ci: Update clang format action and version to 17 #333

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Run time

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Job	Run time
macos	4m 4s
linux (3.10.3-ubuntu-focal)	5m 41s
linux (3.10.4-fedora-38)	5m 12s
linux (3.10.7.0-ubuntu-jammy)	3m 48s
	18m 45s