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<meta name="description" content="Play pong game for free. Pong is a table tennis–themed twitch arcade sports video game, featuring simple two-dimensional graphics, manufactured by Atari and originally released in 1972. It was one of the earliest arcade video games; it was created by Allan Alcorn as a training exercise assigned to him by Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, but Bushnell and Atari co-founder Ted Dabney were surprised by the quality of Alcorn's work and decided to manufacture the game.">
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<h1>Breakout Game</h1>
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<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1976 video game</div>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1976 video game</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1117680521">.mw-parser-output .ib-video-game .infobox-label{white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em}.mw-parser-output .ib-video-game .infobox-above{font-style:italic}</style><table class="infobox ib-video-game hproduct"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">Breakout</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:BreakOut_arcadeflyer.png" class="image"><img alt="BreakOut arcadeflyer.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/BreakOut_arcadeflyer.png/220px-BreakOut_arcadeflyer.png" decoding="async" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/BreakOut_arcadeflyer.png/330px-BreakOut_arcadeflyer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/BreakOut_arcadeflyer.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="277" width="220" height="170"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Arcade flyer</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_developer" title="Video game developer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari, Inc.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_publisher" title="Video game publisher">Publisher(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">NA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">EU</a>:</span> Atari, Inc.</li><li><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">JP</a>:</span> <a href="/wiki/Namco" title="Namco">Namco</a><sup id="cite_ref-Akagi_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akagi-1">[1]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game designer">Designer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell">Nolan Bushnell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a></li>
<li>Steve Bristow<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_programmer" title="Video game programmer">Programmer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Atari 2600</b><br>Brad Stewart</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">Arcade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Arcade</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">NA</a>:</span> May 13, 1976<sup id="cite_ref-atari_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atari-2">[2]</a></sup></li><li><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">JP</a>:</span> May 1976<sup id="cite_ref-Akagi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akagi-1">[1]</a></sup></li><li><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">EU</a>:</span> 1976<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></li></ul></div><b>Atari 2600</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">NA</a>:</span> November 9, 1978<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">Genre(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Action_game" title="Action game">Action</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mode(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Up to 2 players, alternating turns</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><i><b>Breakout</b></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">arcade video game</a> developed and published by <a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari, Inc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> and released on May 13, 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-atari_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atari-2">[2]</a></sup> It was designed by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a>, based on conceptualization from <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell">Nolan Bushnell</a> and Steve Bristow who were influenced by the seminal <a href="/wiki/1972_in_video_games" title="1972 in video games">1972</a> Atari arcade game <i><a href="/wiki/Pong" title="Pong">Pong</a></i>. In <i>Breakout</i>, a layer of bricks lines the top third of the screen and the goal is to destroy them all by repeatedly bouncing a ball off a paddle into them. The arcade game was released in Japan by <a href="/wiki/Namco" title="Namco">Namco</a>. <i>Breakout</i> was a worldwide commercial success, among the top five highest-grossing <a href="/wiki/1976_in_video_games" title="1976 in video games">arcade video games of 1976</a> in both the United States and Japan and then among the top three highest-grossing <a href="/wiki/1977_in_video_games" title="1977 in video games">arcade video games of 1977</a> in the US and Japan. The 1978 <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari VCS</a> port uses color graphics instead of a monochrome screen with colored overlay.
</p><p>While the concept was predated by <a href="/wiki/Ramtek_(company)" title="Ramtek (company)">Ramtek</a>'s <i>Clean Sweep</i> (1974), <i>Breakout</i> spawned an entire genre of clones. It was the inspiration for aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> computer and <a href="/wiki/Taito" title="Taito">Taito</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Invaders" title="Space Invaders">Space Invaders</a></i> (1978). An official sequel was released in 1978, <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Breakout" title="Super Breakout">Super Breakout</a></i>, which eventually became the pack-in game for the <a href="/wiki/Atari_5200" title="Atari 5200">Atari 5200</a> console in 1982. <i>Super Breakout</i> introduced multiple balls in play at once, which became a common feature in the genre. In 1986 the <i>Breakout</i> concept found new legs with <a href="/wiki/Taito" title="Taito">Taito</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Arkanoid" title="Arkanoid">Arkanoid</a></i>, which itself spawned dozens of imitators. In Japan, the genre is known as <i>block kuzushi</i> ("block breaker") games.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gameplay">Gameplay</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakout_(video_game)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gameplay">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Breakout_game_screenshot.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Breakout_game_screenshot.png/220px-Breakout_game_screenshot.png" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cd/Breakout_game_screenshot.png 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="379" width="220" height="317"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Breakout_game_screenshot.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Arcade version screenshot</div></div></div>
<p><i>Breakout</i> begins with eight rows of bricks, with each two rows a different kinds of color. The color order from the bottom up is yellow, green, orange and red. Using a single ball, the player must knock down as many bricks as possible by using the walls and/or the paddle below to hit the ball against the bricks and eliminate them. If the player's paddle misses the ball's rebound, they will lose a turn. The player has three turns to try to clear two screens of bricks. Yellow bricks earn one point each, green bricks earn three points, orange bricks earn five points and the top-level red bricks score seven points each. The paddle shrinks to one-half its size after the ball has broken through the red row and hit the upper wall. Ball speed increases at specific intervals: after four hits, after twelve hits, and after making contact with the orange and red rows.
</p><p>The highest score achievable for one player is 896; this is done by eliminating two screens of bricks worth 448 points per screen. Once the second screen of bricks is destroyed, the ball in play harmlessly bounces off empty walls until the player restarts the game, as no additional screens are provided. However, a secret way to score beyond the 896 maximum is to play the game in two-player mode. If "Player One" completes the first screen on their third and last ball, then immediately and deliberately allows the ball to "drain", Player One's second screen is transferred to "Player Two" as a third screen, allowing Player Two to score a maximum of 1,344 points if they are adept enough to keep the third ball in play that long. Once the third screen is eliminated, the game is over.
</p><p>The original arcade cabinet of Breakout featured artwork that revealed the game's plot to be that of a prison escape. According to this release, the player is actually playing as one of a prison's inmates attempting to knock a ball and chain into a wall of their prison cell with a mallet. If the player successfully destroys the wall in-game, their inmate escapes with others following.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Development">Development</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakout_(video_game)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>A precursor to <i>Breakout</i> was <i>Clean Sweep</i>, released by <a href="/wiki/Ramtek_(company)" title="Ramtek (company)">Ramtek</a> in 1974. In that game, the player uses a paddle to hit a ball up towards a playfield of dots, which disappear as the ball moves through the dots; the goal is to achieve a clean sweep by erasing all the dots.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> <i>Clean Sweep</i> was one of the top ten best-selling <a href="/wiki/1974_in_video_games" title="1974 in video games">arcade video games of 1974</a> and sold a total of 3,500 <a href="/wiki/Arcade_cabinet" title="Arcade cabinet">arcade cabinets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>Breakout</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">discrete logic</a> (non-<a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>) game, was designed by Nolan Bushnell, Steve Jobs, and Steve Bristow, all three of whom were involved with Atari and its <a href="/wiki/Kee_Games" title="Kee Games">Kee Games</a> subsidiary. Atari produced innovative video games using the <i>Pong</i> hardware as a means of competition against companies making "<i>Pong</i> clones".<sup id="cite_ref-UHoVG_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UHoVG-10">[10]</a></sup> Bushnell wanted to turn <i>Pong</i> into a single player game, where the player would use a paddle to maintain a ball that depletes a wall of bricks. Bushnell was certain the game would be popular, and he and Bristow partnered to produce a concept. <a href="/wiki/Al_Alcorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Alcorn">Al Alcorn</a> was assigned as the <i>Breakout</i> project manager, and he began development with <a href="/wiki/Cyan_Engineering" title="Cyan Engineering">Cyan Engineering</a> in 1975. Bushnell assigned <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> to design a prototype. Jobs was offered <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>750, with an award for every TTL (<a href="/wiki/Transistor-transistor_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistor-transistor logic">transistor-transistor logic</a>) chip fewer than 50. Jobs promised to complete a prototype within four days.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>Bushnell offered the bonus because he disliked how new Atari games required 150 to 170 chips; he knew that Jobs' friend <a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a>, an employee of <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>, had designed a version of Pong that used about 30 chips.<sup id="cite_ref-wozniak198412_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wozniak198412-12">[12]</a></sup> Jobs had little specialized knowledge of circuit board design but knew Wozniak was capable of producing designs with a small number of chips. He convinced Wozniak to work with him, promising to split the fee evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Wozniak had no sketches and instead interpreted the game from its description. To save parts, he had "tricky little designs". Near the end of development, Wozniak considered moving the <a href="/wiki/High_score" class="mw-redirect" title="High score">high score</a> to the screen's top, but Jobs claimed Bushnell wanted it at the bottom; Wozniak was unaware of any truth to his claims. The original deadline was met after Wozniak worked at Atari four nights straight, doing some additional designs while at his day job at Hewlett-Packard. This equated to a bonus of $5,000, which Jobs kept secret from Wozniak. Wozniak has stated he only received payment of $350;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iWoz_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iWoz-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UHVF_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UHVF-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DotEaters_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DotEaters-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ArcadeHistory_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArcadeHistory-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ClassicGaming_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClassicGaming-18">[18]</a></sup> he believed for years that Atari had promised $700 for a design using fewer than 50 chips, and $1000 for fewer than 40, stating in 1984 that "we only got 700 bucks for it". Wozniak was the engineer, and Jobs was the <a href="/wiki/Breadboard" title="Breadboard">breadboarder</a> and tester. Wozniak's original design used 42 chips; the final, working breadboard he and Jobs delivered to Atari used 44, but Wozniak said: "We were so tired we couldn't cut it down".<sup id="cite_ref-wozniak198412_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wozniak198412-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>The simplicity of the game created a problem when the copyright filing was denied because it "did not contain at least a minimum amount of original pictorial or graphic authorship, or authorship in sounds" and Atari appealed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Atari_Games_Corp._v._Oman" title="Atari Games Corp. v. Oman">Atari Games Corp. v. Oman</a></i>, then Court of Appeals Justice <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> found that the work was copyrightable.<sup id="cite_ref-appeal_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appeal-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>Atari was unable to use Wozniak's design. By designing the board with as few chips as possible, he made the design difficult to manufacture; it was too compact and complicated to be feasible with Atari's manufacturing methods. However, Wozniak claims Atari could not understand the design and speculates "maybe some engineer there was trying to make some kind of modification to it". Atari ended up designing their own version for production, which contained about 100 TTL chips. Wozniak found the gameplay to be the same as his original creation and could not find any differences.<sup id="cite_ref-iWoz_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iWoz-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UHVF_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UHVF-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DotEaters_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DotEaters-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ArcadeHistory_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArcadeHistory-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arcade_cabinet" title="Arcade cabinet">arcade cabinet</a> uses a black and white <a href="/wiki/Computer_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display">monitor</a>, but the monitor has strips of colored <a href="/wiki/Cellophane" title="Cellophane">cellophane</a> placed over it so that the bricks appear to be in color.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_versions">Other versions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakout_(video_game)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other versions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Breakout2600.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/Breakout2600.svg/240px-Breakout2600.svg.png" decoding="async" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/Breakout2600.svg/360px-Breakout2600.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/Breakout2600.svg/480px-Breakout2600.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="105" width="240" height="158"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Breakout2600.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Atari 2600 version</div></div></div>
<p>A software version of <i>Breakout</i> was written for the <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a> by Brad Stewart. The game was published in 1978, but with only six rows of bricks, and the player is given five turns to clear two walls instead of three. In the Breakthru variant, the ball does not bounce off of the bricks but continues through them until it hits the wall. <a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a> had this term <a href="/wiki/Trademarked" class="mw-redirect" title="Trademarked">trademarked</a> and used it in addition to <i>Breakout</i> to describe gameplay, especially in look-alike games and remakes.
</p><p>Atari's 1977 dedicated <a href="/wiki/Video_Pinball" class="mw-redirect" title="Video Pinball">Video Pinball</a> console includes a <i>Breakout</i> game.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reception">Reception</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakout_(video_game)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In October 1976, the annual <i>RePlay</i> chart listed <i>Breakout</i> as the fifth highest-earning <a href="/wiki/1976_in_video_games" title="1976 in video games">arcade video game of 1976</a> in the United States, below <a href="/wiki/Midway_Manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Midway Manufacturing">Midway Manufacturing</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sea_Wolf_(video_game)" title="Sea Wolf (video game)">Sea Wolf</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gun_Fight" title="Gun Fight">Gun Fight</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Speed_Race" title="Speed Race"><i>Wheels</i> (<i>Speed Race</i>)</a> by <a href="/wiki/Taito" title="Taito">Taito</a> and Midway, and Atari's <i><a href="/wiki/Indy_800" title="Indy 800">Indy 800</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> <i>Breakout</i> was later the third highest-earning <a href="/wiki/1977_in_video_games" title="1977 in video games">arcade video game of 1977</a> in the US, below <i>Sea Wolf</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sprint_2" title="Sprint 2">Sprint 2</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> and the fifth highest-earning <a href="/wiki/1978_in_video_games" title="1978 in video games">arcade video game of 1978</a> in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-Replay_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Replay-26">[26]</a></sup> <i>Breakout</i> had a total arcade production run of 11,000 cabinets manufactured by Atari, estimated to have generated over <span style="white-space: nowrap">$11 million</span> (<span style="white-space: nowrap">$52 million</span> adjusted for inflation) in sales revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-atari_production99_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atari_production99-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>Breakout</i> was also a commercial success for <a href="/wiki/Namco" title="Namco">Namco</a> in Japan. On the first annual <i><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:ゲームマシン">Game Machine</a></i> arcade chart, <i>Breakout</i> was the fourth highest-grossing arcade video game of 1976 in Japan, below Taito's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Taito_games" title="List of Taito games"><i>Ball Park</i> (<i>Tornado Baseball</i>)</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Speed_Race" title="Speed Race">Speed Race DX</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Heavyweight_Champ" title="Heavyweight Champ">Heavyweight Champ</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> The following year, <i>Breakout</i> was Japan's third highest-grossing <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade game</a> of 1977, below only two <a href="/wiki/Racing_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Racing games">racing games</a>, Namco's <a href="/wiki/Electro-mechanical_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro-mechanical games">electro-mechanical</a> game <i><a href="/wiki/F-1_(arcade_game)" title="F-1 (arcade game)">F-1</a></i> and Taito's video game <i>Speed Race DX</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> In total, <i>Breakout</i> sold 15,000 arcade units worldwide by 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Atari 2600 version sold 256,265 units in 1980, making it the second best-selling <a href="/wiki/1980_in_video_games" title="1980 in video games">home video game of 1980</a>, below <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Invaders" title="Space Invaders">Space Invaders</a></i>. <i>Breakout</i> went on to sell a total of 1,650,336 units by 1983, making it the ninth <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Atari_2600_video_games" title="List of best-selling Atari 2600 video games">best-selling Atari game</a> as of 1983<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breakout_(video_game)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atari_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atari-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1989, <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games" title="Computer and Video Games">Computer and Video Games</a></i> reviewed the Atari VCS version, giving it a 24% score.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2021, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> listed <i>Breakout</i> as the fourth greatest <a href="/wiki/1970s_in_video_games" title="1970s in video games">video game of the 1970s</a>, below <i><a href="/wiki/Galaxian" title="Galaxian">Galaxian</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Asteroids_(video_game)" title="Asteroids (video game)">Asteroids</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Invaders" title="Space Invaders">Space Invaders</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakout_(video_game)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p><i>Breakout</i> was an influential game that had an impact on the video game and computer industries. <i>Breakout</i> spawned an entire genre of clones. Ten years later, the concept found new legs with <a href="/wiki/Taito" title="Taito">Taito</a>'s 1986 <i><a href="/wiki/Arkanoid" title="Arkanoid">Arkanoid</a></i>, which itself spawned dozens of imitators. In Japan, the genre is known as <i>block kuzushi</i> ("block breaker") games. <i>Breakout</i> was also the basis and inspiration for certain aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taito" title="Taito">Taito</a>'s arcade <a href="/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up" title="Shoot 'em up">shoot 'em up</a> game <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Invaders" title="Space Invaders">Space Invaders</a></i> (1978).
