whether a wildfire facilitated any changes in the pore water DOC concentration and quality. There was very little impact of the fire directly, with no significant changes in DOC concentrations postfire. We highlight that DOC patterns are more likely to be controlled by local hydrogeological factors than any effect of fire. Fall hydrological conditions and subsequent winter storage processes impose a strong control on DOC concentrations the following year. We suggest that the presence or absence of concrete ground frost in the fen (determined by fall water table position) influences overwinter storage changes, controlling the effect that DOC‐poor snowmelt may have on pore water concentrations. However, an increase in SUVA 254 was found 2 years postfire, indicating an increase in aromaticity. These results highlight the need for careful consideration of the local hydrogeologic setting and hydrological regime when predicting and analysing trends in DOC concentrations and quality.</abstract>
			<url hash="3f4cdc61">G19-5001</url>
			<doi>10.1002/eco.2141</doi>
			<bibkey>Davidson-2019-Hydrogeologic</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="208">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrological Processes, Volume 33, Issue 21</booktitle>
			<publisher>Wiley</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Hydraulic redistribution and hydrological controls on aspen transpiration and establishment in peatlands following wildfire</title>
			<author>
				<first>Midori</first>
				<last>Depante</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Matthew Q.</first>
				<last>Morison</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Richard M.</first>
				<last>Petrone</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>K. J.</first>
				<last>Devito</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nicholas</first>
				<last>Kettridge</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. M.</first>
				<last>Waddington</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract In the sub‐humid Western Boreal Plains of Alberta, where evapotranspiration often exceeds precipitation, trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.) uplands often depend on adjacent peatlands for water supply through hydraulic redistribution. Wildfire is common in the Boreal Plains, so the resilience of the transfer of water from peatlands to uplands through roots immediately following wildfire may have implications for aspen succession. The objective of this research was to characterize post‐fire peatland‐upland hydraulic connectivity and assess controls on aspen transpiration (as a measure of stress and productivity) among landscape topographic positions. In May 2011, a wildfire affected 90,000 ha of north central Alberta, including the Utikuma Region Study Area (URSA). Portions of an URSA glacio‐fluval outwash lake catchment were burned, which included forests and a small peatland. Within 1 year after the fire, aspen were found to be growing in both the interior and margins of this peatland. Across recovering land units, transpiration varied along a topographic gradient of upland midslope (0.42 mm hr −1 ) &gt; upland hilltop (0.29 mm hr −1 ) &gt; margin (0.23 mm hr −1 ) &gt; peatland (0.10 mm hr −1 ); similar trends were observed with leaf area and stem heights. Although volumetric water content was below field capacity, P. tremuloides were sustained through roots present, likely before fire, in peatland margins through hydraulic redistribution. Evidence for this was observed through the analysis of oxygen (δ 18 O) and hydrogen (δ 2 H) isotopes where upland xylem and peat core signatures were −10.0‰ and −117.8‰ and −9.2‰ and −114.0‰, respectively. This research highlights the potential importance of hydraulic redistribution to forest sustainability and recovery, in which the continued delivery of water may result in the encroachment of aspen into peatlands. As such, we suggest that through altering ecosystem services, peatland margins following fire may be at risk to aspen colonization during succession.</abstract>
			<url hash="2df9738f">G19-6001</url>
			<pages>2714-2728</pages>
			<doi>10.1002/hyp.13522</doi>
			<bibkey>Depante-2019-Hydraulic</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="209">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Nature Geoscience, Volume 12, Issue 11</booktitle>
			<publisher>Springer Science and Business Media LLC</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Validity of managing peatlands with fire</title>
			<author>
				<first>Andy J.</first>
				<last>Baird</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>C. D.</first>
				<last>Evans</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Robert</first>
				<last>Mills</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Paul J.</first>
				<last>Morris</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Susan</first>
				<last>Page</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mike</first>
				<last>Peacock</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Mark S.</first>
				<last>Reed</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Bjorn J. M.</first>
				<last>Robroek</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>R. E.</first>
				<last>Stoneman</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Graeme T.</first>
				<last>Swindles</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Tim</first>
				<last>Thom</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. M.</first>
				<last>Waddington</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Dylan M.</first>
				<last>Young</last>
			</author>
			<abstract />
			<url hash="954514ea">G19-7001</url>
			<pages>884-885</pages>
			<doi>10.1038/s41561-019-0477-5</doi>
			<bibkey>Baird-2019-Validity</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="210">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Diversity, Volume 11, Issue 9</booktitle>
			<publisher>MDPI AG</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
	</volume>
	<volume id="211">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Biogeosciences, Volume 16, Issue 18</booktitle>
			<publisher>Copernicus GmbH</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>Assessing the peatland hummock–hollow classification framework using high-resolution elevation models: implications for appropriate complexity ecosystem modeling</title>
			<author>
				<first>Paul</first>
				<last>Moore</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Maxwell</first>
				<last>Lukenbach</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Dan K.</first>
				<last>Thompson</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Nicholas</first>
				<last>Kettridge</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Gustaf</first>
				<last>Granath</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>J. M.</first>
