shortname: BEP-23
name: Performance Study: Analysis of Transaction Throughput in a BigchainDB Network
type: Informational
status: Raw
editor: Alberto Granzotto <alberto@bigchaindb.com>
contributors: Troy McConaghy <troy@bigchaindb.com>, Muawia Khan <muawia@bigchaindb.com>
Transaction throughput is a key metric to evaluate the suitability of a blockchain system for real world applications. BigchainDB is now in its beta phase, and we don't expect major changes in the parts of the code that are responsible for the throughput of the system (i.e. the validation logic), for this reason we can now run performance tests and publish our results. The tested setup consists of a 4 node network running a recent version of BigchainDB. Each node runs on a different virtual machine, hosted in the Azure infrastructure. A fifth virtual machine is used to generate the workload and collect metrics. Depending on the configuration of the system, the tested BigchainDB network, under constant load, finalizes between 300 and 1000 transactions per second.
Blockchain systems are currently under heavy research and development. Different projects have different definitions of what a blockchain is—or should be. Given that there is no standard definition of blockchain (as there is, for example, for relational database management systems), no formal definitions of metrics exist, and no formal benchmarking software suite can be applied across different blockchain systems. Still, we can find concepts that are valid across multiple systems; a transaction, for example, goes through different states during its lifetime such as:
- Accepted by the network. In order to be accepted, a transaction must be "valid," where the definition of valid varies from network to network.
- Committed in the blockchain. If a transaction makes it into a block, it is stored together with other transactions in the local database of the node.
- Finalized. Finality means that once a transaction is committed, it cannot be reversed, i.e. the data cannot be rolled back to the previous state. Different blockchain systems may provide different types of finality. Typically, this is defined in the consensus protocol. Different types of consensus exist, such as voting-based consensus with immediate finality and lottery-based consensus with probabilistic finality. (Definition from the Hyperledger Performance and Scale Working Group.) For BigchainDB, once a transaction is committed it is also finalized.
Note that BigchainDB inherits Tendermint instant finality. This means that as soon as a new block is committed, it cannot be reversed. Through this document, we won't make any distinction between a committed transaction and a finalized transaction. For clarity, we will always prefer the term finalized.
Given that, the metrics we measured in our experiments are:
- Transaction acceptance rate.
- Transaction finalization rate.
- Time to accept a transaction (how much time it takes for a valid transaction to be stored in the mempool).
- Time to finalize a transaction (how much time it takes for a valid transaction to be stored in the blockchain).
Those metrics reflect the different states of a valid transaction: accepted and finalized.
Even if the reference metric is how many transactions the network finalizes per second, during this analysis we dig deeper and analyze the distribution on accepted transactions, committed etc. We want to make sure that the system is responsive most of the time, and we don't want to get fooled by an average that hides a lot of data behind it. Knowing the actual distribution of how much time it takes for a transaction to be accepted and then committed allows us to have a clear understanding of the responsiveness of the system, and this is something we won't know if we look only at the average. For this reason we developed our own benchmarking tool to generate the workload and collect statistics; we call it bigchaindb-benchmark. It can simulate a large amount of workload by spawning multiple processes, and output a CSV file to timestamp the different steps in the life cycle of a transaction. This allows us to measure the distribution of how long it takes for a transaction to be accepted and later finalized.
We also run other tests using a customized version of tm-bench.
Another thing to consider is that BigchainDB is a multi-asset blockchain. With BigchainDB, users can create their own custom assets. Each new asset is identified by a unique value, that is the id of the CREATE transaction that minted it. Assets have their own unique history or—in more precise terms—directed acyclic graph. In order to check if a transaction is a double spend, we can safely ignore all transactions related to other assets. This means that when BigchainDB has to validate a block, it can parallelize validation, exploiting all cores in the current machine (more details to come). To understand if we could get a performance boost out of this, we integrated a new experimental feature that enables parallel validation of transactions. This feature is a proof of concept to show that higher throughput is realizable. Note: this feature skips also CheckTx, used by Tendermint to check a transaction before storing it in the mempool. BigchainDB validates transactions as soon as they are posted to the HTTP API, so CheckTx in this case is redundant. We must mention that CheckTx is used also to validate transactions coming from the other nodes of the network, so disabling it might allow byzantine actors to push invalid transactions to the mempool (handling invalid transactions is actively discussed in the Tendermint issue tracker). Even if an invalid transaction makes it to the mempool, it will be always discarded during the Deliver Tx phase, so this experimental feature will still maintain a correct state of the application. Parallel validation is an optimistic approach that will be eventually developed for specific production use cases.