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Apple_II_influence">Apple II influence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakout_(video_game)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Apple II influence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><i>Breakout</i> directly influenced Wozniak's design for the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> computer. He said: "A lot of features of the Apple II went in because I had designed <i>Breakout</i> for Atari. I had designed it in hardware. I wanted to write it in software now".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> This included his design of color graphics circuitry, the addition of game paddle support and sound, and graphics commands in <a href="/wiki/Integer_BASIC" title="Integer BASIC">Integer BASIC</a>, with which he wrote <i>Brick Out</i>, a software clone of his own hardware game.<sup id="cite_ref-wozniak20140501_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wozniak20140501-35">[35]</a></sup> Wozniak said in 1984:<sup id="cite_ref-wozniak198412_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wozniak198412-12">[12]</a></sup>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Basically, all the game features were put in just so I could show off the game I was familiar with—<i>Breakout</i>—at the <a href="/wiki/Homebrew_Computer_Club" title="Homebrew Computer Club">Homebrew Computer Club</a>. It was the most satisfying day of my life [when] I demonstrated <i>Breakout</i>—totally written in BASIC. It seemed like a huge step to me. After designing hardware arcade games, I knew that being able to program them in BASIC was going to change the world.</p></blockquote>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Space_Invaders_influence"><i>Space Invaders</i> influence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakout_(video_game)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Space Invaders influence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Tomohiro_Nishikado" title="Tomohiro Nishikado">Tomohiro Nishikado</a> cited <i>Breakout</i> as the original inspiration behind his hit <i>Space Invaders</i> (1978). He wanted to adapt the same sense of achievement and tension from destroying targets one at a time for a <a href="/wiki/Shooting_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting game">shooting game</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RG-3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RG-3-36">[36]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Re-releases_and_enhanced_versions">Re-releases and enhanced versions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakout_(video_game)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Re-releases and enhanced versions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The success of the game resulted in <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Breakout" title="Super Breakout">Super Breakout</a></i>'s release in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-The_International_Arcade_Museum_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_International_Arcade_Museum-37">[37]</a></sup> It contains three separate game modes. The home ports include <i>Breakout</i> as a fourth mode, using the <i>Super Breakout</i> visual style.
</p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Breakout_2000" title="Breakout 2000">Breakout 2000</a></i> for the <a href="/wiki/Atari_Jaguar" title="Atari Jaguar">Atari Jaguar</a> adds a 3D playfield and additional features.
</p><p>A 3D <i>Breakout</i>-inspired game was published simply as <i>Breakout</i> in 2000 for the PC and <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hasbro_Interactive" title="Hasbro Interactive">Hasbro Interactive</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atari_Interactive" title="Atari Interactive">Atari Interactive</a> subsidiary.
</p><p>In 2011 <a href="/wiki/Atari_SA" title="Atari SA">Atari S.A.</a> released an updated version of <i>Breakout</i> as <i>Breakout Boost</i>. The chief difference is the addition of improved graphics, power-ups, and unique brick types.
</p><p>Another enhanced version of the game has been announced for release exclusively on the <a href="/wiki/Intellivision_Amico" title="Intellivision Amico">Intellivision Amico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Breakout:_Recharged"><i>Breakout: Recharged</i></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakout_(video_game)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Breakout: Recharged">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>A revamped version of the game titled, <i>Breakout: Recharged</i>, released on February 10, 2022, for <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xbox_One" title="Xbox One">Xbox One</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S" title="Xbox Series X and Series S">Xbox Series X/S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atari_VCS_(2021_console)" title="Atari VCS (2021 console)">Atari VCS</a>. It was developed by Adamvision Studios and SneakyBox.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pilgrim_in_the_Microworld"><i>Pilgrim in the Microworld</i></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakout_(video_game)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pilgrim in the Microworld">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><i>Pilgrim in the Microworld</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a> by David Sudnow detailing his obsession with <i>Breakout</i>. Sudnow describes studying the game's mechanics, visiting the manufacturer in <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>, and interviewing the programmers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Easter_eggs">Easter eggs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakout_(video_game)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Easter eggs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The first-generation <a href="/wiki/IPod_Classic" title="IPod Classic">iPod Classic</a> had an <a href="/wiki/Easter_egg_(media)" title="Easter egg (media)">Easter egg</a> where holding down the center button for a few seconds in the "About" menu caused <i>Breakout</i> to appear.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup>
</p><p>On the 37th anniversary of the game's release, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> released a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Google_easter_eggs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Google easter eggs">secret</a> version of <i>Breakout</i> accessible by typing "atari breakout" in <a href="/wiki/Google_Images" title="Google Images">Google Images</a>. The image thumbnails form the <i>breakout</i> bricks, turn different colors, and after a ball and paddle appear the game begins.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakout_(video_game)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Akagi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akagi_1-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akagi_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFAkagi2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Akagi, Masumi (13 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ArcadeGameList1971-2005/page/n52"><i>アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005)</i></a> [<i>Arcade TV Game List: Domestic • Overseas Edition (1971-2005)</i>] (in Japanese). Japan: Amusement News Agency. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4990251215" title="Special:BookSources/978-4990251215"><bdi>978-4990251215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89TV%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E2%80%A2%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%A8%281971-2005%29&rft.place=Japan&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Amusement+News+Agency&rft.date=2006-10-13&rft.isbn=978-4990251215&rft.aulast=Akagi&rft.aufirst=Masumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FArcadeGameList1971-2005%2Fpage%2Fn52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-atari-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atari_2-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atari_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611075833/https://www.atari.com/history/1972-1984-0#">"Atari - 1972 - 1984"</a>. <i>www.atari.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atari.com/history/1972-1984-0">the original</a> on 2016-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.atari.com&rft.atitle=Atari+-+1972+-+1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atari.com%2Fhistory%2F1972-1984-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flyers.arcade-museum.com/?page=thumbs&db=videodb&id=3847">"Video Game Flyers: Breakout, Atari, Inc. (Germany)"</a>. <i>The Arcade Flyer Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Arcade+Flyer+Archive&rft.atitle=Video+Game+Flyers%3A+Breakout%2C+Atari%2C+Inc.+%28Germany%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflyers.arcade-museum.com%2F%3Fpage%3Dthumbs%26db%3Dvideodb%26id%3D3847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cocatalog.loc.gov">"Breakout (Registration Number PA0000175216)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Copyright+Office&rft.atitle=Breakout+%28Registration+Number+PA0000175216%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcocatalog.loc.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHahn" class="citation web cs1">Hahn, Duane Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.randomterrain.com/atari-2600-memories-history-1978.html">"1978: Atari 2600 Video Game Release Dates with Pop Culture Atmosphere"</a>. <i>Random Terrain</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Random+Terrain&rft.atitle=1978%3A+Atari+2600+Video+Game+Release+Dates+with+Pop+Culture+Atmosphere&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Duane+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.randomterrain.com%2Fatari-2600-memories-history-1978.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kyle Orland (February 25, 2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2015/02/obituary-gaming-pioneer-steve-bristow-helped-design-tank-breakout/">Obituary: Gaming pioneer Steve Bristow helped design Tank, Breakout</a>". <i>Ars Technica</i></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarigames.com/atarinumbers90s.pdf">"Atari Unit Selling Prices (1972-1999)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atari+Unit+Selling+Prices+%281972-1999%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atarigames.com%2Fatarinumbers90s.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2015" class="citation web cs1">Hunter, William (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedoteaters.com/?bitstory=bitstory-article-2%2Farticle-3&all=1">"PONG and Atari"</a>. <i>The Dot Eaters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dot+Eaters&rft.atitle=PONG+and+Atari&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthedoteaters.com%2F%3Fbitstory%3Dbitstory-article-2%252Farticle-3%26all%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBaer2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Baer" title="Ralph H. Baer">Baer, Ralph H.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/VideogamesInTheBeginningRalphH.Baer/page/n33/mode/2up"><i>Videogames: In the Beginning</i></a>. Rolenta Press. pp. 12–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9643848-1-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9643848-1-1"><bdi>978-0-9643848-1-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Videogames%3A+In+the+Beginning&rft.pages=12-3&rft.pub=Rolenta+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9643848-1-1&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=Ralph+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FVideogamesInTheBeginningRalphH.Baer%2Fpage%2Fn33%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-UHoVG-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UHoVG_10-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKent2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_L._Kent" title="Steven L. Kent">Kent, Steven</a> (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_History_of_Video_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate History of Video Games">Ultimate History of Video Games</a></i>. Three Rivers Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4"><bdi>0-7615-3643-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ultimate+History+of+Video+Games&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7615-3643-4&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Isaacson" title="Walter Isaacson">Isaacson, Walter</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs_(book)" title="Steve Jobs (book)"><i>Steve Jobs</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stevejobs00isaa/page/166">166</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4853-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4853-9"><bdi>978-1-4516-4853-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steve+Jobs&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-4853-9&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-wozniak198412-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wozniak198412_12-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wozniak198412_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wozniak198412_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_GreggMoore,_Rob1984" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Gregg; Moore, Rob (December 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-12/1984_12_BYTE_09-13_Communications#page/n461/mode/2up">"The Apple Story / Part 1: Early History"</a>. <i>BYTE</i> (interview). pp. A67<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=The+Apple+Story+%2F+Part+1%3A+Early+History&rft.pages=A67&rft.date=1984-12&rft.au=Williams%2C+Gregg&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1984-12%2F1984_12_BYTE_09-13_Communications%23page%2Fn461%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612071502/http://www.woz.org/letters/general/91.html">"Letters – General Questions Answered, Woz.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woz.org/letters/general/91.html">the original</a> on 2011-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letters+%E2%80%93+General+Questions+Answered%2C+Woz.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.woz.org%2Fletters%2Fgeneral%2F91.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-iWoz-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iWoz_14-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iWoz_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Wozniak, Steven</a>: "<a href="/wiki/IWoz" title="IWoz">iWoz</a>", a: pages 147–148, b: page 180. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06143-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06143-7">978-0-393-06143-7</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-UHVF-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UHVF_15-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UHVF_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kent, Steven: <i>The Ultimate History of Video Games</i>, pages 71–73. <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Press" title="Three Rivers Press">Three Rivers Press</a>, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4">0-7615-3643-4</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-DotEaters-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DotEaters_16-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DotEaters_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thedoteaters.com/?bitstory=breakout">"Breakout"</a>. The Dot Eaters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breakout&rft.pub=The+Dot+Eaters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthedoteaters.com%2F%3Fbitstory%3Dbreakout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ArcadeHistory-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArcadeHistory_17-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArcadeHistory_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcade-history.com/?n=breakout&page=detail&id=3397">"Breakout, Arcade Video game by Atari, Inc. (1976)"</a>. <i>www.arcade-history.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arcade-history.com&rft.atitle=Breakout%2C+Arcade+Video+game+by+Atari%2C+Inc.+%281976%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcade-history.com%2F%3Fn%3Dbreakout%26page%3Ddetail%26id%3D3397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ClassicGaming-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ClassicGaming_18-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classicgaming.gamespy.com/View.php?view=Articles.Detail&id=395">Classic Gaming: A Complete History of Breakout</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140623034804/http://classicgaming.gamespy.com/View.php?view=Articles.Detail&id=395">Archived</a> 2014-06-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Atari_Games_Corp._v._Oman" title="Atari Games Corp. v. Oman">Atari Games Corp. v. Oman</a></i></cite>, 693 F. Supp. 1204 (D. D.C. 1988).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-appeal-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-appeal_20-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Atari_Games_Corp._v._Oman" title="Atari Games Corp. v. Oman">Atari Games Corp. v. Oman</a></i></cite>, 979 F. (2d) 242 (D.C. Cir. 1992).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017131038/http://www.thelogbook.com/phosphor/1970s/o.htm">"Phosphor-Dot Fossils: Breakout"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelogbook.com/phosphor/1970s/o.htm">the original</a> on 2007-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phosphor-Dot+Fossils%3A+Breakout&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelogbook.com%2Fphosphor%2F1970s%2Fo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1460/woz_was_here__steve_wozniak_on_.php">"Features - Woz Was Here - Steve Wozniak On His Gaming Past"</a>. Gamasutra.com. 2007-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Features+-+Woz+Was+Here+-+Steve+Wozniak+On+His+Gaming+Past&rft.pub=Gamasutra.com&rft.date=2007-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Ffeature%2F1460%2Fwoz_was_here__steve_wozniak_on_.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Profit Chart". <i>RePlay</i>. October 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RePlay&rft.atitle=Profit+Chart&rft.date=1976-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Top Arcade Games". <i><a href="/wiki/Play_Meter" title="Play Meter">Play Meter</a></i>. November 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Play+Meter&rft.atitle=Top+Arcade+Games&rft.date=1977-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Profit Chart". <i>RePlay</i>. November 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RePlay&rft.atitle=Profit+Chart&rft.date=1977-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Replay-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Replay_26-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Video Games". <i>RePlay</i>. November 1978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RePlay&rft.atitle=Video+Games&rft.date=1978-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-atari_production99-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atari_production99_27-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarigames.com/atarinumbers90s.pdf">"Production Numbers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a>. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Production+Numbers&rft.pub=Atari&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atarigames.com%2Fatarinumbers90s.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onitama.tv/gamemachine/pdf/19770201p.pdf#page=2">"本紙アンケー 〜 ト調査の結果"</a> [Paper Questionnaire: Results of the Survey] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:ゲームマシン">Game Machine</a></i> (in Japanese). No. 65. <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="ja:アミューズメント通信社">Amusement Press, Inc.</a> 1 February 1977. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Game+Machine&rft.atitle=%E6%9C%AC%E7%B4%99%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC+%E3%80%9C+%E3%83%88%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E3%81%AE%E7%B5%90%E6%9E%9C&rft.issue=65&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1977-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonitama.tv%2Fgamemachine%2Fpdf%2F19770201p.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onitama.tv/gamemachine/pdf/19780215p.pdf#page=2">"結果ベスト3"</a> [Best 3 Results] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:ゲームマシン">Game Machine</a></i> (in Japanese). No. 90. <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="ja:アミューズメント通信社">Amusement Press, Inc.</a> 15 February 1978. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Game+Machine&rft.atitle=%E7%B5%90%E6%9E%9C%E3%83%99%E3%82%B9%E3%83%883&rft.issue=90&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1978-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonitama.tv%2Fgamemachine%2Fpdf%2F19780215p.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/25/magazine/video-games-star-war.html">"Video Games Star War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 25 October 1981<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Video+Games+Star+War&rft.date=1981-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F10%2F25%2Fmagazine%2Fvideo-games-star-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Atari-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atari_31-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Cartridge Sales Since 1980</i>. <a href="/wiki/Atari_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="Atari Corp.">Atari Corp.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartridge+Sales+Since+1980&rft.pub=Atari+Corp.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span> Via <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"The Agony & The Ecstasy". <i>Once Upon Atari</i>. Episode 4. Scott West Productions. August 10, 2003. 23 minutes in.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Once+Upon+Atari&rft.series=Episode+4&rft.pub=Scott+West+Productions&rft.date=2003-08-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://retrocdn.net/images/9/98/CompleteGuideToConsoles_UK_01.pdf#page=46">"Complete Games Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games" title="Computer and Video Games">Computer and Video Games</a></i> (Complete Guide to Consoles): 46–77. 16 October 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+and+Video+Games&rft.atitle=Complete+Games+Guide&rft.issue=Complete+Guide+to+Consoles&rft.pages=46-77&rft.date=1989-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fretrocdn.net%2Fimages%2F9%2F98%2FCompleteGuideToConsoles_UK_01.pdf%23page%3D46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/games/2021/may/13/15-greatest-video-games-of-the-70s-ranked">"The 15 greatest video games of the 70s – ranked!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 13 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+15+greatest+video+games+of+the+70s+%E2%80%93+ranked%21&rft.date=2021-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fgames%2F2021%2Fmay%2F13%2F15-greatest-video-games-of-the-70s-ranked&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connick, Jack: "...And Then There Was Apple". Call-A.P.P.L.E. Oct 1986: 24.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-wozniak20140501-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wozniak20140501_35-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWozniak,_Steve2014" class="citation web cs1">Wozniak, Steve (2014-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/how-steve-wozniak-wrote-basic-for-the-original-apple-fr-1570573636">"How Steve Wozniak Wrote BASIC for the Original Apple From Scratch"</a>. Gizmodo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Steve+Wozniak+Wrote+BASIC+for+the+Original+Apple+From+Scratch&rft.pub=Gizmodo&rft.date=2014-05-01&rft.au=Wozniak%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fhow-steve-wozniak-wrote-basic-for-the-original-apple-fr-1570573636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-RG-3-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RG-3_36-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Staff (15 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/retro_gamer/RetroGamer_003#page/34/mode/2up">"Nishikado-San Speaks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Retro_Gamer" title="Retro Gamer">Retro Gamer</a></i>. No. 3. Live Publishing. