generated from laser-institute/laser-getting-started
-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 65
/
Copy pathorientation-code-along.html
1129 lines (1019 loc) · 55.7 KB
/
orientation-code-along.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head>
<script src="orientation-code-along_files/libs/clipboard/clipboard.min.js"></script>
<script src="orientation-code-along_files/libs/quarto-html/tabby.min.js"></script>
<script src="orientation-code-along_files/libs/quarto-html/popper.min.js"></script>
<script src="orientation-code-along_files/libs/quarto-html/tippy.umd.min.js"></script>
<link href="orientation-code-along_files/libs/quarto-html/tippy.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="orientation-code-along_files/libs/quarto-html/light-border.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="orientation-code-along_files/libs/quarto-html/quarto-html.min.css" rel="stylesheet" data-mode="light">
<link href="orientation-code-along_files/libs/quarto-html/quarto-syntax-highlighting.css" rel="stylesheet" id="quarto-text-highlighting-styles"><meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="generator" content="quarto-1.4.550">
<title>The Data-Intensive Research Workflow</title>
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no, minimal-ui">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/dist/reset.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/dist/reveal.css">
<style>
code{white-space: pre-wrap;}
span.smallcaps{font-variant: small-caps;}
div.columns{display: flex; gap: min(4vw, 1.5em);}
div.column{flex: auto; overflow-x: auto;}
div.hanging-indent{margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em;}
ul.task-list{list-style: none;}
ul.task-list li input[type="checkbox"] {
width: 0.8em;
margin: 0 0.8em 0.2em -1em; /* quarto-specific, see https://github.com/quarto-dev/quarto-cli/issues/4556 */
vertical-align: middle;
}
/* CSS for syntax highlighting */
pre > code.sourceCode { white-space: pre; position: relative; }
pre > code.sourceCode > span { line-height: 1.25; }
pre > code.sourceCode > span:empty { height: 1.2em; }
.sourceCode { overflow: visible; }
code.sourceCode > span { color: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; }
div.sourceCode { margin: 1em 0; }
pre.sourceCode { margin: 0; }
@media screen {
div.sourceCode { overflow: auto; }
}
@media print {
pre > code.sourceCode { white-space: pre-wrap; }
pre > code.sourceCode > span { text-indent: -5em; padding-left: 5em; }
}
pre.numberSource code
{ counter-reset: source-line 0; }
pre.numberSource code > span
{ position: relative; left: -4em; counter-increment: source-line; }
pre.numberSource code > span > a:first-child::before
{ content: counter(source-line);
position: relative; left: -1em; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;
border: none; display: inline-block;
-webkit-touch-callout: none; -webkit-user-select: none;
-khtml-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none;
-ms-user-select: none; user-select: none;
padding: 0 4px; width: 4em;
color: #aaaaaa;
}
pre.numberSource { margin-left: 3em; border-left: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding-left: 4px; }
div.sourceCode
{ color: #003b4f; background-color: #f1f3f5; }
@media screen {
pre > code.sourceCode > span > a:first-child::before { text-decoration: underline; }
}
code span { color: #003b4f; } /* Normal */
code span.al { color: #ad0000; } /* Alert */
code span.an { color: #5e5e5e; } /* Annotation */
code span.at { color: #657422; } /* Attribute */
code span.bn { color: #ad0000; } /* BaseN */
code span.bu { } /* BuiltIn */
code span.cf { color: #003b4f; } /* ControlFlow */
code span.ch { color: #20794d; } /* Char */
code span.cn { color: #8f5902; } /* Constant */
code span.co { color: #5e5e5e; } /* Comment */
code span.cv { color: #5e5e5e; font-style: italic; } /* CommentVar */
code span.do { color: #5e5e5e; font-style: italic; } /* Documentation */
code span.dt { color: #ad0000; } /* DataType */
code span.dv { color: #ad0000; } /* DecVal */
code span.er { color: #ad0000; } /* Error */
code span.ex { } /* Extension */
code span.fl { color: #ad0000; } /* Float */
code span.fu { color: #4758ab; } /* Function */
code span.im { color: #00769e; } /* Import */
code span.in { color: #5e5e5e; } /* Information */
code span.kw { color: #003b4f; } /* Keyword */
code span.op { color: #5e5e5e; } /* Operator */
code span.ot { color: #003b4f; } /* Other */
code span.pp { color: #ad0000; } /* Preprocessor */
code span.sc { color: #5e5e5e; } /* SpecialChar */
code span.ss { color: #20794d; } /* SpecialString */
code span.st { color: #20794d; } /* String */
code span.va { color: #111111; } /* Variable */
code span.vs { color: #20794d; } /* VerbatimString */
code span.wa { color: #5e5e5e; font-style: italic; } /* Warning */
/* CSS for citations */
div.csl-bib-body { }
div.csl-entry {
clear: both;
margin-bottom: 0em;
}
.hanging-indent div.csl-entry {
margin-left:2em;
text-indent:-2em;
}
div.csl-left-margin {
min-width:2em;
float:left;
}
div.csl-right-inline {
margin-left:2em;
padding-left:1em;
}
div.csl-indent {
margin-left: 2em;
} </style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/dist/theme/quarto.css">
