fix(sdk): Add error handling. Fixes #11164

[Yael-F]

Description of your changes:

Fixes #11164 by adding error handling for image build/push failures in the KFP SDK. Now, errors trigger a clear error message and a non-zero exit code, ensuring accurate feedback to users.

Checklist:

• You have signed off your commits
• The title for your pull request (PR) should follow our title convention. Learn more about the pull request title convention used in this repository.

[google-oss-prow]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is NOT APPROVED

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[google-oss-prow]

Hi @Yael-F. Thanks for your PR.

I'm waiting for a kubeflow member to verify that this patch is reasonable to test. If it is, they should reply with /ok-to-test on its own line. Until that is done, I will not automatically test new commits in this PR, but the usual testing commands by org members will still work. Regular contributors should join the org to skip this step.

Once the patch is verified, the new status will be reflected by the ok-to-test label.

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[hbelmiro]

Thank you @Yael-F.
I just left a minor suggestion.
Also, can you:

• Sign-off your commits
• Link the PR to the issue

/ok-to-test

[hbelmiro]

/lgtm