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Retro+Gamer&rft.atitle=Nishikado-San+Speaks&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=35&rft.date=2004-04-15&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fretro_gamer%2FRetroGamer_003%23page%2F34%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-The_International_Arcade_Museum-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_International_Arcade_Museum_37-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcade-museum.com/game_detail.php?game_id=9873">"Super Breakout"</a>. <i>The International Arcade Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+International+Arcade+Museum&rft.atitle=Super+Breakout&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcade-museum.com%2Fgame_detail.php%3Fgame_id%3D9873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/intellivision-reveals-initial-details-for-the-upcoming-amico-home-video-game-console-300734998.html">"Intellivision® Reveals Initial Details For The Upcoming Amico™ Home Video Game Console!"</a>. <i>PR Newswire</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PR+Newswire&rft.atitle=Intellivision%C2%AE+Reveals+Initial+Details+For+The+Upcoming+Amico%E2%84%A2+Home+Video+Game+Console%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fintellivision-reveals-initial-details-for-the-upcoming-amico-home-video-game-console-300734998.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gematsu.com/2022/01/breakout-recharged-announced-for-ps5-xbox-series-ps4-xbox-one-switch-and-pc">"Breakout: Recharged announced for PS5, Xbox Series, PS4, Xbox One, Switch, and PC"</a>. <i>Gematsu</i>. January 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gematsu&rft.atitle=Breakout%3A+Recharged+announced+for+PS5%2C+Xbox+Series%2C+PS4%2C+Xbox+One%2C+Switch%2C+and+PC&rft.date=2022-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gematsu.com%2F2022%2F01%2Fbreakout-recharged-announced-for-ps5-xbox-series-ps4-xbox-one-switch-and-pc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E3DE1039F934A15750C0A965948260">"When Television Marries Computer; By Howard Gardner"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. March 27, 1983<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=When+Television+Marries+Computer%3B+By+Howard+Gardner&rft.date=1983-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9D04E3DE1039F934A15750C0A965948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016085525/http://www.geek.com/hwswrev/conel/ipod/index.htm">"Consumer Electronics Review: Apple iPod"</a>. Geek.com. 2002-01-31. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geek.com/hwswrev/conel/ipod/index.htm">the original</a> on 2012-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Electronics+Review%3A+Apple+iPod&rft.pub=Geek.com&rft.date=2002-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geek.com%2Fhwswrev%2Fconel%2Fipod%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2010/07/08/10-apple-facts/">10 Fascinating Facts You Didn’t Know About Apple</a> Number 8. The First iPod Had A Secret Easter Egg</span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/play-atari-breakout-in-google-image-search/">"Play Atari "Breakout" in Google image search"</a>. <i>www.cbsnews.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=Play+Atari+%22Breakout%22+in+Google+image+search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fplay-atari-breakout-in-google-image-search%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakout+%28video+game%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1970s_Atari_arcade_games" title="Template:1970s Atari arcade games"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1970s_Atari_arcade_games" title="Template talk:1970s Atari arcade games"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:1970s_Atari_arcade_games&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1970s_Atari_arcade_games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970s <a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari</a> <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade games</a></div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syzygy Engineering (1971)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Space" title="Computer Space">Computer Space</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1972</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pong" title="Pong">Pong</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotcha_(video_game)" title="Gotcha (video game)">Gotcha</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Race_(video_game)" title="Space Race (video game)">Space Race</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1974</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Trak_10" title="Gran Trak 10">Gran Trak 10</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Qwak!" title="Qwak!">Qwak!</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Rebound_(video_game)" title="Rebound (video game)">Rebound</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tank_(video_game)" title="Tank (video game)">Tank</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_(video_game)" title="Anti-Aircraft (video game)">Anti-Aircraft</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Crash_%27N_Score" title="Crash 'N Score">Crash 'N Score</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Pong" title="Doctor Pong">Doctor Pong</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hi-way" title="Hi-way">Hi-way</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Indy_800" title="Indy 800">Indy 800</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jet_Fighter_(video_game)" title="Jet Fighter (video game)">Jet Fighter</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_(video_game)" title="Pursuit (video game)">Pursuit</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Shark_Jaws" title="Shark Jaws">Shark Jaws</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(video_game)" title="Steeplechase (video game)">Steeplechase</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breakout</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/F-1_(arcade_game)" title="F-1 (arcade game)">F-1</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Indy_4_(video_game)" title="Indy 4 (video game)">Indy 4</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/LeMans_(video_game)" title="LeMans (video game)">LeMans</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_Driver_(video_game)" title="Night Driver (video game)">Night Driver</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_(video_game)" title="Outlaw (video game)">Outlaw</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Quiz_Show_(video_game)" title="Quiz Show (video game)">Quiz Show</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sprint_2" title="Sprint 2">Sprint 2</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Stunt_Cycle" title="Stunt Cycle">Stunt Cycle</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1977</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Canyon_Bomber" title="Canyon Bomber">Canyon Bomber</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_(arcade_game)" title="Destroyer (arcade game)">Destroyer</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominos_(video_game)" title="Dominos (video game)">Dominos</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Starship_1" title="Starship 1">Starship 1</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Bug_(video_game)" title="Super Bug (video game)">Super Bug</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Triple_Hunt" title="Triple Hunt">Triple Hunt</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1978</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atari_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Atari Football">Atari Football</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_(video_game)" title="Avalanche (video game)">Avalanche</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fire_Truck_(video_game)" title="Fire Truck (video game)">Fire Truck</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sky_Diver" title="Sky Diver">Sky Diver</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tournament_Table" title="Tournament Table">Tournament Table</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asteroids_(video_game)" title="Asteroids (video game)">Asteroids</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Basketball_(1979_video_game)" title="Basketball (1979 video game)">Basketball</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(1979_video_game)" title="Lunar Lander (1979 video game)">Lunar Lander</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atari,_Inc._games_(1972%E2%80%931984)" title="List of Atari, Inc. games (1972–1984)">List of Atari, Inc. games (1972–1984)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_I" title="Apple I">Apple I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apple_II_series" title="Apple II series">II series</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Desktop_Bus" title="Apple Desktop Bus">Apple Desktop Bus</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Breakout</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Discovery_Museum_of_San_Jose" title="Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose">Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Universal_remote" title="Universal remote">CL 9 CORE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Disk_II" title="Disk II">Disk II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/IWoz" title="IWoz">iWoz</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_128k" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh 128k">Macintosh 128k</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Comic_Con" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon Valley Comic Con">Silicon Valley Comic Con</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/US_Festival" title="US Festival">US Festival</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Semiconductor" title="Jazz Semiconductor">Acquicor Technology</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(co-founder)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apple,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Apple, Inc.">Apple, Inc.</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(co-founder)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CL_9" title="CL 9">CL 9</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(founder)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fusion-io,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion-io, Inc.">Fusion-io, Inc.</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(chief scientist)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wheels_of_Zeus" title="Wheels of Zeus">Wheels of Zeus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(founder)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Woz_U" title="Woz U">Woz U</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(founder)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak#Honors_and_awards" title="Steve Wozniak">Honors and awards for Steve Wozniak</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Nerds" title="Triumph of the Nerds">Triumph of the Nerds</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_Silicon_Valley" title="Pirates of Silicon Valley">Pirates of Silicon Valley</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_History_of_Hacking" title="The Secret History of Hacking">The Secret History of Hacking</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jobs_(film)" title="Jobs (film)">Jobs</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs_(film)" title="Steve Jobs (film)">Steve Jobs</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV appearances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_Monkeys" title="Code Monkeys"><i>Code Monkeys</i> season 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Griffin:_My_Life_on_the_D-List#Season_4:_2008" title="Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List"><i>Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List</i> season 4</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2008)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_8)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 8)"><i>Dancing with the Stars</i> season 8</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Cruciferous_Vegetable_Amplification" title="The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification">The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>The Big Bang Theory</i>, 2010)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Wants_Answers" title="John Wants Answers"><i>John Wants Answers</i> season 4</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_IIGS#Limited_Edition_.28.22Woz.22_signed_case.29" title="Apple IIGS">Apple IIGS with limited edition signed case</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blue_box" title="Blue box">Blue box</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hackers:_Heroes_of_the_Computer_Revolution" title="Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution">Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984 book)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc." title="History of Apple Inc.">History of Apple Inc.</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homebrew_Computer_Club" title="Homebrew Computer Club">Homebrew Computer Club</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phreaking" title="Phreaking">Phreaking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Segway_polo" title="Segway polo">Segway polo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb167064222">France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb167064222">(data)</a></span></li></ul>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1999 video game</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1117680521">.mw-parser-output .ib-video-game .infobox-label{white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em}.mw-parser-output .ib-video-game .infobox-above{font-style:italic}</style><table class="infobox ib-video-game hproduct"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">Brick Breaker</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_publisher" title="Video game publisher">Publisher(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Chocolate" title="Digital Chocolate">Digital Chocolate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a><br><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a><br><a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a><br><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_7" title="Windows Phone 7">Windows Phone 7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span style="font-size:95%;"><abbr title="Worldwide">WW</abbr>:</span> 1999</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">Genre(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Breakout_clone" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakout clone">Breakout clone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mode(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Single-player_video_game" title="Single-player video game">Single-player video game</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">multiplayer video game</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Brick Breaker</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a>, which was developed by <a href="/wiki/Ali_Asaria" title="Ali Asaria">Ali Asaria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> that came preloaded on the <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a> and is now available on <a href="/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="App Store (iOS)">App Store (iOS)</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gameplay">Gameplay</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brick_Breaker&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gameplay">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><i>Brick Breaker</i> (<a href="/wiki/Platformer" class="mw-redirect" title="Platformer">platformer</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Breakout_clone" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakout clone">Breakout clone</a><sup id="cite_ref-vancouver_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vancouver-2">[2]</a></sup> which the player must smash a wall of bricks by deflecting a <a href="/wiki/Bouncing_ball" title="Bouncing ball">bouncing ball</a> with a paddle. The paddle may move horizontally and is controlled with the BlackBerry's trackwheel, the computer's mouse or the touch of a finger (in the case of touchscreen). The player gets 3 lives to start with; a life is lost if the ball hits the bottom of the screen. When all the bricks have been destroyed, the player advances to a new, harder level. There are 34 levels. Many levels have unbreakable silver bricks. If all lives are lost, the game is over. There are many versions of brick breaker, some in which you can shoot flaming fireballs or play with more than one ball if the player gets a power up.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reception">Reception</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brick_Breaker&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><i>Brick Breaker</i> has a cult following of professional players trying to achieve high scores.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> The game's addictiveness was highlighted by The Vancouver Sun: There are "dozens of forums, support groups and yes, a Brick Breaker Addiction Facebook page, with spouses complaining of addicted mates."<sup id="cite_ref-vancouver_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vancouver-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brick_Breaker&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/aliasaria/">"Ali Asaria's linkedin profile"</a>. February 21, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080122021319/http://www.linkedin.com:80/in/aliasaria">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-01-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ali+Asaria%27s+linkedin+profile&rft.date=2021-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fin%2Faliasaria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick+Breaker" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-vancouver-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vancouver_2-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vancouver_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFShelley_Fralic2010" class="citation web cs1">Shelley Fralic (November 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/canada/vancouver-sun/20101119/286508679510928">"Ex-video game foe is now addicted to zapping bricks"</a>. <i>The Vancouver Sun</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="/wiki/PressReader" title="PressReader">PressReader</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Vancouver+Sun&rft.atitle=Ex-video+game+foe+is+now+addicted+to+zapping+bricks&rft.date=2010-11-19&rft.au=Shelley+Fralic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Fcanada%2Fvancouver-sun%2F20101119%2F286508679510928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick+Breaker" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJessica_E._Vascellaro2007" class="citation news cs1">Jessica E. Vascellaro (August 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118662562311092622">"Beyond Brickbreaker"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Beyond+Brickbreaker&rft.date=2007-08-09&rft.au=Jessica+E.+Vascellaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB118662562311092622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrick+Breaker" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
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<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1972 arcade game</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pong_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pong (disambiguation)">Pong (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1972 video game</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1117680521">.mw-parser-output .ib-video-game .infobox-label{white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em}.mw-parser-output .ib-video-game .infobox-above{font-style:italic}</style><table class="infobox ib-video-game hproduct"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">Pong</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Signed_Pong_Cabinet.jpg" class="image"><img alt="A vertical wooden structure with a visual display unit embedded in the front side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Signed_Pong_Cabinet.jpg/220px-Signed_Pong_Cabinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Signed_Pong_Cabinet.jpg/330px-Signed_Pong_Cabinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Signed_Pong_Cabinet.jpg/440px-Signed_Pong_Cabinet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="4912"></a><div class="infobox-caption">An upright cabinet of <i>Pong</i> on display at the <a href="/wiki/Neville_Public_Museum_of_Brown_County" title="Neville Public Museum of Brown County">Neville Public Museum of Brown County</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_developer" title="Video game developer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_publisher" title="Video game publisher">Publisher(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">NA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">EU</a>:</span> Atari</li><li><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">JP</a>:</span> Atari Japan (<a href="/wiki/Namco" title="Namco">Namco</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Akagi_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akagi-1">[1]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game designer">Designer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Alcorn" title="Allan Alcorn">Allan Alcorn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">Arcade</a></li>
<li>Various <a href="/wiki/Dedicated_consoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Dedicated consoles">dedicated consoles</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">NA</a>:</span> 29 November 1972</li><li><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">JP</a>:</span> November 1973<sup id="cite_ref-Akagi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akagi-1">[1]</a></sup></li><li><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">EU</a>:</span> 1973<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">Genre(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sports_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports game">Sports</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mode(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Single-player" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-player">Single-player</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiplayer">multiplayer</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><i><b>Pong</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a>–themed <a href="/wiki/Twitch_gameplay" title="Twitch gameplay">twitch</a> arcade <a href="/wiki/Sports_video_game" title="Sports video game">sports video game</a>, featuring simple <a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">two-dimensional graphics</a>, manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Atari, Inc">Atari</a> and originally released in 1972. It was one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">arcade video games</a>; it was created by <a href="/wiki/Allan_Alcorn" title="Allan Alcorn">Allan Alcorn</a> as a training exercise assigned to him by Atari co-founder <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell">Nolan Bushnell</a>, but Bushnell and Atari co-founder <a href="/wiki/Ted_Dabney" title="Ted Dabney">Ted Dabney</a> were surprised by the quality of Alcorn's work and decided to manufacture the game. Bushnell based the game's concept on an electronic ping-pong game included in the <a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">home video game console</a>. In response, Magnavox later sued Atari for patent infringement.
</p><p><i>Pong</i> was the first commercially successful video game, and it helped to establish the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry" title="Video game industry">video game industry</a> along with the Magnavox Odyssey. Soon after its release, several companies began producing games that closely mimicked its gameplay. Eventually, Atari's competitors released new types of video games that deviated from <i>Pong</i>'s original format to varying degrees, and this, in turn, led Atari to encourage its staff to move beyond <i>Pong</i> and produce more innovative games themselves.
