SUSE Cloud Foundry

SUSE Cloud Foundry (SCF) is a Cloud Foundry distribution based on the open source version but with several very key differences:

Uses fissile to containerize the CF components, for running on top of Kubernetes (and Docker)
CF Components run on an OpenSUSE Stemcell
CF Apps optionally can run on a preview of the OpenSUSE Stack (rootfs + buildpacks)

Disclaimer

Fissile has been around for a few years now and its containerization technology is fairly stable; however deploying directly to kubernetes is relatively new, as is the OpenSUSE stack and stemcell. This means that things are liable to break as we continue development. Specifically links and where things are hosted are still in flux and will most likely break.

For development testing we've mainly been targeting the following so they should be a known working quantity:

OS	Virtualization
OpenSUSE 42.x	Libvirt
Mac OSX Sierra	VirtualBox

For more production-like deploys we've been targetting baremetal Kubernetes 1.6.1 (using only 1.5 features) though these deploys currently require the adventurer to be able to debug and problem solve which takes knowledge of the components this repo brings together currently.

Deploying SCF on Vagrant

Requirements

We recommend running on a machine with more than 16G of ram for now.
You must install vagrant (1.9.5+): https://www.vagrantup.com
Install the following vagrant plugins
- vagrant-reload
```
vagrant plugin install vagrant-reload
```
- vagrant-libvirt (if using libvirt)
```
vagrant plugin install vagrant-libvirt
```

Deploying

Deploying on vagrant is highly scripted and so there should be very little to do to get a working system.

Initial repo check out

git clone --recurse-submodules https://github.com/SUSE/scf

Building the system

# Bring the vagrant box up
vagrant up --provider X # Where X is libvirt | virtualbox. See next section for additional options.

# Once the vagrant box is up, ssh into it
vagrant ssh

# The scf directory you cloned has been mounted into the guest OS, cd into it
cd scf

# This runs a combination of bosh & fissile in order to create the docker
# images and helm charts you'll need. Once this step is done you can see 
# images available via "docker images"
make vagrant-prep
# This is the final step, where it will install the uaa helm chart into the 'uaa' namespace
# and the scf helm chart into the 'cf' namespace.
make run

# Watch the status of the pods, when everything is fully ready it should be usable.
pod-status --watch

# Currently the api role takes a very long time to do its migrations (~20 mins), to see if it's
# doing migrations check the logs, if you see messages about migrations please be patient, otherwise
# see the Troubleshooting guide.
k logs -f cf:^api-[0-9]

Changing the default STEMCELL

The default stemcell is set to opensuse. To build with an alternative stemcell the environment variables FISSILE_STEMCELL and FISSILE_STEMCELL_VERSION need to be set manually. After changing the stemcell you have to remove the contents of ~vagrant/.fissile/compilation and ~vagrant/sfc/.fissile/compilation inside the vagrant box. Afterwards recompile scf (for details see section "2. Building the system").

Example:
```
$ export FISSILE_STEMCELL_VERSION=42.2-6.ga651b2d-28.31
$ export FISSILE_STEMCELL=splatform/fissile-stemcell-opensuse:$FISSILE_STEMCELL_VERSION
```
Environment variables to configure vagrant up (optional)
- VAGRANT_VBOX_BRIDGE: Set this to the name of an interface to enable bridged networking when using the Virtualbox provider. Turning on bridged networking will allow your vagrant box to receive an IP accessible anywhere on the network. While Virtualbox is able to bridge over an interface without any special networking configuration (and may even do this on OSX), bridged networking may not be supported when the provided interface is a wireless interface.See the Virtualbox docs on bridged networking for more information.
- VAGRANT_KVM_BRIDGE: Set this to the name of your host's linux bridge interface if you have one configured. If using Wicked as your network manager, you can configure one by setting the config files for your default interface and bridge interface as follows:
```
#default interface:
BOOTPROTO='none'
STARTMODE='auto'
DHCLIENT_SET_DEFAULT_ROUTE='yes'
```
```
#bridged interface:
DHCCLIENT_SET_DEFAULT_ROUTE='yes'
STARTMODE='auto'
BOOTPROTO='dhcp'
BRIDGE='yes'
BRIDGE_STP='off'
BRIDGE_FORWARDDELAY='0'
BRIDGE_PORTS='eth0'
BRIDGE_PORTPRIORITIES='-'
BRIDGE_PATHCOSTS='-'
```
  For example, if your default interface is named eth0', you would edit /etc/sysconfig/network/ifcfg-eth0 and /etc/sysconfig/network/ifcfg-br0 with the above settings. Then, after the desired configuration is in place, run wicked ifreload all and wait for wicked to apply the changes.
- VAGRANT_DHCP: Set this to any value when using virtual networking (as opposed to bridged networking) in order to let your VM receive an IP via DHCP in the virtual network. If this environment variable is unset, the VM will instead obtain the IP 192.168.77.77.

