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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
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<title>Chemistry Project</title>
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<a class="navbar-brand page-scroll" href="#page-top">Chemistry Project</a>
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</li>
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<a class="page-scroll" href="#portfolio">Alt Energy</a>
</li>
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<a class="page-scroll" href="#about">New Alt Energy</a>
</li>
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<a class="page-scroll" href="#team">About Me</a>
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<header>
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<div class="intro-text">
<div class="intro-lead-in">Alternate Energy and Sources</div>
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<a href="#services" class="page-scroll btn btn-xl">Tell Me More</a>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<!-- Services Section -->
<section id="services">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12 text-center">
<h2 class="section-heading">Non Renewable Energy</h2>
<h3 class="section-subheading text-muted">A non-renewable resource is a that which does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in human time-frames.</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row text-center">
<div class="col-md-6">
<span class="fa-stack fa-4x">
<i class="fa fa-circle fa-stack-2x text-primary"></i>
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</span>
<h4 class="service-heading">Petroleum</h4>
<p class="text-muted">Petroleum is made when organic matter settles in water that is then compressed under immense heat and pressure for millions of years. </p>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
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<i class="fa fa-ge fa-stack-1x fa-inverse"></i>
</span>
<h4 class="service-heading">Coal</h4>
<p class="text-muted">Coal is also composed of organic matter --- matter that decomposed in peat bogs, which then formed into carbon rock under immense pressure.</p>
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<h4 class="service-heading">Natural Gas</h4>
<p class="text-muted">Natural Gas is mostly methane created as organic matter decays. Once extracted, natural gas is processed to remove everything but the methane.</p>
</div>
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<h4 class="service-heading">Nuclear Fuel</h4>
<p class="text-muted">Nuclear fuel is a material that can be 'burned' by nuclear fission or fusion to derive nuclear energy.</p>
</div>
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<h2 class="section-heading">Alternate Energy</h2>
<h3 class="section-subheading text-muted">energy source that is an alternative to fossil fuel</h3>
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<h4>Hydro electricity</h4>
<p class="text-muted">captures energy from falling water.</p>
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</a>
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<h4>Biofuel</h4>
<p class="text-muted">plant-derived gasoline substitutes for powering vehicles.</p>
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<h4>Nuclear energy</h4>
<p class="text-muted">uses nuclear fission to release energy in a storage.</p>
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</a>
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<h4>Wind energy</h4>
<p class="text-muted">the generation of electricity from the wind.</p>
</div>
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</a>
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<h4>Geothermal energy</h4>
<p class="text-muted">the use of the earth's internal heat to boil water for heating buildings or generating electricity.</p>
</div>
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</a>
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<h4>Solar energy</h4>
<p class="text-muted">the use of sunlight. Light can be changed into thermal energy and electric energy.</p>
</div>
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</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- About Section -->
<section id="about">
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<h2 class="section-heading">New Concepts of Alternate Energy</h2>
<h3 class="section-subheading text-muted">Relatively new concepts for alternative energy</h3>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" target="_blank">
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</a>
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<div class="timeline-panel">
<div class="timeline-heading">
<h4>Carbon-neutral</h4>
<h4 class="subheading"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" target="_blank">
More Info</a></h4>
</div>
<div class="timeline-body">
<p class="text-muted">Carbon-neutral fuels are synthetic fuels produced by hydrogenating waste carbon dioxide recycled from power plant flue-gas emissions, recovered from automotive exhaust gas, or derived from carbonic acid in seawater.</p>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="timeline-inverted">
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_fuel" target="_blank">
<img class="img-circle img-responsive" src="img/about/2.jpg" alt="">
</a>
</div>
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<div class="timeline-heading">
<h4>Algae fuel</h4>
<h4 class="subheading"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_fuel" target="_blank">
More Info
</a></h4>
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<div class="timeline-body">
