Remove args and depict the image in From directive (#5465)

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## Which problem is this PR solving?
Fixes: #5450

## Checklist
- [ ] I have read
https://github.com/jaegertracing/jaeger/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING_GUIDELINES.md
- [ ] I have signed all commits
- [ ] I have added unit tests for the new functionality
- [ ] I have run lint and test steps successfully
  - for `jaeger`: `make lint test`
  - for `jaeger-ui`: `yarn lint` and `yarn test`

---------

Signed-off-by: Prakriti Mandal <98270250+prakrit55@users.noreply.github.com>

docker/base/Dockerfile

@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
-ARG cert_image=alpine:3.19.0
-ARG root_image=alpine:3.19.0
-
-FROM $cert_image AS cert
+FROM alpine:3.19.0 AS cert
 RUN apk add --update --no-cache ca-certificates mailcap
 
-FROM $root_image
+FROM alpine:3.19.0
 COPY --from=cert /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
 COPY --from=cert /etc/mime.types /etc/mime.types

docker/debug/Dockerfile

@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-ARG golang_image=golang:1.22-alpine
-
-FROM $golang_image AS build
+FROM golang:1.22-alpine AS build
 ARG TARGETARCH
 ENV GOPATH /go
 RUN apk add --update --no-cache ca-certificates make git build-base mailcap
@@ -12,7 +10,7 @@ RUN if [[ "$TARGETARCH" == "s390x"  ||  "$TARGETARCH" == "ppc64le" ]] ; then \
         go install github.com/go-delve/delve/cmd/dlv@latest; \
     fi
 
-FROM $golang_image
+FROM golang:1.22-alpine
 COPY --from=build /go/bin/dlv /go/bin/dlv
 COPY --from=build /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
 COPY --from=build /etc/mime.types /etc/mime.types