<link href="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/quarto-line-highlight/line-highlight.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-menu/menu.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-menu/quarto-menu.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-chalkboard/font-awesome/css/all.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-chalkboard/style.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/quarto-support/footer.css" rel="stylesheet">
<style type="text/css">
.callout {
margin-top: 1em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
border-radius: .25rem;
}
.callout.callout-style-simple {
padding: 0em 0.5em;
border-left: solid #acacac .3rem;
border-right: solid 1px silver;
border-top: solid 1px silver;
border-bottom: solid 1px silver;
display: flex;
}
.callout.callout-style-default {
border-left: solid #acacac .3rem;
border-right: solid 1px silver;
border-top: solid 1px silver;
border-bottom: solid 1px silver;
}
.callout .callout-body-container {
flex-grow: 1;
}
.callout.callout-style-simple .callout-body {
font-size: 1rem;
font-weight: 400;
}
.callout.callout-style-default .callout-body {
font-size: 0.9rem;
font-weight: 400;
}
.callout.callout-titled.callout-style-simple .callout-body {
margin-top: 0.2em;
}
.callout:not(.callout-titled) .callout-body {
display: flex;
}
.callout:not(.no-icon).callout-titled.callout-style-simple .callout-content {
padding-left: 1.6em;
}
.callout.callout-titled .callout-header {
padding-top: 0.2em;
margin-bottom: -0.2em;
}
.callout.callout-titled .callout-title p {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
.callout.callout-titled.callout-style-simple .callout-content p {
margin-top: 0;
}
.callout.callout-titled.callout-style-default .callout-content p {
margin-top: 0.7em;
}
.callout.callout-style-simple div.callout-title {
border-bottom: none;
font-size: .9rem;
font-weight: 600;
opacity: 75%;
}
.callout.callout-style-default div.callout-title {
border-bottom: none;
font-weight: 600;
opacity: 85%;
font-size: 0.9rem;
padding-left: 0.5em;
padding-right: 0.5em;
}
.callout.callout-style-default div.callout-content {
padding-left: 0.5em;
padding-right: 0.5em;
}
.callout.callout-style-simple .callout-icon::before {
height: 1rem;
width: 1rem;
display: inline-block;
content: "";
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: 1rem 1rem;
}
.callout.callout-style-default .callout-icon::before {
height: 0.9rem;
width: 0.9rem;
display: inline-block;
content: "";
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: 0.9rem 0.9rem;
}
.callout-title {
display: flex
}
.callout-icon::before {
margin-top: 1rem;
padding-right: .5rem;
}
.callout.no-icon::before {
display: none !important;
}
.callout.callout-titled .callout-body > .callout-content > :last-child {
padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
margin-bottom: 0;
}
.callout.callout-titled .callout-icon::before {
margin-top: .5rem;
padding-right: .5rem;
}
.callout:not(.callout-titled) .callout-icon::before {
margin-top: 1rem;
padding-right: .5rem;
}
/* Callout Types */
div.callout-note {
border-left-color: #4582ec !important;
}
div.callout-note .callout-icon::before {
background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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');
}
div.callout-note.callout-style-default .callout-title {
background-color: #dae6fb
}
div.callout-important {
border-left-color: #d9534f !important;
}
div.callout-important .callout-icon::before {
background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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');
}
div.callout-important.callout-style-default .callout-title {
background-color: #f7dddc
}
div.callout-warning {
border-left-color: #f0ad4e !important;
}
div.callout-warning .callout-icon::before {
background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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');
}
div.callout-warning.callout-style-default .callout-title {
background-color: #fcefdc
}
div.callout-tip {
border-left-color: #02b875 !important;
}
div.callout-tip .callout-icon::before {
background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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');
}
div.callout-tip.callout-style-default .callout-title {
background-color: #ccf1e3
}
div.callout-caution {
border-left-color: #fd7e14 !important;
}
div.callout-caution .callout-icon::before {
background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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');
}
div.callout-caution.callout-style-default .callout-title {
background-color: #ffe5d0
}
</style>
<style type="text/css">
.reveal div.sourceCode {
margin: 0;
overflow: auto;
}
.reveal div.hanging-indent {
margin-left: 1em;
text-indent: -1em;
}
.reveal .slide:not(.center) {
height: 100%;
}
.reveal .slide.scrollable {
overflow-y: auto;
}
.reveal .footnotes {
height: 100%;
overflow-y: auto;
}
.reveal .slide .absolute {
position: absolute;
display: block;
}
.reveal .footnotes ol {
counter-reset: ol;
list-style-type: none;
margin-left: 0;
}
.reveal .footnotes ol li:before {
counter-increment: ol;
content: counter(ol) ". ";
}
.reveal .footnotes ol li > p:first-child {
display: inline-block;
}
.reveal .slide ul,
.reveal .slide ol {
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
.reveal .slide ul li,
.reveal .slide ol li {
margin-top: 0.4em;
margin-bottom: 0.2em;
}
.reveal .slide ul[role="tablist"] li {
margin-bottom: 0;
}
.reveal .slide ul li > *:first-child,
.reveal .slide ol li > *:first-child {
