GTMOAuth2Authentication.m

/* Copyright (c) 2011 Google Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#if GTM_INCLUDE_OAUTH2 || !GDATA_REQUIRE_SERVICE_INCLUDES

#define GTMOAUTH2AUTHENTICATION_DEFINE_GLOBALS 1
#import "GTMOAuth2Authentication.h"

// standard OAuth keys
static NSString *const kOAuth2AccessTokenKey       = @"access_token";
static NSString *const kOAuth2RefreshTokenKey      = @"refresh_token";
static NSString *const kOAuth2ClientIDKey          = @"client_id";
static NSString *const kOAuth2ClientSecretKey      = @"client_secret";
static NSString *const kOAuth2RedirectURIKey       = @"redirect_uri";
static NSString *const kOAuth2ResponseTypeKey      = @"response_type";
static NSString *const kOAuth2ScopeKey             = @"scope";
static NSString *const kOAuth2ErrorKey             = @"error";
static NSString *const kOAuth2TokenTypeKey         = @"token_type";
static NSString *const kOAuth2ExpiresInKey         = @"expires_in";
static NSString *const kOAuth2CodeKey              = @"code";
static NSString *const kOAuth2AssertionKey         = @"assertion";
static NSString *const kOAuth2RefreshScopeKey      = @"refreshScope";

// additional persistent keys
static NSString *const kServiceProviderKey        = @"serviceProvider";
static NSString *const kUserIDKey                 = @"userID";
static NSString *const kUserEmailKey              = @"email";
static NSString *const kUserEmailIsVerifiedKey    = @"isVerified";

// fetcher keys
static NSString *const kTokenFetchDelegateKey = @"delegate";
static NSString *const kTokenFetchSelectorKey = @"sel";

static NSString *const kRefreshFetchArgsKey = @"requestArgs";

// If GTMNSJSONSerialization is available, it is used for formatting JSON
#if (TARGET_OS_MAC && !TARGET_OS_IPHONE && (MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MAX_ALLOWED < 1070)) || \
  (TARGET_OS_IPHONE && (__IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MAX_ALLOWED < 50000))
@interface GTMNSJSONSerialization : NSObject
+ (id)JSONObjectWithData:(NSData *)data options:(NSUInteger)opt error:(NSError **)error;
@end
#endif

@interface GTMOAuth2ParserClass : NSObject
// just enough of SBJSON to be able to parse
- (id)objectWithString:(NSString*)repr error:(NSError**)error;
@end

// wrapper class for requests needing authorization and their callbacks
@interface GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs : NSObject {
 @private
  NSMutableURLRequest *request_;
  id delegate_;
  SEL sel_;
  id completionHandler_;
  NSThread *thread_;
  NSError *error_;
}

@property (retain) NSMutableURLRequest *request;
@property (retain) id delegate;
@property (assign) SEL selector;
@property (copy) id completionHandler;
@property (retain) NSThread *thread;
@property (retain) NSError *error;

+ (GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs *)argsWithRequest:(NSMutableURLRequest *)req
                                       delegate:(id)delegate
                                       selector:(SEL)sel
                              completionHandler:(id)completionHandler
                                         thread:(NSThread *)thread;
@end

@implementation GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs

@synthesize request = request_,
            delegate = delegate_,
            selector = sel_,
            completionHandler = completionHandler_,
            thread = thread_,
            error = error_;

+ (GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs *)argsWithRequest:(NSMutableURLRequest *)req
                                       delegate:(id)delegate
                                       selector:(SEL)sel
                              completionHandler:(id)completionHandler
                                         thread:(NSThread *)thread {
  GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs *obj;
  obj = [[[GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs alloc] init] autorelease];
  obj.request = req;
  obj.delegate = delegate;
  obj.selector = sel;
  obj.completionHandler = completionHandler;
  obj.thread = thread;
  return obj;
}

- (void)dealloc {
  [request_ release];
  [delegate_ release];
  [completionHandler_ release];
  [thread_ release];
  [error_ release];

  [super dealloc];
}
@end


@interface GTMOAuth2Authentication ()

@property (retain) NSMutableArray *authorizationQueue;

- (void)setKeysForResponseJSONData:(NSData *)data;

- (BOOL)authorizeRequestArgs:(GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs *)args;

- (BOOL)authorizeRequestImmediateArgs:(GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs *)args;

- (BOOL)shouldRefreshAccessToken;

- (void)updateExpirationDate;

- (NSDictionary *)dictionaryWithJSONData:(NSData *)data;

- (void)tokenFetcher:(GTMHTTPFetcher *)fetcher
    finishedWithData:(NSData *)data
               error:(NSError *)error;

- (void)auth:(GTMOAuth2Authentication *)auth
finishedRefreshWithFetcher:(GTMHTTPFetcher *)fetcher
       error:(NSError *)error;

- (void)invokeCallbackArgs:(GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs *)args;

+ (void)invokeDelegate:(id)delegate
              selector:(SEL)sel
                object:(id)obj1
                object:(id)obj2
                object:(id)obj3;

+ (NSString *)unencodedOAuthParameterForString:(NSString *)str;
+ (NSString *)encodedQueryParametersForDictionary:(NSDictionary *)dict;

