adql.bnf

    <ADQL_language_character> ::=
        <simple_Latin_letter>
      | <digit>
      | <SQL_special_character>

    <ADQL_reserved_word> ::=
        ABS
      | ACOS
      | AREA
      | ASIN
      | ATAN
      | ATAN2
      | BIGINT
      | BOX
      | CEILING
      | CENTROID
      | CIRCLE
      | CONTAINS
      | COORD1
      | COORD2
      | COORDSYS
      | COS
      | COT
      | DEGREES
      | DISTANCE
      | EXP
      | FLOOR
      | ILIKE
      | INTERSECTS
      | IN_UNIT
      | LOG
      | LOG10
      | MOD
      | OFFSET
      | PI
      | POINT
      | POLYGON
      | POWER
      | RADIANS
      | REGION
      | RAND
      | ROUND
      | SIN
      | SQRT
      | TOP
      | TAN
      | TRUNCATE

    <SQL_embedded_language_character> ::=
        <left_bracket> | <right_bracket>

    <SQL_reserved_word> ::=
        ABSOLUTE | ACTION | ADD | ALL
      | ALLOCATE | ALTER | AND
      | ANY | ARE
      | AS | ASC
      | ASSERTION | AT
      | AUTHORIZATION | AVG
      | BEGIN | BETWEEN | BIT | BIT_LENGTH
      | BOTH | BY
      | CASCADE | CASCADED | CASE | CAST
      | CATALOG
      | CHAR | CHARACTER | CHAR_LENGTH
      | CHARACTER_LENGTH | CHECK | CLOSE
      | COALESCE | COLLATE | COLLATION
      | COLUMN | COMMIT
      | CONNECT
      | CONNECTION | CONSTRAINT
      | CONSTRAINTS | CONTINUE
      | CONVERT | CORRESPONDING | COUNT | CREATE | CROSS
      | CURRENT
      | CURRENT_DATE | CURRENT_TIME
      | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | CURRENT_USER | CURSOR
      | DATE | DAY | DEALLOCATE
      | DECIMAL | DECLARE | DEFAULT | DEFERRABLE
      | DEFERRED | DELETE | DESC | DESCRIBE | DESCRIPTOR
      | DIAGNOSTICS
      | DISCONNECT | DISTINCT | DOMAIN | DOUBLE | DROP
      | ELSE | END | END-EXEC | ESCAPE
      | EXCEPT | EXCEPTION
      | EXEC | EXECUTE | EXISTS
      | EXTERNAL | EXTRACT
      | FALSE | FETCH | FIRST | FLOAT | FOR
      | FOREIGN | FOUND | FROM | FULL
      | GET | GLOBAL | GO | GOTO
      | GRANT | GROUP
      | HAVING | HOUR
      | IDENTITY | IMMEDIATE | IN | INDICATOR
      | INITIALLY | INNER | INPUT
      | INSENSITIVE | INSERT | INT | INTEGER | INTERSECT
      | INTERVAL | INTO | IS
      | ISOLATION
      | JOIN
      | KEY
      | LANGUAGE | LAST | LEADING | LEFT
      | LEVEL | LIKE | LOCAL | LOWER
      | MATCH | MAX | MIN | MINUTE | MODULE
      | MONTH
      | NAMES | NATIONAL | NATURAL | NCHAR | NEXT | NO
      | NOT | NULL
      | NULLIF | NUMERIC
      | OCTET_LENGTH | OF
      | ON | ONLY | OPEN | OPTION | OR
      | ORDER | OUTER
      | OUTPUT | OVERLAPS
      | PAD | PARTIAL | POSITION | PRECISION | PREPARE
      | PRESERVE | PRIMARY
      | PRIOR | PRIVILEGES | PROCEDURE | PUBLIC
      | READ | REAL | REFERENCES | RELATIVE | RESTRICT
      | REVOKE | RIGHT
      | ROLLBACK | ROWS
      | SCHEMA | SCROLL | SECOND | SECTION
      | SELECT
      | SESSION | SESSION_USER | SET
      | SIZE | SMALLINT | SOME | SPACE | SQL | SQLCODE
      | SQLERROR | SQLSTATE
      | SUBSTRING | SUM | SYSTEM_USER
      | TABLE | TEMPORARY
      | THEN | TIME | TIMESTAMP
      | TIMEZONE_HOUR | TIMEZONE_MINUTE
      | TO | TRAILING | TRANSACTION
      | TRANSLATE | TRANSLATION | TRIM | TRUE
      | UNION | UNIQUE | UNKNOWN | UPDATE | UPPER | USAGE
      | USER | USING
      | VALUE | VALUES | VARCHAR | VARYING | VIEW
      | WHEN | WHENEVER | WHERE | WITH | WORK | WRITE
      | YEAR
      | ZONE