margin-block-start: 0;
}
.reveal .slide ul li > *:last-child,
.reveal .slide ol li > *:last-child {
margin-block-end: 0;
}
.reveal .slide .columns:nth-child(3) {
margin-block-start: 0.8em;
}
.reveal blockquote {
box-shadow: none;
}
.reveal .tippy-content>* {
margin-top: 0.2em;
margin-bottom: 0.7em;
}
.reveal .tippy-content>*:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0.2em;
}
.reveal .slide > img.stretch.quarto-figure-center,
.reveal .slide > img.r-stretch.quarto-figure-center {
display: block;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
}
.reveal .slide > img.stretch.quarto-figure-left,
.reveal .slide > img.r-stretch.quarto-figure-left {
display: block;
margin-left: 0;
margin-right: auto;
}
.reveal .slide > img.stretch.quarto-figure-right,
.reveal .slide > img.r-stretch.quarto-figure-right {
display: block;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: 0;
}
</style>
</head>
<body class="quarto-light">
<div class="reveal">
<div class="slides">
<section id="title-slide" class="quarto-title-block center">
<h1 class="title">The Data-Intensive Research Workflow</h1>
<p class="subtitle">Orientation Module: Code-Along</p>
<div class="quarto-title-authors">
</div>
</section>
<section id="overview" class="slide level2">
<h2>Overview</h2>
<img data-src="img/laser-cycle.png" class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center r-stretch" style="width:60.0%"><p class="caption">Data-Intensive Research Workflow <span class="citation" data-cites="krumm2018">(<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">Krumm, Means, and Bienkowski 2018</a>)</span></p><aside class="notes">
<p><strong>Speaker Notes:</strong></p>
<p><strong>Slide Overview:</strong> This slide illustrates the data-intensive research workflow, which is a cyclical process and which we use to frame all of the case studies for each module. Each stage is interconnected, emphasizing the iterative nature of the research process. Let’s briefly walk through each stage.</p>
<p><strong>Prepare:</strong> The preparation phase involves defining and refining the research questions, ensuring they are clear and relevant to the data at hand. This stage sets the foundation for the entire research process, establishing the goals and objectives that guide the subsequent stages.</p>
<p><strong>Wrangle:</strong> Data wrangling is the process of cleaning, transforming, and merging raw data into a structured format suitable for analysis. This stage is crucial as it ensures the data is accurate, complete, and ready for exploration and modeling.</p>
<p><strong>Explore:</strong> In the exploration phase, researchers perform exploratory data analysis (EDA) to uncover patterns, trends, and insights within the data. Visualization tools and statistical methods are commonly used to gain a deeper understanding of the dataset, which helps inform the modeling stage.</p>
<p><strong>Model:</strong> The modeling phase involves building and evaluating predictive models based on the prepared and explored data. Various statistical and machine learning techniques are applied to predict outcomes or classify data, with a focus on accuracy and reliability.</p>
<p><strong>Communicate:</strong> Effective communication of findings is essential. In this stage, researchers present their results through polished data products, such as reports, visualizations, and presentations, tailored to their intended audience. The goal is to ensure that the insights are clear and actionable.</p>
<p><strong>Iterative Nature:</strong> The dashed lines in the diagram indicate the iterative nature of this workflow. New analyses often lead to refinements in the research questions or data, prompting a return to the preparation or wrangling stages. Additionally, communicating findings can generate new ideas for further analysis, creating a continuous cycle of improvement and discovery.</p>
<style type="text/css">
span.MJX_Assistive_MathML {
position:absolute!important;
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
padding: 1px 0 0 0!important;
border: 0!important;
height: 1px!important;
width: 1px!important;
overflow: hidden!important;
display:block!important;
}</style></aside>
</section>
<section id="prepare" class="slide level2">
<h2>Prepare</h2>
<div class="panel-tabset">
<ul id="tabset-1" class="panel-tabset-tabby"><li><a data-tabby-default="" href="#tabset-1-1">Research Context</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-1-2">Question</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-1-3">Data</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-1-4">Packages</a></li></ul>
<div class="tab-content">
<div id="tabset-1-1">
<ul>
<li><p>The setting of this study was a public provider of individual online courses in a Midwestern state.</p></li>
<li><p>Data was collected from two semesters of five online science courses and aimed to understand students motivation.</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="tabset-1-2">
<p><br></p>
<blockquote>
<p>Is there a relationship between the time students spend in a learning management system and their final course grade?</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div id="tabset-1-3">