+ (NSDictionary *)dictionaryWithResponseData:(NSData *)data;

@end

@implementation GTMOAuth2Authentication

@synthesize clientID = clientID_,
            clientSecret = clientSecret_,
            redirectURI = redirectURI_,
            parameters = parameters_,
            tokenURL = tokenURL_,
            expirationDate = expirationDate_,
            additionalTokenRequestParameters = additionalTokenRequestParameters_,
            refreshFetcher = refreshFetcher_,
            fetcherService = fetcherService_,
            parserClass = parserClass_,
            shouldAuthorizeAllRequests = shouldAuthorizeAllRequests_,
            userData = userData_,
            properties = properties_,
            authorizationQueue = authorizationQueue_;

// Response parameters
@dynamic accessToken,
         refreshToken,
         code,
         assertion,
         refreshScope,
         errorString,
         tokenType,
         scope,
         expiresIn,
         serviceProvider,
         userEmail,
         userEmailIsVerified;

@dynamic canAuthorize;

+ (id)authenticationWithServiceProvider:(NSString *)serviceProvider
                               tokenURL:(NSURL *)tokenURL
                            redirectURI:(NSString *)redirectURI
                               clientID:(NSString *)clientID
                           clientSecret:(NSString *)clientSecret {
  GTMOAuth2Authentication *obj = [[[self alloc] init] autorelease];
  obj.serviceProvider = serviceProvider;
  obj.tokenURL = tokenURL;
  obj.redirectURI = redirectURI;
  obj.clientID = clientID;
  obj.clientSecret = clientSecret;
  return obj;
}

- (id)init {
  self = [super init];
  if (self) {
    authorizationQueue_ = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
    parameters_ = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init];
  }
  return self;
}

- (NSString *)description {
  NSArray *props = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"accessToken", @"refreshToken",
                    @"code", @"assertion", @"expirationDate", @"errorString",
                    nil];
  NSMutableString *valuesStr = [NSMutableString string];
  NSString *separator = @"";
  for (NSString *prop in props) {
    id result = [self valueForKey:prop];
    if (result) {
      [valuesStr appendFormat:@"%@%@=\"%@\"", separator, prop, result];
      separator = @", ";
    }
  }

  return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@ %p: {%@}",
          [self class], self, valuesStr];
}

- (void)dealloc {
  [clientID_ release];
  [clientSecret_ release];
  [redirectURI_ release];
  [parameters_ release];
  [tokenURL_ release];
  [expirationDate_ release];
  [additionalTokenRequestParameters_ release];
  [refreshFetcher_ release];
  [authorizationQueue_ release];
  [userData_ release];
  [properties_ release];

  [super dealloc];
}

#pragma mark -

- (void)setKeysForResponseDictionary:(NSDictionary *)dict {
  if (dict == nil) return;

  // If a new code or access token is being set, remove the old expiration
  NSString *newCode = [dict objectForKey:kOAuth2CodeKey];
  NSString *newAccessToken = [dict objectForKey:kOAuth2AccessTokenKey];
  if (newCode || newAccessToken) {
    self.expiresIn = nil;
  }

  BOOL didRefreshTokenChange = NO;
  NSString *refreshToken = [dict objectForKey:kOAuth2RefreshTokenKey];
  if (refreshToken) {
    NSString *priorRefreshToken = self.refreshToken;

    if (priorRefreshToken != refreshToken
        && (priorRefreshToken == nil
            || ![priorRefreshToken isEqual:refreshToken])) {
          didRefreshTokenChange = YES;
        }
  }

  [self.parameters addEntriesFromDictionary:dict];
  [self updateExpirationDate];

  if (didRefreshTokenChange) {
    NSNotificationCenter *nc = [NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter];
    [nc postNotificationName:kGTMOAuth2RefreshTokenChanged
                      object:self
                    userInfo:nil];
  }
  // NSLog(@"keys set ----------------------------\n%@", dict);
}

- (void)setKeysForResponseString:(NSString *)str {
  NSDictionary *dict = [[self class] dictionaryWithResponseString:str];
  [self setKeysForResponseDictionary:dict];
}

- (void)setKeysForResponseJSONData:(NSData *)data {
  NSDictionary *dict = [self dictionaryWithJSONData:data];
  [self setKeysForResponseDictionary:dict];
}

- (NSDictionary *)dictionaryWithJSONData:(NSData *)data {
  NSMutableDictionary *obj = nil;
  NSError *error = nil;