    <SQL_special_character> ::=
        <space>
      | <double_quote>
      | <percent>
      | <ampersand>
      | <quote>
      | <left_paren>
      | <right_paren>
      | <asterisk>
      | <plus_sign>
      | <comma>
      | <minus_sign>
      | <period>
      | <solidus>
      | <colon>
      | <semicolon>
      | <less_than_operator>
      | <equals_operator>
      | <greater_than_operator>
      | <question_mark>
      | <underscore>
      | <vertical_bar>

    <ampersand> ::= &

    <approximate_numeric_literal> ::= <mantissa>E<exponent>

    <approximate numeric type> ::=
          REAL
        | DOUBLE PRECISION

    <area> ::= AREA <left_paren> <geometry_value_expression> <right_paren>

    <as_clause> ::= [ AS ] <column_name>

    <asterisk> ::= *

    <between_predicate> ::=
        <value_expression> [ NOT ] BETWEEN
        <value_expression> AND <value_expression>

    <boolean_factor> ::= [ NOT ] <boolean_primary>

    <boolean_primary> ::=
        <left_paren> <search_condition> <right_paren>
      | <predicate>

    <boolean_term> ::=
        <boolean_factor>
      | <boolean_term> AND <boolean_factor>

    <box> ::=
        BOX <left_paren>
            [ <coord_sys> <comma> ]
            <box_center>
            <comma> <numeric_value_expression>
            <comma> <numeric_value_expression>
        <right_paren>
    
    <box_center> ::=
        <coordinates>
        | <coord_value>
    
    <cast_specification> ::=
        CAST <left_paren> <value_expression> AS <cast_target> <right_paren>
    
    <cast_target> ::=
          <character_string_type>
        | <numeric_type>
        | <datetime_type>
        | <geometry_type>

    <catalog_name> ::= <identifier>

    <centroid> ::=
        CENTROID <left_paren>
            <geometry_value_expression>
        <right_paren>

    <character_factor> ::= <character_primary>

    <character_primary> ::=
        <value_expression_primary>
      | <string_value_function>

    <character_representation> ::= <nonquote_character> | <quote_symbol>

    <character_string_literal> ::=
        <quote> [ <character_representation>... ] <quote>

    <character_string_type> ::=
          CHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
        | VARCHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]

    <character_value_expression> ::= <concatenation> | <character_factor>

    <circle> ::=
        CIRCLE <left_paren>
            [ <coord_sys> <comma> ]
            <circle_center>
            <comma> <radius>
        <right_paren>
    
    <circle_center> ::=
        <coordinates>
        | <coord_value>

    <circumflex> ::= ^

    <coalesce_expression> ::= 
        COALESCE <left_paren>
            <value_expression>
            [ { <comma> <value_expression }... ] <right_paren>

    <colon> ::= ":"

    <column_name> ::= <identifier>

    <column_name_list> ::= <column_name> [ { <comma> <column_name> }... ]

    <column_reference> ::= [ <qualifier> <period> ] <column_name>

    <comma> ::= ,

    <comment> ::= <comment_introducer> [ <comment_character>... ] <newline>

    <comment_character> ::= <nonquote_character> | <quote>

    <comment_introducer> ::= <minus_sign><minus_sign> [<minus_sign>...]