Note: If every role does not go green in pod-status --watch refer to Troubleshooting

Pulling updates

When you want to pull the latest changes from the upstream you should:
```
# Pull the changes (or checkout the commit you want):
git pull

# Update all submodules to match the checked out commit
git submodules update --recursive
```
Sometimes, when we bump the BOSH release submodules, they move to a different location and you need to run:
```
  git submodule sync --recursive
```
You might have to run the git submodules update --recursive again after the last command.

If there are untracked changes from submodule directories you can safely remove them.

E.g. A command that will update all submodules and drop any changed or untracked files in them is:
```
  git submodule update --recursive --force && git submodule foreach --recursive 'git checkout . && git clean -fdx'
```
Make sure you understand what the git clean flags mean before you run this

Now you need to rebuild the images inside the vagrant box:
```
make stop # And wait until all pods are stopped and removed
make vagrant-prep kube run
```

Usage

The vagrant box is set up with default certs, passwords, ips, etc. to make it easier to run and develop on. So to access it and try it out all you should need is to get the CF client and connect to it. Once you've connected with the CF cli you should be able to do anything you can do with a vanilla Cloud Foundry.

You can get the the cf client here: github.com/cloudfoundry/cli

The way the vagrant box is created is by making a network with a static IP on the host. This means that you cannot connect to it from some other box.

# Attach to the endpoint (self-signed certs in dev mode requires skipping validation)
# cf-dev.io simply resolves to the static IP 192.168.77.77 that vagrant provisions
# This DNS resolution may fail on certain DNS providers that block resolution to 192.168.*
# Unless you've changed the default credentials in the configuration it's admin/changeme
cf api --skip-ssl-validation https://api.cf-dev.io
cf login -u admin -p changeme

Troubleshooting

Typically Vagrant box deployments encounter one of few problems:

uaa does not come up correctly (constantly not ready in pod-status)

In this case perform the following

# Delete everything in the uaa namespace
k delete namespace uaa

# Delete the pv related to uaa/mysql-data-mysql-0
k get pv # Find it
k delete pv pvc-63aab845-4fe7-11e7-9c8d-525400652dd8

make uaa-run

api does not come up correctly and is not performing migrations (curl output in logs)

uaa is not functioning, try steps above
vagrant under VirtualBox freezing for no obvious reason: try enabling the "Use Host I/O Cache" option in Settings->Storage->SATA Controller.
volumes don't get mounted when suspending/resuming the box

For now only vagrant stop and then vagrant up fixes it.
When restarting the box with either vagrant reload or vagrant stop/up some pods never come up automatically. You have to do a make stop and then make run to bring this up.
Pulling images during any of vagrant up or make vagrant-prep or make docker-deps fails.

In order to have access to the internet inside the vagrant box and inside the containers (withing the box) you need to enable ip forwarding for both the host and the vagrant box (which is the host for containers)

To enable temporarily:

echo "1" | sudo tee /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

or to do this permanently:

echo "net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1" | sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/50-docker-ipv4-ipforward.conf

and restart your docker service (or run vagrant up again if changed on the host)

Deploying SCF on Kubernetes

After careful consideration of the difficulty of the current install, we decided not to detail the instructions to install on bare K8s because it still requires far too much knowledge of SCF related systems and troubleshooting.

Please be patient while we work on a set of Helm charts that will help people easily install on any Kubernetes.

Makefile targets

Vagrant VM Targets

Name	Effect
`run`	Set up SCF on the current node
`stop`	Stop SCF on the current node
`vagrant-box`	Build the Vagrant box image using `packer`
`vagrant-prep`	Shortcut for building everything needed for `make run`

Development FAQ

Where do I find logs?