<p class="text-muted">Algae fuel or algal biofuel is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that uses algae as its source of energy-rich oils.</p>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="timeline-image">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_briquettes" target="_blank">
<img class="img-circle img-responsive" src="img/about/3.jpg" alt="">
</a>
</div>
<div class="timeline-panel">
<div class="timeline-heading">
<h4>Biomass briquettes</h4>
<h4 class="subheading"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_briquettes" target="_blank">
More Info</a></h4>
</div>
<div class="timeline-body">
<p class="text-muted">Biomass briquettes are a biofuel substitute to coal and charcoal. There has been a move to the use of briquettes in the developed world, where they are used to heat industrial boilers in order to produce electricity from steam.</p>
</div>
</div>
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</a>
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<div class="timeline-panel">
<div class="timeline-heading">
<h4>Biogas digestion</h4>
<h4 class="subheading"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas" target="_blank">
More Info</a></h4>
</div>
<div class="timeline-body">
<p class="text-muted">Biogas digestion deals with harnessing the methane gas that is released when waste breaks down. Biogas digesters are used to process methane gas by having bacteria break down biomass in an anaerobic environment.</p>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="timeline-inverted">
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<h4>Save
<br>Energy
<br>Save
<br>Earth!</h4>
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<!--<img src="img/team/2.jpg" class="img-responsive img-circle" alt="" width="256" height="180">-->
<h3>Mukesh A</h3>
<p class="text-muted">III - CSE B</p>
<p class="text-muted">CB.EN.U4CSE13131</p>
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<p class="large text-muted">This Webpage is My 6th Semester Computational Chemistry Project</p>
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<h2>Hydro Electricity</h2>
<p class="item-intro text-muted">It is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower</p>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity" target="_blank">
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<p>The production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation</p>
<p>Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use.</p>
<p>The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. It is also a flexible source since the amount produced by the station can be changed up or down very quickly to adapt to changing energy demands. However, damming interrupts the flow of rivers and can harm local ecosystems, and building large dams and reservoirs often involves displacing people and wildlife. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuel powered energy plants.
</p>
<p>Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference is called the head. A large pipe delivers water from the reservoir to the turbine.</p>
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<h2>Nuclear Energy</h2>
<p class="item-intro text-muted">Use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat</p>
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<p>Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power station.</p>
<p>Presently, the nuclear fission of elements in the actinide series of the periodic table produce the vast majority of nuclear energy in the direct service of humankind, with nuclear decay processes, primarily in the form of geothermal energy, and radioisotope thermoelectric generators, in uses making up the rest.</p>
<p>Along with sustainable energy sources, nuclear fission power is a low carbon power generation method of producing electricity, meaning that it is in the renewable energy family of low associated greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy generated.</p>
<p>Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007, decreasing 1.8% in 2009 to 2558 TWh with nuclear power meeting 13–14% of the world's electricity demand. One factor in the nuclear power percentage decrease since 2007 has been the prolonged shutdown of large reactors at the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant in Japan following the Niigata-Chuetsu-Oki earthquake.</p>
<p>Uranium is a fairly common element in the Earth's crust. Uranium is approximately as common as tin or germanium in the Earth's crust, and is about 40 times more common than silver. Uranium is a constituent of most rocks, dirt, and of the oceans. The fact that uranium is so spread out is a problem because mining uranium is only economically feasible where there is a large concentration. Still, the world's present measured resources of uranium, economically recoverable at a price of 130 USD/kg, are enough to last for between 70 and 100 years</p>
<p>The most important waste stream from nuclear power stations is spent nuclear fuel. It is primarily composed of unconverted uranium as well as significant quantities of transuranic actinides (plutonium and curium, mostly). In addition, about 3% of it is fission products from nuclear reactions. The actinides (uranium, plutonium, and curium) are responsible for the bulk of the long-term radioactivity, whereas the fission products are responsible for the bulk of the short-term radioactivity</p>
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<h2>Wind Energy</h2>
<p class="item-intro text-muted">The use of air flow through wind turbines for power generataion</p>
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<p>Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electricity. Wind power, as an alternative to burning fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, and uses little land. The net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those of nonrenewable power sources.</p>