Note: to reproduce our results, make sure to adapt the configuration files, scripts, and commands to your setup. For example, your nodes will have different IP addresses.
The performance tests were run on the Microsoft Azure cloud infrastructure. For the BigchainDB nodes, we choose compute optimized virtual machines from the Fsv2 series, specifically Standard F32s v2 (32 vCPUs, 64GiB memory, SSD drives with estimated IOPS limit of 64000, expected network bandwidth in Mbps 14,000). For the machine generating the workload, we used a Standard F8s v2 (8 vCPUs, 16GiB memory). The virtual machines were all in the same datacenter.
Note that the IOPS limit is crucial. A low number will create a bottleneck in disk reads and writes, slowing down database operations. To have a rough idea on the actual IO speed of the disk, hdparam was used.
benchmark1@benchmark1:~$ sudo hdparm -Tt /dev/sda
/dev/sda:
Timing cached reads: 19514 MB in 1.99 seconds = 9785.28 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 1484 MB in 3.00 seconds = 494.39 MB/sec
All machines were provided with the operating system Ubuntu 18.04.1 LTS (Bionic Beaver). For simplicity we provided all machines (both the machine generating the workload and the machines running the BigchainDB nodes) with the same software:
- BigchainDB, commit 6a9064196ad49baf3933051be6e116a3440fbad2 (between version 2.0.0b5 and 2.0.0b6)
- Tendermint 0.22.8
- MongoDB v3.6.3
This procedure was automated by a custom script.
Three main configuration files were generated and edited (all of them are included as extra files in this BEP):
- The Tendermint
config.tomlconfiguration file (default location:${HOME}/.tendermint/config/config.toml) was generated viatendermint initand customized. - The Tendermint
genesis.jsonfile (generated though the previous commandtendermint init) was customized with the public keys of the four nodes. It was then copied into all machines under${HOME}/.tendermint/config/genesis.json. - The BigchainDB
.bigchaindbwas generated viabigchaindb configureand copied into all machines under${HOME}/.bigchaindb.
We also had a setup and teardown procedure we ran before and after every test.
The setup procedure was responsible to start the BigchainDB and the Tendermint process.
#!/bin/bash
nohup bigchaindb start > ${HOME}/bigchaindb.log 2>&1 &
nohup tendermint node > ${HOME}/tendermint.log 2>&1 &The teardown procedure was responsible to stop the BigchainDB and the Tendermint process, and to reset the state on MongoDB and on the Tendermint LevelDB.
#!/bin/bash
pkill tendermint
pkill bigchaindb
bigchaindb -y drop
tendermint unsafe_reset_allThree experiments were performed.
The first one was run using BigchainDB without any special option.
The second one used the experimental feature for parallel validation, enabled on start with bigchaindb start --experimental-parallel-validation.
The third one used the experimental feature for parallel validation, enabled on start with bigchaindb start --experimental-parallel-validation, and was run with a smaller amount of requests to test the peak performance of the system.
For each node in the network, we started all services using the startup script. After some seconds, we switched to the workload-generating virtual machine, and ran:
bigchaindb-benchmark\
--csv results/master-32proc-1000000sync.csv\
--processes=32\
--peer http://10.240.0.4:9984\
--peer http://10.240.0.5:9984\
--peer http://10.240.0.6:9984\
--peer http://10.240.0.7:9984\
send -r1000000 --mode=sync
This command uses 32 workers to push 1,000,000 transaction of 765 bytes to the four nodes in the network. The generated CSV file with the results was then copied to another machine.
For each node in the network, we started BigchainDB with bigchaindb start --experimental-parallel-validation. After some seconds, we switched to the workload generating virtual machine, and ran:
bigchaindb-benchmark\
--csv results/exp-32proc-1000000sync.csv\
--processes=32\
--peer http://10.240.0.4:9984\
--peer http://10.240.0.5:9984\
--peer http://10.240.0.6:9984\
--peer http://10.240.0.7:9984\
send -r1000000 --mode=sync
This command uses 32 workers to push 1,000,000 transaction of 765 bytes to the four nodes in the network. The generated CSV file with the results was then copied to another machine.