There are two places to see logs. Monit's logs, and the actual log files of each process in the container.

Monit logs

# Normal form using kubectl
kubectl logs --namespace cf router-3450916350-xb3kf
# Short form using k
k logs cf:^router-[0-9]

Container process logs

# Normal form
kubectl exec -it --namespace cf nats-0 -- env LINES=$LINES COLS=$COLS TERM=$TERM bash
# Short form
k ssh :nats

# After ssh'ing, the logs are all in this directory for each process:
cd /var/vcap/sys/log

How do I clear all data and begin anew without rebuilding everything?

On the Vagrant box, run the following commands:

make stop
make run

How do I run smoke and acceptance tests?

On the Vagrant box, when pod-status reports all roles are running, enable diego_docker support with

cf enable-feature-flag diego_docker

and execute the following commands:

make smoke
make cats
kubectl create -n cf -f kube/bosh-task/acceptance-tests-brain.yaml

How do I run a subset of SCF acceptance tests?

Deploy acceptance-tests-brain as above, but first modify the environment to include INCLUDE=pattern or EXCLUDE=pattern. For example to run just 005_sso_test.sh and 014_sso_authenticated_passthrough_test.sh, you could add INCLUDE with a value of sso.

It is also possible to run custom tests by mounting them at the /tests mountpoint inside the container. The mounted tests will be combined with the bundled tests. However, to do so you will need to manually run it via docker. To exclude the bundled tests match against names starting with 3 digits followed by an underscore (as in, EXCLUDE=\b\d{3}_) or explicitly select only the mounted tests with INCLUDE=^/tests/.

How do I run a subset of Cloud Foundry acceptance tests?

Deploy acceptance-tests after modifying the environment block to include CATS_SUITES=-suite,+suite. Each suite is separated by a comma. The modifiers apply until the next modifier is seen, and have the following meanings:

Modifier	Meaning
`+`	Enable the following suites
`-`	Disable the following suites
`=`	Disable all suites, and enable the following suites

`fissile` refuses to create images that already exist. How do I recreate images?

On the Vagrant box, run the following commands:

cd ~/scf

# Stop gracefully.
make stop

# Delete all fissile images.
docker rmi $(fissile show image)

# Re-create the images and then run them.
make images run

My vagrant box is frozen. What can I do?

Try each of the following solutions sequentially:

Run the vagrant reload command.
Run vagrant halt && vagrant reload command.
Manually stop the virtual machine and then run the vagrant reload command.
Run the vagrant destroy -f && vagrant up command and then run make vagrant-prep run on the Vagrant box.

Can I target the cluster from the host using the `cf` CLI?

You can target the cluster on the hardcoded cf-dev.io address assigned to a host-only network adapter. You can access any URL or endpoint that references this address from your host.

How do I connect to the Cloud Foundry database?

Use the role manifest to expose the port for the mysql proxy role
The MySQL instance is exposed at 192.168.77.77:3306.
The default username is: root.
You can find the default password in the MYSQL_ADMIN_PASSWORD environment variable in the ~/scf/bin/settings/settings.env file on the Vagrant box.

How do I add a new BOSH release to SCF?

Add a Git submodule to the BOSH release in ./src.
Mention the new release in .envrc
Modify the role-manifest.yml:
1. Add new roles or change existing ones
2. Add exposed environment variables (yaml path: /configuration/variables).
3. Add configuration templates (yaml path: /configuration/templates and yaml path: /roles/*/configuration/templates).
Add defaults for your configuration settings to ~/scf/bin/settings/settings.env.
If you need any extra default certificates, add them to ~/scf/bin/settings/certs.env.
Add generation code for the certs to ~/scf/bin/generate-dev-certs.sh.
Add any opinions (static defaults) and dark opinions (configuration that must be set by user) to ./container-host-files/etc/scf/config/opinions.yml and ./container-host-files/etc/scf/config/dark-opinions.yml, respectively.
Change the ./Makefile so it builds the new release:
1. Add a new target <release-name>-release.
2. Add the new target as a dependency for make releases.
Test the changes.
Run the make <release-name>-release compile images run command.

What does my dev cycle look like when I work on Component X?

Make a change to component X, in its respective release (X-release).
Run make X-release compile images run to build your changes and run them.