  Class serializer = NSClassFromString(@"NSJSONSerialization");
  if (serializer) {
    const NSUInteger kOpts = (1UL << 0); // NSJSONReadingMutableContainers
    obj = [serializer JSONObjectWithData:data
                                 options:kOpts
                                   error:&error];
#if DEBUG
    if (error) {
      NSString *str = [[[NSString alloc] initWithData:data
                                             encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding] autorelease];
      NSLog(@"NSJSONSerialization error %@ parsing %@",
            error, str);
    }
#endif
    return obj;
  } else {
    // try SBJsonParser or SBJSON
    Class jsonParseClass = NSClassFromString(@"SBJsonParser");
    if (!jsonParseClass) {
      jsonParseClass = NSClassFromString(@"SBJSON");
    }
    if (jsonParseClass) {
      GTMOAuth2ParserClass *parser = [[[jsonParseClass alloc] init] autorelease];
      NSString *jsonStr = [[[NSString alloc] initWithData:data
                                                 encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding] autorelease];
      if (jsonStr) {
        obj = [parser objectWithString:jsonStr error:&error];
#if DEBUG
        if (error) {
          NSLog(@"%@ error %@ parsing %@", NSStringFromClass(jsonParseClass),
                error, jsonStr);
        }
#endif
        return obj;
      }
    } else {
#if DEBUG
      NSAssert(0, @"GTMOAuth2Authentication: No parser available");
#endif
    }
  }
  return nil;
}

#pragma mark Authorizing Requests

// General entry point for authorizing requests

#if NS_BLOCKS_AVAILABLE
// Authorizing with a completion block
- (void)authorizeRequest:(NSMutableURLRequest *)request
       completionHandler:(void (^)(NSError *error))handler {

  GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs *args;
  args = [GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs argsWithRequest:request
                                            delegate:nil
                                            selector:NULL
                                   completionHandler:handler
                                              thread:[NSThread currentThread]];
  [self authorizeRequestArgs:args];
}
#endif

// Authorizing with a callback selector
//
// Selector has the signature
//   - (void)authentication:(GTMOAuth2Authentication *)auth
//                  request:(NSMutableURLRequest *)request
//        finishedWithError:(NSError *)error;
- (void)authorizeRequest:(NSMutableURLRequest *)request
                delegate:(id)delegate
       didFinishSelector:(SEL)sel {
  GTMAssertSelectorNilOrImplementedWithArgs(delegate, sel,
                                            @encode(GTMOAuth2Authentication *),
                                            @encode(NSMutableURLRequest *),
                                            @encode(NSError *), 0);

  GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs *args;
  args = [GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs argsWithRequest:request
                                            delegate:delegate
                                            selector:sel
                                   completionHandler:nil
                                              thread:[NSThread currentThread]];
  [self authorizeRequestArgs:args];
}

// Internal routine common to delegate and block invocations
- (BOOL)authorizeRequestArgs:(GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs *)args {
  BOOL didAttempt = NO;

  @synchronized(authorizationQueue_) {

    BOOL shouldRefresh = [self shouldRefreshAccessToken];

    if (shouldRefresh) {
      // attempt to refresh now; once we have a fresh access token, we will
      // authorize the request and call back to the user
      didAttempt = YES;

      if (self.refreshFetcher == nil) {
        // there's not already a refresh pending
        SEL finishedSel = @selector(auth:finishedRefreshWithFetcher:error:);
        self.refreshFetcher = [self beginTokenFetchWithDelegate:self
                                              didFinishSelector:finishedSel];
        if (self.refreshFetcher) {
          [authorizationQueue_ addObject:args];
        }
      } else {
        // there's already a refresh pending
        [authorizationQueue_ addObject:args];
      }
    }

    if (!shouldRefresh || self.refreshFetcher == nil) {
      // we're not fetching a new access token, so we can authorize the request
      // now
      didAttempt = [self authorizeRequestImmediateArgs:args];
    }
  }
  return didAttempt;
}

- (void)auth:(GTMOAuth2Authentication *)auth
finishedRefreshWithFetcher:(GTMHTTPFetcher *)fetcher
       error:(NSError *)error {
  @synchronized(authorizationQueue_) {
    // If there's an error, we want to try using the old access token anyway,
    // in case it's a backend problem preventing refresh, in which case
    // access tokens past their expiration date may still work

    self.refreshFetcher = nil;

    // Swap in a new auth queue in case the callbacks try to immediately auth
    // another request
    NSArray *pendingAuthQueue = [NSArray arrayWithArray:authorizationQueue_];
    [authorizationQueue_ removeAllObjects];

    BOOL hasAccessToken = ([self.accessToken length] > 0);

    if (hasAccessToken && error == nil) {
      NSNotificationCenter *nc = [NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter];
      [nc postNotificationName:kGTMOAuth2AccessTokenRefreshed
                        object:self
                      userInfo:nil];
    }

    for (GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs *args in pendingAuthQueue) {
      if (!hasAccessToken && args.error == nil) {
        args.error = error;
      }

      [self authorizeRequestImmediateArgs:args];
    }
  }
}

- (BOOL)isAuthorizingRequest:(NSURLRequest *)request {
  BOOL wasFound = NO;
  @synchronized(authorizationQueue_) {
    for (GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs *args in authorizationQueue_) {
      if ([args request] == request) {
        wasFound = YES;
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  return wasFound;
}

- (BOOL)isAuthorizedRequest:(NSURLRequest *)request {
  NSString *authStr = [request valueForHTTPHeaderField:@"Authorization"];
  return ([authStr length] > 0);
}

- (void)stopAuthorization {
  @synchronized(authorizationQueue_) {
    [authorizationQueue_ removeAllObjects];