				<last>Waddington</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. The hummock–hollow classification framework used to categorize peatland ecosystem microtopography is pervasive throughout peatland experimental designs and current peatland ecosystem modeling approaches. However, identifying what constitutes a representative hummock–hollow pair within a site and characterizing hummock–hollow variability within or between peatlands remains largely unassessed. Using structure from motion (SfM), high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) of hummock–hollow microtopography were used to (1) examine how much area needs to be sampled to characterize site-level microtopographic variation; and (2) examine the potential role of microtopographic shape/structure on biogeochemical fluxes using plot-level data from nine northern peatlands. To capture 95 % of site-level microtopographic variability, on average, an aggregate sampling area of 32 m2 composed of 10 randomly located plots was required. Both site- (i.e. transect data) and plot-level (i.e. SfM-derived DEM) results show that microtopographic variability can be described as a fractal at the submeter scale, where contributions to total variance are very small below a 0.5 m length scale. Microtopography at the plot level was often found to be non-bimodal, as assessed using a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). Our findings suggest that the non-bimodal distribution of microtopography at the plot level may result in an undersampling of intermediate topographic positions. Extended to the modeling domain, an underrepresentation of intermediate microtopographic positions is shown to lead to potentially large flux biases over a wide range of water table positions for ecosystem processes which are non-linearly related to water and energy availability at the moss surface. Moreover, our simple modeling results suggest that much of the bias can be eliminated by representing microtopography with several classes rather than the traditional two (i.e. hummock/hollow). A range of tools examined herein can be used to easily parameterize peatland models, from GMMs used as simple transfer functions to spatially explicit fractal landscapes based on simple power-law relations between microtopographic variability and scale.</abstract>
			<url hash="759a63d9">G19-9001</url>
			<pages>3491-3506</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/bg-16-3491-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Moore-2019-Assessing</bibkey>
			<project>prj4</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
	<volume id="212">
		<meta>
			<booktitle>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Volume 23, Issue 11</booktitle>
			<publisher>Copernicus GmbH</publisher>
			<address />
			<year>2019</year>
		</meta>
		<paper id="1">
			<title>High-resolution regional climate modeling and projection over western Canada using a weather research forecasting model with a pseudo-global warming approach</title>
			<author>
				<first>Yanping</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zhenhua</first>
				<last>Li</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Zhe</first>
				<last>Zhang</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Liang</first>
				<last>Chen</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Sopan</first>
				<last>Kurkute</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Lucía</first>
				<last>Scaff</last>
			</author>
			<author>
				<first>Xicai</first>
				<last>Pan</last>
			</author>
			<abstract>Abstract. Climate change poses great risks to western Canada's ecosystem and socioeconomical development. To assess these hydroclimatic risks under high-end emission scenario RCP8.5, this study used the Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model at a convection-permitting (CP) 4 km resolution to dynamically downscale the mean projection of a 19-member CMIP5 ensemble by the end of the 21st century. The CP simulations include a retrospective simulation (CTL, 2000–2015) for verification forced by ERA-Interim and a pseudo-global warming (PGW) for climate change projection forced with climate change forcing (2071–2100 to 1976–2005) from CMIP5 ensemble added on ERA-Interim. The retrospective WRF-CTL's surface air temperature simulation was evaluated against Canadian daily analysis ANUSPLIN, showing good agreements in the geographical distribution with cold biases east of the Canadian Rockies, especially in spring. WRF-CTL captures the main pattern of observed precipitation distribution from CaPA and ANUSPLIN but shows a wet bias near the British Columbia coast in winter and over the immediate region on the lee side of the Canadian Rockies. The WRF-PGW simulation shows significant warming relative to CTL, especially over the polar region in the northeast during the cold season, and in daily minimum temperature. Precipitation changes in PGW over CTL vary with the seasons: in spring and late autumn precipitation increases in most areas, whereas in summer in the Saskatchewan River basin and southern Canadian Prairies, the precipitation change is negligible or decreased slightly. With almost no increase in precipitation and much more evapotranspiration in the future, the water availability during the growing season will be challenging for the Canadian Prairies. The WRF-PGW projected warming is less than that by the CMIP5 ensemble in all seasons. The CMIP5 ensemble projects a 10 %–20 % decrease in summer precipitation over the Canadian Prairies and generally agrees with WRF-PGW except for regions with significant terrain. This difference may be due to the much higher resolution of WRF being able to more faithfully represent small-scale summer convection and orographic lifting due to steep terrain. WRF-PGW shows an increase in high-intensity precipitation events and shifts the distribution of precipitation events toward more extremely intensive events in all seasons. Due to this shift in precipitation intensity to the higher end in the PGW simulation, the seemingly moderate increase in the total amount of precipitation in summer east of the Canadian Rockies may underestimate the increase in flooding risk and water shortage for agriculture. The change in the probability distribution of precipitation intensity also calls for innovative bias-correction methods to be developed for the application of the dataset when bias correction is required. High-quality meteorological observation over the region is needed for both forcing high-resolution climate simulation and conducting verification. The high-resolution downscaled climate simulations provide abundant opportunities both for investigating local-scale atmospheric dynamics and for studying climate impacts on hydrology, agriculture, and ecosystems.</abstract>
			<url hash="ed710241">G19-11001</url>
			<pages>4635-4659</pages>
			<doi>10.5194/hess-23-4635-2019</doi>
			<bibkey>Li-2019-High-resolution</bibkey>
			<project>prj20</project>
		</paper>
	</volume>
</collection>