<p>The data used in this case study has already been “wrangled” quite a bit, but the original datasets included:</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><p>A self-report <strong>survey</strong> assessing three aspects of students’ motivation</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Log-trace data</strong> from the learning management system (LMS) including discussion board posts</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Administrative</strong> <strong>records</strong> including academic achievement and student demographic data</p></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div id="tabset-1-4">
<p>Sometimes referred to as “libraries”, packages are shareable collections of R code that can contain functions, data, and/or documentation.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href=""></a><span class="co"># Load the {tidyverse} package</span></span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href=""></a><span class="fu">library</span>(tidyverse)</span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href=""></a><span class="co"># How to install the package if not already installed</span></span>
<span id="cb1-6"><a href=""></a><span class="co"># install.packages("tidyverse")</span></span>
<span id="cb1-7"><a href=""></a><span class="co"># Note this code is commented out so it will not run</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="wrangle" class="slide level2">
<h2>Wrangle</h2>
<div class="panel-tabset">
<ul id="tabset-2" class="panel-tabset-tabby"><li><a data-tabby-default="" href="#tabset-2-1">Define</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-2-2">“Read”</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-2-3">Inspect</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-2-4">Select</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-2-5">Discuss</a></li></ul>
<div class="tab-content">
<div id="tabset-2-1">
<p>Data wrangling is the process of cleaning, <a href="https://r4ds.had.co.nz/tidy-data.html?q=tidy%20data#tidy-data-1">“tidying”</a>, and transforming data. In Learning Analytics, it often involves merging (or joining) data from multiple sources.</p>
</div>
<div id="tabset-2-2">
<p>The {readr} tidyverse package has several functions like <code>read_csv()</code> for importing rectangular data from delimited text files such as comma-separated values (CSV), a preferred file format for reproducible research.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb2-1"><a href=""></a><span class="co"># "read" into your R environment the sci-online-classes.csv file </span></span>
<span id="cb2-2"><a href=""></a><span class="co"># stored in the data folder of your R project and</span></span>
<span id="cb2-3"><a href=""></a><span class="co"># save as a new data "object" named sci_data </span></span>
<span id="cb2-4"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb2-5"><a href=""></a>sci_data <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">read_csv</span>(<span class="st">"data/sci-online-classes.csv"</span>, </span>
<span id="cb2-6"><a href=""></a> <span class="at">col_names =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>R has also packages for proprietary data formats like .xls, .sas, and .dat.</p>
</div>
<div id="tabset-2-3">
<p>You should now see a new data “object” named <code>sci_data</code> saved in your Environment pane. Try clicking on it and see what happens!</p>
<p>Now let’s “print” the output to our Console to view another way:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href=""></a><span class="co"># print data to console to view</span></span>
<span id="cb3-2"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb3-3"><a href=""></a>sci_data</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>What variables do you think might help us answer our research question?</p>
</div>
<div id="tabset-2-4">
<p>Since we are interested the relationship between time spent in an online course and final grades, let’s <code>select()</code> the <code>FinalGradeCEMS</code> and <code>TimeSpent</code> from <code>sci_data</code>.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb4-1"><a href=""></a><span class="co"># select student_id and course_id and save as </span></span>
<span id="cb4-2"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb4-3"><a href=""></a>sci_data <span class="sc">|></span> </span>
<span id="cb4-4"><a href=""></a> <span class="fu">select</span>(FinalGradeCEMS, TimeSpent)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note the use of a the powerful <code>|></code> operator called a <strong>pipe</strong>, which are used for combining a sequence of functions or processes.</p>
</div>
<div id="tabset-2-5">
<p>The R language can express complex ideas like in this simple “sentence”:</p>
<p><code>sci_data <- read_csv("data/sci-online-classes.csv", col_names = TRUE)</code></p>
<ul>
<li><em>Functions</em> are like verbs: <code>read_csv()</code></li>
<li><em>Objects</em> are the nouns: <code>read_csv("data/sci-online-classes.csv")</code></li>
<li><em>Arguments</em> are like adverbs: <code>read_csv("data/sci-online-classes.csv", col_names = TRUE)</code></li>
<li><em>Operators</em> are like “punctuation” <code>sci_data <- read_csv("data/sci-online-classes.csv", col_names = TRUE)</code></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="explore" class="slide level2">
<h2>Explore</h2>
<div class="panel-tabset">