<p>Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission network. Onshore wind is an inexpensive source of electricity, competitive with or in many places cheaper than coal or gas plants. Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land, and offshore farms have less visual impact, but construction and maintenance costs are considerably higher. Small onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or provide electricity to isolated off-grid locations</p>
<p>Wind power is very consistent from year to year but has significant variation over shorter time scales. It is therefore used in conjunction with other electric power sources to give a reliable supply. As the proportion of wind power in a region increases, a need to upgrade the grid, and a lowered ability to supplant conventional production can occur. Power management techniques such as having excess capacity, geographically distributed turbines, dispatchable backing sources, sufficient hydroelectric power, exporting and importing power to neighboring areas, using vehicle-to-grid strategies or reducing demand when wind production is low, can in many cases overcome these problems. In addition, weather forecasting permits the electricity network to be readied for the predictable variations in production that occur</p>
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<h2>Solar Energy</h2>
<p class="item-intro text-muted">Harvest of Sun's Energy</p>
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<p>Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.</p>
<p>It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.</p>
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<p>The Earth receives 174,000 terawatts (TW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet. Most people around the world live in areas with insolation levels of 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day</p>
<p>Solar thermal technologies can be used for water heating, space heating, space cooling and process heat generation.</p>
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<h2>Geothermal Energy</h2>
<p class="item-intro text-muted">Energy generated and stored in the Earth.</p>
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<p>Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. The geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet and from radioactive decay of materials. The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface.</p>
<p>Earth's internal heat is thermal energy generated from radioactive decay and continual heat loss from Earth's formation. Temperatures at the core–mantle boundary may reach over 4000 °C (7,200 °F). The high temperature and pressure in Earth's interior cause some rock to melt and solid mantle to behave plastically, resulting in portions of mantle convecting upward since it is lighter than the surrounding rock. Rock and water is heated in the crust, sometimes up to 370 °C (700 °F).</p>
<p>Geothermal power is cost effective, reliable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly, but has historically been limited to areas near tectonic plate boundaries. Recent technological advances have dramatically expanded the range and size of viable resources, especially for applications such as home heating, opening a potential for widespread exploitation. Geothermal wells release greenhouse gases trapped deep within the earth, but these emissions are much lower per energy unit than those of fossil fuels. As a result, geothermal power has the potential to help mitigate global warming if widely deployed in place of fossil fuels.</p>
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<h2>Bio Fuel</h2>
<p class="item-intro text-muted">Fuel that is produced through contemporary biological processes.</p>
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<p>A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion, rather than a fuel produced by geological processes such as those involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, from prehistoric biological matter. Biofuels can be derived directly from plants, or indirectly from agricultural, commercial, domestic, and/or industrial wastes. Renewable biofuels generally involve contemporary carbon fixation, such as those that occur in plants or microalgae through the process of photosynthesis. Other renewable biofuels are made through the use or conversion of biomass (referring to recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials). This biomass can be converted to convenient energy containing substances in three different ways: thermal conversion, chemical conversion, and biochemical conversion. This biomass conversion can result in fuel in solid, liquid, or gas form. This new biomass can also be used directly for biofuels.</p>
<p>Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe.</p>
<p>Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn, sugarcane, or sweet sorghum. Cellulosic biomass, derived from non-food sources, such as trees and grasses, is also being developed as a feedstock for ethanol production. </p>
<p>conventional biofuels are made from sugar, starch, or vegetable oil. Sources of bio-fuel are ethanol and other bioalcohols, vegetable oil, bio ehers, syngas, domestic refuse, etc.</p>
<p>There are various social, economic, environmental and technical issues relating to biofuels production and use, which have been debated in the popular media and scientific journals. These include: the effect of moderating oil prices, the "food vs fuel" debate, poverty reduction potential, carbon emissions levels, sustainable biofuel production, deforestation and soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, impact on water resources, rural social exclusion and injustice, shantytown migration, rural unskilled unemployment, and nitrous oxide (NO2) emissions.</p>
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