    [self.refreshFetcher stopFetching];
    self.refreshFetcher = nil;
  }
}

- (void)stopAuthorizationForRequest:(NSURLRequest *)request {
  @synchronized(authorizationQueue_) {
    NSUInteger argIndex = 0;
    BOOL found = NO;
    for (GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs *args in authorizationQueue_) {
      if ([args request] == request) {
        found = YES;
        break;
      }
      argIndex++;
    }

    if (found) {
      [authorizationQueue_ removeObjectAtIndex:argIndex];

      // If the queue is now empty, go ahead and stop the fetcher.
      if ([authorizationQueue_ count] == 0) {
        [self stopAuthorization];
      }
    }
  }
}

- (BOOL)authorizeRequestImmediateArgs:(GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs *)args {
  // This authorization entry point never attempts to refresh the access token,
  // but does call the completion routine

  NSMutableURLRequest *request = args.request;

  NSString *scheme = [[request URL] scheme];
  BOOL isAuthorizableRequest = self.shouldAuthorizeAllRequests
    || [scheme caseInsensitiveCompare:@"https"] == NSOrderedSame;
  if (!isAuthorizableRequest) {
    // Request is not https, so may be insecure
    //
    // The NSError will be created below
#if DEBUG
    NSLog(@"Cannot authorize request with scheme %@ (%@)", scheme, request);
#endif
  }

  NSString *accessToken = self.accessToken;
  if (isAuthorizableRequest && [accessToken length] > 0) {
    if (request) {
      // we have a likely valid access token
      NSString *value = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%s %@",
                         GTM_OAUTH2_BEARER, accessToken];
      [request setValue:value forHTTPHeaderField:@"Authorization"];
    }

    // We've authorized the request, even if the previous refresh
    // failed with an error
    args.error = nil;
  } else if (args.error == nil) {
    NSDictionary *userInfo = nil;
    if (request) {
      userInfo = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObject:request
                                             forKey:kGTMOAuth2ErrorRequestKey];
    }
    NSInteger code = (isAuthorizableRequest ?
                      kGTMOAuth2ErrorAuthorizationFailed :
                      kGTMOAuth2ErrorUnauthorizableRequest);
    args.error = [NSError errorWithDomain:kGTMOAuth2ErrorDomain
                                     code:code
                                 userInfo:userInfo];
  }

  // Invoke any callbacks on the proper thread
  if (args.delegate || args.completionHandler) {
    NSThread *targetThread = args.thread;
    BOOL isSameThread = [targetThread isEqual:[NSThread currentThread]];

    if (isSameThread) {
      [self invokeCallbackArgs:args];
    } else {
      SEL sel = @selector(invokeCallbackArgs:);
      NSOperationQueue *delegateQueue = self.fetcherService.delegateQueue;
      if (delegateQueue) {
        NSInvocationOperation *op;
        op = [[[NSInvocationOperation alloc] initWithTarget:self
                                                   selector:sel
                                                     object:args] autorelease];
        [delegateQueue addOperation:op];
      } else {
        [self performSelector:sel
                     onThread:targetThread
                   withObject:args
                waitUntilDone:NO];
      }
    }
  }

  BOOL didAuth = (args.error == nil);
  return didAuth;
}

- (void)invokeCallbackArgs:(GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs *)args {
  // Invoke the callbacks
  NSError *error = args.error;

  id delegate = args.delegate;
  SEL sel = args.selector;
  if (delegate && sel) {
    NSMutableURLRequest *request = args.request;

    NSMethodSignature *sig = [delegate methodSignatureForSelector:sel];
    NSInvocation *invocation = [NSInvocation invocationWithMethodSignature:sig];
    [invocation setSelector:sel];
    [invocation setTarget:delegate];
    [invocation setArgument:&self atIndex:2];
    [invocation setArgument:&request atIndex:3];
    [invocation setArgument:&error atIndex:4];
    [invocation invoke];
  }

#if NS_BLOCKS_AVAILABLE
  id handler = args.completionHandler;
  if (handler) {
    void (^authCompletionBlock)(NSError *) = handler;
    authCompletionBlock(error);
  }
#endif
}

- (BOOL)authorizeRequest:(NSMutableURLRequest *)request {
  // Entry point for synchronous authorization mechanisms
  GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs *args;
  args = [GTMOAuth2AuthorizationArgs argsWithRequest:request
                                            delegate:nil
                                            selector:NULL
                                   completionHandler:nil
                                              thread:[NSThread currentThread]];
  return [self authorizeRequestImmediateArgs:args];
}

- (BOOL)canAuthorize {
  NSString *token = self.refreshToken;
  if (token == nil) {
    // For services which do not support refresh tokens, we'll just check
    // the access token
    token = self.accessToken;
  }
  BOOL canAuth = [token length] > 0;
  return canAuth;
}

- (BOOL)shouldRefreshAccessToken {
  // We should refresh the access token when it's missing or nearly expired
  // and we have a refresh token
  BOOL shouldRefresh = NO;
  NSString *accessToken = self.accessToken;
  NSString *refreshToken = self.refreshToken;
  NSString *assertion = self.assertion;
  NSString *code = self.code;