<ul id="tabset-3" class="panel-tabset-tabby"><li><a data-tabby-default="" href="#tabset-3-1">EDA</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-3-2">Graph Template</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-3-3">Our First Plot!</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-3-4">Interpret Graph</a></li></ul>
<div class="tab-content">
<div id="tabset-3-1">
<p>Exploratory data analysis involves processes of <strong>describing</strong> your data numerically or graphically and often involves:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>calculating</strong> summary statistics like frequency, means and standard deviations</p></li>
<li><p><strong>visualizing</strong> your data through charts and graphs</p></li>
</ul>
<p>EDA can be used to help answer research questions or generate new questions about your data, discover relationships between and among variables, and create new variables for data modeling.</p>
</div>
<div id="tabset-3-2">
<p>The <a href="https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org">{ggplot2}</a> package follows a common <a href="https://r4ds.had.co.nz/data-visualisation.html?q=template#a-graphing-template">graphing workflow</a> for making graphs. To make a graph, you simply:</p>
<ol type="1">
<li>Start the graph with <code>ggplot()</code> function and include your data as an argument;</li>
<li>“Add” elements to the graph using the <code>+</code> operator <code>a geom_()</code> function;</li>
<li>Select variables to graph on each axis with the <code>aes()</code> argument.</li>
</ol>
<p>A common graphing template is as simple as two lines of code:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href=""></a><span class="fu">ggplot</span>(<span class="sc"><</span>DATA<span class="sc">></span>) <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb5-2"><a href=""></a> <span class="er"><</span>GEOM_FUNCTION<span class="sc">></span>(<span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> <span class="sc"><</span>VARIABLE1<span class="sc">></span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="sc"><</span>VARIABLE2<span class="sc">></span>))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="tabset-3-3">
<p>Scatterplots use the point <strong>geom</strong>, i.e., the <code>geom_point()</code> function, and are most useful for displaying the relationship between two continuous variables.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb6-1"><a href=""></a><span class="co"># make a scatter plot showing time spent and final grades</span></span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href=""></a><span class="fu">ggplot</span>(sci_data) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb6-3"><a href=""></a> <span class="fu">geom_point</span>(<span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> TimeSpent, <span class="at">y =</span> FinalGradeCEMS))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="tabset-3-4">
<div class="columns">
<div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p>Hopefully your scatterplot looks like something like the one to the right.</p>
<p><br></p>
<p><em>How would you interpret this graph?</em></p>
</div><div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output-display">
<div>
<figure>
<p><img data-src="orientation-code-along_files/figure-revealjs/unnamed-chunk-7-1.png" width="672"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="model" class="slide level2">
<h2>Model</h2>
<div class="panel-tabset">
<ul id="tabset-4" class="panel-tabset-tabby"><li><a data-tabby-default="" href="#tabset-4-1">Goal</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-4-2">A Simple Model</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-4-3">Interpret</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-4-4">Discuss</a></li></ul>
<div class="tab-content">
<div id="tabset-4-1">
<p>According to <span class="citation" data-cites="krumm2018">Krumm, Means, and Bienkowski (<a href="#/references" role="doc-biblioref" onclick="">2018</a>)</span>, there are two general types of approaches:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>Unsupervised</strong> learning algorithms can be used to understand the structure of one’s dataset.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Supervised</strong> models, on the other hand, help to quantify relationships between features and a known outcome.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Ideally, a good model will separate true “signals” (i.e. patterns generated by the phenomenon of interest) from the “noise” (i.e. random variation that you’re not interested in).</p>
</div>
<div id="tabset-4-2">
<p>We’ll dive much deeper into modeling in subsequent learning labs, but for now let’s see if there is a statistically significant relationship between students’ final grades, <code>FinaGradeCEMS</code>, and the <code>TimeSpent</code> in the LMS:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb7-1"><a href=""></a><span class="co"># use a simple linear regression model to predict final course grades</span></span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href=""></a>m1 <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">lm</span>(FinalGradeCEMS <span class="sc">~</span> TimeSpent, <span class="at">data =</span> sci_data)</span>
<span id="cb7-3"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb7-4"><a href=""></a><span class="fu">summary</span>(m1)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="tabset-4-3">