For each node in the network, we started BigchainDB with bigchaindb start --experimental-parallel-validation and we changed the flag skip_timeout_commit to true in ${HOME}/.tendermint/config/config.toml (we noticed a significant delay to create the last block of the test, and skipping the timeout commit seems to help in this regard). After some seconds, we switched to the workload generating virtual machine, and ran:
bigchaindb-benchmark\
--csv results/exp-32proc-1000000async.csv\
--processes=32\
--peer http://10.240.0.4:9984\
--peer http://10.240.0.5:9984\
--peer http://10.240.0.6:9984\
--peer http://10.240.0.7:9984\
send -r16000 --mode=sync
This command uses 32 workers to push 16,000 transaction of 765 bytes to the four nodes in the network. The generated CSV file with the results was then copied to another machine.
Each experiment generated a CSV file containing the following columns:
txid: the ID of the transaction being sent to the serversize: the size in bytes of the transactionts_send: timestamp when the transaction was sent.ts_accept: timestamp when the transaction was accepted.ts_commit: timestamp when the transaction was committed and finalized.ts_error: timestamp of an error if it occurred.
We built a script called analysis.py to process those CSV files and output four different graphs per experiment:
- Distribution of how much time it takes to accept a transaction.
- Distribution of how much time it takes to finalize a transaction.
- Accepted transactions per second.
- Finalized transactions per second.
Together with the plots, this output was captured:
0.680 0.112
0.950 0.294
0.997 0.730
Name: d_accept, dtype: float64
0.680 2.855
0.950 5.143
0.997 9.392
Name: d_commit, dtype: float64
BigchainDB was able to process 1,000,000 transactions in 56 minutes without any failure.
In terms of responsiveness, the system performed consistently during the whole test:
- 99.7% of transactions have been accepted within 0.730 seconds, 95% within 0.294 seconds, and 68% within 0.112 seconds.
- 99.7% of transactions have been finalized within 9.392 seconds, 95% within 5.143 seconds, and 68% within 2.855 seconds.
In terms of speed (transactions per second), the system:
- Accepted an average of 299 transactions per second, with a median value of 309 transactions per second.
- Finalized an average of 298 transactions per second, with a median value of 320 transactions per second.
Together with the plots, this output was captured:
0.680 0.018
0.950 0.113
0.997 2.033
Name: d_accept, dtype: float64
0.680 2.898000
0.950 5.402000
0.997 7.686003
Name: d_commit, dtype: float64
BigchainDB was able to process 1,000,000 transactions in about 26 minutes without any failure.
In terms of responsiveness, the system performed consistently during the whole test:
- 99.7% of transactions have been accepted within 2.033 seconds, 95% within 0.113 seconds, and 68% within 0.018 seconds.
- 99.7% of transactions have been finalized within 7.686 seconds, 95% within 5.402 seconds, and 68% within 2.898 seconds.
In terms of speed (transactions per second), the system:
- Accepted an average of 636 transactions per second, with a median value of 615 transactions per second.
- Finalized an average of 636 transactions per second, with a median value of 636 transactions per second.
Together with the plots, this output was captured:
0.680 0.014
0.950 0.074
0.997 0.373
Name: d_accept, dtype: float64
0.680 3.081000
0.950 4.099000
0.997 4.358003
Name: d_commit, dtype: float64
BigchainDB was able to process 16,000 transactions in 18 seconds without any failure.
In terms of responsiveness, the system performed consistently during the whole test:
- 99.7% of transactions have been accepted within 0.373 seconds, 95% within 0.074 seconds, and 68% within 0.014 seconds.
- 99.7% of transactions have been finalized within 4.358 seconds, 95% within 4.099 seconds, and 68% within 3.081 seconds.
In terms of speed (transactions per second), the system:
- Accepted an average of 1092 transactions per second, with a median value of 1072 transactions per second.
- Finalized an average of 889 transactions per second, with a median value of 1102 transactions per second.
The aims of the study are twofold, on one side we want to have an understanding on how a BigchainDB network performs under stress; on the other side we want to define a methodology we can use for a) future versions of BigchainDB, b) running other tests under different conditions.
About the performance of the system, we can conclude that BigchainDB performs consistently and correctly under constant stress, and it's able to finalize one million transactions within one hour and always be responsive. Enabling parallel validation allows BigchainDB to finalize the same number of transactions in less than half an hour.
We also ran a short test to measure the peak performance of the system: under favorable conditions we are able to reach ~1000 finalized transactions per second.
To the extent possible under law, all contributors to this BEP
have waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this BEP.