  BOOL hasRefreshToken = ([refreshToken length] > 0);
  BOOL hasAccessToken = ([accessToken length] > 0);
  BOOL hasAssertion = ([assertion length] > 0);
  BOOL hasCode = ([code length] > 0);

  // Determine if we need to refresh the access token
  if (hasRefreshToken || hasAssertion || hasCode) {
    if (!hasAccessToken) {
      shouldRefresh = YES;
    } else {
      // We'll consider the token expired if it expires 60 seconds from now
      // or earlier
      NSDate *expirationDate = self.expirationDate;
      NSTimeInterval timeToExpire = [expirationDate timeIntervalSinceNow];
      if (expirationDate == nil || timeToExpire < 60.0) {
        // access token has expired, or will in a few seconds
        shouldRefresh = YES;
      }
    }
  }
  return shouldRefresh;
}

- (void)waitForCompletionWithTimeout:(NSTimeInterval)timeoutInSeconds {
  // If there is a refresh fetcher pending, wait for it.
  //
  // This is only intended for unit test or for use in command-line tools.
  GTMHTTPFetcher *fetcher = self.refreshFetcher;
  [fetcher waitForCompletionWithTimeout:timeoutInSeconds];
}

#pragma mark Token Fetch

- (NSString *)userAgent {
  NSBundle *bundle = [NSBundle mainBundle];
  NSString *appID = [bundle bundleIdentifier];

  NSString *version = [bundle objectForInfoDictionaryKey:@"CFBundleShortVersionString"];
  if (version == nil) {
    version = [bundle objectForInfoDictionaryKey:@"CFBundleVersion"];
  }

  if (appID && version) {
    appID = [appID stringByAppendingFormat:@"/%@", version];
  }

  NSString *userAgent = @"gtm-oauth2";
  if (appID) {
    userAgent = [userAgent stringByAppendingFormat:@" %@", appID];
  }
  return userAgent;
}

- (GTMHTTPFetcher *)beginTokenFetchWithDelegate:(id)delegate
                              didFinishSelector:(SEL)finishedSel {

  NSMutableDictionary *paramsDict = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];

  NSString *fetchType;

  NSString *refreshToken = self.refreshToken;
  NSString *code = self.code;
  NSString *assertion = self.assertion;
  
  if (refreshToken) {
    // We have a refresh token
    [paramsDict setObject:@"refresh_token" forKey:@"grant_type"];
    [paramsDict setObject:refreshToken forKey:@"refresh_token"];

    NSString *refreshScope = self.refreshScope;
    if ([refreshScope length] > 0) {
      [paramsDict setObject:refreshScope forKey:@"scope"];
    }

    fetchType = kGTMOAuth2FetchTypeRefresh;
  } else if (code) {
    // We have a code string
    [paramsDict setObject:@"authorization_code" forKey:@"grant_type"];
    [paramsDict setObject:code forKey:@"code"];

    NSString *redirectURI = self.redirectURI;
    if ([redirectURI length] > 0) {
      [paramsDict setObject:redirectURI forKey:@"redirect_uri"];
    }
    
    NSString *scope = self.scope;
    if ([scope length] > 0) {
      [paramsDict setObject:scope forKey:@"scope"];
    }
    
    fetchType = kGTMOAuth2FetchTypeToken;
  } else if (assertion) {
    // We have an assertion string
    [paramsDict setObject:assertion forKey:@"assertion"];
    [paramsDict setObject:@"http://oauth.net/grant_type/jwt/1.0/bearer"
                   forKey:@"grant_type"];
    fetchType = kGTMOAuth2FetchTypeAssertion;
  } else {
#if DEBUG
    NSAssert(0, @"unexpected lack of code or refresh token for fetching");
#endif
    return nil;
  }
  
  NSString *clientID = self.clientID;
  if ([clientID length] > 0) {
    [paramsDict setObject:clientID forKey:@"client_id"];
  }

  NSString *clientSecret = self.clientSecret;
  if ([clientSecret length] > 0) {
    [paramsDict setObject:clientSecret forKey:@"client_secret"];
  }

  NSDictionary *additionalParams = self.additionalTokenRequestParameters;
  if (additionalParams) {
    [paramsDict addEntriesFromDictionary:additionalParams];
  }

  NSString *paramStr = [[self class] encodedQueryParametersForDictionary:paramsDict];
  NSData *paramData = [paramStr dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];

  NSURL *tokenURL = self.tokenURL;

  NSMutableURLRequest *request = [NSMutableURLRequest requestWithURL:tokenURL];
  [request setValue:@"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
 forHTTPHeaderField:@"Content-Type"];

  NSString *userAgent = [self userAgent];
  [request setValue:userAgent forHTTPHeaderField:@"User-Agent"];

  GTMHTTPFetcher *fetcher;
  id <GTMHTTPFetcherServiceProtocol> fetcherService = self.fetcherService;
  if (fetcherService) {
    fetcher = [fetcherService fetcherWithRequest:request];

    // Don't use an authorizer for an auth token fetch
    fetcher.authorizer = nil;
  } else {
    fetcher = [GTMHTTPFetcher fetcherWithRequest:request];
  }

