Introduction to OOP Concepts in JAVA

Object-oriented programming (OOP)

OOP is a way of organizing code with blueprints creating reusable objects that represent real-world things or concepts.

1. Objects: things that represent the real world such as persons, products, cars, buttons in a website. They have:

   • attributes: characteristics of the object.
   • `methods: actions of the object.

2. Classes: define the structure and behaviour of an object. Template of an object that can be reusable (instanciated)

    Key Points of a Class
   

Cconstructors
A constructor is a special method in a class that's automatically called when you create a new object (instance) of that class. Its primary purpose is to initialize the object's state (its fields or properties). It has the same name as the clas

How Constructor Works

public Car(String make, String model, int year, String color): This is the constructor's signature. It defines the parameters it expects when you create a new Car object.

public: This means the constructor can be accessed from anywhere in your program.
Car: The name of the class.
(String make, String model, int year, String color): The parameters the constructor takes. These parameters will be used to initialize the make, model, year, and color fields of the new Car object.
this.make = make; (and similar lines): These lines assign the values passed in as parameters to the corresponding fields of the Car object.
this: This keyword refers to the current object being created.
make: The field of the Car object.

• Initialization: Constructors are essential for setting up the initial state of your objects.
• No return value: They don't return anything.
• Overloading: You can have multiple constructors in a class, each with different parameters (constructor overloading). This allows you to create objects with different initial configurations.

Mmethods
Methods define the actions or behaviors that objects of a class can perform. They encapsulate a specific task or functionality. They are reusable because they allow you to write code once and reuse it multiple times, making your code more organized and efficient.

Understanding the Methods - public void startEngine(): This is the definition of the startEngine method.

public: This means the method can be accessed from anywhere in your program.
void: This indicates that the method doesn't return any value.
startEngine(): The name of the method.
{}: The curly braces enclose the code that the method executes.
System.out.println("The " + make + " " + model + "'s engine has started.");: This line prints a message to the console indicating that the car's engine has started. It uses the make and model fields of the Car object to provide specific information.
public void stopEngine(): This is the definition of the stopEngine method, which works similarly to startEngine.
public void accelerate(): This is the definition of the accelerate method, which works similarly to startEngine.
public void brake(): This is the definition of the brake method, which works similarly to startEngine.

How to Use Methods - You call a method on an object using the dot operator (.)\

    Key Points

• Encapsulation: Methods help encapsulate the internal workings of an object, hiding the implementation details from the outside world.
• Data Manipulation: Methods can be used to modify the state of an object (its fields).
• Return Values: Methods can return values using the return keyword.

3. Encapsulation: It keeps data and methods hidden from the outside world. Only the object itself can access it ensuring data integrity.
4. Inheritance: Allows the creation of new objects that inherit all the features of a standard object but add some extra features (personalize)
5. Polimorphism: objects cand be treated differently depending on their type. Example: a 'print' method can print a name differently than a product description.

Procedural Programming (PP) and Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) are two fundamental programming paradigms, each with its own approach to software design and implementation. Here's a comparison between the two, specifically in the context of Java:

Procedural Programming (PP)

Procedural Programming is a programming paradigm based on the concept of procedure calls, where statements are structured into procedures (also known as routines or functions).Procedural Programming (PP) and Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) are two fundamental programming paradigms, each with its own approach to software design and implementation. Here's a comparison between the two, specifically in the context of Java:

1. Structure: The program is structured as a sequence of procedures or functions.\
2. Data and Functions: Data and functions are separate. Functions operate on data passed to them as arguments.\
3. Modularity: Programs are divided into small parts called functions. This promotes code reuse and better organization.\
4. Focus: The focus is on the sequence of actions to be performed (the process).

While Java is primarily an OOP language, you can still write procedural code using static methods in a class.

	Advantages
Reusability	Maintainability	Flexibility
Reuse objects and classes in different parts of the program, saving time and effort	Organized into logical units making code easier to understand and modify	adaptable to changing requirements