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>
Call:
lm(formula = FinalGradeCEMS ~ TimeSpent, data = sci_data)
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-67.136 -7.805 4.723 14.471 30.317
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 6.581e+01 1.491e+00 44.13 <2e-16 ***
TimeSpent 6.081e-03 6.482e-04 9.38 <2e-16 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Residual standard error: 20.71 on 571 degrees of freedom
(30 observations deleted due to missingness)
Multiple R-squared: 0.1335, Adjusted R-squared: 0.132
F-statistic: 87.99 on 1 and 571 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="tabset-4-4">
<p>Our simple model suggests that there is a statistically significant, though relatively small, positive association between the time spent in the LMS and a student’s final grade. However, many other factors not included in the model may be influencing final grades.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="communicate" class="slide level2">
<h2>Communicate</h2>
<div class="panel-tabset">
<ul id="tabset-5" class="panel-tabset-tabby"><li><a data-tabby-default="" href="#tabset-5-1">Data Products</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-5-2">Dashboards</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-5-3">Websites</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-5-4">Books</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-5-5">And More!</a></li></ul>
<div class="tab-content">
<div id="tabset-5-1">
<p>Krumm et al. (2018) have outlined the following 3-step process for communicating finding with education stakeholders:</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><p><strong>Select.</strong> Selecting analyses that are most important and useful to an intended audience, as well as selecting a format for displaying that info (e.g. chart, table).</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Polish.</strong> Refining or polishing data products, by adding or editing titles, labels, and notations and by working with colors and shapes to highlight key points.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Narrate.</strong> Writing a narrative pairing a data product with its related research question and describing how best to interpret and use the data product.</p></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div id="tabset-5-2">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure>
<p><a href="https://sbkellogg.quarto.pub/final-grades-and-hours-logged/"><img data-src="img/data-dashboard.png" class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center" style="width:60.0%"></a></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<div id="tabset-5-3">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure>
<p><a href="https://laser-institute.github.io/laser-website/"><img data-src="img/laser-website.png" class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center" style="width:60.0%"></a></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<div id="tabset-5-4">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure>
<p><a href="https://datascienceineducation.com"><img data-src="img/books.png" class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center" style="width:60.0%"></a></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<div id="tabset-5-5">
<iframe width="2000" height="800" src="https://quarto.org/docs/guide/" title="Webpage example"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="whats-next" class="slide level2">
<h2>What’s Next</h2>
<p>Next you will complete an interactive “case study” which is a key component to each LASER Module.</p>
<p><br></p>
<p>Navigate to the Files tab and open the following file:</p>
<p><code>orientation-case-study-R.qmd</code></p>
</section>
<section id="acknowledgements" class="slide level2">
<h2>Acknowledgements</h2>
<div class="columns">
<div class="column" style="width:20%;">
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure>
<p><img data-src="img/nsf.jpg" class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center" style="width:80.0%"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div><div class="column" style="width:80%;">
<p>This work was supported by the National Science Foundation grants DRL-2025090 and DRL-2321128 (ECR:BCSER). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.</p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="references" class="slide level2 smaller scrollable">
<h2>References</h2>
<div class="quarto-auto-generated-content">
<p><img src="img/LASERLogoB.png" class="slide-logo"></p>
<div class="footer footer-default">
<p><a href="https://www.go.ncsu.edu/laser-institute">go.ncsu.edu/laser-institute</a></p><a href="https://www.go.ncsu.edu/laser-institute">
</a></div><a href="https://www.go.ncsu.edu/laser-institute">
</a></div><a href="https://www.go.ncsu.edu/laser-institute">
</a><div id="refs" class="references csl-bib-body hanging-indent" data-entry-spacing="0" role="list"><a href="https://www.go.ncsu.edu/laser-institute">
</a><div id="ref-krumm2018" class="csl-entry" role="listitem"><a href="https://www.go.ncsu.edu/laser-institute">
Krumm, Andrew, Barbara Means, and Marie Bienkowski. 2018. <em>Learning Analytics Goes to School</em>. Routledge. </a><a href="https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315650722">https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315650722</a>.