    <comp_op> ::=
        <equals_operator>
      | <not_equals_operator>
      | <less_than_operator>
      | <greater_than_operator>
      | <less_than_or_equals_operator>
      | <greater_than_or_equals_operator>

    <comparison_predicate> ::=
        <value_expression> <comp_op> <value_expression>

    <concatenation> ::=
        <character_value_expression>
        <concatenation_operator>
        <character_factor>

    <concatenation_operator> ::= "||"

    <contains> ::=
        CONTAINS <left_paren>
            <geometry_value_expression> <comma> <geometry_value_expression>
        <right_paren>

    <coord1> ::= COORD1 <left_paren> <coord_value> <right_paren>

    <coord2> ::= COORD2 <left_paren> <coord_value> <right_paren>

    <coord_sys> ::= <character_string_literal>

    <coord_value> ::= <point_value> | <column_reference>

    <coordinate1> ::= <numeric_value_expression>

    <coordinate2> ::= <numeric_value_expression>

    <coordinates> ::= <coordinate1> <comma> <coordinate2>

    <correlation_name> ::= <identifier>

    <correlation_specification> ::= [ AS ] <correlation_name>

    <datetime_type> ::= TIMESTAMP

    <default_function_prefix> ::= (see text)

    <delimited_identifier> ::=
        <double_quote> <delimited_identifier_body> <double_quote>

    <delimited_identifier_body> ::= <delimited_identifier_part>...

    <delimited_identifier_part> ::=
        <nondoublequote_character> | <double_quote_symbol>

    <delimiter_token> ::=
        <character_string_literal>
        | <delimited_identifier>
        | <SQL_special_character>
        | <not_equals_operator>
        | <greater_than_or_equals_operator>
        | <less_than_or_equals_operator>
        | <concatenation_operator>
        | <double_period>
        | <left_bracket>
        | <right_bracket>

    <derived_column> ::= <value_expression> [ <as_clause> ]

    <derived_table> ::= <table_subquery>

    <digit> ::= 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

    <distance_function> ::=
        DISTANCE <left_paren>
            <coord_value> <comma>
            <coord_value>
            <right_paren>
      | DISTANCE <left_paren>
            <numeric_value_expression> <comma>
            <numeric_value_expression> <comma>
            <numeric_value_expression> <comma>
            <numeric_value_expression>
            <right_paren>

    <double_period> ::= ".."

    <double_quote> ::= """

    <double_quote_symbol> ::= <double_quote><double_quote>

    <equals_operator> ::= "="

    <exact_numeric_literal> ::=
        <unsigned_decimal> [ <period> [ <unsigned_decimal> ] ]
      | <period> <unsigned_decimal>

    <exists_predicate> ::= EXISTS <table_subquery>

    <exponent> ::= <signed_integer>

    <extract_coordsys> ::=
        COORDSYS <left_paren>
            <geometry_value_expression>
        <right_paren>
    
    <exact_numeric_type> ::=
          SMALLINT
        | INTEGER
        | BIGINT

    <factor> ::= [ <sign> ] <numeric_primary>

    <case_folding_function> ::=
          LOWER <left_paren> <character_value_expression> <right_paren>
        | UPPER <left_paren> <character_value_expression> <right_paren>

    <from_clause> ::=
        FROM <table_reference>
            [ { <comma> <table_reference> }... ]

    <general_literal> ::= <character_string_literal>

    <general_set_function> ::=
        <set_function_type> <left_paren>
            [ <set_quantifier> ] <value_expression>
        <right_paren>

    <geometry_type> ::=
          POINT
        | CIRCLE
        | POLYGON

    <geometry_value_expression> ::=
        <value_expression_primary> | <geometry_value_function>

    <geometry_value_function> ::=
        <box>
      | <centroid>
      | <circle>
      | <point>
      | <polygon>
      | <region>
      | <user_defined_function>

    <greater_than_operator> ::= ">"