  NSString *const template = (refreshToken ? @"refresh token for %@" : @"fetch tokens for %@");
  [fetcher setCommentWithFormat:template, [tokenURL host]];
  fetcher.postData = paramData;
  fetcher.retryEnabled = YES;
  fetcher.maxRetryInterval = 15.0;

  // Fetcher properties will retain the delegate
  [fetcher setProperty:delegate forKey:kTokenFetchDelegateKey];
  if (finishedSel) {
    NSString *selStr = NSStringFromSelector(finishedSel);
    [fetcher setProperty:selStr forKey:kTokenFetchSelectorKey];
  }

  if ([fetcher beginFetchWithDelegate:self
                    didFinishSelector:@selector(tokenFetcher:finishedWithData:error:)]) {
    // Fetch began
    [self notifyFetchIsRunning:YES fetcher:fetcher type:fetchType];
    return fetcher;
  } else {
    // Failed to start fetching; typically a URL issue
    NSError *error = [NSError errorWithDomain:kGTMHTTPFetcherStatusDomain
                                         code:-1
                                     userInfo:nil];
    [[self class] invokeDelegate:delegate
                        selector:finishedSel
                          object:self
                          object:nil
                          object:error];
    return nil;
  }
}

- (void)tokenFetcher:(GTMHTTPFetcher *)fetcher
    finishedWithData:(NSData *)data
               error:(NSError *)error {
  [self notifyFetchIsRunning:NO fetcher:fetcher type:nil];

  NSDictionary *responseHeaders = [fetcher responseHeaders];
  NSString *responseType = [responseHeaders valueForKey:@"Content-Type"];
  BOOL isResponseJSON = [responseType hasPrefix:@"application/json"];
  BOOL hasData = ([data length] > 0);

  if (error) {
    // Failed; if the error body is JSON, parse it and add it to the error's
    // userInfo dictionary
    if (hasData) {
      if (isResponseJSON) {
        NSDictionary *errorJson = [self dictionaryWithJSONData:data];
        if ([errorJson count] > 0) {
#if DEBUG
          NSLog(@"Error %@\nError data:\n%@", error, errorJson);
#endif
          // Add the JSON error body to the userInfo of the error
          NSMutableDictionary *userInfo;
          userInfo = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithObject:errorJson
                                                        forKey:kGTMOAuth2ErrorJSONKey];
          NSDictionary *prevUserInfo = [error userInfo];
          if (prevUserInfo) {
            [userInfo addEntriesFromDictionary:prevUserInfo];
          }
          error = [NSError errorWithDomain:[error domain]
                                      code:[error code]
                                  userInfo:userInfo];
        }
      }
    }
  } else {
    // Succeeded; we have an access token
#if DEBUG
    NSAssert(hasData, @"data missing in token response");
#endif

    if (hasData) {
      if (isResponseJSON) {
        [self setKeysForResponseJSONData:data];
      } else {
        // Support for legacy token servers that return form-urlencoded data
        NSString *dataStr = [[[NSString alloc] initWithData:data
                                                   encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding] autorelease];
        [self setKeysForResponseString:dataStr];
      }

#if DEBUG
      // Watch for token exchanges that return a non-bearer or unlabeled token
      NSString *tokenType = [self tokenType];
      if (tokenType == nil
          || [tokenType caseInsensitiveCompare:@"bearer"] != NSOrderedSame) {
        NSLog(@"GTMOAuth2: Unexpected token type: %@", tokenType);
      }
#endif
    }
  }

  id delegate = [fetcher propertyForKey:kTokenFetchDelegateKey];
  SEL sel = NULL;
  NSString *selStr = [fetcher propertyForKey:kTokenFetchSelectorKey];
  if (selStr) sel = NSSelectorFromString(selStr);

  [[self class] invokeDelegate:delegate
                      selector:sel
                        object:self
                        object:fetcher
                        object:error];

  // Prevent a circular reference from retaining the delegate
  [fetcher setProperty:nil forKey:kTokenFetchDelegateKey];
}

#pragma mark Fetch Notifications

- (void)notifyFetchIsRunning:(BOOL)isStarting
                     fetcher:(GTMHTTPFetcher *)fetcher
                        type:(NSString *)fetchType {
  NSNotificationCenter *nc = [NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter];

  NSString *name = (isStarting ? kGTMOAuth2FetchStarted : kGTMOAuth2FetchStopped);
  NSDictionary *dict = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:
                        fetcher, kGTMOAuth2FetcherKey,
                        fetchType, kGTMOAuth2FetchTypeKey, // fetchType may be nil
                        nil];
  [nc postNotificationName:name
                    object:self
                  userInfo:dict];
}

#pragma mark Persistent Response Strings

- (void)setKeysForPersistenceResponseString:(NSString *)str {
  // All persistence keys can be set directly as if returned by a server
  [self setKeysForResponseString:str];
}

// This returns a "response string" that can be passed later to
// setKeysForResponseString: to reuse an old access token in a new auth object
- (NSString *)persistenceResponseString {
  NSMutableDictionary *dict = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithCapacity:4];