</div>
</div>
</section>
</div>
</div>
<script>window.backupDefine = window.define; window.define = undefined;</script>
<script src="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/dist/reveal.js"></script>
<!-- reveal.js plugins -->
<script src="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/quarto-line-highlight/line-highlight.js"></script>
<script src="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/pdf-export/pdfexport.js"></script>
<script src="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-menu/menu.js"></script>
<script src="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-menu/quarto-menu.js"></script>
<script src="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-chalkboard/plugin.js"></script>
<script src="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/quarto-support/support.js"></script>
<script src="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/notes/notes.js"></script>
<script src="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/search/search.js"></script>
<script src="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/zoom/zoom.js"></script>
<script src="orientation-code-along_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/math/math.js"></script>
<script>window.define = window.backupDefine; window.backupDefine = undefined;</script>
<script>
// Full list of configuration options available at:
// https://revealjs.com/config/
Reveal.initialize({
'controlsAuto': true,
'previewLinksAuto': true,
'pdfSeparateFragments': false,
'autoAnimateEasing': "ease",
'autoAnimateDuration': 1,
'autoAnimateUnmatched': true,
'menu': {"side":"left","useTextContentForMissingTitles":true,"markers":false,"loadIcons":false,"custom":[{"title":"Tools","icon":"<i class=\"fas fa-gear\"></i>","content":"<ul class=\"slide-menu-items\">\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item active\" data-item=\"0\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.fullscreen(event)\"><kbd>f</kbd> Fullscreen</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"1\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.speakerMode(event)\"><kbd>s</kbd> Speaker View</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"2\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.overview(event)\"><kbd>o</kbd> Slide Overview</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"3\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.togglePdfExport(event)\"><kbd>e</kbd> PDF Export Mode</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"4\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.toggleChalkboard(event)\"><kbd>b</kbd> Toggle Chalkboard</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"5\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.toggleNotesCanvas(event)\"><kbd>c</kbd> Toggle Notes Canvas</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"6\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.downloadDrawings(event)\"><kbd>d</kbd> Download Drawings</a></li>\n<li class=\"slide-tool-item\" data-item=\"7\"><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"RevealMenuToolHandlers.keyboardHelp(event)\"><kbd>?</kbd> Keyboard Help</a></li>\n</ul>"}],"openButton":true},
'chalkboard': {"buttons":false},
'smaller': false,
// Display controls in the bottom right corner
controls: false,
// Help the user learn the controls by providing hints, for example by
// bouncing the down arrow when they first encounter a vertical slide
controlsTutorial: false,
// Determines where controls appear, "edges" or "bottom-right"
controlsLayout: 'edges',
// Visibility rule for backwards navigation arrows; "faded", "hidden"
// or "visible"
controlsBackArrows: 'faded',
// Display a presentation progress bar
progress: true,
// Display the page number of the current slide
slideNumber: 'c/t',
// 'all', 'print', or 'speaker'
showSlideNumber: 'all',
// Add the current slide number to the URL hash so that reloading the
// page/copying the URL will return you to the same slide
hash: true,
// Start with 1 for the hash rather than 0
hashOneBasedIndex: false,
// Flags if we should monitor the hash and change slides accordingly
respondToHashChanges: true,
// Push each slide change to the browser history
history: true,
// Enable keyboard shortcuts for navigation
keyboard: true,
// Enable the slide overview mode
overview: true,
// Disables the default reveal.js slide layout (scaling and centering)
// so that you can use custom CSS layout
disableLayout: false,
// Vertical centering of slides
center: false,
// Enables touch navigation on devices with touch input
touch: true,
// Loop the presentation
loop: false,
// Change the presentation direction to be RTL
rtl: false,
// see https://revealjs.com/vertical-slides/#navigation-mode
navigationMode: 'linear',
// Randomizes the order of slides each time the presentation loads
shuffle: false,