</p><p>Atari released several sequels to <i>Pong</i> that built upon the original's gameplay by adding new features. During the 1975 Christmas season, Atari released a home version of <i>Pong</i> exclusively through <a href="/wiki/Sears,_Roebuck_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sears, Roebuck and Company">Sears</a> retail stores. The home version was also a commercial success and led to numerous clones. The game was remade on numerous home and portable platforms following its release. <i>Pong</i> is part of the permanent collection of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> in Washington, D.C., due to its cultural impact.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gameplay">Gameplay</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pong&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gameplay">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pong_Game_Test2.gif" class="image"><img alt="the video game is a representation of a game of table tennis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Pong_Game_Test2.gif/220px-Pong_Game_Test2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Pong_Game_Test2.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="212"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pong_Game_Test2.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The two paddles return the ball back and forth. The score is displayed at the top of the screen.</div></div></div>
<p><i>Pong</i> is a <a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">two-dimensional</a> <a href="/wiki/Sports_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports game">sports game</a> that simulates <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a>. The player controls an in-game paddle by moving it vertically across the left or right side of the screen. They can compete against another player controlling a second paddle on the opposing side. Players use the paddles to hit a ball back and forth. The goal is for each player to reach eleven points before the opponent; points are earned when one fails to return the ball to the other.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fever_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fever-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-2-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Development_and_history">Development and history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pong&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development and history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc#Origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Atari, Inc">Origin of Atari Inc.</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AlAlcorn-Cropped.jpg" class="image"><img alt="A close up photo of a bearded man." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/AlAlcorn-Cropped.jpg/170px-AlAlcorn-Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/AlAlcorn-Cropped.jpg/255px-AlAlcorn-Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/AlAlcorn-Cropped.jpg/340px-AlAlcorn-Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="503"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:AlAlcorn-Cropped.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Atari engineer <a href="/wiki/Allan_Alcorn" title="Allan Alcorn">Allan Alcorn</a> designed and built <i>Pong</i> as a training exercise.</div></div></div>
<p><i>Pong</i> was the first game developed by <a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Atari, Inc">Atari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PriceGuide-1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PriceGuide-1-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-3-7">[7]</a></sup> After producing <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Space" title="Computer Space">Computer Space</a></i>, Bushnell decided to form a company to produce more games by licensing ideas to other companies. The first contract was with <a href="/wiki/Bally_Manufacturing_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bally Manufacturing Corporation">Bally Manufacturing Corporation</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Driving_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Driving game">driving game</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-2-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-1-8">[8]</a></sup> Soon after the founding, Bushnell hired <a href="/wiki/Allan_Alcorn" title="Allan Alcorn">Allan Alcorn</a> because of his experience with electrical engineering and computer science; Bushnell and Dabney also had previously worked with him at <a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a>. Prior to working at Atari, Alcorn had no experience with video games.<sup id="cite_ref-AlcornInterview_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlcornInterview-9">[9]</a></sup> Bushnell had originally planned to develop a <a href="/wiki/Driving_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Driving video game">driving video game</a>, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Coin" title="Chicago Coin">Chicago Coin</a>'s <i>Speedway</i> (1969) which at the time was the biggest-selling <a href="/wiki/Electro-mechanical_game" title="Electro-mechanical game">electro-mechanical game</a> at his <a href="/wiki/Amusement_arcade" title="Amusement arcade">amusement arcade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> However, Bushnell had concerns that it might be too complicated for Alcorn's first game.<sup id="cite_ref-computerspace_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerspace-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>To acclimate Alcorn to creating games, Bushnell gave him a project secretly meant to be a warm-up exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-AlcornInterview_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlcornInterview-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AmerHert_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmerHert-12">[12]</a></sup> Bushnell told Alcorn that he had a contract with <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> for a product, and asked Alcorn to create a simple game with one moving spot, two paddles, and digits for score keeping.<sup id="cite_ref-AlcornInterview_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlcornInterview-9">[9]</a></sup> In 2011, Bushnell stated that the game was inspired by previous versions of electronic tennis he had played before; Bushnell played a version on a <a href="/wiki/PDP-1" title="PDP-1">PDP-1</a> computer in 1964 while attending college.<sup id="cite_ref-GI-215_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GI-215-13">[13]</a></sup> However, Alcorn has claimed it was in direct response to Bushnell's viewing of the <a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a>'s Tennis game.<sup id="cite_ref-AlcornInterview_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlcornInterview-9">[9]</a></sup> In May 1972, Bushnell had visited the <a href="/wiki/Magnavox" title="Magnavox">Magnavox</a> Profit Caravan in <a href="/wiki/Burlingame,_California" title="Burlingame, California">Burlingame, California</a> where he played the Magnavox Odyssey demonstration, specifically the table tennis game.<sup id="cite_ref-RB-History_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RB-History-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-visit_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visit-15">[15]</a></sup> Though he thought the game lacked quality, seeing it prompted Bushnell to assign the project to Alcorn.<sup id="cite_ref-GI-215_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GI-215-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>Alcorn first examined Bushnell's schematics for <i>Computer Space</i>, but found them to be illegible. He went on to create his own designs based on his knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Transistor–transistor logic">transistor–transistor logic</a> (TTL) and Bushnell's game. Feeling the basic game was too boring, Alcorn added features to give the game more appeal. He divided the paddle into eight segments to change the ball's angle of return. For example, the center segments return the ball at a 90° angle in relation to the paddle, while the outer segments return the ball at smaller angles. He also made the ball accelerate the longer it remained in play; missing the ball reset the speed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-2-5">[5]</a></sup> Another feature was that the in-game paddles were unable to reach the top of the screen. This was caused by a simple circuit that had an inherent defect. Instead of dedicating time to fixing the defect, Alcorn decided it gave the game more difficulty and helped limit the time the game could be played; he imagined two skilled players being able to play forever otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-AlcornInterview_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlcornInterview-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Three months into development, Bushnell told Alcorn he wanted the game to feature realistic sound effects and a roaring crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-AlcornInterview_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlcornInterview-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ArtOfGameWorlds_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtOfGameWorlds-16">[16]</a></sup> Dabney wanted the game to "boo" and "hiss" when a player lost a round. Alcorn had limited space available for the necessary electronics and was unaware of how to create such sounds with <a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">digital circuits</a>. After inspecting the <a href="/wiki/Video_signal_generator#Sync_pulse_generators_(SPG)" class="mw-redirect" title="Video signal generator">sync generator</a>, he discovered that it could generate different tones and used those for the game's sound effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-2-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AlcornInterview_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlcornInterview-9">[9]</a></sup> To construct the prototype, Alcorn purchased a $75 <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a> <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> television set from a local store, placed it into a 4-foot (1.2 m) wooden <a href="/wiki/Arcade_cabinet" title="Arcade cabinet">cabinet</a>, and soldered the wires into boards to create the necessary circuitry. The prototype impressed Bushnell and Dabney so much that they felt it could be a profitable product and decided to test its marketability.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-2-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
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<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pong_prototype.jpg" class="image"><img alt="A horizontal photograph showing the top half of an orange arcade cabinet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pong_prototype.jpg/220px-Pong_prototype.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pong_prototype.jpg/330px-Pong_prototype.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pong_prototype.jpg/440px-Pong_prototype.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pong_prototype.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <i>Pong</i> prototype that was used in the tavern</div></div></div>
<p>In August 1972, Bushnell and Alcorn installed the <i>Pong</i> prototype at a local bar, Andy Capp's Tavern.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> They selected the bar because of their good working relation with the bar's owner and manager, Bill Gaddis;<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-4-21">[21]</a></sup> Atari supplied pinball machines to Gaddis.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-3-7">[7]</a></sup> Bushnell and Alcorn placed the prototype on one of the tables near the other entertainment machines: a jukebox, pinball machines, and <i>Computer Space</i>. The game was well received the first night and its popularity continued to grow over the next one and a half weeks. Bushnell then went on a business trip to Chicago to demonstrate <i>Pong</i> to executives at <a href="/wiki/Bally_Manufacturing" title="Bally Manufacturing">Bally</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midway_Games" title="Midway Games">Midway Manufacturing</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-4_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-4-21">[21]</a></sup> he intended to use <i>Pong</i> to fulfill his contract with Bally, rather than the driving game.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-2_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-2-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PriceGuide-1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PriceGuide-1-6">[6]</a></sup> A few days later, the prototype began exhibiting technical issues and Gaddis contacted Alcorn to fix it. Upon inspecting the machine, Alcorn discovered that the problem was that the coin mechanism was overflowing with quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-4_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-4-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>After hearing about the game's success, Bushnell decided there would be more profit for Atari to manufacture the game rather than license it, but the interest of Bally and Midway had already been piqued.<sup id="cite_ref-PriceGuide-1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PriceGuide-1-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-4_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-4-21">[21]</a></sup> Bushnell decided to inform each of the two groups that the other was uninterested—Bushnell told the Bally executives that the Midway executives did not want it and vice versa—to preserve the relationships for future dealings. Upon hearing Bushnell's comment, the two groups declined his offer.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-4_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-4-21">[21]</a></sup> Bushnell had difficulty finding financial backing for <i>Pong</i>; banks viewed it as a variant of pinball, which at the time the general public associated with the Mafia. Atari eventually obtained a <a href="/wiki/Line_of_credit" title="Line of credit">line of credit</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo" title="Wells Fargo">Wells Fargo</a> that it used to expand its facilities to house an assembly line.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-5_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-5-22">[22]</a></sup> The company announced <i>Pong</i> on 29 November 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-atari_production99_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atari_production99-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> Management sought assembly workers at the local unemployment office, but was unable to keep up with demand. The first arcade cabinets produced were assembled very slowly, about ten machines a day, many of which failed quality testing. Atari eventually streamlined the process and began producing the game in greater quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-5_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-5-22">[22]</a></sup> By 1973, they began shipping <i>Pong</i> to other countries with the aid of foreign partners.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-6_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-6-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>In Japan, <i>Pong</i> was officially released in November 1973 by Atari Japan, which would later become part of <a href="/wiki/Namco" title="Namco">Namco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Akagi_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akagi-1">[1]</a></sup> However, <i>Pong</i> had been beaten to the market by two Japanese <i>Pong</i> clones released in July 1973: <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s <i>Pong Tron</i> and <a href="/wiki/Taito" title="Taito">Taito</a>'s <i>Elepong</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-26">[26]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Home_version">Home version <span class="anchor" id="console"></span><span class="anchor" id="consoles"></span></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pong&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Home version">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TeleGames-Atari-Pong.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Photo of a dedicated video game console with two knobs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TeleGames-Atari-Pong.jpg/220px-TeleGames-Atari-Pong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TeleGames-Atari-Pong.jpg/330px-TeleGames-Atari-Pong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TeleGames-Atari-Pong.jpg/440px-TeleGames-Atari-Pong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3540" data-file-height="2600"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:TeleGames-Atari-Pong.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Atari's <i>Home Pong</i> console, released through <a href="/wiki/Sears" title="Sears">Sears</a> in 1975</div></div></div>
<p>After the success of <i>Pong</i>, Bushnell pushed his employees to create new products.<sup id="cite_ref-PriceGuide-1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PriceGuide-1-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-Home1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-Home1-27">[27]</a></sup> A new <a href="/wiki/Electronic_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic technology">electronic technology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Large-scale_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Large-scale integration">large-scale integration</a> (LSI) chip, had recently become available, which Bushnell believed would "allow pioneering in new" game concepts. Atari began working on the reduction of <i>Pong</i> from a large arcade <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit board</a> (PCB) down to a small LSI chip for use in a home system. The initial development cost for a game on a single LSI chip was expensive, costing around <span style="white-space: nowrap">$50,000</span> (equivalent to $335,000 in 2021), but once the chip was developed, it became significantly cheaper to <a href="/wiki/Mass-produce" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass-produce">mass-produce</a> the game as well as more difficult to <a href="/wiki/Reverse-engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse-engineer">reverse-engineer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1974, Atari engineer Harold Lee proposed a home version of <i>Pong</i> that would connect to a television: <i>Home Pong</i>. The system began development under the codename <i>Darlene</i>, named after an employee at Atari. Alcorn worked with Lee to develop the designs and prototype and based them on the same digital technology used in their arcade games. The two worked in shifts to save time and money; Lee worked on the design's logic during the day, while Alcorn <a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debugged</a> the designs in the evenings. After the designs were approved, fellow Atari engineer Bob Brown assisted Alcorn and Lee in building a prototype. The prototype consisted of a device attached to a wooden pedestal containing over a hundred wires, which would eventually be replaced with a <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">single chip</a> designed by Alcorn and Lee; the chip had yet to be tested and built before the prototype was constructed. The chip was finished in the latter half of 1974, and was, at the time, the highest-performing chip used in a <a href="/wiki/Consumer_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer product">consumer product</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-Home1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-Home1-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>Bushnell and Gene Lipkin, Atari's vice-president of sales, approached toy and electronic retailers to sell <i>Home Pong</i>, but were rejected. Retailers felt the product was too expensive and would not interest consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-Three_Rivers_Press_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Three_Rivers_Press-29">[29]</a></sup> Atari contacted the <a href="/wiki/Sears,_Roebuck_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sears, Roebuck and Company">Sears Sporting Goods</a> department after noticing a <a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a> advertisement in the sporting goods section of its catalog. Atari staff discussed the game with a representative, Tom Quinn, who expressed enthusiasm and offered the company an exclusive deal. Believing they could find more favorable terms elsewhere, Atari's executives declined and continued to pursue toy retailers. In January 1975, Atari staff set up a <i>Home Pong</i> booth at the American Toy Fair (a <a href="/wiki/Trade_fair" title="Trade fair">trade fair</a>) in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, but was unsuccessful in soliciting orders due to high price of the unit.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p><p>While at the show, they met Quinn again, and, a few days later, set up a meeting with him to obtain a sales order. In order to gain approval from the Sporting Goods department, Quinn suggested Atari demonstrate the game to executives in Chicago. Alcorn and Lipkin traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Sears_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sears Tower">Sears Tower</a> and, despite a technical complication in connection with an antenna on top of the building which broadcast on the same channel as the game, obtained approval. Bushnell told Quinn he could produce 75,000 units in time for the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas season</a>; however, Quinn requested double the amount. Though Bushnell knew Atari lacked the capacity to manufacture 150,000 units, he agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-Home1_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-Home1-27">[27]</a></sup> Atari acquired a new factory through funding obtained by <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capitalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Don_Valentine" title="Don Valentine">Don Valentine</a>. Supervised by Jimm Tubb, the factory fulfilled the Sears order.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-Home2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-Home2-31">[31]</a></sup> The first units manufactured were branded with Sears' "Tele-Games" name. Atari later released a version under its own brand in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-Gamesutra-Pong_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamesutra-Pong-32">[32]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Lawsuit_from_Magnavox">Lawsuit from Magnavox</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pong&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lawsuit from Magnavox">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Photograph of a dedicated video game console with two input devices connected to it with cables." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg/220px-Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg/330px-Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg/440px-Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5800" data-file-height="2940"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Baer" title="Ralph H. Baer">Ralph H. Baer</a>, inspired <i>Pong</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s development.</div></div></div>