  NSString *refreshToken = self.refreshToken;
  NSString *accessToken = nil;
  if (refreshToken == nil) {
    // We store the access token only for services that do not support refresh
    // tokens; otherwise, we assume the access token is too perishable to
    // be worth storing
    accessToken = self.accessToken;
  }

  // Any nil values will not set a dictionary entry
  [dict setValue:refreshToken forKey:kOAuth2RefreshTokenKey];
  [dict setValue:accessToken forKey:kOAuth2AccessTokenKey];
  [dict setValue:self.serviceProvider forKey:kServiceProviderKey];
  [dict setValue:self.userID forKey:kUserIDKey];
  [dict setValue:self.userEmail forKey:kUserEmailKey];
  [dict setValue:self.userEmailIsVerified forKey:kUserEmailIsVerifiedKey];
  [dict setValue:self.scope forKey:kOAuth2ScopeKey];

  NSString *result = [[self class] encodedQueryParametersForDictionary:dict];
  return result;
}

- (BOOL)primeForRefresh {
  if (self.refreshToken == nil) {
    // Cannot refresh without a refresh token
    return NO;
  }
  self.accessToken = nil;
  self.expiresIn = nil;
  self.expirationDate = nil;
  self.errorString = nil;
  return YES;
}

- (void)reset {
  // Reset all per-authorization values
  self.code = nil;
  self.accessToken = nil;
  self.refreshToken = nil;
  self.assertion = nil;
  self.expiresIn = nil;
  self.errorString = nil;
  self.expirationDate = nil;
  self.userEmail = nil;
  self.userEmailIsVerified = nil;
}

#pragma mark Accessors for Response Parameters

- (NSString *)accessToken {
  return [self.parameters objectForKey:kOAuth2AccessTokenKey];
}

- (void)setAccessToken:(NSString *)str {
  [self.parameters setValue:str forKey:kOAuth2AccessTokenKey];
}

- (NSString *)refreshToken {
  return [self.parameters objectForKey:kOAuth2RefreshTokenKey];
}

- (void)setRefreshToken:(NSString *)str {
  [self.parameters setValue:str forKey:kOAuth2RefreshTokenKey];
}

- (NSString *)code {
  return [self.parameters objectForKey:kOAuth2CodeKey];
}

- (void)setCode:(NSString *)str {
  [self.parameters setValue:str forKey:kOAuth2CodeKey];
}

- (NSString *)assertion {
  return [self.parameters objectForKey:kOAuth2AssertionKey];
}

- (void)setAssertion:(NSString *)str {
  [self.parameters setValue:str forKey:kOAuth2AssertionKey];
}

- (NSString *)refreshScope {
  return [self.parameters objectForKey:kOAuth2RefreshScopeKey];
}

- (void)setRefreshScope:(NSString *)str {
  [self.parameters setValue:str forKey:kOAuth2RefreshScopeKey];
}

- (NSString *)errorString {
  return [self.parameters objectForKey:kOAuth2ErrorKey];
}

- (void)setErrorString:(NSString *)str {
  [self.parameters setValue:str forKey:kOAuth2ErrorKey];
}

- (NSString *)tokenType {
  return [self.parameters objectForKey:kOAuth2TokenTypeKey];
}

- (void)setTokenType:(NSString *)str {
  [self.parameters setValue:str forKey:kOAuth2TokenTypeKey];
}

- (NSString *)scope {
  return [self.parameters objectForKey:kOAuth2ScopeKey];
}

- (void)setScope:(NSString *)str {
  [self.parameters setValue:str forKey:kOAuth2ScopeKey];
}

- (NSNumber *)expiresIn {
  return [self.parameters objectForKey:kOAuth2ExpiresInKey];
}

- (void)setExpiresIn:(NSNumber *)num {
  [self.parameters setValue:num forKey:kOAuth2ExpiresInKey];
  [self updateExpirationDate];
}

- (void)updateExpirationDate {
  // Update our absolute expiration time to something close to when
  // the server expects the expiration
  NSDate *date = nil;
  NSNumber *expiresIn = self.expiresIn;
  if (expiresIn) {
    unsigned long deltaSeconds = [expiresIn unsignedLongValue];
    if (deltaSeconds > 0) {
      date = [NSDate dateWithTimeIntervalSinceNow:deltaSeconds];
    }
  }
  self.expirationDate = date;
}

//
// Keys custom to this class, not part of OAuth 2
//

- (NSString *)serviceProvider {
  return [self.parameters objectForKey:kServiceProviderKey];
}

- (void)setServiceProvider:(NSString *)str {
  [self.parameters setValue:str forKey:kServiceProviderKey];
}

- (NSString *)userID {
  return [self.parameters objectForKey:kUserIDKey];
}

- (void)setUserID:(NSString *)str {
  [self.parameters setValue:str forKey:kUserIDKey];
}

- (NSString *)userEmail {
  return [self.parameters objectForKey:kUserEmailKey];
}

- (void)setUserEmail:(NSString *)str {
  [self.parameters setValue:str forKey:kUserEmailKey];
}

- (NSString *)userEmailIsVerified {
  return [self.parameters objectForKey:kUserEmailIsVerifiedKey];
}

