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<p>  由于这些都是一些概念性的内容，为了方便理解，我们需要尽可能的用具象的东西来说明。在此之前，先简单说明一下<font color="LightCoral">控制反转</font> 和 <font color="LightCoral">依赖注入</font>：<br><blockquote><p>控制反转 (Inversion Of Control,Ioc)，是面向对象编程中的一种设计原则，可以用来减低计算机代码之间的耦合度。依赖注入 (Dependency Injection, DI),只是其实现方式的其中一种，还有一种叫”依赖查找”(Dependency Lookup)。通过控制反转，对象在被创建的时候，由一个调控系统内所有对象的外界实体，将其所依赖的对象的引用传递给它。也可以说，依赖被注入到对象中。</p>
</blockquote>关于依赖查找，个人表示并没研究过，这里我们主要理解 依赖注入 。下面通过比较用 <font color="LightSlateBlue">传统方式、工厂模式、容器 </font>去实例化类，并满足该类所有属性需求 ，实现过程中的不同，从而理解容器。<br><a id="more"></a><br>假设我们现在有一个目标：制造一辆山寨汽车 Car</p>
<ul>
<li>需要有轮胎 Tyre</li>
<li>需要有窗户 window</li>
<li>需要有座椅 Seat<h4 id="传统方式"><a href="#传统方式" class="headerlink" title="传统方式"></a>传统方式</h4><figure class="highlight php"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 汽车</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Car</span> </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">__construct</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">$this</span>->tyre = <span class="keyword">new</span> Tyre();</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">$this</span>->window = <span class="keyword">new</span> window();</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">$this</span>->seat = <span class="keyword">new</span> Seat();</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//轮胎类</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Tyre</span></span>{}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//窗户</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">window</span></span>{}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//座椅</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Seat</span></span>{}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<p>关于这种传统模式的问题:<br>① 在实际情况中，一个类如果有很多个需要实例化的属性,那我们就需要一直使用new 运算符，严重影响代码可读性<br>② 因为某种原因,其中一个属性类名发生了变化,如Seat变成了Chair,那么只要有用到new Seat的地方都要改<br>③ 如果属性类实例化时，还需要其他实例（依赖注入）,怎么办,按传统写法可能就变成</p>
<figure class="highlight php"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 汽车</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Car</span> </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">__construct</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">$this</span>->tyre = <span class="keyword">new</span> Tyre();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> $sander = <span class="keyword">new</span> Sander();</span><br><span class="line"> $glass = <span class="keyword">new</span> Glass($sander); <span class="comment">//窗户需要打磨</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">$this</span>->window = <span class="keyword">new</span> window($glass); <span class="comment">// 窗户需要玻璃, 如果还有更深层次呢?</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">$this</span>->seat = <span class="keyword">new</span> Seat();</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//轮胎类</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Tyre</span></span>{}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//窗户</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">window</span></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">__construct</span><span class="params">($glass)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">$this</span>->glass = $glass;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//座椅</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Seat</span></span>{}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//玻璃</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Glass</span></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">__construct</span><span class="params">($sander)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">$this</span>->sander = $sander;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//打磨机</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Sander</span></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="工厂模式"><a href="#工厂模式" class="headerlink" title="工厂模式"></a>工厂模式</h4><figure class="highlight php"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Car</span> </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">__construct</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">$this</span>->factory = <span class="keyword">new</span> Factory();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> $list = [<span class="string">'Tyre'</span>,<span class="string">'Window'</span>,<span class="string">'Seat'</span>];</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">foreach</span>($list <span class="keyword">as</span> $class)</span><br><span class="line"> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">$this</span>->$class = <span class="keyword">$this</span>->factory->make($class,<span class="string">'param'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Factory</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">make</span><span class="params">($class,$param)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> $class($param);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>工厂模式可以很好的解决传统模式中的①和②两个问题,工厂模式一般就已经可以满足正常开发需求;</p>
<h4 id="容器Container"><a href="#容器Container" class="headerlink" title="容器Container"></a>容器Container</h4><p>真正的主角登场。容器，顾名思义一个可以装东西的’盒子’。而里面装的是什么，正是我们需要考究的。<br><em>还是用制造山寨汽车举例，我需要一个容器，希望里面有轮胎、窗户、座椅，这样我可以直接用。那么我用了，下一个制造者可能有没得用了,当然这只是一种粗浅的比喻 。</em> <font color="#f56954">最好的解决办法就是容器里有的是制造轮胎、窗户的方法,我通过该方法，可以获取想要的实例。而容器本身就是一种高级工厂模式。</font><br><figure class="highlight php"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Container</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> $protected $bindings; <span class="comment">// 存放实例制造所需的方法</span></span><br><span class="line"> $protected $instances; <span class="comment">//存放已经实例化好的类</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">bind</span><span class="params">($abstract, Closure $concrete)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">$this</span>->bindings[$abstract] = $concrete;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">make</span><span class="params">($abstract, $param=[])</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"> </span>{ </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span>(!<span class="keyword">isset</span>(<span class="keyword">$this</span>->bindings[$abstract])){ <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">false</span>; }</span><br><span class="line"> $concrete = <span class="keyword">$this</span>->bindings[$abstract];</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> $concrete(<span class="keyword">$this</span>,$param); </span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">$container = <span class="keyword">new</span> Container();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">$container->bind(<span class="string">'tyre'</span>,<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span><span class="params">($container,$param)</span></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> Tyre;</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">$container->bind(<span class="string">'window'</span>,<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span><span class="params">($container,$param)</span></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> $glass = $container->make($param); <span class="comment">//通过容器实例化,并注入依赖</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> window($glass);</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">$car = <span class="keyword">new</span> Car();</span><br><span class="line">$car->tyre = $container->make(<span class="string">'tyre'</span>);</span><br><span class="line">$car->window = $container->make(<span class="string">'window'</span>,<span class="string">'glass'</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>容器的简单形式就算完成。面临最大的问题就是依赖注入的处理不够好</p>