    <greater_than_or_equals_operator> ::= ">="

    <group_by_clause> ::= GROUP BY <group_by_term_list>

    <group_by_term> ::=
          <column_reference>
        | <value_expression>

    <group_by_term_list> ::=
        <group_by_term>
        [ { <comma> <group_by_term> }... ]

    <having_clause> ::= HAVING <search_condition>

    <identifier> ::= <regular_identifier> | <delimited_identifier>

    <in_predicate> ::=
        <value_expression> [ NOT ] IN <in_predicate_value>

    <in_predicate_value> ::=
        <table_subquery> | <left_paren> <in_value_list> <right_paren>

    <in_unit_function> ::= 
        IN_UNIT <left_paren>
            <numeric_value_expression> <comma> <character_string_literal>
        <right_paren>

    <in_value_list> ::=
        <value_expression> { <comma> <value_expression> } ...

    <intersects> ::=
        INTERSECTS <left_paren>
            <geometry_value_expression> <comma> <geometry_value_expression>
        <right_paren>

    <join_column_list> ::= <column_name_list>

    <join_condition> ::= ON <search_condition>

    <join_specification> ::= <join_condition> | <named_columns_join>

    <join_type> ::=
        INNER | <outer_join_type> [ OUTER ]

    <joined_table> ::=
        <qualified_join> | <left_paren> <joined_table> <right_paren>

    <keyword> ::= <SQL_reserved_word> | <ADQL_reserved_word>

    <left_bracket> ::= "["

    <left_paren> ::= (

    <less_than_operator> ::= "<"

    <less_than_or_equals_operator> ::= "<="

    <like_predicate> ::=
        <match_value> [ NOT ] LIKE <pattern>
      | <match_value> [ NOT ] ILIKE <pattern>

    <mantissa> ::= <exact_numeric_literal>

    <match_value> ::= <character_value_expression>

    <math_function> ::=
        ABS <left_paren> <numeric_value_expression> <right_paren>
      | CEILING <left_paren> <numeric_value_expression> <right_paren>
      | DEGREES <left_paren> <numeric_value_expression> <right_paren>
      | EXP <left_paren> <numeric_value_expression> <right_paren>
      | FLOOR <left_paren> <numeric_value_expression> <right_paren>
      | LOG <left_paren> <numeric_value_expression> <right_paren>
      | LOG10 <left_paren> <numeric_value_expression> <right_paren>
      | MOD <left_paren>
            <numeric_value_expression> <comma> <numeric_value_expression>
        <right_paren>
      | PI <left_paren><right_paren>
      | POWER <left_paren>
            <numeric_value_expression> <comma> <numeric_value_expression>
        <right_paren>
      | RADIANS <left_paren> <numeric_value_expression> <right_paren>
      | RAND <left_paren> [ <unsigned_decimal> ] <right_paren>
      | ROUND <left_paren>
            <numeric_value_expression> [ <comma> <signed_integer>]
        <right_paren>
      | SQRT <left_paren> <numeric_value_expression> <right_paren>
      | TRUNCATE <left_paren>
            <numeric_value_expression>
            [ <comma> <signed_integer>]
        <right_paren>

    <minus_sign> ::= -

    <named_columns_join> ::=
        USING <left_paren>
            <join_column_list>
        <right_paren>

    <newline> ::=

    <non_predicate_geometry_function> ::=
        <area>
      | <coord1>
      | <coord2>
      | <distance>

    <nondelimiter_token> ::=
        <regular_identifier>
      | <keyword>
      | <unsigned_numeric_literal>

    <nondoublequote_character> ::= any character except "

    <nonquote_character> ::= any character except '

    <not_equals_operator> ::= <not_equals_operator1> | <not_equals_operator2>

    <not_equals_operator1> ::= "<>"

    <not_equals_operator2> ::= "!="

    <null_predicate> ::= <column_reference> IS [ NOT ] NULL

    <numeric_geometry_function> ::=
        <predicate_geometry_function> | <non_predicate_geometry_function>