Bumping a version in a release (or just make a change)

For this example, lets suppose we want to update a release to a later tag. First of all checkout the desired commit:

host> cd src/loggregator/ && git checkout v81

If the submodules has submodules of each own, you will have to "sync" and "update" them as well. See "Pulling updates" in Deploying section.

Then from inside the vagrant box regenarate the image for this release:

vagrant> cd scf && make loggregator-release compile images

Then let kubernetes know about this new image and use it:

vagrant> make kube

And restart the pods:

vagrant> make stop && make run

If everything works, then you probably need to update the .gitmodules to point to the new submodule commit SHA:

host> git add src/loggregator && git commit -am "Bumped the version of loggregator"
host> git push origin develop # or whatever your remote and branch are called

How do I expose new settings via environment variables?

Edit ./container-host-files/etc/scf/config/role-manifest.yml:
1. Add the new exposed environment variables (yaml path: /configuration/variables).
2. Add or change configuration templates:
  1. yaml path: /configuration/templates
  2. yaml path: /roles/*/configuration/templates
Add defaults for your new settings in ~/scf/bin/settings/settings.env.
If you need any extra default certificates, add them to ~/scf/bin/dev-certs.env.
Add generation code for the certificates here: ~/scf/bin/generate-dev-certs.sh

Rebuild the role images that need this new setting:

docker stop <role>
docker rmi -f fissile-<role>:<tab-for-completion>
make images run

Tip: If you do not know which roles require your new settings, you can use the following catch-all:

make stop
docker rmi -f $(fissile show image)
make images run

How do I bump the submodules for the various releases?

Note: Because this process involves cloning and building a release, it may take a long time.

This section describes how to bump all the submodules at the same time. This is the easiest way because we have scripts helping us here.

On the host machine run
```
bin/update-releases.sh <RELEASE>
```
to bump to the specified release of CF. This pulls the information about compatible releases, creates clones and bumps them.
Next up, we need the BOSH releases for the cloned and bumped submodules. Run
```
bin/create-clone-releases.sh
```
This command will place the log output for the individual releases into the sub directory LOG/ccr.
With this done we can now compare the BOSH releases of originals and clones, telling us what properties have changed (added, removed, changed descriptions and values, ...).

On the host machine run
```
diff-releases.sh
```
This command will place the log output and differences for the individual releases into the sub directory LOG/dr.

Act on configuration changes:

Important: If you are not sure how to treat a configuration setting, discuss it with the SCF team.

For any configuration changes discovered in step the previous step, you can do one of the following:

 * Keep the defaults in the new specification.
 * Add an opinion (static defaults) to `./container-host-files/etc/scf/config/opinions.yml`.
 * Add a template and an exposed environment variable to `./container-host-files/etc/scf/config/role-manifest.yml`.

Define any secrets in the dark opinions file ./container-host-files/etc/scf/config/dark-opinions.yml and expose them as environment variables.

 * If you need any extra default certificates, add them here: `~/scf/bin/dev-certs.env`.
 * Add generation code for the certificates here: `~/scf/bin/generate-dev-certs.sh`.

Evaluate role changes:
1. Consult the release notes of the new version of the release.
2. If there are any role changes, discuss them with the SCF team, follow steps 3 and 4 from this guide.
Bump the real submodule:
1. Bump the real submodule and begin testing.
2. Remove the clone you used for the release.
Test the release by running the make <release-name>-release compile images run command.

Can I suspend or resume my vagrant VM?

Run the vagrant reload command.
Run the make run command.

How do I develop an upstream PR?

If our submodules are close to the HEAD of upstream and no merge conflicts occur, follow the steps described here.
If merge conflicts occur, or if the component is referenced as a submodule, and it is not compatible with the parent release, work with the SCF team to resolve the issue on a case-by-case basis.

How do I publish SCF and BOSH images?

Ensure that the Vagrant box is running.
ssh into the Vagrant box.
To tag the images into the selected registry and to push them, run the make tag publish command.

This target uses the make variables listed below to construct the image names and tags:

Variable	Default	Meaning
IMAGE_REGISTRY	empty	The name of the trusted registry to publish to
IMAGE_PREFIX	scf	The prefix to use for image names (must not be empty)
IMAGE_ORG	splatform	The organization in the image registry
BRANCH	current branch	The tag to use for the images

To publish to the standard trusted registry run the make tag publish command, for example:
```
make tag publish IMAGE_REGISTRY=docker.example.com/
```

How do I generate certs for pre-built Docker images?