<h4 id="依赖自动注入"><a href="#依赖自动注入" class="headerlink" title="依赖自动注入"></a>依赖自动注入</h4><p>框架中容器一般是不会为小的属性类(如Window,Tyre,Glass等)单独绑定实现方法的。这种就会通过ReflectionClass类来实现<br><blockquote><footer><strong>PHP反射类文档</strong><cite><a href="http://www.php.net/manual/en/book.reflection.php" target="_blank" rel="noopener">www.php.net/manual/en/book.reflection.php</a></cite></footer></blockquote></p>
<figure class="highlight php"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br><span class="line">69</span><br><span class="line">70</span><br><span class="line">71</span><br><span class="line">72</span><br><span class="line">73</span><br><span class="line">74</span><br><span class="line">75</span><br><span class="line">76</span><br><span class="line">77</span><br><span class="line">78</span><br><span class="line">79</span><br><span class="line">80</span><br><span class="line">81</span><br><span class="line">82</span><br><span class="line">83</span><br><span class="line">84</span><br><span class="line">85</span><br><span class="line">86</span><br><span class="line">87</span><br><span class="line">88</span><br><span class="line">89</span><br><span class="line">90</span><br><span class="line">91</span><br><span class="line">92</span><br><span class="line">93</span><br><span class="line">94</span><br><span class="line">95</span><br><span class="line">96</span><br><span class="line">97</span><br><span class="line">98</span><br><span class="line">99</span><br><span class="line">100</span><br><span class="line">101</span><br><span class="line">102</span><br><span class="line">103</span><br><span class="line">104</span><br><span class="line">105</span><br><span class="line">106</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 汽车</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Car</span> </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">__construct</span><span class="params">($container)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">$this</span>->container = $container;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">getWindow</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"> </span>{ </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//window 在容器中并未绑定,通过Reflection来实现</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">$this</span>->window = <span class="keyword">$this</span>->container->make(<span class="string">'window'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">$this</span>->window;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">getTyre</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">$this</span>->tyre = <span class="keyword">$this</span>->container->make(<span class="string">'tyre'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Window</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">__construct</span><span class="params">(Glass $glass)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">$this</span>->glass = $glass;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Tyre</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">__construct</span><span class="params">($cons = <span class="number">123</span>)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">$this</span>->cons = $cons;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Glass</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Container</span> </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">protected</span> $bindings;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">protected</span> $instances;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">bind</span><span class="params">($abstract, Closure $concrete)</span> </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (is_null($concrete)) {</span><br><span class="line"> $concrete = $abstract;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//绑定闭包</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">$this</span>->bindings[$abstract] = $concrete;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * 这里 拿 'window'举例</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">make</span><span class="params">($concrete ,array $parameters=[])</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"> </span>{ </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span>(<span class="keyword">isset</span>(<span class="keyword">$this</span>->bindings[$concrete]))</span><br><span class="line"> { </span><br><span class="line"> $concrete = <span class="keyword">$this</span>->bindings[$concrete];</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> $concrete(<span class="keyword">$this</span>, $parameters);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> $reflector = <span class="keyword">new</span> ReflectionClass($concrete);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//反射类是否可以实例化（如接口）</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (! $reflector->isInstantiable()) {</span><br><span class="line"> $message = <span class="string">"该反射类不可实例化"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">throw</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="keyword">Exception</span>($message);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> $constructor = $reflector->getConstructor();</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (is_null($constructor)) { </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> $concrete;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> $dependencies = $constructor->getParameters(); <span class="comment">//获取构造函数被注入的依赖</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> $instances = []; <span class="comment">//获取依赖实例</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">foreach</span> ($dependencies <span class="keyword">as</span> $parameter) {</span><br><span class="line"> $dependency = $parameter->getClass();</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span>(is_null($dependency))</span><br><span class="line"> {</span><br><span class="line"> $instances[] = $parameter->getDefaultValue();</span><br><span class="line"> }<span class="keyword">else</span></span><br><span class="line"> {</span><br><span class="line"> $instances[] = <span class="keyword">$this</span>->make($parameter->getClass()->name); <span class="comment">//递归,实例化所有依赖</span></span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> $reflector->newInstanceArgs($instances);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">$c = <span class="keyword">new</span> Container();</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// </span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">$c->bind(<span class="string">'car'</span>,<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span><span class="params">($c)</span></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> Car($c);</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">$car = $c->make(<span class="string">'car'</span>);</span><br><span class="line">$window = $car->getWindow(); </span><br><span class="line">var_dump($window);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>容器的概念理解好后,下一篇分享 application 类的实例化</p>
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