<p>In April 1974 Magnavox filed suit against Atari, Allied Leisure, <a href="/wiki/Midway_Games" title="Midway Games">Bally Midway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Coin" title="Chicago Coin">Chicago Dynamics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Magnavox_Sues_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magnavox_Sues-33">[33]</a></sup> Magnavox argued that Atari had infringed on Sanders Associates' patents relating to the concept of electronic ping-pong based on detailed records Ralph Baer kept of the Odyssey's design process dating back to 1966. Other documents included depositions from witnesses and a signed guest book that demonstrated Bushnell had played the Odyssey's table tennis game prior to releasing <i>Pong</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-RB-How_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RB-How-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-Legal_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-Legal-35">[35]</a></sup> In response to claims that he saw the Odyssey, Bushnell later stated that, "The fact is that I absolutely did see the Odyssey game and I didn't think it was very clever."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>After considering his options, Bushnell decided to settle with Magnavox out of court in June 1976. Bushnell's lawyer felt they could win; however, he estimated legal costs of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1.5 million, which would have exceeded Atari's funds. Magnavox offered Atari an agreement to become a licensee for US$1.5 million payable in eight installments. In addition, Magnavox obtained the right to full information on Atari products publicly announced or released over the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-RB-How_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RB-How-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-Legal_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-Legal-35">[35]</a></sup> Magnavox continued to pursue legal action against the other companies, and proceedings began shortly after Atari's settlement. The first case took place at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Illinois" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois">district court</a> in Chicago, with Judge John Grady presiding. Magnavox won the suit against the remaining defendants.<sup id="cite_ref-RB-How_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RB-How-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-Legal_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-Legal-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-CourtYr_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-CourtYr-37">[37]</a></sup> Atari may have delayed the announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a> by a few months to avoid disclosing information about the system under the settlement agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-Legal_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-Legal-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atari_fun_chp5_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atari_fun_chp5-38">[38]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Impact_and_legacy">Impact and legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pong&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Impact and legacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry#History" title="Video game industry">History of the video game industry</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80-Game-Console.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80-Game-Console.jpg/220px-%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80-Game-Console.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80-Game-Console.jpg/330px-%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80-Game-Console.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80-Game-Console.jpg/440px-%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80-Game-Console.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="1950"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80-Game-Console.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Dedicated <i>Pong</i> consoles made their way to various countries, like the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Turnir_(console)" title="Turnir (console)">Turnir</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>The <i>Pong</i> arcade games manufactured by Atari were a great success. The prototype was well received by Andy Capp's Tavern patrons; people came to the bar solely to play the game.<sup id="cite_ref-PriceGuide-1_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PriceGuide-1-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-4_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-4-21">[21]</a></sup> Following its release, <i>Pong</i> consistently earned four times more revenue than other coin-operated machines.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-8_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-8-39">[39]</a></sup> Bushnell estimated that the game earned US$35–40 per day (i.e.<span class="nowrap"> </span>140–160 plays daily per console at $0.25 per play), which he described as nothing he'd ever seen before in the coin-operated entertainment industry at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-GI-215_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GI-215-13">[13]</a></sup> The game's earning power resulted in an increase in the number of orders Atari received. This provided Atari with a steady source of income; the company sold the machines at three times the <a href="/wiki/Cost-of-production_theory_of_value" title="Cost-of-production theory of value">cost of production</a>. By 1973, the company had filled 2,500 orders, and, at the end of 1974, sold more than 8,000 units.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-8_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-8-39">[39]</a></sup> The arcade cabinets have since become collector's items with the <a href="/wiki/Arcade_cabinet#Cocktail_or_table_cabinets" title="Arcade cabinet">cocktail-table version</a> being the rarest.<sup id="cite_ref-PriceGuide-5_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PriceGuide-5-40">[40]</a></sup> Soon after the game's successful testing at Andy Capp's Tavern, other companies began visiting the bar to inspect it. Similar games appeared on the market three months later, produced by companies like Ramtek and <a href="/wiki/Nutting_Associates" title="Nutting Associates">Nutting Associates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-9_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-9-41">[41]</a></sup> Atari could do little against the competitors as they had not initially filed for patents on the <a href="/wiki/Solid_state_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state (electronics)">solid state</a> technology used in the game. When the company did file for patents, complications delayed the process. As a result, the market consisted primarily of "<i>Pong</i> clones"; author Steven Kent estimated that Atari had produced less than a third of the machines.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-10_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-10-42">[42]</a></sup> Bushnell referred to the competitors as "Jackals" because he felt they had an unfair advantage. His solution to competing against them was to produce more innovative games and concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-9_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-9-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-10_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-10-42">[42]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>Home Pong</i> was an instant success following its limited 1975 release through Sears; around 150,000 units were sold that holiday season.<sup id="cite_ref-PriceGuide-2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PriceGuide-2-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-Home3_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-Home3-44">[44]</a></sup> The game became Sears' most successful product at the time, which earned Atari a Sears Quality Excellence Award.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-Home3_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-Home3-44">[44]</a></sup> Atari's own version sold an additional 50,000 units.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> Similar to the arcade version, several companies released clones to capitalize on the home console's success, many of which continued to produce new consoles and video games. Magnavox re-released their Odyssey system with simplified hardware and new features and, later, released updated versions. <a href="/wiki/Coleco" title="Coleco">Coleco</a> entered the video game market with their <a href="/wiki/Telstar_(game_console)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telstar (game console)">Telstar console</a>; it features three <i>Pong</i> variants and was also succeeded by newer models.<sup id="cite_ref-PriceGuide-2_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PriceGuide-2-43">[43]</a></sup> Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/Color_TV_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Color TV Game">Color TV Game 6</a> in 1977, which plays six variations of electronic tennis. The next year, it was followed by an updated version, the Color TV Game 15, which features fifteen variations. The systems were Nintendo's entry into the home video game market and the first to produce themselves—they had previously licensed the Magnavox Odyssey.<sup id="cite_ref-GameOver-LightTennis_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GameOver-LightTennis-46">[46]</a></sup> The dedicated <i>Pong</i> consoles and the numerous clones have since become varying levels of rare; Atari's <i>Pong</i> consoles are common, while APF Electronics' <a href="/wiki/APF_TV_Fun" class="mw-redirect" title="APF TV Fun">TV Fun</a> consoles are moderately rare.<sup id="cite_ref-PriceGuide-3_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PriceGuide-3-47">[47]</a></sup> Prices among collectors, however, vary with rarity; the Sears Tele-Games versions are often cheaper than those with the Atari brand.<sup id="cite_ref-PriceGuide-2_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PriceGuide-2-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p>Several publications consider <i>Pong</i> the game that launched the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry" title="Video game industry">video game industry</a> as a lucrative enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-AmerHert_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmerHert-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gamesutra-Pong_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamesutra-Pong-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IGN-Pong_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGN-Pong-48">[48]</a></sup> Video game author David Ellis sees the game as the cornerstone of the video game industry's success, and called the arcade game "one of the most historically significant" titles.<sup id="cite_ref-PriceGuide-1_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PriceGuide-1-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PriceGuide-5_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PriceGuide-5-40">[40]</a></sup> Kent attributes the "arcade phenomenon" to <i>Pong</i> and Atari's games that followed it, and considers the release of the home version the successful beginning of home <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-9_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-9-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-Home3_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-Home3-44">[44]</a></sup> Bill Loguidice and Matt Barton of <a href="/wiki/Gamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamasutra">Gamasutra</a> referred to the game's release as the start of a new entertainment medium, and commented that its simple, intuitive gameplay made it a success.<sup id="cite_ref-Gamesutra-Pong_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamesutra-Pong-32">[32]</a></sup> In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Flux_(magazine)" title="Flux (magazine)">Flux</a> magazine ranked the game 56th on their "Top 100 Video Games."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> In 1996 <i><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)" title="Next Generation (magazine)">Next Generation</a></i> named it one of the "Top 100 Games of All Time", recounting that "<i>Next Generation</i> staff ignor[ed] hundreds of thousands of dollars of 32-bit software to play <i>Pong</i> for hours when the Genesis version was released."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> In 1999, <i><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)" title="Next Generation (magazine)">Next Generation</a></i> listed <i>Pong</i> as number 34 on their "Top 50 Games of All Time", commenting that, "Despite, or perhaps because of, its simplicity, <i>Pong</i> is the ultimate two-player challenge – a test of reaction times and very simple strategy stripped down to its barest essentials."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i> named <i>Pong</i> one of the top ten games for the Atari 2600 in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-ew_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ew-52">[52]</a></sup> Many of the companies that produced their own versions of <i>Pong</i> eventually became well known within the industry. <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> entered the video game market with clones of <i>Home Pong</i>. The revenue generated from them—each system sold over a million units—helped the company survive a difficult financial time, and spurred them to pursue video games further.<sup id="cite_ref-GameOver-LightTennis_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GameOver-LightTennis-46">[46]</a></sup> After seeing the success of <i>Pong</i>, <a href="/wiki/Konami" title="Konami">Konami</a> decided to break into the arcade game market and released its first title, <i>Maze</i>. Its moderate success drove the company to develop more titles.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/The_Strong_National_Museum_of_Play" title="The Strong National Museum of Play">The Strong National Museum of Play</a> inducted <i>Pong</i> to its <a href="/wiki/World_Video_Game_Hall_of_Fame" title="World Video Game Hall of Fame">World Video Game Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p><p>Bushnell felt that <i>Pong</i> was especially significant in its role as a <a href="/wiki/Social_lubricant" title="Social lubricant">social lubricant</a>, since it was multiplayer-only and did not require each player to use more than one hand: "It was very common to have a girl with a quarter in hand pull a guy off a bar stool and say, 'I'd like to play <i>Pong</i> and there's nobody to play.' It was a way you could play games, you were sitting shoulder to shoulder, you could talk, you could laugh, you could challenge each other ... As you became better friends, you could put down your beer and hug. You could put your arm around the person. You could play left-handed if you so desired. In fact, there are a lot of people who have come up to me over the years and said, 'I met my wife playing <i>Pong</i>,' and that's kind of a nice thing to have achieved."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ports">Ports</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pong&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ports">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Atari remade the game on numerous platforms. In 1977, <i>Pong</i> and several variants of the game were featured in <i><a href="/wiki/Video_Olympics" title="Video Olympics">Video Olympics</a></i>, one of the original release titles for the <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a>.
</p><p>'<i>Pong</i> has also been included in several Atari compilations on many different platforms, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Arcade_Classics" title="Arcade Classics">Arcade Classics</a></i> on the <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Sega Genesis</a>, <i>Atari Classics Evolved</i> on the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Portable" title="PlayStation Portable">PlayStation Portable</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Retro_Atari_Classics" title="Retro Atari Classics">Retro Atari Classics</a></i> on the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Atari_Anthology" title="Atari Anthology">Atari: 80 Classic Games in One!</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup>
</p><p>Through an agreement with Atari, <a href="/wiki/Bally_Technologies" title="Bally Technologies">Bally Gaming and Systems</a> developed a <a href="/wiki/Slot_machine" title="Slot machine">slot machine</a> version of the game.<sup id="cite_ref-PongSlots_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PongSlots-61">[61]</a></sup>
</p><p>The game was also included as a loading screen minigame on the PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions of <i><a href="/wiki/TD_Overdrive:_The_Brotherhood_of_Speed" title="TD Overdrive: The Brotherhood of Speed">TD Overdrive: The Brotherhood of Speed</a></i>, however the Windows version doesn't include it.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sequels_and_remakes">Sequels and remakes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pong&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sequels and remakes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pong_iv.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Photograph of a dedicated video game console." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Pong_iv.jpg/220px-Pong_iv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Pong_iv.jpg/330px-Pong_iv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/21/Pong_iv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="273"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pong_iv.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Tele-Games <i>Pong IV</i>, Sears' version of <i>Pong</i> sequel (<i>Pong Doubles</i>), was one of the many consoles that flooded the market by 1977.</div></div></div>
<p>Bushnell felt the best way to compete against imitators was to create better products, leading Atari to produce sequels in the years following the original's release: <i>Pong Doubles</i>, <i>Super Pong</i>, <i>Ultra Pong</i>, <i>Quadrapong</i>, and <i>Pin-Pong</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fever_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fever-4">[4]</a></sup> The sequels feature similar graphics, but include new gameplay elements; for example, <i>Pong Doubles</i> allows four players to compete in pairs, while <i>Quadrapong</i>—also released by <a href="/wiki/Kee_Games" title="Kee Games">Kee Games</a> as <i>Elimination</i>—has them compete against each other in a four-way field.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> Bushnell also conceptualized a <a href="/wiki/Free-to-play" title="Free-to-play">free-to-play</a> version of <i>Pong</i> to entertain children in a Doctor's office. He initially titled it <i>Snoopy Pong</i> and fashioned the cabinet after <a href="/wiki/Snoopy" title="Snoopy">Snoopy</a>'s doghouse with the character on top, but retitled it to <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Pong" title="Doctor Pong">Puppy Pong</a></i> and altered Snoopy to a generic dog to avoid legal action. Bushnell later used the game in his chain of <a href="/wiki/Chuck_E._Cheese" title="Chuck E. Cheese">Chuck E. Cheese's</a> restaurants.<sup id="cite_ref-Fever_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fever-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PriceGuide-4_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PriceGuide-4-69">[69]</a></sup> In 1976, Atari released <i><a href="/wiki/Breakout_(video_game)" title="Breakout (video game)">Breakout</a></i>, a single-player variation of <i>Pong</i> where the object of the game is to remove bricks from a wall by hitting them with a ball.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate-7_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-7-70">[70]</a></sup> Like <i>Pong</i>, <i>Breakout</i> was followed by <a href="/wiki/Breakout_clone" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakout clone">numerous clones</a> that copied the gameplay, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Arkanoid" title="Arkanoid">Arkanoid</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Alleyway_(video_game)" title="Alleyway (video game)">Alleyway</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Break_%27Em_All" title="Break 'Em All">Break 'Em All</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup>
</p><p>A <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> <a href="/wiki/Platform_game" title="Platform game">platform game</a> with <a href="/wiki/Puzzle" title="Puzzle">puzzle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shooter_game" title="Shooter game">shooter</a> elements was reportedly in development by <a href="/wiki/Atari_Corporation" title="Atari Corporation">Atari Corporation</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Atari_Jaguar" title="Atari Jaguar">Atari Jaguar</a> in September 1995 under the title <i>Pong 2000</i>, as part of their series of arcade game updates for the system and was set to have an original storyline for it,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup> but it was never released.
</p><p>In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Hasbro_Interactive" title="Hasbro Interactive">Hasbro Interactive</a> released a new title known as <i><a href="/wiki/Pong:_The_Next_Level" title="Pong: The Next Level">Pong: The Next Level</a></i> for home computers and the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a>. This game was released as part of a trend within the time period of popular arcade games being remade with <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D graphics</a> and art styles. The game also featured many <a href="/wiki/Power-up" title="Power-up">power-ups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2012, Atari celebrated the 40th anniversary of <i>Pong</i> by releasing <i>Pong World</i> for <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, which was developed by zGames.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> In 2020, a new game titled <i>Pong Quest</i> was developed by Chequered Ink and released by Atari on Steam, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> A remake of <i>Pong</i> has been announced for release exclusively for the <a href="/wiki/Intellivision_Amico" title="Intellivision Amico">Intellivision Amico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pong&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Universum_TV_Multispiel_2006.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Two children playing Pong on a television set." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Universum_TV_Multispiel_2006.jpg/260px-Universum_TV_Multispiel_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Universum_TV_Multispiel_2006.jpg/390px-Universum_TV_Multispiel_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Universum_TV_Multispiel_2006.jpg/520px-Universum_TV_Multispiel_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Universum_TV_Multispiel_2006.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>First generation <i>Pong</i> console in a retro 1970s installation at the <a href="/wiki/Computerspielemuseum_Berlin" title="Computerspielemuseum Berlin">Computerspielemuseum Berlin</a>, in 2017</div></div></div>
<p>The game is featured in episodes of television series including <i><a href="/wiki/That_%2770s_Show" title="That '70s Show">That '70s Show</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Hill" title="King of the Hill">King of the Hill</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> In 2006, an <a href="/wiki/American_Express" title="American Express">American Express</a> commercial featured <a href="/wiki/Andy_Roddick" title="Andy Roddick">Andy Roddick</a> in a tennis match against the white, in-game paddle.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> Other video games have also referenced and parodied <i>Pong</i>; for example <a href="/wiki/Neuromancer_(video_game)" title="Neuromancer (video game)"><i>Neuromancer</i></a> for the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Banjo-Kazooie:_Nuts_%26_Bolts" title="Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts & Bolts">Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts & Bolts</a></i> for the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup> The concert event <a href="/wiki/Video_Games_Live" title="Video Games Live">Video Games Live</a> has performed audio from <i>Pong</i> as part of a special retro "Classic Arcade Medley".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Black_Francis" title="Black Francis">Frank Black</a>'s song "Whatever Happened to Pong?" on the album <i><a href="/wiki/Teenager_of_the_Year_(album)" title="Teenager of the Year (album)">Teenager of the Year</a></i> references the game's elements.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup>
</p><p>Dutch design studio Buro Vormkrijgers created a <i>Pong</i>-themed clock as a fun project within their offices. After the studio decided to manufacture it for retail, Atari took legal action in February 2006. The two companies eventually reached an agreement in which Buro Vormkrijgers could produce a limited number under license.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> In 1999, French artist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Huyghe" title="Pierre Huyghe">Pierre Huyghe</a> created an installation titled "Atari Light", in which two people use handheld gaming devices to play <i>Pong</i> on an illuminated ceiling. The work was shown at the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> in 2001, and the <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_Arte_Contempor%C3%A1neo_de_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n" title="Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León">Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León</a> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> The game was included in the <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbican_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbican Art Gallery">Barbican Art Gallery</a>'s 2002 <a href="/wiki/Game_On_(exhibition)" title="Game On (exhibition)">Game On exhibition</a> meant to showcase the various aspects of video game history, development, and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup>
</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pong&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Akagi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akagi_1-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akagi_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akagi_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFAkagi2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Akagi, Masumi (13 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ArcadeGameList1971-2005/page/n52"><i>アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005)</i></a> [<i>Arcade TV Game List: Domestic • Overseas Edition (1971-2005)</i>] (in Japanese). Japan: Amusement News Agency. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4990251215" title="Special:BookSources/978-4990251215"><bdi>978-4990251215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89TV%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E2%80%A2%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%A8%281971-2005%29&rft.place=Japan&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Amusement+News+Agency&rft.date=2006-10-13&rft.isbn=978-4990251215&rft.aulast=Akagi&rft.aufirst=Masumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FArcadeGameList1971-2005%2Fpage%2Fn52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ACE_Issue_06_1988-03_Future_Publishing_GB/page/n30/mode/1up">"After <i>Pong</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ACE_(magazine)" title="ACE (magazine)">ACE</a></i>. No. 6 (March 1988). 4 February 1988. pp. 29–32 (31).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACE&rft.atitle=After+Pong&rft.issue=6+%28March+1988%29&rft.pages=29-32+%2831%29&rft.date=1988-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FACE_Issue_06_1988-03_Future_Publishing_GB%2Fpage%2Fn30%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcade-museum.com/game_detail.php?game_id=9074">"Pong"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Killer_List_of_Videogames" title="Killer List of Videogames">Killer List of Videogames</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pong&rft.pub=Killer+List+of+Videogames&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcade-museum.com%2Fgame_detail.php%3Fgame_id%3D9074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Fever-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fever_4-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fever_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fever_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSellers2001" class="citation book cs1">Sellers, John (August 2001). "Pong". <i>Arcade Fever: The Fan's Guide to The Golden Age of Video Games</i>. <a href="/wiki/Running_Press" title="Running Press">Running Press</a>. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7624-0937-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7624-0937-1"><bdi>0-7624-0937-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pong&rft.btitle=Arcade+Fever%3A+The+Fan%27s+Guide+to+The+Golden+Age+of+Video+Games&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2001-08&rft.isbn=0-7624-0937-1&rft.aulast=Sellers&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ultimate-3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-3_7-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKent2001" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Steven (2001). "And Then There Was Pong". <i>Ultimate History of Video Games</i>. Three Rivers Press. pp. 38–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4"><bdi>0-7615-3643-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=And+Then+There+Was+Pong&rft.btitle=Ultimate+History+of+Video+Games&rft.pages=38-39&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7615-3643-4&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ultimate-1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-1_8-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKent2001" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Steven (2001). "Father of the Industry". <i>Ultimate History of Video Games</i>. Three Rivers Press. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4"><bdi>0-7615-3643-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Father+of+the+Industry&rft.btitle=Ultimate+History+of+Video+Games&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7615-3643-4&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-AlcornInterview-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AlcornInterview_9-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlcornInterview_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlcornInterview_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlcornInterview_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlcornInterview_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlcornInterview_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlcornInterview_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFShea2008" class="citation web cs1">Shea, Cam (10 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/03/11/al-alcorn-interview">"Al Alcorn Interview"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170727190507/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/03/11/al-alcorn-interview">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Al+Alcorn+Interview&rft.date=2008-03-10&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=Cam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F03%2F11%2Fal-alcorn-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBushnellWeaver2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell">Bushnell, Nolan</a>; Weaver, Christopher (17 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.edu/media/NMAH/NMAH-AC1498_Transcript_NolanBushnell.pdf#page=37">"Nolan Bushnell: Transcript of an interview conducted by Christopher Weaver"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lemelson_Center_for_the_Study_of_Invention_and_Innovation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation">Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. p. 33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423175316/https://www.si.edu/media/NMAH/NMAH-AC1498_Transcript_NolanBushnell.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lemelson+Center+for+the+Study+of+Invention+and+Innovation&rft.atitle=Nolan+Bushnell%3A+Transcript+of+an+interview+conducted+by+Christopher+Weaver&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2017-11-17&rft.aulast=Bushnell&rft.aufirst=Nolan&rft.au=Weaver%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.edu%2Fmedia%2FNMAH%2FNMAH-AC1498_Transcript_NolanBushnell.pdf%23page%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-computerspace-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-computerspace_11-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPescovitz1999" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Pescovitz" title="David Pescovitz">Pescovitz, David</a> (June 12, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307161700/http://www.salon.com/people/feature/1999/06/12/nolan/index.html">"The adventures of King Pong"</a>. <i>Salon</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/people/feature/1999/06/12/nolan/index.html">the original</a> on March 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=The+adventures+of+King+Pong&rft.date=1999-06-12&rft.aulast=Pescovitz&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fpeople%2Ffeature%2F1999%2F06%2F12%2Fnolan%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AmerHert-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AmerHert_12-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmerHert_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRapp2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Rapp, David (29 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517011435/http://www.americanheritage.com/people/articles/web/20061129-pong-video-games-nolan-bushnell-atari-al-alcorn-nintendo.shtml">"The Mother of All Video Games"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)" title="American Heritage (magazine)">American Heritage</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/people/articles/web/20061129-pong-video-games-nolan-bushnell-atari-al-alcorn-nintendo.shtml">the original</a> on 17 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=The+Mother+of+All+Video+Games&rft.date=2006-11-29&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fpeople%2Farticles%2Fweb%2F20061129-pong-video-games-nolan-bushnell-atari-al-alcorn-nintendo.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GI-215-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GI-215_13-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GI-215_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GI-215_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHelgeson2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Helgeson, Matt (March 2011). "The Father of the Game Industry Returns to Atari". <i>Game Informer</i>. No. 215. GameStop. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Game+Informer&rft.atitle=The+Father+of+the+Game+Industry+Returns+to+Atari&rft.issue=215&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2011-03&rft.aulast=Helgeson&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-RB-History-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RB-History_14-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ralphbaer.com/video_game_history.htm">"Video game history"</a>. R. H. Baer Consultants. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111223011401/https://www.ralphbaer.com/video_game_history.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video+game+history&rft.pub=R.+H.+Baer+Consultants&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ralphbaer.com%2Fvideo_game_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-visit-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-visit_15-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBaer2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Baer" title="Ralph H. Baer">Baer, Ralph</a> (April 2005). <i>Video Games: In The Beginning</i>. New Jersey, USA: Rolenta Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9643848-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9643848-1-7"><bdi>0-9643848-1-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Video+Games%3A+In+The+Beginning&rft.place=New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Rolenta+Press&rft.date=2005-04&rft.isbn=0-9643848-1-7&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ArtOfGameWorlds-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArtOfGameWorlds_16-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2004" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Dave (2004). "Funky Town". <i>The Art of Game Worlds</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-072430-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-072430-7"><bdi>0-06-072430-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Funky+Town&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Game+Worlds&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-06-072430-7&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metroactive.com/features/columns/pong-40th-anniversary-rooster-t-feathers.html">"Pong 40th anniversary – Rooster T. Feathers – Features & Columns"</a>. <i>www.metroactive.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709091930/http://www.metroactive.com/features/columns/pong-40th-anniversary-rooster-t-feathers.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metroactive.com&rft.atitle=Pong+40th+anniversary+%E2%80%93+Rooster+T.+Feathers+%E2%80%93+Features+%26+Columns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metroactive.com%2Ffeatures%2Fcolumns%2Fpong-40th-anniversary-rooster-t-feathers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLong" class="citation magazine cs1">Long, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2010/11/1129pong/">"Nov. 29, 1972: Pong, a Game Any Drunk Can Play"</a>. <i>WIRED</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901154356/https://www.wired.com/2010/11/1129pong">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WIRED&rft.atitle=Nov.+29%2C+1972%3A+Pong%2C+a+Game+Any+Drunk+Can+Play&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2010%2F11%2F1129pong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/story/183">"Pong – CHM Revolution"</a>. <i>www.computerhistory.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709182848/http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/story/183">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.computerhistory.org&rft.atitle=Pong+%E2%80%93+CHM+Revolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Frevolution%2Fstory%2F183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Goldberg, Harold (28 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2011/03/pong-excerpt-201103">"The Origins of the First Arcade Video Game: Atari's Pong"</a>. <i>Vanity Fair</i>. No. March. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111232305/http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2011/03/pong-excerpt-201103">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+First+Arcade+Video+Game%3A+Atari%27s+Pong&rft.issue=March&rft.date=2011-03-28&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fculture%2Ffeatures%2F2011%2F03%2Fpong-excerpt-201103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ultimate-4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-4_21-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-4_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-4_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-4_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-4_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-4_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKent2001" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Steven (2001). "And Then There Was Pong". <i>Ultimate History of Video Games</i>. Three Rivers Press. pp. 43–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4"><bdi>0-7615-3643-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=And+Then+There+Was+Pong&rft.btitle=Ultimate+History+of+Video+Games&rft.pages=43-45&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7615-3643-4&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ultimate-5-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-5_22-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-5_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKent2001" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Steven (2001). "The King and Court". <i>Ultimate History of Video Games</i>. Three Rivers Press. pp. 50–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4"><bdi>0-7615-3643-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+King+and+Court&rft.btitle=Ultimate+History+of+Video+Games&rft.pages=50-53&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7615-3643-4&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-atari_production99-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atari_production99_23-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atarigames.com/atarinumbers90s.pdf">"Production Numbers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a>. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120084729/https://www.atarigames.com/atarinumbers90s.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Production+Numbers&rft.pub=Atari&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atarigames.com%2Fatarinumbers90s.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/November/29/">"This Day in History: November 29"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103230403/http://www.computerhistory.org/tdih/november/29/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Day+in+History%3A+November+29&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Ftdih%2FNovember%2F29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ultimate-6-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-6_25-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKent2001" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Steven (2001). "The Jackals". <i>Ultimate History of Video Games</i>. Three Rivers Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4"><bdi>0-7615-3643-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jackals&rft.btitle=Ultimate+History+of+Video+Games&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7615-3643-4&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Smith-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_26-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2019" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Alexander (19 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cxy_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT191"><i>They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971-1982</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. pp. 191–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-75261-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-75261-2"><bdi>978-0-429-75261-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Create+Worlds%3A+The+Story+of+the+People+and+Companies+That+Shaped+the+Video+Game+Industry%2C+Vol.+I%3A+1971-1982&rft.pages=191-95&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft.isbn=978-0-429-75261-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCxy_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ultimate-Home1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-Home1_27-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-Home1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-Home1_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKent2001" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Steven (2001). "Could You Repeat That Two More Times?". <i>Ultimate History of Video Games</i>. Three Rivers Press. pp. 80–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4"><bdi>0-7615-3643-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Could+You+Repeat+That+Two+More+Times%3F&rft.btitle=Ultimate+History+of+Video+Games&rft.pages=80-83&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7615-3643-4&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAlbarardo1975" class="citation magazine cs1">Albarardo, Sonny (October 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/play-meter-volume-1-number-10-october-1975-600dpi/Play%20Meter%20-%20Volume%201%2C%20Number%2010%20-%20October%201975/page/31">"Silicon Gulch cowboys aim to be top guns of games"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Play_Meter" title="Play Meter">Play Meter</a></i>. Vol. 1, no. 10. pp. 31–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Play+Meter&rft.atitle=Silicon+Gulch+cowboys+aim+to+be+top+guns+of+games&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=31-7&rft.date=1975-10&rft.aulast=Albarardo&rft.aufirst=Sonny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplay-meter-volume-1-number-10-october-1975-600dpi%2FPlay%2520Meter%2520-%2520Volume%25201%252C%2520Number%252010%2520-%2520October%25201975%2Fpage%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Three_Rivers_Press-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Three_Rivers_Press_29-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKent2001" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Steven L/ (2001). <i>the Ultimate History of Video Games</i>. Three Rivers Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4"><bdi>0-7615-3643-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=the+Ultimate+History+of+Video+Games&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7615-3643-4&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Steven+L%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2019" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Alexander (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cxy_DwAAQBAJ&q=Atari+home+pong+toy+trade+fair+1975&pg=PT207"><i>They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971–1982</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429752612" title="Special:BookSources/9780429752612"><bdi>9780429752612</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Create+Worlds%3A+The+Story+of+the+People+and+Companies+That+Shaped+the+Video+Game+Industry%2C+Vol.+I%3A+1971%E2%80%931982&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780429752612&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCxy_DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAtari%2Bhome%2Bpong%2Btoy%2Btrade%2Bfair%2B1975%26pg%3DPT207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ultimate-Home2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-Home2_31-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKent2001" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Steven (2001). "Could You Repeat That Two More Times?". <i>Ultimate History of Video Games</i>. Three Rivers Press. pp. 84–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4"><bdi>0-7615-3643-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Could+You+Repeat+That+Two+More+Times%3F&rft.btitle=Ultimate+History+of+Video+Games&rft.pages=84-87&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7615-3643-4&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gamesutra-Pong-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gamesutra-Pong_32-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gamesutra-Pong_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gamesutra-Pong_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLoguidiceMatt_Barton2009" class="citation web cs1">Loguidice, Bill; Matt Barton (9 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3900/the_history_of_pong_avoid_missing_.php">"The History Of Pong: Avoid Missing Game to Start Industry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamasutra">Gamasutra</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112004852/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3900/the_history_of_pong_avoid_missing_.php">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=The+History+Of+Pong%3A+Avoid+Missing+Game+to+Start+Industry&rft.date=2009-01-09&rft.aulast=Loguidice&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Matt+Barton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Ffeature%2F3900%2Fthe_history_of_pong_avoid_missing_.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Magnavox_Sues-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Magnavox_Sues_33-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Magnavox Sues Firms Making Video Games, Charges Infringement". <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. 17 April 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Magnavox+Sues+Firms+Making+Video+Games%2C+Charges+Infringement&rft.date=1974-04-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RB-How-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RB-How_34-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RB-How_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RB-How_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBaer1998" class="citation web cs1">Baer, Ralph (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ralphbaer.com/how_video_games.htm">"Genesis: How the Home Video Games Industry Began"</a>. R. H. Baer Consultants. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424064425/https://www.ralphbaer.com/how_video_games.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genesis%3A+How+the+Home+Video+Games+Industry+Began&rft.pub=R.+H.+Baer+Consultants&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ralphbaer.com%2Fhow_video_games.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ultimate-Legal-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-Legal_35-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-Legal_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-Legal_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-Legal_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKent2001" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Steven (2001). "And Then There Was Pong". <i>Ultimate History of Video Games</i>. Three Rivers Press. pp. 45–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4"><bdi>0-7615-3643-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=And+Then+There+Was+Pong&rft.btitle=Ultimate+History+of+Video+Games&rft.pages=45-48&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7615-3643-4&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Nolan Bushnell (2003). <i>The Story of Computer Games</i> (video). <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Computer+Games&rft.pub=Discovery+Channel&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ultimate-CourtYr-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-CourtYr_37-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKent2001" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Steven (2001). "A Case of Two Gorillas". <i>Ultimate History of Video Games</i>. Three Rivers Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4"><bdi>0-7615-3643-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Case+of+Two+Gorillas&rft.btitle=Ultimate+History+of+Video+Games&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7615-3643-4&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-atari_fun_chp5-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atari_fun_chp5_38-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGoldbergVendel2012" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Marty; Vendel, Curt (2012). "Chapter 5". <i>Atari Inc: Business is Fun</i>. Sygyzy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0985597405" title="Special:BookSources/978-0985597405"><bdi>978-0985597405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5&rft.btitle=Atari+Inc%3A+Business+is+Fun&rft.pub=Sygyzy+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0985597405&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Marty&rft.au=Vendel%2C+Curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ultimate-8-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-8_39-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-8_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKent2001" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Steven (2001). "The King and Court". <i>Ultimate History of Video Games</i>. Three Rivers Press. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4"><bdi>0-7615-3643-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+King+and+Court&rft.btitle=Ultimate+History+of+Video+Games&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7615-3643-4&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PriceGuide-5-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PriceGuide-5_40-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PriceGuide-5_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2004" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/officialpricegui00davi/page/400">"Arcade Classics"</a>. <i>Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games</i>. Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/officialpricegui00davi/page/400">400</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-72038-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-72038-3"><bdi>0-375-72038-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arcade+Classics&rft.btitle=Official+Price+Guide+to+Classic+Video+Games&rft.pages=400&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-375-72038-3&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fofficialpricegui00davi%2Fpage%2F400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ultimate-9-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-9_41-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-9_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-9_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKent2001" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Steven (2001). "The Jackals". <i>Ultimate History of Video Games</i>. Three Rivers Press. pp. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4"><bdi>0-7615-3643-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jackals&rft.btitle=Ultimate+History+of+Video+Games&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7615-3643-4&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ultimate-10-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-10_42-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-10_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKent2001" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Steven (2001). "The King and Court". <i>Ultimate History of Video Games</i>. Three Rivers Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4"><bdi>0-7615-3643-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+King+and+Court&rft.btitle=Ultimate+History+of+Video+Games&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7615-3643-4&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PriceGuide-2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PriceGuide-2_43-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PriceGuide-2_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PriceGuide-2_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2004" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/officialpricegui00davi/page/33">"Dedicated Consoles"</a>. <i>Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games</i>. Random House. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/officialpricegui00davi/page/33">33–36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-72038-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-72038-3"><bdi>0-375-72038-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dedicated+Consoles&rft.btitle=Official+Price+Guide+to+Classic+Video+Games&rft.pages=33-36&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-375-72038-3&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fofficialpricegui00davi%2Fpage%2F33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ultimate-Home3-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-Home3_44-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-Home3_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-Home3_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKent2001" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Steven (2001). "Strange Bedfellows". <i>Ultimate History of Video Games</i>. Three Rivers Press. pp. 94–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4"><bdi>0-7615-3643-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strange+Bedfellows&rft.btitle=Ultimate+History+of+Video+Games&rft.pages=94-95&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7615-3643-4&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBooth2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Booth, John (27 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2012/06/atari-40th-anniversary/">"Timeline: A Look Back at 40 Years of Atari"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+A+Look+Back+at+40+Years+of+Atari&rft.date=2012-06-27&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2012%2F06%2Fatari-40th-anniversary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GameOver-LightTennis-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GameOver-LightTennis_46-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GameOver-LightTennis_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSheff1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Sheff" title="David Sheff">Sheff, David</a> (1993). "In Heaven's Hands". <i><a href="/wiki/Game_Over:_How_Nintendo_Zapped_an_American_Industry,_Captured_Your_Dollars,_and_Enslaved_Your_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Game Over: How Nintendo Zapped an American Industry, Captured Your Dollars, and Enslaved Your Children">Game Over: How Nintendo Zapped an American Industry, Captured Your Dollars, and Enslaved Your Children</a></i> (1st ed.). Random House. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gameoverhowninte00shef/page/26">26–28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-40469-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-40469-4"><bdi>0-679-40469-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+Heaven%27s+Hands&rft.btitle=Game+Over%3A+How+Nintendo+Zapped+an+American+Industry%2C+Captured+Your+Dollars%2C+and+Enslaved+Your+Children&rft.pages=26-28&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-679-40469-4&rft.aulast=Sheff&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PriceGuide-3-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PriceGuide-3_47-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2004" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/officialpricegui00davi/page/37">"Dedicated Consoles"</a>. <i>Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games</i>. Random House. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/officialpricegui00davi/page/37">37–41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-72038-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-72038-3"><bdi>0-375-72038-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dedicated+Consoles&rft.btitle=Official+Price+Guide+to+Classic+Video+Games&rft.pages=37-41&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-375-72038-3&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fofficialpricegui00davi%2Fpage%2F37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-IGN-Pong-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IGN-Pong_48-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ign.com/games/pong/arcade-9096">"Pong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120702082633/http://www.ign.com/games/pong/arcade-9096">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Pong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Fgames%2Fpong%2Farcade-9096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flux-issue-4/page/n29/mode/2up">"Top 100 Video Games"</a>. <i>Flux</i>. Harris Publications (4): 31. April 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flux&rft.atitle=Top+100+Video+Games&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1995-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflux-issue-4%2Fpage%2Fn29%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Top 100 Games of All Time". <i><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)" title="Next Generation (magazine)">Next Generation</a></i>. No. 21. <a href="/wiki/Imagine_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagine Media">Imagine Media</a>. September 1996. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Next+Generation&rft.atitle=Top+100+Games+of+All+Time&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1996-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Top 50 Games of All Time". <i><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)" title="Next Generation (magazine)">Next Generation</a></i>. No. 50. <a href="/wiki/Imagine_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagine Media">Imagine Media</a>. February 1999. p. 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Next+Generation&rft.atitle=Top+50+Games+of+All+Time&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=76&rft.date=1999-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ew-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ew_52-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMorales2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Morales, Aaron (25 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ew.com/article/2013/01/25/the-10-best-atari-games">"The 10 best Atari games"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115174334/http://ew.com/article/2013/01/25/the-10-best-atari-games/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+10+best+Atari+games&rft.date=2013-01-25&rft.aulast=Morales&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ew.com%2Farticle%2F2013%2F01%2F25%2Fthe-10-best-atari-games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRetro_Gamer_Staff2008" class="citation journal cs1">Retro Gamer Staff (August 2008). "Developer Lookback: Konami Part I". <i><a href="/wiki/Retro_Gamer" title="Retro Gamer">Retro Gamer</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Imagine_Publishing" title="Imagine Publishing">Imagine Publishing</a> (53): 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Retro+Gamer&rft.atitle=Developer+Lookback%3A+Konami+Part+I&rft.issue=53&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2008-08&rft.au=Retro+Gamer+Staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museumofplay.org/games/pong/">"Pong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Strong_National_Museum_of_Play" title="The Strong National Museum of Play">The Strong National Museum of Play</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Strong" title="The Strong">The Strong</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Strong+National+Museum+of+Play&rft.atitle=Pong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumofplay.org%2Fgames%2Fpong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"What the Hell has Nolan Bushnell Started?". <i><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)" title="Next Generation (magazine)">Next Generation</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Imagine_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagine Media">Imagine Media</a> (4): 11. April 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Next+Generation&rft.atitle=What+the+Hell+has+Nolan+Bushnell+Started%3F&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1995-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ign.com/games/arcade-classics/gen-591">"Arcade Classics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713094513/http://www.ign.com/games/arcade-classics/gen-591">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Arcade+Classics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Fgames%2Farcade-classics%2Fgen-591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAtari2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a> (20 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120913102038/http://www.gamespot.com/news/retro-arcade-masterpieces-hit-store-shelves-in-atari-classics-evolved-6184181">"Retro Arcade Masterpieces Hit Store Shelves in Atari Classics Evolved"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GameSpot" title="GameSpot">GameSpot</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/psp/action/atariclassicsevolved/news.html?sid=6184181">the original</a> on 13 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=Retro+Arcade+Masterpieces+Hit+Store+Shelves+in+Atari+Classics+Evolved&rft.date=2007-12-20&rft.au=Atari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Fpsp%2Faction%2Fatariclassicsevolved%2Fnews.html%3Fsid%3D6184181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGerstmann2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Gerstmann" title="Jeff Gerstmann">Gerstmann, Jeff</a> (23 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/retro-atari-classics-review/1900-6120954/">"Retro Atari Classics Review"</a>. <i>GameSpot</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316024040/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/retro-atari-classics-review/1900-6120954/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=Retro+Atari+Classics+Review&rft.date=2005-03-23&rft.aulast=Gerstmann&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Freviews%2Fretro-atari-classics-review%2F1900-6120954%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120905164829/http://www.gamespot.com/news/atari-80-classic-games-in-one-company-line-6094407">"Atari: 80 Classic Games in One Company Line"</a>. <i>GameSpot</i>. 23 April 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/pc/action/atari80games/news.html?sid=6094407">the original</a> on 5 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=Atari%3A+80+Classic+Games+in+One+Company+Line&rft.date=2004-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Fpc%2Faction%2Fatari80games%2Fnews.html%3Fsid%3D6094407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKohler2004" class="citation web cs1">Kohler, Chris (7 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/articles/atari-opens-up-massive-classic-game-library/1100-6106808/">"Atari opens up massive classic-game library"</a>. <i>GameSpot</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125120143/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/atari-opens-up-massive-classic-game-library/1100-6106808/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=Atari+opens+up+massive+classic-game+library&rft.date=2004-09-07&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Farticles%2Fatari-opens-up-massive-classic-game-library%2F1100-6106808%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PongSlots-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PongSlots_61-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130111002707/http://www.gamespot.com/news/atari-alliance-gaming-to-develop-slots-based-on-atari-video-games-6107053">"Atari, Alliance Gaming to Develop Slots Based on Atari Video Games"</a>. <i>GameSpot</i>. 9 September 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/arcade/action/pong/news.html?sid=6107053">the original</a> on 11 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=Atari%2C+Alliance+Gaming+to+Develop+Slots+Based+on+Atari+Video+Games&rft.date=2004-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Farcade%2Faction%2Fpong%2Fnews.html%3Fsid%3D6107053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMunk2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Munk, Simon (4 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070309003314/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=28451">"PS2 Review: TD Overdrive"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games" title="Computer and Video Games">Computer and Video Games</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=28451">the original</a> on 9 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+and+Video+Games&rft.atitle=PS2+Review%3A+TD+Overdrive&rft.date=2002-05-04&rft.aulast=Munk&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerandvideogames.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D28451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGestalt2002" class="citation web cs1">Gestalt (18 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/qt_tdoverdrive">"TD Overdrive Xbox Review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eurogamer" title="Eurogamer">Eurogamer</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113131227/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/qt_tdoverdrive">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurogamer&rft.atitle=TD+Overdrive+Xbox+Review&rft.date=2002-08-18&rft.au=Gestalt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurogamer.net%2Farticles%2Fqt_tdoverdrive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcade-museum.com/game_detail.php?game_id=9075">"Pong Doubles"</a>. Killer List of Videogames<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pong+Doubles&rft.pub=Killer+List+of+Videogames&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcade-museum.com%2Fgame_detail.php%3Fgame_id%3D9075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcade-museum.com/game_detail.php?game_id=9187">"Quadrapong"</a>. Killer List of Videogames<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quadrapong&rft.pub=Killer+List+of+Videogames&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcade-museum.com%2Fgame_detail.php%3Fgame_id%3D9187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcade-museum.com/game_detail.php?game_id=7597">"Doctor Pong"</a>. Killer List of Videogames<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctor+Pong&rft.pub=Killer+List+of+Videogames&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcade-museum.com%2Fgame_detail.php%3Fgame_id%3D7597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcade-museum.com/game_detail.php?game_id=9159">"Puppy Pong"</a>. Killer List of Videogames<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puppy+Pong&rft.pub=Killer+List+of+Videogames&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcade-museum.com%2Fgame_detail.php%3Fgame_id%3D9159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcade-museum.com/game_detail.php?game_id=9598">"Snoopy Pong"</a>. Killer List of Videogames<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Snoopy+Pong&rft.pub=Killer+List+of+Videogames&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcade-museum.com%2Fgame_detail.php%3Fgame_id%3D9598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-PriceGuide-4-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PriceGuide-4_69-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2004" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/officialpricegui00davi/page/402">"Dedicated Consoles"</a>. <i>Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games</i>. Random House. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/officialpricegui00davi/page/402">402</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-72038-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-72038-3"><bdi>0-375-72038-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dedicated+Consoles&rft.btitle=Official+Price+Guide+to+Classic+Video+Games&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-375-72038-3&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fofficialpricegui00davi%2Fpage%2F402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ultimate-7-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate-7_70-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKent2001" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Steven (2001). "The Jackals". <i>Ultimate History of Video Games</i>. Three Rivers Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3643-4"><bdi>0-7615-3643-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jackals&rft.btitle=Ultimate+History+of+Video+Games&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7615-3643-4&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2007" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Mark (21 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1630/breaking_down_breakout_system_and_.php">"Breaking Down Breakout: System And Level Design For Breakout-style Games"</a>. <i>Gamasutra</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110228031838/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1630/breaking_down_breakout_system_and_.php">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=Breaking+Down+Breakout%3A+System+And+Level+Design+For+Breakout-style+Games&rft.date=2007-08-21&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Ffeature%2F1630%2Fbreaking_down_breakout_system_and_.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFQuartermann1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Quartermann (May 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File:EGM_US_070.pdf&page=54">"Gaming Gossip"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly" title="Electronic Gaming Monthly">Electronic Gaming Monthly</a></i>. No. 70. Sendai Publishing. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Gaming+Monthly&rft.atitle=Gaming+Gossip&rft.issue=70&rft.pages=54&rft.date=1995-05&rft.au=Quartermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fretrocdn.net%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFile%3AEGM_US_070.pdf%26page%3D54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGore1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Gore, Chris (September 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Video_Games_The_Ultimate_Gaming_Magazine_Issue_80_September_1995#page/n21/mode/1up">"The Gorescore – Industry News You Can – The Return of Pong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/VideoGames_%26_Computer_Entertainment#VideoGames_-_The_Ultimate_Gaming_Magazine" title="VideoGames & Computer Entertainment">VideoGames – The Ultimate Gaming Magazine</a></i>. No. 80. <a href="/wiki/Larry_Flynt_Publications" title="Larry Flynt Publications">L.F.P., Inc.</a> p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VideoGames+%E2%80%93+The+Ultimate+Gaming+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Gorescore+%E2%80%93+Industry+News+You+Can+%E2%80%93+The+Return+of+Pong&rft.issue=80&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1995-09&rft.aulast=Gore&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FVideo_Games_The_Ultimate_Gaming_Magazine_Issue_80_September_1995%23page%2Fn21%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSchmudde2014" class="citation web cs1">Schmudde (5 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atariage.com/forums/topic/231545-lost-interview-with-francois-yves-bertrand/">"Lost interview with Francois Yves Bertrand"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AtariAge" title="AtariAge">AtariAge</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AtariAge&rft.atitle=Lost+interview+with+Francois+Yves+Bertrand&rft.date=2014-11-05&rft.au=Schmudde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatariage.com%2Fforums%2Ftopic%2F231545-lost-interview-with-francois-yves-bertrand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ign.com/games/pong-the-next-level/pc-13321">"Pong: The Next Level (PC)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121031105332/http://www.ign.com/games/pong-the-next-level/pc-13321">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Pong%3A+The+Next+Level+%28PC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Fgames%2Fpong-the-next-level%2Fpc-13321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ign.com/games/pong-the-next-level/ps-11431">"Pong: The Next Level (PlayStation)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026071945/http://www.ign.com/games/pong-the-next-level/ps-11431">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Pong%3A+The+Next+Level+%28PlayStation%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Fgames%2Fpong-the-next-level%2Fps-11431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2012/11/29/atari-40th-anniversary-pong-world/">"Atari celebrates 40 years of Pong with new, free iOS Pong game, custom portable Xbox 360"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091244/https://www.engadget.com/2012/11/29/atari-40th-anniversary-pong-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atari+celebrates+40+years+of+Pong+with+new%2C+free+iOS+Pong+game%2C+custom+portable+Xbox+360&rft.pub=Engadget&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2012%2F11%2F29%2Fatari-40th-anniversary-pong-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atari.com/games/pong-quest/">"Pong Quest"</a>. <i>Atari</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atari&rft.atitle=Pong+Quest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atari.com%2Fgames%2Fpong-quest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFIntellivision_Entertainment2018" class="citation web cs1">Intellivision Entertainment (22 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/intellivision-reveals-initial-details-for-the-upcoming-amico-home-video-game-console-300734998.html">"Intellivision® Reveals Initial Details For The Upcoming Amico™ Home Video Game Console!"</a>. <i>PR Newswire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PR+Newswire&rft.atitle=Intellivision%C2%AE+Reveals+Initial+Details+For+The+Upcoming+Amico%E2%84%A2+Home+Video+Game+Console%21&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft.au=Intellivision+Entertainment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fintellivision-reveals-initial-details-for-the-upcoming-amico-home-video-game-console-300734998.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"<a href="/wiki/List_of_That_%2770s_Show_episodes#Season_1:_1998–1999" title="List of That '70s Show episodes">Punk Chick</a>". <a href="/wiki/That_%2770s_Show" title="That '70s Show"><i>That '70s Show</i></a>. Season 1. Episode 22. 21 June 1999. Fox Broadcasting Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=That+%2770s+Show&rft.series=Season+1.+Episode+22&rft.date=1999-06-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"<a href="/wiki/List_of_King_of_the_Hill_episodes#Season_9:_2004–2005" title="List of King of the Hill episodes">It Ain't Over 'Til the Fat Neighbor Sings</a>". <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Hill" title="King of the Hill"><i>King of the Hill</i></a>. Season 9. Episode 15. 15 May 2005. Fox Broadcasting Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+of+the+Hill&rft.series=Season+9.+Episode+15&rft.date=2005-05-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"<a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturday_Night_Live_episodes#Season_1" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Saturday Night Live episodes">Episode 5</a>". <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live"><i>Saturday Night Live</i></a>. Season 1. Episode 5. New York City. 15 November 1975. NBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saturday+Night+Live&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.series=Season+1.+Episode+5&rft.date=1975-11-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAshcraft2006" class="citation web cs1">Ashcraft, Brian (22 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090629220432/http://kotaku.com/gaming/television/roddick-vs-pong-195709.php">"Roddick vs. Pong"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kotaku" title="Kotaku">Kotaku</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/gaming/television/roddick-vs-pong-195709.php">the original</a> on 29 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roddick+vs.+Pong&rft.pub=Kotaku&rft.date=2006-08-22&rft.aulast=Ashcraft&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2Fgaming%2Ftelevision%2Froddick-vs-pong-195709.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFParker2004" class="citation web cs1">Parker, Sam (13 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102171130/http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/all/greatestgames/p-37.html">"The Greatest Games of All Time: Neuromancer"</a>. <i>GameSpot</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/all/greatestgames/p-37.html">the original</a> on 2 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=The+Greatest+Games+of+All+Time%3A+Neuromancer&rft.date=2004-02-13&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Fgamespot%2Ffeatures%2Fall%2Fgreatestgames%2Fp-37.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2008" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Luke (11 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/articles/banjo-kazooie-nuts-and-bolts-updated-hands-on/1100-6197547/">"Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts & Bolts Updated Hands-On"</a>. <i>GameSpot</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223220152/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/banjo-kazooie-nuts-and-bolts-updated-hands-on/1100-6197547/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=Banjo-Kazooie%3A+Nuts+%26+Bolts+Updated+Hands-On&rft.date=2008-09-11&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Farticles%2Fbanjo-kazooie-nuts-and-bolts-updated-hands-on%2F1100-6197547%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMicrosoft2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> (28 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070719050209/http://games.ign.com/articles/816/816582p1.html">"Microsoft Brings Video Games Live To London"</a>. <i>GameSpot</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://games.ign.com/articles/816/816582p1.html">the original</a> on 19 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Brings+Video+Games+Live+To+London&rft.date=2007-08-28&rft.au=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgames.ign.com%2Farticles%2F816%2F816582p1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Black_Francis" title="Black Francis">Frank Black</a> (Singer) (23 May 1994). <i>Album: <a href="/wiki/Teenager_of_the_Year_(album)" title="Teenager of the Year (album)">Teenager of the Year</a> Song: Whatever Happened to Pong?</i>. <a href="/wiki/Elektra_Records" title="Elektra Records">Elektra Records</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Album%3A+Teenager+of+the+Year+Song%3A+Whatever+Happened+to+Pong%3F&rft.pub=Elektra+Records&rft.date=1994-05-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCrecente2006" class="citation web cs1">Crecente, Brian (28 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712000450/http://kotaku.com/157394/atari-threatens-pong-clock-makers?tag=gamingpongclock">"Atari Threatens Pong Clock Makers"</a>. Kotaku. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/gaming/pong-clock/atari-threatens-pong-clock-makers-157394.php">the original</a> on 12 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atari+Threatens+Pong+Clock+Makers&rft.pub=Kotaku&rft.date=2006-02-28&rft.aulast=Crecente&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2Fgaming%2Fpong-clock%2Fatari-threatens-pong-clock-makers-157394.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mid-day.com/articles/tech-rewind-interesting-facts-about-the-hit-arcade-video-game-pong/15795171">"Tech rewind: Interesting facts about the hit arcade video game Pong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mid-Day" title="Mid-Day">Mid-Day</a></i>. 29 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306133228/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/tech-rewind-interesting-facts-about-the-hit-arcade-video-game-pong/15795171">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mid-Day&rft.atitle=Tech+rewind%3A+Interesting+facts+about+the+hit+arcade+video+game+Pong&rft.date=2015-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid-day.com%2Farticles%2Ftech-rewind-interesting-facts-about-the-hit-arcade-video-game-pong%2F15795171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBoyes,_Emma2006" class="citation web cs1">Boyes, Emma (9 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/articles/london-museum-showcases-games/1100-6159465/">"London museum showcases games"</a>. <i>GameSpot</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140323001946/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/london-museum-showcases-games/1100-6159465/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=London+museum+showcases+games&rft.date=2006-10-09&rft.au=Boyes%2C+Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Farticles%2Flondon-museum-showcases-games%2F1100-6159465%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pong&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1984" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Scott (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zaprisefall00cohe"><i>Zap! The Rise and Fall of Atari</i></a>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-011543-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-011543-9"><bdi>978-0-07-011543-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zap%21+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Atari&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-07-011543-9&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzaprisefall00cohe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHerman1997" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Leonard (1997). <i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix:_The_Fall_%26_Rise_of_Videogames" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix: The Fall & Rise of Videogames">Phoenix: The Fall & Rise of Videogames</a></i>. Rolenta Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9643848-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9643848-2-8"><bdi>978-0-9643848-2-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phoenix%3A+The+Fall+%26+Rise+of+Videogames&rft.pub=Rolenta+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-9643848-2-8&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKlineDyer-WithefordDe_Peuter2003" class="citation book cs1">Kline, Stephen; Dyer-Witheford, Nick; De Peuter, Greig (2003). <i>Digital Play: The interaction of Technology, Culture and Marketing</i>. McGill-Queen's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2591-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2591-7"><bdi>978-0-7735-2591-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Play%3A+The+interaction+of+Technology%2C+Culture+and+Marketing&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2591-7&rft.aulast=Kline&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Dyer-Witheford%2C+Nick&rft.au=De+Peuter%2C+Greig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLowood,_H.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lowood, H. (2009). "Videogames in Computer Space: The Complex History of Pong". <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Annals_of_the_History_of_Computing" title="IEEE Annals of the History of Computing">IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</a></i>. <b>31</b> (3): 5–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2009.53">10.1109/MAHC.2009.53</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7653073">7653073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Videogames+in+Computer+Space%3A+The+Complex+History+of+Pong&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=5-19&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.2009.53&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7653073%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Lowood%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APong" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pong&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></div>