- (void)setUserEmailIsVerified:(NSString *)str {
  [self.parameters setValue:str forKey:kUserEmailIsVerifiedKey];
}

#pragma mark User Properties

- (void)setProperty:(id)obj forKey:(NSString *)key {
  if (obj == nil) {
    // User passed in nil, so delete the property
    [properties_ removeObjectForKey:key];
  } else {
    // Be sure the property dictionary exists
    if (properties_ == nil) {
      [self setProperties:[NSMutableDictionary dictionary]];
    }
    [properties_ setObject:obj forKey:key];
  }
}

- (id)propertyForKey:(NSString *)key {
  id obj = [properties_ objectForKey:key];

  // Be sure the returned pointer has the life of the autorelease pool,
  // in case self is released immediately
  return [[obj retain] autorelease];
}

#pragma mark Utility Routines

+ (NSString *)encodedOAuthValueForString:(NSString *)str {
  CFStringRef originalString = (CFStringRef) str;
  CFStringRef leaveUnescaped = NULL;
  CFStringRef forceEscaped =  CFSTR("!*'();:@&=+$,/?%#[]");

  CFStringRef escapedStr = NULL;
  if (str) {
    escapedStr = CFURLCreateStringByAddingPercentEscapes(kCFAllocatorDefault,
                                                         originalString,
                                                         leaveUnescaped,
                                                         forceEscaped,
                                                         kCFStringEncodingUTF8);
    [(id)CFMakeCollectable(escapedStr) autorelease];
  }

  return (NSString *)escapedStr;
}

+ (NSString *)encodedQueryParametersForDictionary:(NSDictionary *)dict {
  // Make a string like "cat=fluffy@dog=spot"
  NSMutableString *result = [NSMutableString string];
  NSArray *sortedKeys = [[dict allKeys] sortedArrayUsingSelector:@selector(caseInsensitiveCompare:)];
  NSString *joiner = @"";
  for (NSString *key in sortedKeys) {
    NSString *value = [dict objectForKey:key];
    NSString *encodedValue = [self encodedOAuthValueForString:value];
    NSString *encodedKey = [self encodedOAuthValueForString:key];
    [result appendFormat:@"%@%@=%@", joiner, encodedKey, encodedValue];
    joiner = @"&";
  }
  return result;
}

+ (void)invokeDelegate:(id)delegate
              selector:(SEL)sel
                object:(id)obj1
                object:(id)obj2
                object:(id)obj3 {
  if (delegate && sel) {
    NSMethodSignature *sig = [delegate methodSignatureForSelector:sel];
    NSInvocation *invocation = [NSInvocation invocationWithMethodSignature:sig];
    [invocation setSelector:sel];
    [invocation setTarget:delegate];
    [invocation setArgument:&obj1 atIndex:2];
    [invocation setArgument:&obj2 atIndex:3];
    [invocation setArgument:&obj3 atIndex:4];
    [invocation invoke];
  }
}

+ (NSString *)unencodedOAuthParameterForString:(NSString *)str {
  NSString *plainStr = [str stringByReplacingPercentEscapesUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
  return plainStr;
}

+ (NSDictionary *)dictionaryWithResponseString:(NSString *)responseStr {
  // Build a dictionary from a response string of the form
  // "cat=fluffy&dog=spot".  Missing or empty values are considered
  // empty strings; keys and values are percent-decoded.
  if (responseStr == nil) return nil;

  NSArray *items = [responseStr componentsSeparatedByString:@"&"];

  NSMutableDictionary *responseDict = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithCapacity:[items count]];

  for (NSString *item in items) {
    NSString *key = nil;
    NSString *value = @"";

    NSRange equalsRange = [item rangeOfString:@"="];
    if (equalsRange.location != NSNotFound) {
      // The parameter has at least one '='
      key = [item substringToIndex:equalsRange.location];

      // There are characters after the '='
      value = [item substringFromIndex:(equalsRange.location + 1)];
    } else {
      // The parameter has no '='
      key = item;
    }

    NSString *plainKey = [[self class] unencodedOAuthParameterForString:key];
    NSString *plainValue = [[self class] unencodedOAuthParameterForString:value];

    [responseDict setObject:plainValue forKey:plainKey];
  }

  return responseDict;
}

+ (NSDictionary *)dictionaryWithResponseData:(NSData *)data {
  NSString *responseStr = [[[NSString alloc] initWithData:data
                                                 encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding] autorelease];
  NSDictionary *dict = [self dictionaryWithResponseString:responseStr];
  return dict;
}

+ (NSString *)scopeWithStrings:(NSString *)str, ... {
  // concatenate the strings, joined by a single space
  NSString *result = @"";
  NSString *joiner = @"";
  if (str) {
    va_list argList;
    va_start(argList, str);
    while (str) {
      result = [result stringByAppendingFormat:@"%@%@", joiner, str];
      joiner = @" ";
      str = va_arg(argList, id);
    }
    va_end(argList);
  }
  return result;
}

@end

#endif // GTM_INCLUDE_OAUTH2 || !GDATA_REQUIRE_SERVICE_INCLUDES