    <numeric_primary> ::=
        <value_expression_primary>
      | <numeric_value_function>

    <numeric_type> ::=
          <exact_numeric_type>
        | <approximate_numeric_type>

    <numeric_value_expression> ::=
        <term>
      | <numeric_value_expression> <plus_sign> <term>
      | <numeric_value_expression> <minus_sign> <term>

    <numeric_value_function> ::=
        <trig_function>
      | <math_function>
      | <in_unit_function>
      | <numeric_geometry_function>
      | <user_defined_function>

    <offset_clause> ::= OFFSET <unsigned_decimal>

    <order_by_clause> ::= ORDER BY <order_by_term_list>

    <order_by_direction> ::= ASC | DESC

    <order_by_expression> ::=
          <unsigned_decimal>
        | <column_reference>
        | <value_expression>

    <order_by_term> ::=
        <order_by_expression> [ <order_by_direction> ]

    <order_by_term_list> ::=
        <order_by_term> [ { <comma> <order_by_term> }... ]

    <outer_join_type> ::= LEFT | RIGHT | FULL

    <pattern> ::= <character_value_expression>

    <percent> ::= %

    <period> ::= "."

    <plus_sign> ::= +

    <point> ::=
        POINT <left_paren>
            [ <coord_sys> <comma> ]
            <coordinates>
        <right_paren>

    <point_value> ::= <point> | <centroid> | <user_defined_function>

    <polygon> ::=
        POLYGON <left_paren>
            [ <coord_sys> <comma> ]
            <polygon_vertices>
        <right_paren>
    
    <polygon_vertices> ::=
        <coordinates>
        <comma> <coordinates>
        <comma> <coordinates>
        { <comma> <coordinates> }...
        |
        <coord_value>
        <comma> <coord_value>
        <comma> <coord_value>
        { <comma> <coord_value> }...

    <predicate> ::=
        <comparison_predicate>
      | <between_predicate>
      | <in_predicate>
      | <like_predicate>
      | <null_predicate>
      | <exists_predicate>

    <predicate_geometry_function> ::= <contains> | <intersects>

    <qualified_join> ::=
        <table_reference> [ NATURAL ] [ <join_type> ] JOIN
        <table_reference> [ <join_specification> ]

    <qualifier> ::= <table_name> | <correlation_name>

    <query_expression> ::=
        <select_expression>
        | <joined_table>

    <query_name> ::= <identifier>

    <query_set_expression> ::=
        <query_set_term>
        | <query_set_expression> UNION [ ALL ] <query_set_term>
        | <query_set_expression> EXCEPT [ ALL ] <query_set_term>

    <query_set_primary> ::=
        <select_query>
        | <left_paren> <select_expression> <right_paren>

    <query_set_term> ::=
        <query_set_primary>
        | <query_set_term> INTERSECT [ ALL ] <query_set_expression>

    <query_specification> ::=
        [ <with_clause> ]
        <select_expression>

    <question_mark> ::= ?

    <quote> ::= '

    <quote_symbol> ::= <quote> <quote>

    <radius> ::= <numeric_value_expression>

    <region> ::=
      REGION <left_paren> <character_string_literal> <right_paren>

    <regular_identifier> ::=
        <simple_Latin_letter>...
        [ { <digit> | <simple_Latin_letter> | <underscore> }... ]

    <right_bracket> ::= "]"

    <right_paren> ::= )

    <schema_name> ::= [ <catalog_name> <period> ] <unqualified_schema name>

    <search_condition> ::=
        <boolean_term>
      | <search_condition> OR <boolean_term>

    <select_expression> ::=
        <query_set_expression>
        [ <order_by_clause> ]
        [ <offset_clause> ]
    
    <select_list> ::=
        <asterisk>
      | <select_sublist> [ { <comma> <select_sublist> }... ]

    <select_query> ::=
        SELECT
        [ <set_quantifier> ]
        [ <set_limit> ]
        <select_list>
        <from_clause>
        [ <where_clause> ]
        [ <group_by_clause> ]
        [ <having_clause> ]