<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pong" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pong">Pong</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pong-story.com">Pong-story.com</a>, comprehensive site about <i>Pong</i> and its origins.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarimuseum.com/">The Atari Museum</a> An in-depth look at Atari and its history</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flyers.arcade-museum.com/flyers_video/atari/11013001.jpg">THE <i>Pong</i> Flyer</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mobygames.com/game-group/pong-variants">Pong variants</a> at <a href="/wiki/MobyGames" title="MobyGames">MobyGames</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1970s_Atari_arcade_games" title="Template:1970s Atari arcade games"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1970s_Atari_arcade_games" title="Template talk:1970s Atari arcade games"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:1970s_Atari_arcade_games&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1970s_Atari_arcade_games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970s <a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari</a> <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade games</a></div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syzygy Engineering (1971)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Space" title="Computer Space">Computer Space</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1972</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pong</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotcha_(video_game)" title="Gotcha (video game)">Gotcha</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Race_(video_game)" title="Space Race (video game)">Space Race</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1974</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Trak_10" title="Gran Trak 10">Gran Trak 10</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Qwak!" title="Qwak!">Qwak!</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Rebound_(video_game)" title="Rebound (video game)">Rebound</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tank_(video_game)" title="Tank (video game)">Tank</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_(video_game)" title="Anti-Aircraft (video game)">Anti-Aircraft</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Crash_%27N_Score" title="Crash 'N Score">Crash 'N Score</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Pong" title="Doctor Pong">Doctor Pong</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hi-way" title="Hi-way">Hi-way</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Indy_800" title="Indy 800">Indy 800</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jet_Fighter_(video_game)" title="Jet Fighter (video game)">Jet Fighter</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_(video_game)" title="Pursuit (video game)">Pursuit</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Shark_Jaws" title="Shark Jaws">Shark Jaws</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(video_game)" title="Steeplechase (video game)">Steeplechase</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Breakout_(video_game)" title="Breakout (video game)">Breakout</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/F-1_(arcade_game)" title="F-1 (arcade game)">F-1</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Indy_4_(video_game)" title="Indy 4 (video game)">Indy 4</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/LeMans_(video_game)" title="LeMans (video game)">LeMans</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_Driver_(video_game)" title="Night Driver (video game)">Night Driver</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_(video_game)" title="Outlaw (video game)">Outlaw</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Quiz_Show_(video_game)" title="Quiz Show (video game)">Quiz Show</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sprint_2" title="Sprint 2">Sprint 2</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Stunt_Cycle" title="Stunt Cycle">Stunt Cycle</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1977</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Canyon_Bomber" title="Canyon Bomber">Canyon Bomber</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_(arcade_game)" title="Destroyer (arcade game)">Destroyer</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominos_(video_game)" title="Dominos (video game)">Dominos</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Starship_1" title="Starship 1">Starship 1</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Bug_(video_game)" title="Super Bug (video game)">Super Bug</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Triple_Hunt" title="Triple Hunt">Triple Hunt</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1978</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atari_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Atari Football">Atari Football</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_(video_game)" title="Avalanche (video game)">Avalanche</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fire_Truck_(video_game)" title="Fire Truck (video game)">Fire Truck</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sky_Diver" title="Sky Diver">Sky Diver</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tournament_Table" title="Tournament Table">Tournament Table</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asteroids_(video_game)" title="Asteroids (video game)">Asteroids</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Basketball_(1979_video_game)" title="Basketball (1979 video game)">Basketball</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(1979_video_game)" title="Lunar Lander (1979 video game)">Lunar Lander</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atari,_Inc._games_(1972%E2%80%931984)" title="List of Atari, Inc. games (1972–1984)">List of Atari, Inc. games (1972–1984)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Atari" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><span class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"><a class="mw-collapsible-text">show</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atari" title="Template:Atari"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atari" title="Template talk:Atari"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Atari&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atari" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a></div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corporations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari</a> (1972–1992)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Corporation" title="Atari Corporation">Atari Corporation</a> (1984–1996)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc._(1993%E2%80%93present)" title="Atari, Inc. (1993–present)">Atari</a> (1993–present, owned by <a href="/wiki/Atari_SA" title="Atari SA">Atari SA</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries<br>and spin-offs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Games" title="Atari Games">Atari Games</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Interactive" title="Atari Interactive">Atari Interactive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_E._Cheese" title="Chuck E. Cheese">Chuck E. Cheese</a> (1977–1980)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyan_Engineering" title="Cyan Engineering">Cyan Engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kee_Games" title="Kee Games">Kee Games</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MobyGames" title="MobyGames">MobyGames</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tengen_(company)" title="Tengen (company)">Tengen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:AtariFuji.svg" class="image"><img alt="AtariFuji.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/AtariFuji.svg/90px-AtariFuji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="72" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/AtariFuji.svg/135px-AtariFuji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/AtariFuji.svg/180px-AtariFuji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="412"></a></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atari,_Inc._games_(1972%E2%80%931984)" title="List of Atari, Inc. games (1972–1984)">Arcades<br>and amusements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_(video_game)" title="Anti-Aircraft (video game)">Anti-Aircraft</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Asteroids_(video_game)" title="Asteroids (video game)">Asteroids</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Asteroids_Deluxe" title="Asteroids Deluxe">Asteroids Deluxe</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Basketball_(1979_video_game)" title="Basketball (1979 video game)">Atari Basketball</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Football_(1978_video_game)#Arcade_version" title="Football (1978 video game)">Atari Football</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_(video_game)" title="Avalanche (video game)">Avalanche</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Battlezone_(1980_video_game)" title="Battlezone (1980 video game)">Battlezone</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Widow_(video_game)" title="Black Widow (video game)">Black Widow</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Breakout_(video_game)" title="Breakout (video game)">Breakout</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Canyon_Bomber" title="Canyon Bomber">Canyon Bomber</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Centipede_(video_game)" title="Centipede (video game)">Centipede</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Cloak_%26_Dagger_(video_game)" title="Cloak & Dagger (video game)">Cloak & Dagger</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Crash_%27N_Score" title="Crash 'N Score">Crash 'N Score</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Castles_(video_game)" title="Crystal Castles (video game)">Crystal Castles</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_(arcade_game)" title="Destroyer (arcade game)">Destroyer</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominos_(video_game)" title="Dominos (video game)">Dominos</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fire_Truck_(video_game)" title="Fire Truck (video game)">Fire Truck</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_(video_game)" title="Firefox (video game)">Firefox</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Food_Fight_(video_game)" title="Food Fight (video game)">Food Fight</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotcha_(video_game)" title="Gotcha (video game)">Gotcha</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Trak_10" title="Gran Trak 10">Gran Trak 10</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Trak_10" title="Gran Trak 10">Gran Trak 20</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gravitar" title="Gravitar">Gravitar</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hi-way" title="Hi-way">Hi-way</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/I,_Robot_(video_game)" title="I, Robot (video game)">I, Robot</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Indy_4_(video_game)" title="Indy 4 (video game)">Indy 4</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Indy_800" title="Indy 800">Indy 800</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jet_Fighter_(video_game)" title="Jet Fighter (video game)">Jet Fighter</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/LeMans_(arcade_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="LeMans (arcade game)">LeMans</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberator_(video_game)" title="Liberator (video game)">Liberator</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(1979_video_game)" title="Lunar Lander (1979 video game)">Lunar Lander</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Major_Havoc" title="Major Havoc">Major Havoc</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Millipede_(video_game)" title="Millipede (video game)">Millipede</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Missile_Command" title="Missile Command">Missile Command</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_Driver_(video_game)" title="Night Driver (video game)">Night Driver</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_(video_game)" title="Outlaw (video game)">Outlaw</a></i></li>
<li><i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sequels_and_remakes">Pin-Pong</a></i></li>
<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pong</a></i></li>
<li><i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sequels_and_remakes">Pong Doubles</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_(video_game)" title="Pursuit (video game)">Pursuit</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Elimination_(video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination (video game)">Quadrapong</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Quantum_(video_game)" title="Quantum (video game)">Quantum</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Quiz_Show_(video_game)" title="Quiz Show (video game)">Quiz Show</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Qwak!" title="Qwak!">Qwak!</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Rebound_(video_game)" title="Rebound (video game)">Rebound</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Baron_(1980_video_game)" title="Red Baron (1980 video game)">Red Baron</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Return_of_the_Jedi_(video_game)" title="Star Wars: Return of the Jedi (video game)">Return of the Jedi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Shark_Jaws" title="Shark Jaws">Shark Jaws</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sky_Diver" title="Sky Diver">Sky Diver</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Duel" title="Space Duel">Space Duel</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Race_(video_game)" title="Space Race (video game)">Space Race</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sprint_2#Legacy" title="Sprint 2">Sprint 1</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sprint_2" title="Sprint 2">Sprint 2</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sprint_2#Legacy" title="Sprint 2">Sprint 4</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sprint_2#Legacy" title="Sprint 2">Sprint 8</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(1983_video_game)" title="Star Wars (1983 video game)">Star Wars</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Starship_1" title="Starship 1">Starship 1</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(video_game)" title="Steeplechase (video game)">Steeplechase</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Stunt_Cycle" title="Stunt Cycle">Stunt Cycle</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Breakout" title="Super Breakout">Super Breakout</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Bug_(video_game)" title="Super Bug (video game)">Super Bug</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Pong" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Pong">Super Pong</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tank_(video_game)" title="Tank (video game)">Tank</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tank_(video_game)#Legacy" title="Tank (video game)">Tank 8</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempest_(video_game)" title="Tempest (video game)">Tempest</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tournament_Table" title="Tournament Table">Tournament Table</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Triple_Hunt" title="Triple Hunt">Triple Hunt</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tank_(video_game)#Legacy" title="Tank (video game)">Ultra Tank</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Video_Pinball_series#Arcade" title="Video Pinball series">Video Pinball</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Warlords_(1980_video_game)" title="Warlords (1980 video game)">Warlords</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video game consoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Home_version">Home Pong</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Stunt_Cycle#Home_versions" title="Stunt Cycle">Stunt Cycle</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Video_Music" title="Atari Video Music">Atari Video Music</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Video_Pinball_series" title="Video Pinball series">Video Pinball</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atari_2600#Atari_2800" title="Atari 2600">2800</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_5200" title="Atari 5200">Atari 5200</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_7800" title="Atari 7800">Atari 7800</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_XEGS" title="Atari XEGS">Atari XEGS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Lynx" title="Atari Lynx">Atari Lynx</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Jaguar" title="Atari Jaguar">Atari Jaguar</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Jaguar_CD" title="Atari Jaguar CD">CD</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_VCS_(2021_console)" title="Atari VCS (2021 console)">Atari VCS</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal computers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atari_8-bit_family" title="Atari 8-bit family">Atari 8-bit family</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_MEGA_STE" title="Atari MEGA STE">Atari MEGA STE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_TT030" title="Atari TT030">Atari TT030</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Transputer_Workstation" title="Atari Transputer Workstation">Atari Transputer Workstation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Falcon" title="Atari Falcon">Atari Falcon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable computers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atari_STacy" title="Atari STacy">Atari STacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ST_BOOK" title="ST BOOK">ST BOOK</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Portfolio" title="Atari Portfolio">Atari Portfolio</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Game_Brain" title="Atari Game Brain">Game Brain</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tank_(video_game)#Legacy" title="Tank (video game)">Tank II</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Cosmos" title="Atari Cosmos">Cosmos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_2700" title="Atari 2700">2700</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Panther" title="Atari Panther">Panther</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Sierra" title="Atari Sierra">Sierra</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atari_CX40_joystick" title="Atari CX40 joystick">CX 40 joystick</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_XG-1_light_gun" title="Atari XG-1 light gun">XG-1 light gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Flashback_series" title="Atari Flashback series">Atari Flashback series</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_game_consoles_(first_generation)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"><a class="mw-collapsible-text">show</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_game_consoles" title="Template:Video game consoles"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_game_consoles" title="Template talk:Video game consoles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Video_game_consoles&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_game_consoles_(first_generation)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game consoles</a>
(<a href="/wiki/First_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="First generation of video game consoles">first generation</a>)</div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">Home video game console</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_home_video_game_consoles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of home video game consoles">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">Handheld game console</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_handheld_game_consoles" title="List of handheld game consoles">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Microconsole" title="Microconsole">Microconsole</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microconsoles" title="List of microconsoles">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_console" title="Dedicated console">Dedicated console</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dedicated_video_game_consoles" title="List of dedicated video game consoles">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Retrogaming" title="Retrogaming">Retrogaming</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_retro_style_video_game_consoles" title="List of retro style video game consoles">list</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_console_generations" title="Home video game console generations">Generations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="First generation of video game consoles">First (1972–1980)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Second generation of video game consoles">Second (1976–1992)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Third_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Third generation of video game consoles">Third (1983–2003)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fourth generation of video game consoles">Fourth (1987–2004)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fifth generation of video game consoles">Fifth (1993–2006)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Sixth generation of video game consoles">Sixth (1998–2013)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Seventh generation of video game consoles">Seventh (2005–2017)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Eighth generation of video game consoles">Eighth (2012–present)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Ninth generation of video game consoles">Ninth (2020–present)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First<br>generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dedicated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/APF_TV_Fun_series" title="APF TV Fun series">APF TV Fun series</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coleco_Telstar_series" title="Coleco Telstar series">Coleco Telstar series</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleco_Telstar_Arcade" title="Coleco Telstar Arcade">Arcade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coleco_Telstar_Marksman" title="Coleco Telstar Marksman">Marksman</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Color_TV-Game" title="Color TV-Game">Color TV-Game</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gameroom_Tele-Pong" title="Gameroom Tele-Pong">Gameroom Tele-Pong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnavox Odyssey series">Magnavox Odyssey series</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PC-50x_Family" title="PC-50x Family">PC-50x Family</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TV_Scoreboard" title="TV Scoreboard">TV Scoreboard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TV_Tennis_Electrotennis" title="TV Tennis Electrotennis">TV Tennis Electrotennis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unisonic_Products_Corporation" title="Unisonic Products Corporation">Unisonic series</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Video_Pinball" class="mw-redirect" title="Video Pinball">Video Pinball</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Second_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Second generation of video game consoles">Second generation →</a></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console_emulator" title="Video game console emulator">Emulator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Console_game" title="Console game">Game</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Online_console_gaming" title="Online console gaming">Services</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles" title="History of video game consoles">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_video_game_consoles" title="Lists of video game consoles">List</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Console_manufacturer" class="mw-redirect" title="Console manufacturer">Manufacturer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a>: National libraries <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216293#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16706372b">France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16706372b">(data)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7684757-3">Germany</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pong">link to original article</a>
<a href="https://github.com/end3r/Gamedev-Canvas-workshop">Link to original code</a>
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