Download the scf-cert-generator.sh script
Run it, setting the command line options according to your cluster
Provide the resulting YAML file to helm as a values.yaml file:
```
helm install ... -f scf-cert-values.yaml
```

How do I use an authenticated registry for my Docker images?

For testing purposes we can create an authenticated registry right inside the Vagrant box. But the instructions work just the same with a pre-existing local registry.

The environment variables must be exported before changing into the scf/ directory. Otherwise direnv will remove the settings when switching to the src/uaa-fissile-release/ dir and back:

vagrant ssh
export FISSILE_DOCKER_REGISTRY=registry.cf-dev.io:5000
export FISSILE_DOCKER_USERNAME=admin
export FISSILE_DOCKER_PASSWORD=changeme
cd scf
time make vagrant-prep

make secure-registries will disallow access to insecure registries and register the interal CA cert before restarting the docker daemon.

make registry will create a local docker registry re-using the router_ssl certs and using basic auth. make publish will push all images to this registry:

make secure-registries
make registry
docker login -u $FISSILE_DOCKER_USERNAME -p $FISSILE_DOCKER_PASSWORD $FISSILE_DOCKER_REGISTRY
make publish
docker logout $FISSILE_DOCKER_REGISTRY

Log out to make sure that kube is using the registry credentials from the helm chart and not the cached docker session.

Now delete all the local copies of the images. direnv allow is required to call fissile from the UAA directory, and FISSILE_REPOSITORY needs to be overridden from the scf setting that is inherited:

fissile show image | xargs docker rmi
cd src/uaa-fissile-release/
direnv allow
FISSILE_REPOSITORY=uaa fissile show image | xargs docker rmi
docker images
cd -

Now create an SCF and UAA instance via the helm chart and confirm that all images are fetched correctly. Run smoke tests for final verification:

make run
pod-status --watch
docker images
make smoke

If the registry API needs to be accessed via curl, then it is easier to just use basic auth, which can be requested by setting:

...
export FISSILE_DOCKER_AUTH=basic
make registry
curl -u ${FISSILE_DOCKER_USERNAME}:${FISSILE_DOCKER_PASSWORD} https://registry.cf-dev.io:5000/v2/

Using Persi NFS

Running a test NFS server

# Enable NFS modules
sudo modprobe nfs
sudo modprobe nfsd

docker run -d --name nfs \
    -v "[SOME_DIR_YOU_WANT_TO_SHARE_ON_YOUR_HOST]:/exports/foo" \
    -p 111:111/tcp \
    -p 111:111/udp \
    -p 662:662/udp \
    -p 662:662/tcp \
    -p 875:875/udp \
    -p 875:875/tcp \
    -p 2049:2049/udp \
    -p 2049:2049/tcp \
    -p 32769:32769/udp \
    -p 32803:32803/tcp \
    -p 892:892/udp \
    -p 892:892/tcp \
    --privileged \
    viovanov/nfs-server /exports/foo

Allow access to the NFS server

Security group JSON file (nfs-sg.json)

[
    {
        "destination": "192.168.77.77",
        "protocol": "tcp",
        "ports": "111,662,875,892,2049,32803"
    },
    {
        "destination": "192.168.77.77",
        "protocol": "udp",
        "ports": "111,662,875,892,2049,32769"
    }
]

# Create the security group - JSON above
cf create-security-group nfs-test nfs-sg.json
# Bind security groups for containers that run apps
cf bind-running-security-group nfs-test
# Bind security groups for containers that stage apps
cf bind-staging-security-group nfs-test

Creating and testing a service

Get the pora app

git clone https://github.com/cloudfoundry/persi-acceptance-tests.git
cd persi-acceptance-tests/assets/pora
cf push pora --no-start

Test that writes work

# Enable the Persi NFS service
cf enable-service-access persi-nfs

# Create a service and bind it
cf create-service persi-nfs Existing myVolume -c '{"share":"192.168.77.77/exports/foo"}'
cf bind-service pora myVolume -c '{"uid":"1000","gid":"1000"}'

# Start the app
cf start pora
# Test the app is available
curl pora.cf-dev.io
# Test the app can write
curl pora.cf-dev.io/write

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