    <select_sublist> ::= <derived_column> | <qualifier> <period> <asterisk>

    <semicolon> ::= ;

    <set_function_specification> ::=
        COUNT <left_paren> <asterisk> <right_paren>
      | <general_set_function>

    <set_function_type> ::= AVG | MAX | MIN | SUM | COUNT

    <set_limit> ::= TOP <unsigned_decimal>

    <set_quantifier> ::= DISTINCT | ALL

    <sign> ::= <plus_sign> | <minus_sign>

    <signed_integer> ::= [ <sign> ] <unsigned_decimal>

    <simple_Latin_letter> ::=
        <simple_Latin_upper_case_letter>
      | <simple_Latin_lower_case_letter>

    <simple_Latin_lower_case_letter> ::=
        a|b|c|d|e|f|g|h|i|j|k|l|m|n|o|p|q|r|s|t|u|v|w|x|y|z

    <simple_Latin_upper_case_letter> ::=
        A|B|C|D|E|F|G|H|I|J|K|L|M|N|O|P|Q|R|S|T|U|V|W|X|Y|Z

    <solidus> ::= /

    <space> ::=

    <string_geometry_function> ::= <extract_coordsys>

    <string_value_expression> ::= <character_value_expression>

    <string_value_function> ::=
          <string_geometry_function>
        | <case_folding_function>
        | <user_defined_function>

    <subquery> ::= <left_paren> <query_expression> <right_paren>

    <table_name> ::= [ <schema_name> <period> ] <identifier>

    <table_reference> ::=
        <table_name> [ <correlation_specification> ]
      | <derived_table> <correlation_specification>
      | <joined_table>

    <table_subquery> ::= <subquery>

    <term> ::=
        <factor>
      | <term> <asterisk> <factor>
      | <term> <solidus> <factor>

    <tilde> ::= ~

    <token> ::=
        <nondelimiter_token> | <delimiter_token>

    <trig_function> ::=
        ACOS <left_paren> <numeric_value_expression> <right_paren>
      | ASIN <left_paren> <numeric_value_expression> <right_paren>
      | ATAN <left_paren> <numeric_value_expression> <right_paren>
      | ATAN2 <left_paren>
            <numeric_value_expression> <comma> <numeric_value_expression>
        <right_paren>
      | COS <left_paren> <numeric_value_expression> <right_paren>
      | COT <left_paren> <numeric_value_expression> <right_paren>
      | SIN <left_paren> <numeric_value_expression> <right_paren>
      | TAN <left_paren> <numeric_value_expression> <right_paren>

    <underscore> ::= _

    <unqualified_schema name> ::= <identifier>

    <unsigned_decimal> ::= <digit>...

    <unsigned_literal> ::=
        <unsigned_numeric_literal>
      | <general_literal>

    <unsigned_numeric_literal> ::=
        <exact_numeric_literal>
      | <approximate_numeric_literal>

    <unsigned_value_specification> ::= <unsigned_literal>

    <user_defined_function> ::=
        <user_defined_function_name> <left_paren>
                [
                    <user_defined_function_param>
                [
                    {
                        <comma> <user_defined_function_param>
                    }...
                ]
                ]
            <right_paren>

    <user_defined_function_name> ::=
        [ <default_function_prefix> ] <regular_identifier>

    <user_defined_function_param> ::= <value_expression>

    <value_expression> ::=
        NULL
      | <numeric_value_expression>
      | <string_value_expression>
      | <geometry_value_expression>

    <value_expression_primary> ::=
        <unsigned_value_specification>
        | <column_reference>
        | <set_function_specification>
        | <cast_specification>
        | <coalesce_expression>
        | <left_paren> <value_expression> <right_paren>

    <vertical_bar> ::= "|"

    <where_clause> ::= WHERE <search_condition>

    <with_clause> ::=
        WITH <with_query> {, <with_query>} ...

    <with_query> :=
        <query_name> AS (<select_expression>)