// Turns fragments on and off globally
fragments: true,
// Flags whether to include the current fragment in the URL,
// so that reloading brings you to the same fragment position
fragmentInURL: false,
// Flags if the presentation is running in an embedded mode,
// i.e. contained within a limited portion of the screen
embedded: false,
// Flags if we should show a help overlay when the questionmark
// key is pressed
help: true,
// Flags if it should be possible to pause the presentation (blackout)
pause: true,
// Flags if speaker notes should be visible to all viewers
showNotes: false,
// Global override for autoplaying embedded media (null/true/false)
autoPlayMedia: null,
// Global override for preloading lazy-loaded iframes (null/true/false)
preloadIframes: null,
// Number of milliseconds between automatically proceeding to the
// next slide, disabled when set to 0, this value can be overwritten
// by using a data-autoslide attribute on your slides
autoSlide: 0,
// Stop auto-sliding after user input
autoSlideStoppable: true,
// Use this method for navigation when auto-sliding
autoSlideMethod: null,
// Specify the average time in seconds that you think you will spend
// presenting each slide. This is used to show a pacing timer in the
// speaker view
defaultTiming: null,
// Enable slide navigation via mouse wheel
mouseWheel: false,
// The display mode that will be used to show slides
display: 'block',
// Hide cursor if inactive
hideInactiveCursor: true,
// Time before the cursor is hidden (in ms)
hideCursorTime: 5000,
// Opens links in an iframe preview overlay
previewLinks: false,
// Transition style (none/fade/slide/convex/concave/zoom)
transition: 'none',
// Transition speed (default/fast/slow)
transitionSpeed: 'default',
// Transition style for full page slide backgrounds
// (none/fade/slide/convex/concave/zoom)
backgroundTransition: 'none',
// Number of slides away from the current that are visible
viewDistance: 3,
// Number of slides away from the current that are visible on mobile
// devices. It is advisable to set this to a lower number than
// viewDistance in order to save resources.
mobileViewDistance: 2,
// The "normal" size of the presentation, aspect ratio will be preserved
// when the presentation is scaled to fit different resolutions. Can be
// specified using percentage units.
width: 1920,
height: 1080,
// Factor of the display size that should remain empty around the content
margin: 5.0e-2,
math: {
mathjax: 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js',
config: 'TeX-AMS_HTML-full',
tex2jax: {
inlineMath: [['\\(','\\)']],
displayMath: [['\\[','\\]']],
balanceBraces: true,
processEscapes: false,
processRefs: true,
processEnvironments: true,
preview: 'TeX',
skipTags: ['script','noscript','style','textarea','pre','code'],
ignoreClass: 'tex2jax_ignore',
processClass: 'tex2jax_process'
},
},
// reveal.js plugins
plugins: [QuartoLineHighlight, PdfExport, RevealMenu, RevealChalkboard, QuartoSupport,
RevealMath,
RevealNotes,
RevealSearch,
RevealZoom
]
});
</script>
<script>
// htmlwidgets need to know to resize themselves when slides are shown/hidden.
// Fire the "slideenter" event (handled by htmlwidgets.js) when the current
// slide changes (different for each slide format).
(function () {
// dispatch for htmlwidgets
function fireSlideEnter() {
const event = window.document.createEvent("Event");
event.initEvent("slideenter", true, true);
window.document.dispatchEvent(event);
}
function fireSlideChanged(previousSlide, currentSlide) {
fireSlideEnter();
// dispatch for shiny
if (window.jQuery) {
if (previousSlide) {
window.jQuery(previousSlide).trigger("hidden");
}
if (currentSlide) {
window.jQuery(currentSlide).trigger("shown");
}
}
}
// hookup for slidy
if (window.w3c_slidy) {
window.w3c_slidy.add_observer(function (slide_num) {
// slide_num starts at position 1
fireSlideChanged(null, w3c_slidy.slides[slide_num - 1]);
});
}
})();
</script>
<script id="quarto-html-after-body" type="application/javascript">
window.document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function (event) {
const toggleBodyColorMode = (bsSheetEl) => {
const mode = bsSheetEl.getAttribute("data-mode");
const bodyEl = window.document.querySelector("body");
if (mode === "dark") {
bodyEl.classList.add("quarto-dark");
bodyEl.classList.remove("quarto-light");
} else {
bodyEl.classList.add("quarto-light");
bodyEl.classList.remove("quarto-dark");
}
}
const toggleBodyColorPrimary = () => {
const bsSheetEl = window.document.querySelector("link#quarto-bootstrap");
if (bsSheetEl) {
toggleBodyColorMode(bsSheetEl);
}
}
toggleBodyColorPrimary();
const tabsets = window.document.querySelectorAll(".panel-tabset-tabby")
tabsets.forEach(function(tabset) {
const tabby = new Tabby('#' + tabset.id);
});
const isCodeAnnotation = (el) => {
for (const clz of el.classList) {
if (clz.startsWith('code-annotation-')) {
return true;